a brief timeline of the post-war development...
TRANSCRIPT
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June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 1
(SUSTAINABLE) DEVELOPMENT
A brief timeline of the Post-WarDevelopment “Project”
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“Development” is a contested term
Development as economic growth, first and foremost(conventional definition, environmental “Kuznets” curve)
Development as growth *with* improved human developmentindicators (UNDP)
Development as sustainable growth (Brundtland)
Development as discourse/knowledge/ power (Escobar, W.Sachs)
Big D v. little d development (Hart)
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“Sustainable” is a contested term
IUCN 1980:Resource use such that species & ecosystems can be renewedindefinitely
Solow 1992:No need to bequeath any particular thing (with *some* exceptions), justcapital to achieve a standard of living as good as our own (or better)
WCED 1987:Development that meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds
Key question:Can we meet current & future needs and not destroy theenvironmental resource base?
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1930s-1960s 1980s 1990s1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
Neoliberalbacklash
Neo-neoliberalism
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
1981-90: Int’l Decade for DrinkingWater & Sanitation
1990s: Developing countriesliberalize
PPPs, Decentralization &Social Capital aremainstream
2000: MDGs adopted
2002: Johannesburg Summiton Env & Dev
Today: climate change drivessustainable dev’ment agenda
1982: Debt crisis
1987: Brundtland report
1985: UK privatizesunder Thatcher
Mid-late 1980s on:Structural adjustment
1989: Berlin Wall falls
2000s
Environment & development timeline
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1930s-1960s
Interventionistera
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
Environment & development timeline
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Interventionist Era: 1940s-1960s (1)
War-wrecked countriesrebuilt their economiesthrough the Marshall Plan;Bretton Woods Institutionscreated
Former colonies protectedtheir nascent industriesthrough restricting imports(e.g. import substitutionindustrialization in LatinAmerica, Asia)
Source: www.marshallfoundation.org
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Interventionist era: 1940s-1960s (2)
Capital intensiveprojects pursued (trunksewers and waterpipes, river basindevelopment)
Strong synergies withthe start of the GreenRevolution in thedeveloping world
Results: Important advances inwater supply and agriculture(food became cheaper, moreabundant), but smallholdersdid not benefit proportionately(or even at all)Ecological impact ofmonoculture & heavy chemicaluse became clearer later
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1930s-1960s 1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
Environment & development timeline
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Basic Needs Era – Redistribution withGrowth: 1970s
“The basic problem of poverty and growth inthe developing world can be stated verysimply. Growth is not equitably reaching thepoor. And the poor are not significantlycontributing to growth.”
McNamara’s speech to the Board of Governorsof the World Bank (1973)
“Basic needs include essential servicesprovided for and by the community at large,such as safe drinking water, sanitation, publictransport, and health, education, and culturalfacilities” – ILO Report (1976)
Robert McNamara,President of the WorldBank Group 1968 -1981
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Environment, women, poverty: the 1970sagenda
1970s: *huge* decade forenvironmental laws in the USA& elsewhere
1972: Stockholm Conference onthe Human Environment
1976: Start of UN Decade forWomen; women seen as centralto dev’ment & environment
Appropriate Technology“movement” begins
Postercommemoratingthe Int’l Decade forWomen
Schumacherinfluenced theemergence ofappropriatetech/participatoryprojects
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But the 1970s was also a decade ofshocks
OPEC oil crises of 1973 and1979: windfall profits of oil-producing countries madeavailable “petro” dollars forcommercial lending
Third World debt climbedform $75 billion in 1970 to~$600 billion by 1983 – 1/3of which was from privatebanksResults: Created the conditionsfor the debt crisis which, inturn, led to a shift in the rolesof the IMF and World Bank.
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1930s-1960s 1980s 1990s1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
Neoliberalbacklash
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
1981-90: Int’l Decade for DrinkingWater & Sanitation
1982: Debt crisis
1987: Brundtland reportpublished
1985: UK privatizesunder Thatcher
Mid-late 1980s on:Structural adjustment
1989: Berlin Wall falls
Environment & development timeline
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Neoliberal backlash: 1980s
1982: Interest rates increased making loans difficultto pay back + decreasing demand for Third Worldexports = debt crisis
World Bank/IMF structural adjustment programs(SAPs) imposed based largely on the WashingtonConsensus, e.g.: Fiscal austerity (= reduce public spending) Financial deregulation Trade liberalization Privatization
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1980s: privatization / decentralization /development with environment
Utilities / railroadsin the UK privatized
WCED reportpublished: “OurCommon Future”
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Divergence between the UN andWorld Bank/IMF: late 1980s
“The IMF inadvertently contributesto a cycle of deprivation in its role asnet recipient of capital fromdeveloping countries. It is a sourceof conditional loan finance to whomneeded resources are delivered inthe form of interest payments. Debtservicing obligations siphon exportearnings and divert cash from socialwelfare programs”.
UNICEF (1988)
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1989: Berlin Wall falls
http://www.remote.org/frederik/culture/berlin/
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1930s-1960s 1980s 1990s1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
Neoliberalbacklash
Neo-neoliberalism
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
1981-90: Int’l Decade for DrinkingWater & Sanitation
1990s: Developing countriesliberalize
PPPs, Decentralization &Social Capital aremainstream
2000: MDGs adopted
2002: Johannesburg Summiton Env & Dev
Today: climate change drivessustainable dev’ment agenda
1982: Debt crisis
1987: Brundtland report
1985: UK privatizesunder Thatcher
Mid-late 1980s on:Structural adjustment
1989: Berlin Wall falls
2000s
Environment & development timeline
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 18
Rio Summit–Convergence ofEnvironment and the Market: early
1990s
1992: Rio Summit onEnvironment andDevelopment
+ World Bank’s overall
emphasis on market-oriented reforms,decentralization, and(greater) disengagement ofstate in infrastructure
e.g. 1993: World Bank waterstrategy based on“sustainable waterresources management”:
1. Maintenance, not justnew infrastructure
2. Economic instrumentstowards conservation
3. End-use efficiency
4. “Good governance”: costrecovery, accountability*towards* sustainabledev’ment
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Revisionist Neoliberalism: late 1990s-2000s
World Bank adopts idea of social capitalunder Serageldin, drawing from ideas ofPutnam on trust, networks, solidarity
The “local” as the place where socialcapital can be generated; civil societyis central to sustainability *and* growth
Social and environmental impactassessments are today mandatory inWorld Bank projects
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2000: The MDGs
1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger2. Achieve universal primary education3. Promote gender equality, empower women4. Reduce child mortality5. Improve maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases7. Ensure environmental sustainability8. Develop a global partnership for development
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To conclude…1. Thinking wrt public vs. private provision is somewhat more balanced than before as long as they are efficient andrecover costs) [see e.g. ADB site]
2. Market and state are both seen as essential forsustainability -- how & how much depends significantly onideology
3. Environment, women, participation, poverty alleviation: all remain on the agenda despite numerous policy disagreements on achieving the necessary goals4. Climate change has become *the* driver for sustainabledevelopment4. “Conflict” between growth and sustainable growth remainsa huge debate
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Thank [email protected]