• 2/3 Focus:2/3 Focus:– After the death of Muhammad, Arab

fighters spread Islam over three continents.

– Because the Arabs treated conquered people in a fair way, many people converted to Islam willingly

• Do NowDo Now:– Identify one of the Five Pillars of

Islam?

• 2/4 Focus:2/4 Focus:– Under the Umayyad Caliphs, Islamic

rule spread. However, internal problems weakened the Umayyads and led to their fall

• Important Terms:Important Terms:• Caliph, Caliphate, Toleration

• Do NowDo Now:–Who did Muslim’s refer to as the

“people of the book”?

The CaliphateThe Caliphate • The period when

Muslims were ruled by a caliph and Islam expanded – Caliph • Successor to

Muhammad • Abu Bakr was elected

to be the 1st caliph

•

Islamic ExpansionIslamic Expansion

• Under Abu Bakr and Umar (his successor) Islamic armies conquered: – Parts of the

Byzantine empire– The Persian

empire– Egypt

•

Reasons for Muslim Reasons for Muslim SuccessSuccess

• Very strong warriors– Calvary (horses and

camels)

• Byzantine and Persia were weak

• Muslim leaders treated conquered people fairly – Led many to convert

to Islam

Divisions in IslamDivisions in Islam• Divisions developed over how a caliph

should be chosen • Civil war develops between the

Umayyad clan and the followers of Muhammad’s cousin Ali– Umayyad are victorious

• Leads to a permanent split in Islam– Sunnis – Shiites

•

Shiite followers mark the killing of Imam Husayn by the Umayyad. Husayn lead a revolt against the Umayyad by self flagellation

Divisions in IslamDivisions in Islam

Sunnis • Believed that the

Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders

• Did not see the caliph as a religious authority

Shiites • Believed that only the

descendants of Muhammad should be caliph

•

•

The Umayyad DynastyThe Umayyad Dynasty• Expanded the

Islamic empire – the Indus Valley

and Chinese border– North Africa – Spain

• Defeat at the Battle of Tours stopped their advance into Europe

•

The Umayyad DynastyThe Umayyad Dynasty• Built the Dome of the

Rock Mosque• Allowed for religious

toleration of Jews and Christians– Acceptance; allowed to

practice their religion– “The People of the Book”– Restrictions

• they were not allowed to spread their religion

• Had to pay heavy taxes

End of the Umayyad End of the Umayyad DynastyDynasty

• Expansion led to tensions – rich and poor– Sunnis and Shiites

• The Abbasid family unites opposition in a revolt against Umayyad rule– Destroy the Umayyad family in 750– Begins the Abbasid Dynasty

ClosureClosure

• What was the name given to Muhammad’s successors?

• What are the two major divisions/sects in Islam?

• Identify two areas where Islam spread after the death of Muhammad.