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• 2/3 Focus:2/3 Focus:– After the death of Muhammad, Arab
fighters spread Islam over three continents.
– Because the Arabs treated conquered people in a fair way, many people converted to Islam willingly
• Do NowDo Now:– Identify one of the Five Pillars of
Islam?
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• 2/4 Focus:2/4 Focus:– Under the Umayyad Caliphs, Islamic
rule spread. However, internal problems weakened the Umayyads and led to their fall
• Important Terms:Important Terms:• Caliph, Caliphate, Toleration
• Do NowDo Now:–Who did Muslim’s refer to as the
“people of the book”?
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The CaliphateThe Caliphate • The period when
Muslims were ruled by a caliph and Islam expanded – Caliph • Successor to
Muhammad • Abu Bakr was elected
to be the 1st caliph
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Islamic ExpansionIslamic Expansion
• Under Abu Bakr and Umar (his successor) Islamic armies conquered: – Parts of the
Byzantine empire– The Persian
empire– Egypt
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Reasons for Muslim Reasons for Muslim SuccessSuccess
• Very strong warriors– Calvary (horses and
camels)
• Byzantine and Persia were weak
• Muslim leaders treated conquered people fairly – Led many to convert
to Islam
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Divisions in IslamDivisions in Islam• Divisions developed over how a caliph
should be chosen • Civil war develops between the
Umayyad clan and the followers of Muhammad’s cousin Ali– Umayyad are victorious
• Leads to a permanent split in Islam– Sunnis – Shiites
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•
Shiite followers mark the killing of Imam Husayn by the Umayyad. Husayn lead a revolt against the Umayyad by self flagellation
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Divisions in IslamDivisions in Islam
Sunnis • Believed that the
Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders
• Did not see the caliph as a religious authority
Shiites • Believed that only the
descendants of Muhammad should be caliph
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The Umayyad DynastyThe Umayyad Dynasty• Expanded the
Islamic empire – the Indus Valley
and Chinese border– North Africa – Spain
• Defeat at the Battle of Tours stopped their advance into Europe
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The Umayyad DynastyThe Umayyad Dynasty• Built the Dome of the
Rock Mosque• Allowed for religious
toleration of Jews and Christians– Acceptance; allowed to
practice their religion– “The People of the Book”– Restrictions
• they were not allowed to spread their religion
• Had to pay heavy taxes
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End of the Umayyad End of the Umayyad DynastyDynasty
• Expansion led to tensions – rich and poor– Sunnis and Shiites
• The Abbasid family unites opposition in a revolt against Umayyad rule– Destroy the Umayyad family in 750– Begins the Abbasid Dynasty
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ClosureClosure
• What was the name given to Muhammad’s successors?
• What are the two major divisions/sects in Islam?
• Identify two areas where Islam spread after the death of Muhammad.