A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGEA NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE

1869-19001869-1900

The 2The 2ndnd Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRYTHE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY

After Civil War, advances in After Civil War, advances in technology began to technology began to

change the nation b/c of change the nation b/c of these advances…these advances…

Large supply of natural resourcesLarge supply of natural resources Explosion of inventionsExplosion of inventions Growing city population that wanted Growing city population that wanted

the new products.the new products.

What were some of What were some of these natural these natural

resources?resources?

OILOIL…. Very important …. Very important natural resourcenatural resource

1840, Canadian geologist discovered 1840, Canadian geologist discovered that that kerosenekerosene could be used to light could be used to light lamps.lamps.

Kerosene Kerosene produced from oilproduced from oil Increased Americans’ demand for oil.Increased Americans’ demand for oil.

Edwin L. DrakeEdwin L. Drake 1859, 1859, Edwin L. DrakeEdwin L. Drake used a used a steamsteam

engineengine to drill for oil. to drill for oil. This helped start an oil boom.This helped start an oil boom. Drake never benefitedDrake never benefited He died a He died a pauperpauper..

GASOLINEGASOLINE Also produced by oil.Also produced by oil. Thrown away at first. But when Thrown away at first. But when

the automobile became popular, the automobile became popular, gasoline was in great demand.gasoline was in great demand.

COAL & IRONCOAL & IRON 1887, Large amounts of IRON 1887, Large amounts of IRON

discovered in Minnesotadiscovered in Minnesota Also, COAL production increased Also, COAL production increased

from 33 mill. tons in 1870 to over from 33 mill. tons in 1870 to over 250 mill. tons in 1900.250 mill. tons in 1900.

BESSEMER PROCESSBESSEMER PROCESS

Turns iron to STEEL.Turns iron to STEEL. Removes carbon from iron.Removes carbon from iron. Steel lighter, more flexible & Steel lighter, more flexible &

doesn’t rust like iron.doesn’t rust like iron. Process invented by Henry Process invented by Henry

BessemerBessemer

USES OFUSES OF STEELSTEEL::

Railroads for tracksRailroads for tracks Improve farm tools like plow & Improve farm tools like plow &

reaperreaper Cans for preserving food.Cans for preserving food. Bridges like Brooklyn Bridge Bridges like Brooklyn Bridge SkyscrapersSkyscrapers

Chef Hector BoiardiChef Hector Boiardi

at 16 arrived at Ellis Island in at 16 arrived at Ellis Island in 19141914

Patrons asked for samples and recipes of his Patrons asked for samples and recipes of his spaghetti sauce, which he would often spaghetti sauce, which he would often give to the customers in old milk bottles.give to the customers in old milk bottles.

Catered the reception of President Woodrow Wilson’s marriage

took his money and invested in steel mills, which then helped produce goods needed for Korean War

Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Site of many Steel mills along Site of many Steel mills along the rivers.the rivers.

INVENTIONSINVENTIONS

Here are some of the inventions of the Here are some of the inventions of the late 1800’s that changed how people late 1800’s that changed how people lived & worked…..lived & worked…..

ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY

1876, Thomas Alva Edison perfected 1876, Thomas Alva Edison perfected an early light bulb.an early light bulb.

He then worked to establish power He then worked to establish power plants to generate electricity.plants to generate electricity.

What about this?What about this?

““Old Sparky”Old Sparky”

Edison v. WestinghouseEdison v. Westinghouse

Edison = DCEdison = DC Westinghouse – ACWestinghouse – AC Edison negative campaigns Edison negative campaigns

against Westinghouseagainst Westinghouse

BAD ELEPHANT KILLED. BAD ELEPHANT KILLED.

Topsy Meets Quick and Topsy Meets Quick and Painless Painless

Death at Coney Island.Death at Coney Island.

Die Topsy Die

Invention of Invention of ElectricityElectricity changed Americachanged America......

Ran machines like fans & Ran machines like fans & printing presses.printing presses.

Soon became available in Soon became available in homes.homes.

Led to invention of appliances.Led to invention of appliances. Cities built electric streetcars Cities built electric streetcars

which made travel cheaper & which made travel cheaper & easier.easier.

TYPEWRITERTYPEWRITER Invented by Invented by Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes in in

1867. 1867. Led to dramatic changes in the Led to dramatic changes in the

workplace.workplace.

TELEPHONETELEPHONE Invented by Invented by Alexander Graham Alexander Graham

BellBell & & Thomas WatsonThomas Watson in 1876. in 1876.

Phonographs, Phonographs, Bicycles, & CamerasBicycles, & Cameras

How did the wave of How did the wave of inventions during inventions during

the late 1800’s the late 1800’s change some change some

Americans’ lives?Americans’ lives?

More More WomenWomen began to work began to work in offices……in offices……

By 1910, women made up about By 1910, women made up about 40% of office work force40% of office work force

Work that had been done Work that had been done at home- like sewing at home- like sewing clothes- was now done in clothes- was now done in FACTORIES.FACTORIES.

Unfortunately, many factory Unfortunately, many factory employees worked long hours employees worked long hours

in unhealthy conditions.in unhealthy conditions.

LEISURE TIMELEISURE TIME

Invention of machines allowed Invention of machines allowed employees to work faster…..this employees to work faster…..this led to a shorter work week.led to a shorter work week.

THE AGE OF RAILROADSTHE AGE OF RAILROADS

TRANSCONTINENTAL TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADRAILROAD

1869, work completed on first 1869, work completed on first TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD.TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD.

This railroad crossed the entire This railroad crossed the entire continent.continent.

Building & Running Building & Running Railroads:Railroads:

Very difficult & dangerous work.Very difficult & dangerous work. Most work done by Most work done by ChineseChinese & &

IrishIrish immigrants & desperate immigrants & desperate out-of-work Civil War Vets.out-of-work Civil War Vets.

Accidents & diseases Accidents & diseases affected thousands of affected thousands of railroad builders each year.railroad builders each year.

By 1888, over 2,000 workers had By 1888, over 2,000 workers had died.died.

20,000 had been injured.20,000 had been injured.

TIME ZONES:TIME ZONES: Railroad schedules hard to keep b/c Railroad schedules hard to keep b/c

each community set its won timeseach community set its won times 1870, earth divided into 24 time 1870, earth divided into 24 time

zones.zones. U.S. contained 4 time zones.U.S. contained 4 time zones. Everyone living in a particular zone Everyone living in a particular zone

would follow the same time.would follow the same time.

World Time ZonesWorld Time Zones

RAILROADS MADE TRAVEL RAILROADS MADE TRAVEL EASIER, INDUSTRY EASIER, INDUSTRY

GROWTH,AND COMMUNITIES GROWTH,AND COMMUNITIES TO GROW & PROSPER…TO GROW & PROSPER…

Railroads led to creation Railroads led to creation of new townsof new towns……

1880, 1880, George M. PullmanGeorge M. Pullman built built factory outside Chicago .factory outside Chicago .

There, workers made the There, workers made the sleepingsleeping carscars he invented for he invented for trains.trains.

Pullman built a large town to Pullman built a large town to house the workers he needed.house the workers he needed.

He created quality housing for his workers. But He created quality housing for his workers. But he tried to control many aspects of their lives…he tried to control many aspects of their lives…Eventually, the workers rebelled.Eventually, the workers rebelled.

Railroad industry Railroad industry offered people chance offered people chance

to become richto become rich.. Also attracted many Also attracted many corruptcorrupt

individuals.individuals. Credit-Mobilier Credit-Mobilier scandal of scandal of

1868. (This was an illegal 1868. (This was an illegal manipulation of construction manipulation of construction contracts)contracts)

FARMERS VS. FARMERS VS. RAILROADSRAILROADS

why?why?

Farmers claimed that railroads sold Farmers claimed that railroads sold government land grants to government land grants to businessesbusinesses rather than to rather than to families.families.

They also accuse railroad industry of They also accuse railroad industry of setting high shipping prices to keep setting high shipping prices to keep farmers in debt.farmers in debt.

Many railroad companies failed Many railroad companies failed due to economic depression of due to economic depression of 18931893

Result: 7 companies owned most Result: 7 companies owned most of the nation’s railways.of the nation’s railways.

BIG BUSINESS & BIG BUSINESS & LABORLABOR

ANDREW CARNEGIEANDREW CARNEGIE Scottish immigrant who became a Scottish immigrant who became a

giant in the steel industrygiant in the steel industry Carnegie’s birthplace below.Carnegie’s birthplace below.

VERTICAL & VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL

INTEGRATION:INTEGRATION: Through VERTICAL Through VERTICAL

INTEGRATION he bought INTEGRATION he bought companies that supplied his raw companies that supplied his raw materials like iron and coal, & materials like iron and coal, & railroads needed to transport railroads needed to transport the steel.the steel.

He used HORIZONTAL He used HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION by buying out or INTEGRATION by buying out or merging w/other steel merging w/other steel companies.companies.

Carnegie’s success Carnegie’s success helped popularize theory helped popularize theory of …of …

What is What is Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism??

Theory, based on ideas of biologist Theory, based on ideas of biologist Charles Charles DarwinDarwin..Said that “natural selection” enabled the best Said that “natural selection” enabled the best suited people to survive & succeedsuited people to survive & succeed

Most entrepreneurs tried to Most entrepreneurs tried to control competition by forming a control competition by forming a MONOPOLYMONOPOLY

What is a monopoly?What is a monopoly?

A business where there is only 1 A business where there is only 1 seller, but many buyers.seller, but many buyers.

Why is this a bad thing?Why is this a bad thing?

There is no choiceThere is no choice No choice means the seller sets No choice means the seller sets

the pricethe price He can make the price anythingHe can make the price anything The people have to pay if they The people have to pay if they

want itwant it Smaller businesses dieSmaller businesses die

JOHN D. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERROCKEFELLER

Used Standard Oil trust to Used Standard Oil trust to almost completely control the oil almost completely control the oil industry.industry.

SHERMAN ANTITRUST SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT ACT 18901890

Made it illegal to form a TRUST.Made it illegal to form a TRUST. TRUST = MON0P0LYTRUST = MON0P0LY Still works todayStill works today Wilson – Clayton Anti-Trust Act?Wilson – Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

Workers respond by Workers respond by forming forming LABOR UNIONSLABOR UNIONS::

Many workers worked long Many workers worked long hours under dangerous hours under dangerous conditions for low wages.conditions for low wages.

Women, children, & workers in Women, children, & workers in sweatshopssweatshops worked under esp. worked under esp. harsh conditions.harsh conditions.

Several Labor Unions:Several Labor Unions:

NATIONAL LABOR UNION (NLUNATIONAL LABOR UNION (NLU)- )- Persuaded Congress to legalize an 8 Persuaded Congress to legalize an 8 hour day for government workers.hour day for government workers.

KNIGHTS OF LABOR KNIGHTS OF LABOR – Failed after – Failed after series of strikes failed.series of strikes failed.

UNION MOVEMENTS UNION MOVEMENTS DIVERGE….DIVERGE….

STRIKES TURN VIOLENT!!!STRIKES TURN VIOLENT!!!

One major type of union One major type of union was was CRAFT UNIONSCRAFT UNIONS....

Samuel Gompers-Samuel Gompers- Formed the Formed the American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886.(AFL) in 1886.

Gompers used strikes & Gompers used strikes & collective bargainingcollective bargaining..

EUGENE DEBS formed an EUGENE DEBS formed an industrial union…aindustrial union…a union for union for

all workers.all workers.

American Railway Union (ARU)American Railway Union (ARU) Debs & other workers turned to Debs & other workers turned to

socialismsocialism..

IWW or WOBBLIESIWW or WOBBLIES

Union formed in 1905 by Union formed in 1905 by radicals & socialistsradicals & socialists

STRIKESSTRIKES

Why do workers go on strike? Why do workers go on strike? Workers go on strike for different Workers go on strike for different reasons: reasons:

to get improvements where they to get improvements where they work work

for more money for more money for shorter working days for shorter working days to stop their wages going down to stop their wages going down because they think their company because they think their company

has been unfair has been unfair

Look for the union labelLook for the union labelwhen you are buying that coat, dress when you are buying that coat, dress or blouse. or blouse.

Remember somewhere our union's Remember somewhere our union's sewing,sewing,our wages going to feed the kids, and our wages going to feed the kids, and run the house. run the house.

We work hard, but who's complaining?We work hard, but who's complaining?Thanks to the I.L.G. we're paying our Thanks to the I.L.G. we're paying our way! way!

So always look for the union label,So always look for the union label,it says we're able to make it in the it says we're able to make it in the U.S.AU.S.A

Look for the Union Label

Unions used strikes to Unions used strikes to improve conditionsimprove conditions

1877, workers for Baltimore & Ohio 1877, workers for Baltimore & Ohio railroad went on strike.railroad went on strike.

Strike broken up when railroad Strike broken up when railroad president persuaded President president persuaded President Rutherford B. Hayes to bring in Rutherford B. Hayes to bring in federal troops to end strike.federal troops to end strike.

HAYMARKET AFFAIRHAYMARKET AFFAIR

1886, bomb exploded at 1886, bomb exploded at demonstration in Chicago’s demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square in support of Haymarket Square in support of striking workersstriking workers

Several killedSeveral killed Labor leaders charged w/inciting Labor leaders charged w/inciting

a riot. 4 were hanged. 1 a riot. 4 were hanged. 1 Committed suicide in jail.Committed suicide in jail.

HAYMARKET AFFAIRHAYMARKET AFFAIR

HOMESTEAD, HOMESTEAD, PENNSYLVANIAPENNSYLVANIA

1892, steel workers & Pinkerton 1892, steel workers & Pinkerton guards fought a battle near guards fought a battle near Pittsburgh. Deaths on both sides.Pittsburgh. Deaths on both sides.

1894, Eugene Debs led strike 1894, Eugene Debs led strike against the Pullman Companyagainst the Pullman Company

Strike turned violent when fed. Strike turned violent when fed. Troops called out to break the Troops called out to break the strike.strike.

MARY HARRIS MARY HARRIS (MOTHER) JONES(MOTHER) JONES

Organizer for the Organizer for the United MineUnited Mine WorkersWorkers..

Unions’ struggle for better Unions’ struggle for better conditions hurt by government conditions hurt by government intervening on side of intervening on side of management.management.

Despite pressures of Despite pressures of government action, government action, unions continued to growunions continued to grow

Ooops almost forgot:Ooops almost forgot:

December 17, December 17, 1903?1903?

Kitty Hawk, NCKitty Hawk, NC

COMING NEXTCOMING NEXT…..…..

IMMIGRANTS & IMMIGRANTS & URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION