mdgs achievements in bangladesh

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Presentation byDr. Muhammad G. Sarwar

E-mail: [email protected]

atCivil Service College, Dhaka

26 June 2011

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Background Institutional Mechanism of MDGs

Monitoring in Bangladesh Tools of Implementation of MDGs in

Bangladesh Methodology used in MDGs Report

Preparation Current Status and Challenges of

MDGs Implementation MDGs: a critique

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World leaders made wide-ranging commitments that included:

◦ Peace◦ Security◦ Human rights◦ Environment◦ A number of time-bound development targets Those targets were later configured into eight

MDGs.

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MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;

MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education; MDG 3: Promote gender equality and

empower women; MDG 4: Reduce child mortality; MDG 5: Improve maternal health; MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other

diseases; MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability; MDG 8: Develop a global partnership to

create a non-discriminatory global trading and financial system.

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National Steering Committee for Poverty Reduction (NSCPR);

GED as the National Poverty Focal Point (NPFP) works as secretariat of the NSCPR;

A Technical Committee monitors consistency of projects / programmes with the NSAPR;

Working Groups in the Ministries / Divisions; and Independent Committee for monitoring and

evaluation of PRS and MDGs.

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Collating official data on PRS and MDGs monitoring, Coordinating monitoring efforts within and outside

the Government, Facilitating effective resolution of debates on

indicators and methodologies and developing new indicators,

Undertaking research / studies in collaboration with independent academic/research institutions and civil society groups, and

Facilitating feedback of outcome monitoring into policy-making.

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PRSP- NSAPR (2005 -08) and NSAPR II (2009 -11)

MTBF (Medium Term Budgetary Framework) ADP (Annual Development Programme)

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MDGs: Bangladesh Progress Report 2005 jointly prepared by GED and DPs

MDGs: Mid-Term Bangladesh Progress Report 2007

MDGs: Bangladesh Progress 2008 MDGs: Bangladesh Progress 2009

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Consultation with all stakeholders including DPs

Data collection and Trend analysis (using actual data)

Spatial Analysis : Map at sub-national level

Extrapolation/Projection (SPSS, DevInfo, MS Office)

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Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day.

Indicators◦ Proportion of population below the national upper-poverty line (2122

kcal) ◦ Poverty Gap Ratio ◦ Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people.

Indicators◦ Growth rate of GDP per person employed ◦ Employment-to-population ratio ◦ Proportion of employed people living below $1 (ppp) per day◦ Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total

employment Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the

proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Indicators

◦ Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age◦ Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy

consumption

Targets & Indicators Base Year 1990/91

2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Percentage of population below national poverty line (2122 kcal)

56.6 39 29 On track

Percentage of population below minimum dietary consumption (1805 kcal)

28.0 19.5 14.0 On track

Percentage of underweight children (u 5 years)

66.0 45.0 33.0 Not on track

Employment to population ratio (%)

48.5 59.3 100 Not on track

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1991 2009 2015

2122 kcal

1805 kcal

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Major Challenges: Regional disparity in the poverty reduction rates; Increasing income inequality; and Low participation of women in the labour market

Policy Interventions: Pro-poor macroeconomic policy regime for reducing income inequality; Scaling up Safety net programs with focus on poverty in pockets (monga, coastal belt areas) towards a universal social protection / security for the hard core poor; Pro-women labour market policies for higher women participation in labour market.

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Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Indicators◦ Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Education ◦ Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5

◦ Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds, women and men


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Net enrollment in primary school (%)

60.5 91.9 100 On track

Percentage of pupils starting grade 1 reach grade 5

43.0 64.9 100 Not on track

Adult literacy rate of 15-24 years old population (%)

36.9 58.3 100 Not on track

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1991 2009 2015

Net enrollment

completion rate

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Challenges:◦ high dropout from the Primary School system;◦ Poverty leads to student absenteeism in general

due to the high opportunity cost and other hidden costs of schooling;

◦ Low quality education, particularly in public schools;

◦ Low adult literacy warrant special attention in view of the MDG target.

Policy Interventions:◦ strategic focus to achieve universal primary

education for all. ◦ nationwide network of community based and

managed and multi-purpose non-formal adult learning centers.

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Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

Indicators3.1a Ratio of girls to boys in primary education 3.1b Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education3.1c Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-

agricultural sector3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Ratio of girls to boys in primary education

45:55 52:48 50:50 Already achieved

Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education

34:66 52:48 50:50 Already achieved

Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education

27:73 38:62 50:50 Not on track

Share of Women in employment in non-agricultural sector

19.1 24.6 50 Not on track

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Challenges To achieve the Gender Parity at the tertiary level social stigma, stereotyped gender roles and patriarchal

values retard women’s participation in politics Policy Interventions Free female education and more scholarship for the female

students at the tertiary level The National Women’s Development Policy (NWDP) of 2010

has suggested reserving one-third (?) of the seats in parliament for women, who are to be elected through direct

elections

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Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

Indicators4.1 Under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births)

92 41.3 31 On track

Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)

146 53.8 48 On track

Percentage of one-year old children immunized against measles

54 82.3 100 On track

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Challenges Some lagging districts which need special

interventions to reach the target by 2015 Addressing U-5 mortality in some pockets

Policy Interventions◦ Further strengthening EPI (Extended Program of

Immunization)◦ Integrated maternal, neonatal and child health

interventions◦ Breastfeeding Campaign for newborns

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Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.

Indicators5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health.

Indicators5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate 5.4 Adolescent birth rate 5.5a Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit)5.5b: Antenatal care coverage (at least four visits)5.6 Unmet need for family planning


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live birth

574 348 144 Not on track

Births attended by skilled health personnel (%)


Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)

39.4 60 - -

Adolescent birth rate per 1000

77 60 - -

Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit)

27.5 60 100 Not on track

Antenatal care coverage (at least four visits)


Unmet need for family planning (%)

19.4 17 7.6 Not on track 33

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Challenges Stalled MMR Low skilled health professional at delivery points

Supportive Environment Demand side intervention: Vouchers for the pregnant

women Advocacy and awareness raising campaigns on safe

motherhood and reproductive health behavior

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Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Indicators6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years 6.2 Condom use at last high–risk sex6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 6.4: Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non orphans aged 10-14 years

Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.

Indicators6.5: Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs

Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Indicators6.6a: Incidence of Malaria per 100,000 population6.6b: Death rate associated with Malaria per 100,000 population6.7: Proportion of children under-5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets.6.8: Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs 6.9a: Incidence of Tuberculosis per 100,000 population6.9b: Death rate associated with Tuberculosis per 100,000 population6.10: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

HIV prevalence among population per 100,000

0.005 0.1 0 On track

Condom use rate (%) - 43 ? - Not on track

Population aged 15-24 years with knowledge of HIV/AIDS (%)

- 17.7 - Not on track

Incidence of Malaria per 100,000 population


Death rate associated with Malaria per 100,000 population

1.4 0.4 0 On track

Incidence of Tuberculosis per 100,000 population


Death rate associated with Tuberculosis per 100,000 population

76 50 37 On track

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Challenges low correct knowledge of HIV among youths and the low

condom use number of malaria cases in the country and the incidence

of malaria is increasing large number of tuberculosis cases in the country every

year

Policy Interventions comprehensive advocacy program through the mass and

electronic media about the danger of HIV/AIDS; Special surveillance system to rollback malaria; and DOTs (Directly Obseved Treatments) program to halt TB

incidences and deaths.

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Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources Indicators7.1: Proportion of land area covered by forest7.2: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)7.3: Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (metric tons per capita)7.4: Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of lossIndicators7.5: Proportion of total water resources used7.6: Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected7.7: Proportion of species threatened with extinction

Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 7.8: Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source7.9: Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility

Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. Indicator7.10: Proportion of urban population living in slums


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Proportion of land area covered by forest 9 12 ?Tree density

20 Not on track

CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) 0.14 0.30 - On track

Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (metric tons per capita)

195 127.9 0 On track

Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected

1.64 1.78; 0.47

5.0 Not on track

Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

- 54; 16 - Not on track

Proportion of species threatened with extinction

- 201;18 - Not on track

Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source

78 86 89 ? On track

Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility

39.0 54 70 On track

Proportion of urban population living in slums

- 7.8 ?(2001)

- Not on track 45

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Challenges Protection of forest lands is a major challenge as a very

small percentage of forests is under protection arsenic and salinity have drastically reduced safe water

availability Uneven expansion of sanitation facilities

Policy Interventions Strengthening reforestation and regeneration programme Systematic measures to overcome arsenic and salinity problem Faster expansion of sanitation facilities focusing on lagging regions and

urban slums

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Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system

Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small

island developing States Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries

through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Indicators8.1a: Net ODA received by Bangladesh (million US$)8.1b: Net ODA received by Bangladesh, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors' GNI8.2: Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA to basic social services 8.3: Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied (received by Bangladesh) 8.6: Proportion of total developed country imports (by value excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs admitted free of duty8.7: Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products, textiles and clothing from developing country (Bangladesh) 8.8: Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP 8.9: Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity 8.12: Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

Target 8.E: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small developing StatesIndicators8.13: Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications. Indicators8.14: Telephone lines per 100 population8.15: Cellular subscribers per 100 population8.16: Internet users per 100 population


2009 Status

Target by 2015

Progress

Net ODA received by Bangladesh (million US$)

1240 1460 -

Net ODA received by Bangladesh, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors' GNI

5.7 0.005 -

Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA to basic social services

- 35

Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied (received by Bangladesh)

- 94 -

Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products, textiles and clothing from developing country (Bangladesh)

- 15.3 -

Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

20.9 7.9 -

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Challenges of development partnership Building a cohesive partnership for development between

poor and rich countries Technology transfer from developed to developing countries Digital gaps between developed and developing countries

Policy Interventions New global financial architecture New trade regime for fair trade Increasing access to technology by the developing countries

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MDG project is a minimalist approach to development MDGs require a State only to halve certain poverty

indicators MDG indicators are based on country label aggregate data

that that can mask gross discrepancies Right to free primary education is ignored in MDG 2 MDG 7 is not focused enough on improving the lives of

slum-dwellers MDG 8 ignores the call for ‘equitable’ multilateral trading

and financial system in the Millennium Declaration MDG project emphasizes on mobilization of financial

resources and technical solution, but less on transforming power relations that are partly responsible for current level of poverty

International accountability mechanism for the MDGs are weak

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0

200400

600800

1000

12001400

16001800

2000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007

Finanacial Year

Mill

ion

US

$

Disbursement TDS Net Aid Flow

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0

50

100

150

200

1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Financial Year

Rat

io

XPI IPI TOT

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Bangladesh needs about 8 billion US$ investment yearly to attain MDG goals by 2015

Donors not fulfilling their commitment to provide adequate assistance to attain MDG goals and targets

There’s no institutional mechanism to make donors accountable to fulfill their responsibility like providing 0.7% of their GDP

Transaction cost of aid delivery is too high (in some aided projects up to 70%)

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Thanks

mdgs achievements in bangladesh

Documents

dps mdgs

national poverty line

national upperpoverty

national consumption

bangladesh progress

extreme poverty

proportion of people

national steering committee