A European Revolution

The Reformation

Agenda

Early Reformation Review /Image Analysis Review (Including Notes)

The Reformation Spreads

The Geography of Religion

A Review Exercise

Distribution of Major Religions

A European Revolution

The Reformation

And so our little story begins…

In Italy… Rome to be exact…

With Two Medici

Popes…(Remember, this is the family that began the Renaissance)

The two popes are:

1. Pope Leo X

2. Pope Clement VII (at right as Cardinal)

More concerned with might…

And magnificence than their role as priests.

The Popes were a little sensitive about this issue (their power had been on the decline for some time).

The Explanations for Church Decline

Get ready to record some notes…

Reason 1: The Plague

Remember what that was? Ick. One-third of Europe’s population will die during the mid-14th century.

The Church couldn’t explain why God had forsaken Europe, which undermined Church authority in the eyes of the public.

The Church didn’t grasp germ theory – or science, for that matter.

Reason 2: Merchant Class

The Merchant Class is growing.

They have money. They want to make more of it. They want to charge interest, which they called USURY.

The Church disagreed with this policy (calling it a sin), upsetting the Merchant Class.

Reason 3: Nation-States

Nation-States are on the rise.

Nation-States are loose political boundaries of people with similar cultural experiences (language, religion, values, etc.).

The leaders of Nation-States want power too. And they must take it from Rome.

Reason 4:

Let’s get back to our story. (Don’t worry, you don’t need to fit all of this in the box. There will be a summation in a few moments, but you should try to follow the chain of events.

Old St. Peter’s (a Church) was too plain…

So the Medici’s planned…

To build a new church, far bigger and more beautiful than ever seen before.

To do so, they would hire the most famous artist in the world.

Guess who?

Raphael

They built Saint Peter’s Basillica (see below)

Wowsers!

But at what cost?

The popes did not care as long as it was completed.

Monks and priests, in an effort to please the popes, collected money by making the faithful pay for the forgiveness of their sins.

They called it “selling indulgences.” That this violated Church teaching mattered

not.

The ____________ Sellers…

Insert Image #1

The Indulgence Sellers…

Insert Image #1

Martin LutherTook offense to the irreligious

nature of this fundraising enterprise and made his

opinions known.

He tacked them on the door of the church for all to see.

Reason 4:

In conclusion, many thought the Church was corrupt for selling people salvation. How rude!

The 95 ThesesDisputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences

The Main Gripes

Indulgences are bad Sola Fide - Salvation by faith alone Bible is the ultimate authority All are equal in the eyes of God

The Papal Bull

INSERT IMAGE #2

3. Document or decree issued by the Pope.

Diet of Worms

Diet – Assembly or Meeting

Purpose – To challenge Luther’s teachings and writings.

Emperor – Charles V

Diet of Worms

Diet – Assembly or Meeting

Purpose – To challenge Luther’s teachings and writings.

Emperor – Charles V

Luther at Warburg Castle

Heretic - a baptized Roman Catholic who willfully and persistently rejects any article of faith.

The Book – The Bible

The Reformation Spreads

Insert Image 5

The Protestant Church is Born…

Others would follow suit.

Let’s backtrack for a moment…

John Wycliffe

Challenged the authority of the Church

Wanted to translate the Bible

Declared a heretic by the Church after his death

Let’s backtrack for a moment…

Jan Hus

Challenged the authority of the Church

Burned at the stake in 1415

INSERT IMAGE #6

Now Back to our story…

John Calvin

French Theologian

Studied Luther

Believed in predestination; that faith was revealed by

living a righteous life

Henry VIIIEnglish King

Breaks from Catholic church because the Church won’t

grant him a divorce

Establishes Church of England

Claims Papal property for England

Key Places of the Reformation

Germany

German Princes see opportunity to seize power for Nation-States – convert to Protestantism

The Ruling Monarchy, the Hapsburgs, remains Roman Catholic.

Disagreement turns to war – The Thirty Years’ War

France

Calvin forced out, but many French Calvinists, called Huguenots (Hew-guh-nots), remain.

In 1598, Catholic Monarchy grants the Edict of Nantes, mildly protecting the Huguenots in France as long as they acknowledge that Catholicism is better.

Ehhh…the Huguenots can live with that. Religious tolerance is born.

England

Henry VIII, not your typical reformer. He loves the ladies, but wants a son. Catherine of Aragon does not oblige. Henry wants a

divorce, which isn’t allowed in the Catholic Church. He breaks from the Catholic Church, forming the Church

of England, placing himself at its head, and authorizes his own divorce.

Just for good measure, he seizes all papal property for the crown.

The Reformers owe everything to…

Johan Gutenberg and his printing press.