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PREPARED BY:- MANISHSINGH R. TOMAR

SHIVANI PATEL

TANVI MISTRI

SANI MARU

SNEHAL PATEL

HIREN GAJJAR

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HISTORY OF GERMANY

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR 

ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS

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The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe

can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar , who

referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as

Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he

had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in theBattle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by

the Roman Empire 

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Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the Franks conquered

the other West Germanic tribes. When the Frankish Empire 

was divided among Charlemagne's heirs in 1843, the eastern

 part became East Francia. In 1962, Otto I became the first

emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval Germanstate.

In the High Middle Ages, the dukes and princes of the empire

gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther  

led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Churchafter 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the

southern states remained Catholic.

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The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the

Thirty Years' War (1618 – 1648), which was ruinous to the

twenty million civilians. 1648 marked the effective end of the

Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation-

state system, with Germany divided into numerousindependent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony.

After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars 

(1803 – 1815), feudalism fell away and liberalism and

nationalism clashed with reaction. The 1848 MarchRevolution failed

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Population Age structure

Geography

Income Distribution

Sex ratio Ethnic groups

Education

Literacy

Health

Religion

Languages

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Population   82,329,758 (July 2010 est.) Germany's population pyramid in 2005

Age structure 0 – 14 years: 13.9% (male 5,894,724/female 5,590,373)

15 – 64 years: 66.3% (male 27,811,357/female 26,790,222) 65 years and over: 19.8% (male 6,771,972/female 9,542,348)

(2007 est.) 0 – 14 years 13.7% (male 5,768,366/female 5,470,516) 15 – 64 years: 66.1% (male 27,707,761/female 26,676,759)

65 years and over: 20.3% (male 7,004,805/female 9,701,551)(2010 est.)

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GeographyWith an estimated more than 81.8 million inhabitants in late

2011, Germany is the most populous country in the EuropeanUnion and ranks as the 16th largest country in the world in termsof population. Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants

 per square kilometer.  States 

Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred toas Länder .[16] Due to differences in size and population thesubdivision of these states varies, especially between city states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories ( Flächenländer ).For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-

Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia andSaxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ( Regierungsbezirke). As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403districts ( Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 301 ruraldistricts and 102 urban districts.[17] 

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Income Distribution we have employed an integrated ITR-SOEP data base that allows

one to jointly analyze the upper  and the lower tail of the income distribution in the period 1992-

2003. In particular, all taxpayers that  belong to the top percentile of the income distribution are

included in our integrated data base, so that sampling errors are completely avoided for that group.

Exploiting this feature, we have, for the first time,  provided a detailed analysis of the top 0.001 percent fractile of 

the income distribution, the economic  elite of Germany. Furthermore, on the basis of this integrated

data base we were also able to analyze the distribution of gross incomes including government transfers and

accounting for within-family redistribution

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Total population = 81.8 million

German citizens = 73.62 million (90% of total population)

German citizens of no migrant background: 65.44 million

(80% of total population)

German citizens of immigrant background (including people

of partial immigrant background): 8.18 million (10%)

"Foreigners" (persons without German citizenship): (8%) 

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Education

Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarilywith the individual federated states. Since the 1960s, a reform

movement attempted to unify secondary education in a Gesamtschule 

(comprehensive school); several West German states later simplified

their school system to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship

called Duale Ausbildung ("dual education") allows pupils invocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run

vocational school.

Literacy Over 99% of those of age 15 and above are estimated to be able to

read and write. However, a growing number of inhabitants are

functionally illiterate 

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However, a growing number of inhabitants are functionallyilliterate. The young are much more likely to be functionally

illiterate than the old. According to a study done by the University of Bremen in

coorporation with the "Bundesverband Alphabetisierung e.V.", 10%of youngsters living in Germany are functionally illiterate and onequarter are able to understand only basic level texts.

Illiteracy rates of youngsters vary by ethnic group and parents'socioeconomic class.

Health As of 2009 , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease,

at 42%, followed by malignant tumours, at 25%. As of 2008 , about 82,000 Germans had been infected with

HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively,since 1982).

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 According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults aresmokers. A 2009 study shows Germany is near the median in

terms of overweight and obese people in Europe. 

 Religion

No Religion    34.1% 

Roman Catholicism 30.0% Protestantism   29.9%  Islam   4.0%  Orthodox Christianity   1.6%  Judaism   0.2%  Buddhism   0.2%  Languages

German is the only official and most widely spoken language.Standard German is understood throughout the country.

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For those planning to open a business or start business

relations in Germany, one key factor could be the

environment.

German ecology could affect a number of different businesses

"from clothing retail, determining what people will buy and

when, to real estate and land development.

Therefore, when approaching a business venture in Germany,it is advisable to have at least a basic understanding of the

climate, wildlife, and environment in the area, as well as the

government policies associated with the protection of the

environment Knowledge of matters relating to German ecology could spell

the difference between success and failure for an individual or 

small business seeking to expand its operations in Germany.

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Much like North America, Germany is located in a temperate

climate zone. However, Germany experiences moderate

seasons that are dominated by humid westerly winds.

The climate is further tempered by warm water, carried into

the North Sea by the North Atlantic Drift, which is the

northernmost part of the Gulf Stream. Germany experiences rainfall during all seasons, but the most

rain tends to fall during the summers

Further from the ocean, the climate tends to become less

moderate; winters are colder, summers are warmer, and thereis usually less rainfall

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  Mostly, in both cases, the temperature does not climb any

higher than thirty degrees Celsius, or eighty-six degreesFahrenheit. This relatively sdiv weather system is a reliable

 part of German ecology

Much of Germany’s expansive geography is covered in arableland, amounting to a third of the nation’s acreage. Of theremaining two thirds, nearly the same amount again is covered

 by forests or woodlands, and pastures, and cities make up therest.

German ecology also features a number of flora and fauna thatare indigenous to central Europe, such as beech oak, pine, andfir trees that are all present in large numbers.

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Animals commonly found in the region include fish, boars,foxes, badgers, and a few beavers. Also, birds migrate across

Germany during their flight seasons, in the spring and autumn

Another thing that business owners should take note of is the

fact that many Germans are environmentally conscious, andsupport current efforts to “go green.” 

A recent poll showed that many Germans believe that human

 beings are responsible for global warming. Germans follow

the Kyoto Protocol, a United Nations treaty that is designed toregulate environmental policy among its signatory nations.

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The actions endorsed by the Kyoto Protocol include promoting

 biodiversity, setting strict emissions standards, recycling, and

finding new sources of renewable energy.

Although German emissions are still among the highest in the

European Union, the German government is taking steps to

correct this. The German government has recently started initiatives to

reduce pollution, regulate emissions, and use nuclear power 

instead of coal.

These steps show how important German ecology is to theGerman people, as well as their level of commitment in

 preserving their environment for future generations.

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