OGT REVIEW SESSION #4INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONIn ENGLAND (1790-1850)

In U.S. (1860-1910)

The Industrial Revolution Begins in England and the United States

**The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1780 and in the U.S. in the 1860s for a number of reasons….*1. Improved Farming

methods increased the supply of food which actually drove food prices down. The extra money people had to spend led them to buy more manufactured goods.

*2. Both nations had a large supply of CAPITALmoney to invest….and a large number of ENTREPRENEURS were looking for ways to invest their money and make a profit.

*3. Britain had a huge supply of natural resources and a large number of markets to sell their goods.

*4. Because of falling crop prices, farming became less profitable. Farmers fled to urban areas looking for work where they could make more money. (factories)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Social Impact of Industry in Europe and United States**The Industrial Revolution created

growth in cities and created TWO NEW SOCIAL CLASSESTHE MIDDLE

AND THE WORKING CLASSES

-Europe’s population doubled between 1750 and 1850 to 266 million…..BIG REASON Decline

in death due to disease!-The U.S. population tripled from

1865-to 1900…BIG REASON: Immigrants coming from Europe!

-Cities became home to most industries….forcing people to move from the country to the

cities to find work. Ex: London’s population rose from 1 million in 1800 to 2.5 million by

1850.

-Many city dwellers lived in miserable

conditions….pollution from factories, overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and violence were the hard

consequences of so many people cramming into such

confined areas!

Impact of Industry on WORKING CONDITIONS in

Europe and the United StatesIndustrial workers faced horrible working conditions…because factory owners were looking to increase their profits by spending as little as

possible on their labor!

-12 to 16 hour work days, 6 days a week

-There was no such thing as job security and there was no

minimum wage

-Safety Concerns in factories100+ degree temperatures, loss of limbs

and fingers operating machines, etc.

-Women worked in textile factories where they were paid half the

wages of men

**By 1830 2/3 of England’s Industrial

workforce were WOMEN AND CHILDREN!

These problems led to to people calling for drastic change!!

Problems with the Industrial Revolution in the United

States-Many American business men during the late 19th Century (late 1800s) wanted to be

able to run their businesses as they wanted.

**Laissez-Faire the belief that government should not interfere with the economy.

~this means government should not tax, raise tariffs,

set prices, set wages, or make any action that would effect business in any way!

***~They believed supply and demand should regulate prices and wages. The

greater the supply the lower the cost, etc.

-Wealthy citizens began to invest their capital (money) to begin

businesses because of the growth of manufacturing and railroads!

Speaking of Crime…..Corruption in American Big Business

*Monopoly one company gains control of an entire market…

such as the oil market. MONOPOLIES

ELIMINATE COMPETITION FOR YOUR CONSUMER

DOLLARS!By 1890 many states began to pass laws making it illegal

for companies to form monopolies…but that did not stop companies from finding

ways around the law!

Speaking of Crime…..Corruption in American Big Business

In 1882 Standard Oil became the first company to form a trust in the United States.**Trust A trust allows a person to manage another person’s

property.

So how does a trust all businesses to merge without violating monopoly laws?

Different companies who sell the same type of product could all hire the same MANAGER to run their companies. The manager could then work to run the companies like a monopoly by setting the prices each charges for their good

exactly the same!

More Big Business AbuseHow Were Employees Treated?

Between 1865 and 1897 the United States experienced DEFLATION which is a rise in the value of paper money. Deflation caused prices to fall for

consumer goods. Companies responded by cutting worker wages. Workers felt they were being paid less to do the same amount of work.

Workers across the U.S. began to strike back by forming 2 types of

labor unions!1. **Trade Unions unions that

were only open to workers with a skilled trade.

Examplebricklayers, carpenters, electricians, etc.

2. **Industrial Unions Unions that united all the common laborers within a specific

industry. EXAMPLEUnited Auto Workers is a union for any laborer that works in the

auto industry.

More Big Business AbuseHow Were Employees Treated?In 1886 the 20 plus trade unions across the country merged to

create a national labor union that would give workers a stronger voice and put pressure on government to protect workers as

well.American Federation of Labor (AFL)

-A Labor Strike became a tool used by labor unions to force

business leaders to give workers better benefits….why? Every day

in which workers did not work, companies lost millions of dollars

MANY DISPUTES BETWEEN BUSINESS AND LABOR ENDED

THROUGH A NEW LABOR PROCESS

**Arbitration when both sides in a dispute allow an independent individual (arbitrator) to step in and enforce a settlement. Both sides agree to abide by the decision

of the arbitrator.

Progressivism in the United States

Roosevelt ushered in the Progressive Era….**WHAT IS PROGRESSIVISM?An early 20th century reform movement that sought to RETURN CONTROL OF THE GOVT TO THE PEOPLE, RESTORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL, and CORRECT INJUSTICE IN AMERICAN LIFE!

American Reporters Reveal that All that Glitters is not Gold!

*2. Upton Sinclair his novel, The Jungle, was a

fictional story of an immigrant trying to

make a life for himself working in the meat packing plants of Chicago

The write a “realistic story” Sinclair took a job working in a meat packing plant in downtown Chicago. What he saw became the substance that made his

book so shocking to American readersThe meat plants were unsanitary, overrun by rats the size of

housecats…being ground into the meat grinders and shipped off to stores for sale….yummy!

Ratburgers, Fingerdogs, Toenail Sausage!In writing his book, Upton Sinclair drew attention to the horrible sanitation conditions in

the factories producing 90% of the meat consumed in the United States

Roosevelt invited Sinclair to the White House and then

responded……….*Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act

(1906) this legislation set a rigid inspection process that

all food and prescription medicine has to go through before being declared safe for human consumption. The legislation led to the creation of the USFDA

Roosevelt Takes on Big BusinessThe Government had been at war with greedy business trying to knock out their

competition

The Tool: Sherman Anti-Trust

Act….passed since 1890…ignored since

1890

The Enforcer: Roosevelt was not afraid to take on BIG BUSINESS.

He used his power to go after trusts. During his presidency the

government filed 44 suits for violations of the Anti-Trust Laws

Roosevelt’s Plan for Business Peace

*Square Deal the idea that government serve as an “UMPIRE”

to ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business. (this

is anti laissez-faire)

Roosevelt felt it was the duty of Government to make sure businesses profited and that workers and consumers were protected….SO HOW DID HE PLAN TO DO THAT???

Square Deal in Action1902-United Mine Workers Strike in

Pennsylvania Mine workers and owners squared off in a bloody strike that shut down the nations #1 fuel source with

winter setting in.Roosevelt pressured the coal mine

owners to agree to arbitration…where the workers won a 10% raise and a 8-9 hr

workday

Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the

OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution ofthe late 19th century, farmers in theUnited States worked to increasetheir land holdings and modernizetheir equipment. A lasting effect ofthese changes was

A. higher prices for crops.

B. increased rural population density.

C. a shortage of land for farming.

D. greater productivity of farming

Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the

OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution

One effect of industrialization in theUnited States in the late 19th century was

A. a decrease in child labor.

B. an increase in demand for handicraft goods.

C. a decrease in immigration to the United States.

D. an increase in urbanization.

Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the

OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution

Consider the following changes thatoccurred in the United States in thelate 19th century:

• improvements in agriculturalproduction;

• increases in immigration fromEurope;

• advancements in networks ofrailroad and streetcar lines.

These changes led to the

A. rapid growth of urban areas.

B. acquisition of overseas territories.

C. elimination of large suburbs around many cities.

D. movement of people from theurban to the rural areas.

Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the

OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution

Why was the formation of labor unions an effect of U.S. industrialization in the late 1800s?

A. Unions were needed to guarantee a steady supply of workers.

B. Union membership was required for employment in new industries.

C. Factory owners set up labor unions in order to control their large workforce.

D. Unions organized industrial workers to protest unsafe working conditions and long workdays.

Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the

OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes not only in cities, but in rural America as well. Before machines were used, one farmer could harvest about7.5 acres of wheat per year. With machines, he could harvest wheat on 135 acres. Scientists also developed new kinds of wheat seeds that could survive northernwinters. These developments were examples of what was happening in many areas of agriculture.

Explain two additional ways farmingchanged as a result of the IndustrialRevolution.

Write your answer in theAnswer Document. (2 points)

Potential Written Answer Examples

• American farms could be bigger;

• they could produce much more food;

• they could be profitable;• they could require less

labor;• farming was less time-

consuming;• farming was expandable

into new regions;• farming was subject to

overproduction;• farming was subject to

lower prices for crops;