activity 3 axial skeleton
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The Axial Skeleton
Salt Lake Community CollegeBIO 2325
Compiled by: Kathryn Watson Edited by: Claudia Gonzales (Anatomy Assistant)
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• Axial skeleton - forms long axis of bodyAxial skeleton - forms long axis of body• SkullSkull• Vertebral columnVertebral column• Thoracic cageThoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton (next week) – Appendicular skeleton (next week) – appendages and what appendages and what they attach tothey attach to• Upper limbs (arms)Upper limbs (arms)• Pectoral girdle (shoulder)Pectoral girdle (shoulder)• Lower limbs (legs)Lower limbs (legs)• Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle
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Axial skeletonSkull
Vertebral columnThoracic cage
Axial skeleton is shown in green
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SuturesSutures
• Largest 4 skull sutures: where bones articulate Largest 4 skull sutures: where bones articulate with parietal boneswith parietal bones• CoronalCoronal• SagittalSagittal• SquamousSquamous• Lambdoid Lambdoid
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Paranasal sinusesParanasal sinuses• Air-filled chambers named for the bone in which they are Air-filled chambers named for the bone in which they are
housedhoused
• ““Paranasal” because they cluster around and connect to the Paranasal” because they cluster around and connect to the nasal cavitynasal cavity
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FontanelsFontanels• Unossified remnants of Unossified remnants of
membranesmembranes
• Present at birthPresent at birth
• Anterior fontanel largestAnterior fontanel largest
• Called “soft spots”Called “soft spots”
• Ossify by 1 ½ - 2 yearsOssify by 1 ½ - 2 years
Continue to ossify into adulthood; the sutures can become fused in old age
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http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html
For labeled photographs of the human skeleton go to the webpage below:
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones• Frontal BoneFrontal Bone• Supraorbital foramen: supraorbital artery and nerve go through Supraorbital foramen: supraorbital artery and nerve go through
it.it.• Frontal sinus: moistens air.Frontal sinus: moistens air.
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• Parietal Bones• Nasal Bones
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• Sphenoid bone: Sphenoid bone: • Greater WingGreater Wing• Lesser WingLesser Wing• Sella Turcica: Houses pituitary glandSella Turcica: Houses pituitary gland• Optic foramen/canal: contains CNII (Optic Nerve)Optic foramen/canal: contains CNII (Optic Nerve)• Foramen Ovale: contains mandibular branch of CNVForamen Ovale: contains mandibular branch of CNV• Foramen Rotundum: contains maxillary branch on CNVForamen Rotundum: contains maxillary branch on CNV
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• Foramen Spinosum: contains middle meningeal vesselsForamen Spinosum: contains middle meningeal vessels• Foramen LacerumForamen Lacerum• Superior Orbital Fissure: contains CNIII, ophthalmic branch Superior Orbital Fissure: contains CNIII, ophthalmic branch
of CNV, and CNVIof CNV, and CNVI• Inferior Orbital Fissure: contains Maxillary branch of CNVInferior Orbital Fissure: contains Maxillary branch of CNV• Sphenoidal Sinus: moistens airSphenoidal Sinus: moistens air• Lateral and medial platesLateral and medial plates• Pterygoid PlatesPterygoid Plates
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SphenoidSphenoid
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• Ethmoid BoneEthmoid Bone• Perpendicular Plate: Superior part of nasal septumPerpendicular Plate: Superior part of nasal septum• Superior and middle nasal concha(e): Increase surface area Superior and middle nasal concha(e): Increase surface area
for warming and filtering air.for warming and filtering air.• Cribriform plate and foramina: passageway for olfactory Cribriform plate and foramina: passageway for olfactory
nerves.nerves.• Crista Galli: attachment site for dura mater to skull.Crista Galli: attachment site for dura mater to skull.
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Ethmoid
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones• Inferior Nasal Conchae BonesInferior Nasal Conchae Bones
• Lacrimal BonesLacrimal Bones• Lacrimal GrooveLacrimal Groove
• Zygomatic BonesZygomatic Bones• Temporal Process: forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch Temporal Process: forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch
(cheekbone)(cheekbone)
• Maxilla BonesMaxilla Bones• Infraorbital Foramen: passageway to infraorbital artery, and Infraorbital Foramen: passageway to infraorbital artery, and
maxillary branch of CNVmaxillary branch of CNV
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
– Alveolar Processes: contain upper teeth.Alveolar Processes: contain upper teeth.– Palatine Processes: form anterior portion of hard palate.Palatine Processes: form anterior portion of hard palate.
– Incisive Foramen (Fossa): passageway to branches of Incisive Foramen (Fossa): passageway to branches of nasopalatine nerve from CNVnasopalatine nerve from CNV
• MandibleMandible– BodyBody– RamusRamus
– Alveolar Processes: contain lower teeth.Alveolar Processes: contain lower teeth.
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MaxillaMaxilla
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• AngleAngle• Mental Foramen: passageway for mandibular branch of Mental Foramen: passageway for mandibular branch of
CNV and blood vesselsCNV and blood vessels• Coronoid Process: Insertion point of temporalis muscleCoronoid Process: Insertion point of temporalis muscle• Mandibular Condyle or Condylar Process: Forms joint with Mandibular Condyle or Condylar Process: Forms joint with
mandibular fossa of temporal bone.mandibular fossa of temporal bone.• Mandibular NotchMandibular Notch
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MandibleMandible
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones• Temporal BonesTemporal Bones
• Zygomatic process: Forms posterior portion of zygomatic arch Zygomatic process: Forms posterior portion of zygomatic arch (cheekbone)(cheekbone)
• Squamos Region: Squamos means flat, flat part of bone.Squamos Region: Squamos means flat, flat part of bone.• Styloid Process: Attachment for Hyoid and tongue musclesStyloid Process: Attachment for Hyoid and tongue muscles• Mastoid Process: Insertion for sternocleidomastoid muscleMastoid Process: Insertion for sternocleidomastoid muscle• External Acoustic Meatus: Opening of auditory canalExternal Acoustic Meatus: Opening of auditory canal
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• Petrous part: Petrous means rock.Petrous part: Petrous means rock.• Internal Acoustic Meatus: passageway for CNVII, CNVIII and Internal Acoustic Meatus: passageway for CNVII, CNVIII and
blood vessels to inner ear.blood vessels to inner ear.• Jugular Foramen: passageway for internal jugular vein, Jugular Foramen: passageway for internal jugular vein,
CNIX, CNX and CNXICNIX, CNX and CNXI• Carotid Canal: passageway for internal carotid artery.Carotid Canal: passageway for internal carotid artery.• Mandibular Fossa: Forms joint with mandibular condyleMandibular Fossa: Forms joint with mandibular condyle
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Temporal BoneTemporal Bone
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• Occipital BoneOccipital Bone• Foramen Magnum: passageway for spinal cord, vertebral Foramen Magnum: passageway for spinal cord, vertebral
arteries and CNXI.arteries and CNXI.• Hypoglossal canal: passageway for CNXII hypoglossal nerve.Hypoglossal canal: passageway for CNXII hypoglossal nerve.• External Occipital Protuberance and crest: attachment site External Occipital Protuberance and crest: attachment site
for neck/back muscles.for neck/back muscles.• Occipital Condyles: Articulates with Atlas.Occipital Condyles: Articulates with Atlas.
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Cranial and Facial BonesCranial and Facial Bones
• Palatine BonesPalatine Bones• Horizontal plates: forms posterior portion of hard palate.Horizontal plates: forms posterior portion of hard palate.
• Vomer: Vomer: Forms inferior part of nasal septum. Forms inferior part of nasal septum.
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The Skull = cranial bones The Skull = cranial bones and facial bonesand facial bones
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Cranial bonesCranial bones
parietal
parietal
frontal
temporalparietal
occipital
_______sphenoid_____ethmoid
occipital
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VertebraeVertebrae• Typical Vertebrae (32)Typical Vertebrae (32)• Lamina: connects transverse to spinous process.Lamina: connects transverse to spinous process.• Pedicle: connects body to transverse process.Pedicle: connects body to transverse process.• Transverse Process: Process directed laterallyTransverse Process: Process directed laterally• Spinous Process: Process directed posteriorly.Spinous Process: Process directed posteriorly.• Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: Forms joint Superior and Inferior Articular Processes: Forms joint
between adjacent vertebraebetween adjacent vertebrae• Vertebral Foramen: Contains spinal cord.Vertebral Foramen: Contains spinal cord.• Body: largest part of the vertebra.Body: largest part of the vertebra.• Intervertebral Foramen: Formed when 2 vertebra come Intervertebral Foramen: Formed when 2 vertebra come
together, contains spinal nerves.together, contains spinal nerves.• Intervertebral Disc (not a bone):Fibrocartilage found Intervertebral Disc (not a bone):Fibrocartilage found
between adjacent vertebral bodies.between adjacent vertebral bodies.3535
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VertebraeVertebrae
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VertebraeVertebrae
• Cervical Vertebrae (7): have bifurcated spinous Cervical Vertebrae (7): have bifurcated spinous processesprocesses• Transverse Foramen: Cervical vertebrae have transverse Transverse Foramen: Cervical vertebrae have transverse
foramen which contain the vertebral arteries.foramen which contain the vertebral arteries.
• Atlas (C1)Atlas (C1)• Arch: contains articulation point for dens of axis.Arch: contains articulation point for dens of axis.
• Body: C1 has no body; body has become the dens of axis.Body: C1 has no body; body has become the dens of axis.
• Axis (C2)Axis (C2)• Body: has odontoid process or densBody: has odontoid process or dens
• Odontoid Process or Dens: fused body of C1; articulated with atlas.Odontoid Process or Dens: fused body of C1; articulated with atlas.
• Vertebra Prominens (C7): Vertebra Prominens (C7): • Spinous Process: very large and easily felt under the skin.Spinous Process: very large and easily felt under the skin.
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Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae
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C1, C2 and C7C1, C2 and C7
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VertebraeVertebrae
– Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Thoracic Vertebrae (12)• Transverse Process: On thoracic vertebrae transverse Transverse Process: On thoracic vertebrae transverse
processes contain costal faucets for articulation with angle processes contain costal faucets for articulation with angle of a rib.of a rib.
– Lumbar Vertebrae (5)Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
– Sacrum ( 5 fused)Sacrum ( 5 fused)• Anterior Sacral Foramina: contain ventral rami of sacral Anterior Sacral Foramina: contain ventral rami of sacral
spinal nerves.spinal nerves.
• Posterior Sacral Foramina: contain dorsal rami of sacral Posterior Sacral Foramina: contain dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves.spinal nerves.
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Thoracic VertebraeThoracic Vertebrae
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Lumbar VertebraeLumbar Vertebrae
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VertebraeVertebrae
• Median Sacral Crest: represents fused spinous processes of Median Sacral Crest: represents fused spinous processes of sacral vertebrae.sacral vertebrae.
• Auricular Surfaces: ear-like process, articulates with the iliac Auricular Surfaces: ear-like process, articulates with the iliac bones.bones.
• Superior Articular Processes: Articulate with inferior articular Superior Articular Processes: Articulate with inferior articular processes of L5processes of L5
• Coccyx (2-3 fused)Coccyx (2-3 fused)• Cornu or horns: Small horns that point superiorlyCornu or horns: Small horns that point superiorly
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Sacrum and CoccyxSacrum and Coccyx
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Sternum and RibsSternum and Ribs
• SternumSternum• Manubrium (top)Manubrium (top)
• Sternal or jugular notchSternal or jugular notch
• Sternal angle: division between manubrium and body.Sternal angle: division between manubrium and body.
• Clavicular notch: articulate with clavicles.Clavicular notch: articulate with clavicles.
• Costal notch: articulates with ribsCostal notch: articulates with ribs
• BodyBody• Costal notches: articulates with ribsCostal notches: articulates with ribs
• Xiphoid Process Xiphoid Process
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SternumSternum
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Sternum and RibsSternum and Ribs
• RibsRibs• True Ribs (1-7)True Ribs (1-7)
• Head (capitulum)Head (capitulum)
• NeckNeck
• TubercleTubercle
• AngleAngle
• Costal GrooveCostal Groove
• Shaft (body)Shaft (body)
• False Ribs (8-12)False Ribs (8-12)• Floating Ribs (11-12)Floating Ribs (11-12)
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RibsRibs
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