2015-16 -...

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Sub disciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them.

Ali Raza Fauji Foundation Higher Secondary

School (Inter College) Talagang June 9th, 2015

Tuesday

SECOND YEAR BIOLOGY

Objective Portion, Short Questions,

Memory Tricks, Conceptual Questions,

Experiment Based Questions, Labeled Diagrams

2015-16

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 15: HOMEOSTASIS

Biology Class: XII

(Objective) Time: 30 min Marks: 18

Scheme (12)

Weightage = 10% MCQ’s = 2 Short Questions = 3 Extensive Question = 1(Theory)

Section-I (Objective Type Questions-18) Q: 1 Encircle the right option from the following. (6 x 1 = 6)

(i) The incidence of calcium phosphate stones in kidney:

(a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 20% (d) 30%:

(ii) Which of the following part of plant is excretophore?

(a) Stem (b) Roots (c) Leaves (d) Flowers

(iii) Reptiles are included in:

(a) Homeotherms (b) Endotherm (c) Ectotherm (d) Hetrotherms

(iv) Metabolism of purine and pyrimidineproduces significance amount of:

(a) Creatinin (b) Creatine (c) Xanthin (d) Trimethylamine oxide

(v) Animals excreting ammonia are called:

(a) Ureotelic (b)Uricotelic (c) Ammonotelic (d) Excretotelic

(vi) Earthworm has tubular excretory system called:

(a) Prenephredia (b) Protonephredia (c) Mesonephredia (d) Metanephredia

Q: 2 Fill in the blanks with appropriate word. (6 x 1 = 6)

(i) Excretory product that requires minimum loss of water for its removal is ____________.

(ii) Major homeostatic function of liver is storage of ____________.

(iii) Bats do not regulate their body temperature in narrow range is ____________.

(iv) Fishes retain ____________ chemical to be protected against urea.

(v) Glomerulus circulates blood through capsule as it arrives through ____________.

(vi) The structural and functional relationship between excretory and nutritive system is present in

____________.

Q: 3 State the following statements as true or false. (6 x 1 = 6)

(i) A cactus is mesophyte plant. ______

(ii) Plant cells synthesize heat shock proteins at 100 °C or above. ______

(iii) Poikilotherms include all except mammals. ______

(iv) The hypothalamus is set at a particular temperature called hot point. ______

(v) Temperature set point of a man above 98.6 °F is termed as pyrexia. ______

(vi) Vasco constriction does not happen during regulation of cold temperature. ______

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

(Subjective) Time: 3:00 hours Marks: 82

Section-II (Short Questions-49)

Q: 4 Write short answers of following questions. (14 x 0.5 = 7)

(i) Define homeostasis.

(ii) Which of the components of the internal environment of an organism may be affected by fluctuations

in the external environment?

(iii) What is osmoregulation?

(iv) Give an exact definition of excretion.

(v) What is the nature of the metabolic waste materials in plants and in animals?

(vi) Explain thermoregulation.

(vii) Write down the names of the components of the living control system in animals meant for

homeostatic regulations.

(viii) What do hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic environment mean for a cell?

(ix) What will happen if a living cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution (weaker than the cell

solution)?

(x) What is the effect of hypertonic (solution) environment on a living cell?

(xi) What are hydrophytes? What are their important adaptations?

(xii) Describe xerophytes and their adaptations

(xiii) Define mesophytes.

(xiv) What are osmoconformers, as animals? Give examples.


(i) What is the name of the chemical, which is retained by some marine cartilaginous fishes for

protection against urea?

(ii) How do cartilaginous fishes maintain lower internal salt concentration than seawater?

(iii) What role has osmoregulation played in the distribution of plants and animals?

(iv) Name the structures of fresh water protozoa’s which-are meant for osmoregulation.

(v) How do many fresh water animals including fishes remove excess water from the body?

(vi) How do some desert mammals like kangaroo rat survive without drinking water?

(vii) Define anhydrobiosis with an example.

(viii) Why are leaves said to be excretophores?

(ix) Explain deamination.

(x) In which forms in animals is excreted low quantity or very small quantity of nitrogen?.

(xi) Write down the names of the nitrogenous wastes produced in the animals from the metabolism of

purines and pyrimidines.

(xii) In which animals is ammonia excreted as the chief nitrogenous waste?

(xiii) How much water is needed to excrete one gram of ammonia nitrogen, one gram of urea nitrogen and

one gram of uric acid nitrogen?

(xiv) Which groups of animals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid?


(i) What are ammonia excreting, urea excreting and uric acid excreting animals and the

processes called as?

(ii) Which one of the nitrogenous wastes is the most toxic?

(iii) How does excretion take place in Hydra, in the absence of specialized excretory structures?

(iv) What is protonephridium?

(v) What are flame cells and why are these called so?

(vi) Protonephridia are found in which groups of animals, besides flatworms?

(vii) What is the tubular excretory system of earthworm known as?

(viii) Name the excretory organs of earthworm.

(ix) What is the nephrostome in the earthworm?

(x) What are the excretory organs of insects?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

(xi) What is haemolymph?

(xii) Which animals are considered the ancestors of the vertebrates?

(xiii) What is the functional unit of the kidney of vertebrates?

(xiv) How does human liver support the excretory role of kidney?


(i) What is the excretory role of sweat glands and the sebaceous glands in man?

(ii) Besides being a waste, what important function' is performed by the sebum in man?

(iii) Which compounds are produced in the human liver prior to the formation of urea during the urea

cycle?

(iv) How is citrulline formed during urea cycle in the liver of man?

(v) Enlist the blood proteins synthesized in the human liver.

(vi) Which excess substances in blood are converted to glycogen in the liver? '

(vii) What are the names of the blood vessels, which supply and receive blood from the human

liver?

(viii) Through which organs are waste products removed in man.

(ix) What is pelvis in the kidney of man and what does it represent?

(x) What are ureters in man?

(xi) Explain urethra in man.

(xii) How is urine controlled in the urinary bladder until it is discharged out?

(xiii) In which regions is the human kidney internally differentiated?

(xiv) What are juxtamedullary nephrons?


(i) What is hilus in mammalian kidney?

(ii) Differentiate between Bowman's capsule and glomerulus in the kidney of man.

(iii) Explain peritubular capillaries in the kidney.

(iv) In which parts can the nephron be distinguished?

(v) Explain vasa recta in a mammalian kidney.

(vi) Why does filtration take place only at glomerulus part of nephron and nowhere else?

(vii) In which part of the nephron, is water extracted- back into the kidney from the glomerular filtrate?

(viii) Name the hormone, which promotes uptake of sodium from the glomerular filtrate.

(ix) What is the function of the Antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary?

(x) What will be the effect of decreased water supply to the human body?

(xi) Explain the two metabolic diseases viz. hypercalcemia and hyperoxaluria.

(xii) Mention a metabolic altered state that generally (70%) causes kidney stone formation.

(xiii) What kind of stones may be formed in human kidney besides oxalate and what is their percentage?

(xiv) Define lithotripsy.


(i) Explain ‘Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy’.

(ii) What is a renal failure?

(iii) Explain dialysis in its clinical application.

(iv) Name the types of dialysis.

(v) Describe hemidialysis.

(vi) Describe peritoneal dialysis.

(vii) What is uremia?

(viii) Account one each, main adaptation in plants to high and low temperatures.

(ix) How does transfer of heat between an animal and its environment take place, principally?

(x) What are the kinds of the animals, based on the source of their heat production?

(xi) Explain endotherms, ectotherms and heterotherms and quote their examples.

(xii) What are the structural adaptations for the regulation, of heat exchange between animals

and their environment?

(xiii) Explain panting.

(xiv) What is the narrow range of mammalian body temperature?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL


(i) What is shivering thermogenesis?

(ii) In mammals, skin is adapted to be on organ of thermoregulation. How?

(iii) What is vasodilation?

(iv) What is vasoconstriction?

(v) How does the temperature of different parts of the human body differ on a cool day?

(vi) How does human body cope with- cold environment?

(vii) What is blubber and in which animals is it found?

(viii) How evaporative cooling is brought about in terrestrial mammals to reduce increasing body

temperature?

(ix) Define feedback mechanism.

(x) What is homeostatic thermostat in the human body, which maintains normal temperature?

(xi) Suggest another for fever or high temperature.

(xii) Which kind of blood cells of man increase in number during bacterial or viral infections?

(xiii) What are fever-causing chemicals known as?

(xiv) Is fever useful in any respect?

Section-III (Essay Type-18)

Q: 11 Attempt FOUR questions. (4 x 4.5 = 18)

1. Explain thermoregulations in mammals.

2. What is excretion? How do plants excrete their wastes? 3. Describe various kidney problems and their cures

4. Describe structure and function of urinary system with special reference to nephron.

Section-IV (Practical-15)

Q: 12 Pen down the answers of following questions. (5 x 3 = 15)

A. Sketch and label the diagram of excretory and reproductive system of male frog.

B. Identify the given plants.

S.NO. NAME TYPE HABITAT ADAPTATIONS

(i) Rose

(ii) Hydrilla

(iii) Nuphar (Water lily)

C. Identify the given part of skeleton.

S.NO. PART IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

(i) Femur

(ii) Humerus

(iii) Skull of frog

D. Identify the given slides and give any one reason for its identification.

S.NO. SLIDE REASON FOR IDENTIFICATION

(i) 48 Hour Chick

Embryo

(ii) Sclerenchyma Cells

(iii) T. S. of Pancreas

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

E. Write brief answers of following questions:

(i) What are hydrophytes and halophytes? Give examples.

(ii) What are mesophytes? Give examples.

(iii) What are xerophytes? Give examples.

(iv) What is the similarity between halophytes and xerophytes?

(v) What type of fertilization occurs in frog?

(vi) Why ureter in male frog is called urino-genital duct?

(vii) Trace the route of sperms from testis to exterior.

(viii) Trace the route of egg or ovum released from ovary.

(ix) What is the function of fat bodies?

(x) What is the difference between anus and cloaca?

(xi) Mention the location and the colour of adrenal glands in frogs.

(xii) How does male frog differ from the female frog?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 16: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (12)



(i) Each myosin filament is surrounded by actin filaments:

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12

(ii) Bones of the skull are joined by:

(a) Fixed joints (b) Sliding joints (c) Pivot joints (d) Hinge joints

(iii) The protein filament, which binds calcium:

(a) Actin (b) Myosin (c) Troponin (d) Tropomyosin

(iv) Which one of the following is plantigrade?

(a) Rabbit (b) Monkey (c) Horse (d) Goat

(v) Twisting around the actin chain there are two strands of another protein:

(a) Myosin (b) Tropomyosin (c) Troponin (d) Creatinine

(vi) The heartwood accumulates the chemicals:

(a) Cellulose (b) Abscisins (c) Chitin (d) Resins


(i) An increase in plant girth due to activity of vascular cambium is called ____________.

(ii) Cambium is an example of ____________ meristem.

(iii) Cramp is also known as ____________.

(iv) Action of venous flytrap is an example of ____________.

(v) A bone, which connect scapula with sternum, is ____________.

(vi) Fibers, Sclereids, and vessels are three types of ____________.


(i) Bone dissolving cells are called osteoblasts. ______

(ii) Spontaneous movements due to internal causes are called paratonic. ______

(iii) Ankle or wrist joint in an example of pivot joint. ______

(iv) The fusion of four posterior pelvic vertebrae is lumber. ______

(v) Sclereids are long, cylindrical and exist as bundle caps. ______

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ALI RAZA KAMAL




(i) Name the supporting tissues in plants.

(ii) Define turgor pressure. What is its importance?

(iii) How is turgor pressure generated in a plant cell?

(iv) What is the membrane surrounding the vacuole known as?

(v) Differentiate between fibres and sclerides.

(vi) Are the collenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells living or dead?

(vii) What are tracheids and where are they found?

(viii) Which form bundles in to xylem or in the handle caps.

(ix) Describe vessels or tracheae.

(x) Give definition of secondary growth in plants.

(xi) How can the age of a tree be known?

(xii) Differentiates between sapwood and heartwood.

(xiii) Explain callus (or wood tissue).

(xiv) What does positive and negative tactic movements mean?

(xv) Differentiate between phototactic and chemotactic movements.

(xvi) Quote an example of phototactic movements.

(xvii) Give an example of chemotactic movements.

(xviii) Differentiate between turgor and growth movements.

(xix) What are sleep movements in plants?

(xx) What do you mean by paratonic movements?


(i) Explain tropic movements in plants,

(ii) What are nastic movements in plants?

(iii) Explain nutation, type of mode of growth. In which kind of stem apices is it common?

(iv) Name the stimuli to which the following tropic movements are due to: geotropism, phototropism,

thigmotropism, chemotropism, and hydrotropism.

(v) Explain hyponasty.

(vi) What is epinasty?

(vii) Name a plant organ, which is positively geotropic but negatively phototropic.

(viii) What is the term ‘tropic’ derivation of?

(ix) Define nyctinasty or nyctinastic movements.

(x) Explain photonasty by giving an example.

(xi) Describe thermonasty and quote examples.

(xii) What are auxins? How do they affect plant movements'?

(xiii) Name naturally occurring auxin.

(xiv) Define skeleton.

(xv) What is the animal skeleton usually composed of?

(xvi) Name the kinds of skeleton in animals.

(xvii) What is hydrostatic skeleton and in which animals is it found?

(xviii) Differentiate between the exoskeleton and the endoskeleton.

(xix) Write clown the layers of the exoskeleton of arthropods. What are they chemically made of?

(xx) What is the shell of molluscs made up of?


(i) What is moulting or ecdysis?

(ii) How are all the changes involved in controlled?

(iii) Which vital internal organs are given protection by the skeletal system?

(iv) Where red and white blood cells are commonly manufactured in the mammals?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

(v) What is the basic structure of bone and cartilage?

(vi) Differentiate between compact and spongy bones.

(vii) Name the types of cells associated with bones.

(viii) How does cartilage change into bone during the early development of the, infant?

(ix) How is cartilage formed during development?

(x) What are the two types of cartilages in man? Explain hyaline and fibre cartilages.

(xi) Differentiate between, axial and appendicular skeleton, Name the parts included in each.

(xii) Name the bony box, which lodges the brain in man and other vertebrates.

(xiii) Which bones constitute cranium in man? Name the facial bones of man.

(xiv) What is the total number of vertebrae in human vertebral column?

(xv) Name the vertebrae of the neck region. What is their number in man?

(xvi) Write down the specific names of the first and second cervical vertebrae.

(xvii) What are the five vertebrae of the lower region of the back of man known as?

(xviii) Explain sacrum and coccyx of man.

(xix) How many ribs are found in man?

(xx) How many ribs do not attach with the sternum? What are these called as?


(i) Name the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle of man.

(ii) What are the names and number of the bones of each forelimb (arm) of man?

(iii) What is the singular of phalanges? Name the bones of the forelimb of man which form elbow joint.

(iv) What are the wrist bones known as? Which bones are called metacarpals?

(v) What are the bones of the fingers and the toes known as?

(vi) Name the bones, which are fused during foetal life of man to form each hip, (coxaI) bone.

(vii) Write down the names and numbers of the bones of each hind limb (leg) of man.

(viii) What is the name and number of anklebones of man?

(ix) Name the bones of thigh arid shin (shank) of man.

(x) What are the kinds of the joints on the basis of their structure?

(xi) What are a synovial Joints? What are their kinds?

(xii) What is a hinge joint? Quote examples. What is hall and socket joint? Give examples.

(xiii) Explain cleft palate.

(xiv) What is microcephaly in man?

(xv) Explain arthritis.

(xvi) What is osteoporosis? Explain it.

(xvii) Describe Osteomalacia.

(xviii) What is rickets and how is it caused?

(xix) Describe components of an intervertebral disc.

(xx) What does happen in slipped interver disc or herniation?


(i) What is spondylosis?

(ii) Explain sciatica.

(iii) Name the kinds of chronic arthritis.

(iv) What is haematoma?

(v) Why are the skeletal muscles also known, as the striated (striped) muscles?

(vi) Why are the muscle cells also known, as muscle fibres?

(vii) What is the nature of the cardiac and smooth muscles? How are they controlled?

(viii) What is the diameter of a skeletal muscle

(ix) Describe sarcolemna and sarcoplasm.

(x) What are myofibrils? What is their diameter?

(xi) What is a myofibril made of?

(xii) Describe isotropic band (1- band) of myofibril.

(xiii) What is A-band (anisotropic band) in a myofibril?

(xiv) Define Z-disc or Z-line.

(xv) What is sarcomere?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

(xvi) Name the hypothesis proposed by Huxley with regard to muscle contraction.

(xvii) When does a skeletal muscle contract?

(xviii) What are T-tubules in the muscle fibres?

(xix) What do you mean by T-system?

(xx) How do the muscle cells get initial energy for their central ion?


(i) The contraction of each muscle cell is “all or none.” Explain.

(ii) How does sarcoplasmic reticulum differ from endoplasmic reticulum?

(iii) What is muscle fatigue, and how is it caused?

(iv) Briefly describe tetany.

(v) What is cramp? How it might be caused?

(vi) What is the cause of tetanus?

(vii) Define lock Jaw.

(viii) What is tendon?

(ix) Explain muscle antagonism.

(x) What is the total number of muscles in the human body?

(xi) Name the muscles that bend the arm at the elbow joint.

(xii) Which muscles help lift (bend) radius on their contraction?

(xiii) Which muscle lifts the ulna on its contraction?

(xiv) Name the muscle that straightens the arm at the elbow joint.

(xv) Write down the various types of locomotary organs found in protozoans (unicellular animals).

(xvi) What are amoeboid movements?

(xvii) Write down the size of cilia.

(xviii) Who suggested that the bending and shortening of cilia may be due to contraction or sliding of their

peripheral double fibrils in two groups, one after the other and when?

(xix) Name the organ of locomotion in Euglena. How does it change its direction of movement in

water? What is the characteristic movement of Euglena known as?

(xx) How does the jellyfish move in water?


(i) Name the locomotary organs of the starfish.

(ii) What are setae in earthworm and what is their role?

(iii) What are the modes of locomotion in cockroach and what are their Iocomotary organs?

(iv) How do the snail and mussels crawl?

(v) How is the shape of the fishes adapted to their mode of locomotion?

(vi) What are the functions of various fins in fishes?

(vii) What is swim bladder? What is its function?

(viii) What are the methods of locomotion in frog?

(ix) What are plantigrade and digitigrade mammals?

(x) Which of the following animals are plantigrade and which are digitigrade:

Monkeys, Rabbits, Bears, Man, Apes and Dogs

(xi) What are unguligrade mammals and their examples?

(xii) Quote two examples of cartilaginous fishes,

(xiii) How is the hind limb of a tetrapod and man articulated with the body?

(xiv) What is a pentadactyle limb?

(xv) How do the shapes of wings in the birds influence the speed and type of flight?



1. Explain the role of Ca++ ions in sliding filament model.

2. Give an account of structure of skeletal muscle fiber.

3. Write down the mechanism of muscle contraction.

4. Describe paratonic movements in plants.

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL



A. Sketch and label the diagram of excretory and reproductive system of female frog.



(i) Chara

(ii) Salicornia

(iii) Cactus



(i) Femur

(ii) Pectoral Girdle

(iii) Pelvic Girdle



(i) 72 Hour Chick

Embryo

(ii) Collenchyma Cells

(iii) T. S. of Thyroid

Gland


(i) What are seminiferious tubules? Where are testes located in the frog?

(ii) What is the biological name of common frog of Punjab?

(iii) Name class, subphylum and phylum of frog.

(iv) What is ovulation?

(v) Define hermaphrodite.

(vi) What is hibernation?

(vii) Name the common opening of digestive, excretory and reproductive system.

(viii) Where the eggs are discharged immediately from the ovaries in frog?

(ix) What is the location of ovaries with respect to kidneys in frog?

(x) What is muscle twitch? Name the protein present in the muscle to store oxygen.

(xi) Describe what happens to the muscle when battery contact is alternately made and broken?

(xii) What changes do occur inside the muscle, as the muscle is repeatedly stimulated?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 17: COORDINATION AND CONTROL

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (11)


Section-I (Objective Type Questions-17)

Q: 1 Encircle the right option from the following. (6 x 1 = 6)

(i) Match diabetes insipidus with one of the following:

(a) Oxytocin (b) Vassopressin (c) Insulin (d) Glucagon

(ii) Kohler used Chimpanzee to prove:

(a) Habituation (b) Imprinting (c) Latent Learning (d) Insight Learning

(iii) The simplest form of learning is:

(a) Imprinting (b) Habituation (c) Insight Learning (d) Latent Learning

(iv) The corpuscles situated quiet deep inside the body is:

(a) Meissner’s (b) Pacinian’s (c) Nissle’s (d) White Blood Cells

(v) The hormone secreted by mucosa of the pyloric region of the stomach is:

(a) Gastrin (b) Secretin (c) Estrogen (d) Progesterone

(vi) The type of learning involves diminution of response with repeated stimuli:

(a) Imprinting (b) Habituation (c) Latent Learning (d) Insight Learning


(i) Gastrin is hormone produced by ____________ glands.

(ii) ____________ is applied to rubber plant to stimulate flow of latex.

(iii) Production of ____________ in excess leads to abnormal development called acromegaly.

(iv) Rodents respond to alarm calls by others in their group is an example of ____________ behavior.

(v) Nociceptors produce the sensation of ____________.

(vi) Vassopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin are ____________.


(i) Impulses travel much more rapidly along myelinated neurons. ______

(ii) All glial tissue consists of glial cells. ______

(iii) The myelin sheath of neuron is particularly good conductor of electric impulse. ______

(iv) Hormones initiate new biochemical reactions in the body. ______

(v) The resting membrane potential is maintained largely by the sodium pump. ______

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ALI RAZA KAMAL




(i) How does coordination occur in unicellular organisms?

(ii) Do most, highly developed organisms like human beings detect and respond to all the stimuli in their

environment?

(iii) Define etiolation.

(iv) Explain chlorosis in plants.

(v) What is a gall in plants?

(vi) Define circadian rhythm (diurnal rhythm).

(vii) Define biorhythm or biological rhythm.

(viii) What do you mean by circannual rhythm?

(ix) Define the term hormone in plants.

(x) What is the chemical name of naturally occurring auxin?

(xi) How does natural auxin affect the growth of the stem?

(xii) What are the commercial applications of auxins?

(xiii) What is parthenocarpy and parthenocarpic fruits?

(xiv) How gibberellins are commercially produced?

(xv) Write down commercial applications of gibberellins.

(xvi) What are commercial applications of cytokinins?

(xvii) What are the commercial applications of ethene?

(xviii) Write down the names of the various plant hormones, natural as well as synthetic.

(xix) What is coordination?

(xx) Define stimulus.


(i) What are the receptors in the animals?

(ii) Explain the receptors, which respond to the mechanical conditions of the internal body organs.

(iii) Differentiate between chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Quote examples.

(iv) What are the receptors, which produce sensation of pain known as?

(v) How do thermoreceptors respond?

(vi) Describe pacinian corpuscles in man.

(vii) How do the terrestrial vertebrates detect vibrations of the ground?

(viii) Which senses are located in the skin?

(ix) What is the relative abundance of the pain receptors, cold receptors and warmth receptors in the

human skin?

(x) How are touch receptors distributed in the skin of the human hand?

(xi) What kind of cells is the nervous system of higher animals and man made up of?

(xii) What are the functions of neuroglia?

(xiii) Name the types of neurons found in mammalian nervous system.

(xiv) Differentiate between, dendron, dendrites and axon of the neuron.

(xv) What are Nissl’s granules found in the cell bodies of neurons?

(xvi) Define effectors. What are their kinds?

(xvii) What are the structures related to stimuli and responses in man

(xviii) What is the path of simple reflex action known as?

(xix) Describe the course taken by the nerve impulse in our body.

(xx) What is nerve impulse?


(i) Name the most important of the many kinds of ions present in the nerve cell and the surrounding

fluid.

(ii) What is the normal speed of the nerve impulse in the human body?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

(iii) What is reflex action?

(iv) What is a neurophysiologist?

(v) What are the values of active and resting membrane potentials of a nerve fibre?

(vi) What is the normal and maximum speed of nerve impulse in man?

(vii) What is saltatory impulse?

(viii) Explain synapse.

(ix) What are neurotransmitters? Quote examples.

(x) Of the neurotransmitters, which one is the most common?

(xi) How does the nervous system of Hydra look like?

(xii) What is a sedentary animal?

(xiii) Which parts of the body of Hydra are most sensitive and responsive?

(xiv) How does the brain of Planaria look like?

(xv) What sort of sense organs are present in

(xvi) To which stimuli are the receptor cells of Planaria sensitive?

(xvii) What is cranium in vertebrates?

(xviii) How is the spinal cord protected?

(xix) What are ventricles in the brain?

(xx) What is cerebrospinal fluid?


(i) Name the functional parts of the forebrain of man.

(ii) What is the limbic system of man comprised of?

(iii) What are the functions of hypothalamus?

(iv) What does amygdala serve as?

(v) What role does hippocampus play?

(vi) Explain corpus callosum in mammalian brain.

(vii) Where is reticular formation found in the mammalian brain? What does it do?

(viii) Write down the names of the main parts of the hindbrain of main.

(ix) What are the functions of medulla of human brain

(x) How do the grey matter and the white matter differ?

(xi) What is the function of the cerebellum of the brain of mail?

(xii) What is the peripheral nervous system constituted of?

(xiii) What are cerebral nerves and what is their number in man?

(xiv) What is the nerve composed of?

(xv) Differentiate between the sensory, motor, and mixed nerves.

(xvi) What is the number of human spinal nerves and what is their nature?

(xvii) What is central nervous system?

(xviii) Define autonomous nervous system.

(xix) What are the types of the autonomic nervous system of mammals?

(xx) Explain Parkinson’s disease.


(i) What may be the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

(ii) Describe epilepsy.

(iii) Which important test is employed in the study of epilepsy?

(iv) What sorts of drugs are used in ease of epilepsy?

(v) Why are the patients of epilepsy advised to avoid alcohol?

(vi) Explain Alzheimer's disease.

(vii) How does nicotine affect the body?

(viii) What are endocrine glands?

(ix) Which long-term changes are controlled by hormones?

(x) What are the kinds of the animal hormones as regards their chemical nature? Quote

examples of each kind.

(xi) When are the oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones, released from their storage in the posterior lobe of

the pituitary?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

(xii) Write a brief note on the pituitary gland in man.

(xiii) Why is the anterior lobe of pituitary considered as the master gland?

(xiv) Name the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

(xv) What does the over and under-secretion of growth or somatotrophic hormones leads to?

(xvi) Give definition of acromegaly.

(xvii) What are the functions of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSM) of the anterior lobe of pituitary in

male and female humans?

(xviii) What is corpus luteum? Which hormone does it secrete?

(xix) What is the effect of lack of antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin in the body?

(xx) What is oxytocin and how does it function?


(i) Why does the skin get dark in Addison's disease?

(ii) Name the hormones, secreted by the thyroid gland.

(iii) What role do the thyroid hormones play in amphibians?

(iv) What is the effect of insufficient secretion by the thyroid gland in infants? OR What is cretinism?

(v) Name the disease caused by the deficiency of thyroid secretion in the adults and its symptoms.

(vi) What is the disease goiter and what is it cluing to?

(vii) Name the disease caused by the over-secretion of the thyroid gland and its effects in body.

(viii) Which hormones are secreted by the islets of Langerhans and what are their functions?

(ix) What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands? What are the effects of its

under-secretion and over-secretion?

(x) How is the disease diabetes mellitus caused? What are its symptoms?

(xi) What is hypoglyeaemia? How is it caused and how does it affect the body?

(xii) Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

(xiii) Name the hormones of adrenal medulla.

(xiv) How does the hormone cortisol from adrenal cortex bring about an increase in blood glucose level?

(xv) What are the functions of corticosterone hormone released by adrenal cortex?

(xvi) Write down the function of aldosterone, a cortical hormone.

(xvii) What is the effect of destruction of adrenal cortex, as happens in Addison’s disease?

(xviii) Explain Cushing’s disease.

(xix) Name the hormones secreted by the gut.

(xx) Which hormones do the ripening ovarian follicles of human female secrete?


(i) Differentiate between oestrous and menstrual cycles.

(ii) Describe functions of oestrogens.

(iii) Where are the spermatozoa produced in the testes?

(iv) Name the gonadal hormones of the testes (male sex hormones) produced in man.

(v) Name the glands, which serve both as ductless, as well as glands with ducts (exocrine glands).

(vi) What is a ‘feedback’ mechanism?

(vii) What is innate or instinctive behaviour? Give an example of instinctive behaviour.

(viii) What is the study of animal behaviour known as? Name two early ethologists.

(ix) Describe kinesis kind of innate behaviour.

(x) What is the scientific name of digger wasp?

(xi) What is the food of the larva of digger wasp?

(xii) How long is the lifespan of digger wasp?

(xiii) What do we mean by ‘learning’ in connection with animal behaviour?

(xiv) Who defined and classified learning behaviour?

(xv) What is the simplest form of learning?

(xvi) What is the Russian physiologist Pavlov famous for?

(xvii) What is trial and error kind of animal behaviour?

(xviii) Who demonstrated trial and error behaviour?

(xix) Which is the highest form of learning among animals?

(xx) Who investigated insight learning for the first time and how?

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Q: 11 Attempt FOUR questions. (4 x 3 = 12)

1. Write detailed account on synapse.

2. Discuss the structural and functional applications of auxins.

3. Describe the roles and commercial applications of gibberellins. 4. Discuss the important factors, which are involved in changing the resting membrane potential to active

membrane potential.



A. Write down the procedure to study the simple muscle twitch using frog’s muscle.



(i) Aloes

(Kwargundhal)

(ii) Opuntia (Chitar

thore)

(iii) Cactus



(i) 9th Vertebra of Frog

(ii) Atlas

(iii) Humerus



(i) Prophase of Mitosis

(ii) Anaphase of Mitosis

(iii) Telophase of Mitosis


(i) What is the other source of energy in muscle in addition to ATP?

(ii) What are the harmful effects of lactic acid produced in muscle?

(iii) Do you find any change in the methylene blue solution after you have stimulated the muscle for

some time?

(iv) Name the different types of muscles and define them.

(v) What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

(vi) What is the difference between smooth and striated (skeletal) muscle?

(vii) What is the difference between the function of the skeletal and smooth muscles?

(viii) What is the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscles?

(ix) What structure is common in heart muscles and leg muscles?

(x) What do you understand by skeleton?

(xi) What are the major divisions of the endoskeleton?

(xii) How many vertebrae are found in the vertebral column of frog?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 18: REPRODUCTION

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (12)



(i) The first convoluted part of vas deferense is called:

(a) Epididymis (b) Penis (c) Scrotum (d) Sperm

(ii) When will you call embryo as fetus?

(a) After two months (b) After three months (c) After four months (d) After five months

(iii) When the sperms are in the tubules then protection and nourishment is provided by:

(a) Sterol Cells (b) Interstitial Cells (c) Epididymis (d) Seminiferous Tubules

(iv) The ovary under the influence of FSH also produces a hormone i.e.:

(a) Progesterone (b) Estrogen (c) Oxytocin (d) Corticosteroids

(v) Which hormone in male stimulates interstitial cells of testis to secrete testosterone?

(a) TSH (b) FSH (c) ICSH (d) LH

(vi) "Syphilis" is caused by:

(a) Herpes simplex (b) Rubella Virus (c) Neisseria gonorrhoeae

(d) Chlamydia trachomatis (e) Treponema pallidum


(i) Corpus leuteum secretes a hormone called ____________.

(ii) In human female, the discharge of blood and cell debris called ____________.

(iii) The duration of gestation period in human female is usually ____________ days.

(iv) A light sensitive pigment is plant cell ____________.

(v) Corpus leuteum secrete a hormone called ____________.

(vi) In nature P730 to P660 conversion occur in the ____________.


(i) Example of day neutral plant is soya bean. ______

(ii) Reptile and birds are viviparous. ______

(iii) Distension of cervix is not a stimulus to release oxytocin. ______

(iv) Corpus leuteum secretes liquid to protect and nourish sperm cells. ______

(v) Ovaviviparity is shown by reptiles. ______

(vi) Asexual reproduction involves mitotic cell division. ______

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(i) How does reproduction differ from all other functions of animals?

(ii) Define reproduction. What is its significance?

(iii) Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproductions.

(iv) What are the various methods of asexual reproduction in plants?

(v) Explain haplontic life cycle.

(vi) Describe diplontic life cycle.

(vii) Define diplohaplontic life cycle.

(viii) What are the kinds of alternation of generations m plants?

(ix) What is parthenocarpy? How do parthenocarpic fruits differ from normal fruits? Quote examples of

such fruits.

(x) What is the parthenocarpy due to in plants?

(xi) Developing seeds are rich sources of which growth substances (or hormones)?

(xii) What are functions of the growth substances present in the developing fruits?

(xiii) What is climatric and what is its importance?

(xiv) In which ways does light influence plants?

(xv) Define photoperiodism.

(xvi) Who studied photoperiodism for the first time and when?

(xvii) Give three examples, each of short-day plants and long-day plants.

(xviii) What are short-day plants?

(xix) What are long-day plants?

(xx) What are day neutral plants?


(i) What is the critical day length period in a short-day plant cocklebur?

(ii) What is the critical day length period in a long day plant henbane?

(iii) What is phytochrdme in plant cells? What are its interconvertible forms?

(iv) How can the plant measure the duration of darkness?

(v) Define vernalization.

(vi) What is the most suitable vernalization

(vii) Explain vernalin.

(viii) How is a seed formed?

(ix) What is the importance of seed in the life cycle of a plant?

(x) What are the various ways of asexual reproduction in animals?

(xi) Quote examples of animals, which develop by parthenogenesis.

(xii) What are drones?

(xiii) What is diploid parthenogenesis in some animals?

(xiv) What are identical twins?

(xv) Explain fraternal twins.

(xvi) Differentiate isogametes from the heterogametes.

(xvii) is a hermaphrodite animal? Quote examples.

(xviii) How is a zygote formed?

(xix) Which sort of fertilization, external or internal occurs in the aquatic and the terrestrial animals?

(xx) What is an oviparous animal?


(i) What is a viviparous animal?

(ii) What are ovoviviparous animals?

(iii) Name the egg-laying mammals.

(iv) What is scrotum in mammals?

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(v) What is the human, testis made of and what is their function?

(vi) Trace the passage of human spermatozoa each testis to the outside.

(vii) What is epididymis?

(viii) How do the oviduct, the fallopian tube, and the uterine tube differ from one another?

(ix) What is the average length of the gestation period (period of pregnancy) in human females?

(x) What is menstruation in human females?

(xi) What types of cells constitute mammalian ovary?

(xii) What are the functions of germ cells and follicle cells of the mammalian, ovary?

(xiii) What changes occur in ovulation and menstruation during pregnancy?

(xiv) What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans?

(xv) What is the function of sertoti cells of the testes of man?

(xvi) Which cells are produced from the germinal epithelium in the seminiferious tubule's of man, by

mitosis?

(xvii) Which cells are produced in man from the primary spermatocytes, by meiosis?

(xviii) Name the cells which are directly produced from the germ cells of the human ovaries and thereafter.

(xix) Explain corpus luteum.

(xx) Which female sex hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?


(i) What is endometrium in human female?

(ii) Explain follicle atresia.

(iii) What is the normal period of human menstrual cycle?

(iv) Define ovulation.

(v) What is menopause?

(vi) What are the female reproductive hormones of the human pituitary commonly known as?

(vii) Name the gonadotrophins of human female.

(viii) What are the functions of luteinizing hormone of mammalian pituitary?

(ix) What is the role of placenta in maintaining pregnancy in human females?

(x) What happens when placenta fails to secrete progesterone?

(xi) What is amniotic sac and what is its function in human beings (and other placental mammals)?

(xii) How are mammary glands of human female developed and prepared for lactation (milk secretion)?

(xiii) What is the difference between the embryo and the foetus?

(xiv) By which age of the human embryo are most of the major organs formed?

(xv) What are the labour pains? How are they produced?

(xvi) Explain “After Birth” in human female.

(xvii) Name the human diseases, which are spread through sexual contact.

(xviii) What is the scientific name of gram-positive bacterium, which causes gonorrhoea in man? Which

part of the body does this disease affect?

(xix) What is the cause of syphilis? How does it harm the body? How is it spread?

(xx) What are the symptoms of viral disease, genital herpes?


Q: 8 Attempt SIX questions. (6 x 4.5 = 27)

1. Give a comprehensive comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction.

2. Explain the process of cloning. Discuss its advantages and issues.

3. Discuss the process of birth in human female.

4. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction and describe the human female reproductive

cycle.

5. Describe menstrual cycle in human female.

6. Describe the reproductive system of males.

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ALI RAZA KAMAL



A. Fill the following table properly.

S.NO. PROPERTY SMOOTH MUSCLES

CARDIAC MUSCLES

SKELETAL MUSCLES

(i) Muscle Appearance

(ii) Cell Shape

(iii) Number of Nuclei

(iv) Speed of Contraction

(v) Contraction caused by

(vi) Function

(vii) Voluntary Control



(i) Rose

(ii) Hydrilla

(iii) Chara

C. (a) Identify the given part of skeleton.


(i) Radioulna

(ii) Tibiofibula

(iii) Urostyle

(b) Identify the given slides and give any one reason for its identification.


(i) Metaphase of

Mitosis

(ii) Polytene

Chromosome

(iii) Skeletal Muscle

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 19: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (7)



(i) The science of aging is known as

(a) Entomology (b) Gerontology (c) Ichthyology (d) Immunology

(ii) Morula resembles a:

(a) Strawberry (b) Cherry (c) Raspberry (d) Mulberry

(iii) The larval epidermis is formed from:

(a) Clear Cytoplasm (b) Yellow Cytoplasm

(c) Gray Vegetal Cytoplasm (d) Gray Equatorial Cytoplasm

(iv) In plants elongation of cells is favored by:

(a) Infrared Light (b) Red Light (c) Blue Light (d) Ultraviolet light

(v) Cleavage results in the formation of rounded closely packed mass of blastomeres called:

(a) Blastula (b) Morulla (c) Gastrula (d) Neurula

(vi) Somites are formed and organized by:

(a) Ectoderm (b) Mesoderm (c) Endoderm (d) Blastoderm


(i) The egg of chick is laid at ____________ stage.

(ii) Because of first cleavage, the zygote divides ____________ into two daughter cells.

(iii) The study of abnormalities present during the embryological development is ____________.

(iv) The outcome of cleavage is due to ____________.

(v) In bryophytes, growth takes place at ____________.

(vi) Reconstruction of the lost parts of the body is ____________.


(i) In the higher plants, growth is confined to certain regions called the meristems. ______

(ii) Most of the enzyme work optimally in between 25 °C to 37 °C. ______

(iii) Plant hormone "AUXIN" is Indole Acetic Acid. ______

(iv) Vernalization is related to optimum temperature. ______

(v) Zygote → Cleavage → Gastrula → Blastula → Morula → Organogenesis ______

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(i) Define growth.

(ii) How does the rate of growth differ throughout the life of an organism?

(iii) What are meristems (growing points)?

(iv) Name the different meristems in plants and their location.

(v) What is the role of intercalary meristems?

(vi) Which tissues of the plant initiate primary growth?

(vii) Which tissue of the plant initiates secondary growth?

(viii) What is the difference between the primary and the secondary growth?

(ix) Where does cell division occur most intensively and where does most rapid increase in the size of

cells occur in the apical regions of the shoots and the roots?

(x) What are the phases of the growth of the shoot and the root?

(xi) Define cellular differentiation in plants.

(xii) In which directions do the fibres and the tracheids of shoots and roots elongate during their growth?

(xiii) Name the environmental factors, which influence the growth rate in plants.

(xiv) What internal factors influence plant growth?

(xv) Write down the range of temperature which can influence the rate of plant growth.

(xvi) Define optimum temperature. What is the range of optimum temperature for plant growth?


(i) In which ways does light influence growth in plants?

(ii) How does the intensity of light affect the growth?

(iii) How does quality of light affect the growth in plants?

(iv) Of all the environmental factors which ones are the most important for controlling' growth arid

development of plants?

(v) Give definition of growth correlation.

(vi) What did Thiknann and Skoog conclude about apical dominance in 1934?

(vii) What is the relationship between the apical dominance and the cytokinins?

(viii) Define embryology.

(ix) Name the stages of developmental processes of animals.

(x) When is the eggshell secreted in the hens?

(xi) Explain cleavage.

(xii) Are the cleavage divisions of the zygote regular or irregular?

(xiii) What are the daughter cells formed by initial cleavage divisions of the zygote known as?

(xiv) What is blastocoel in the embryo of chick?

(xv) What is the embryo of chick called when it is solid rounded mass of blastomeres?

(xvi) What is blastoderm in the chick embryo?


(i) Describe gastrulation in the development of animals.

(ii) Write down the names of the three germinal layers of a vertebrate-embryo.

(iii) What is the incubation temperature for the embryo of chick?

(iv) What are the epiblast and hypoblast of the chick embryo precursor for?

(v) Differentiate between area pellucida and area opaqa in the chick embryo.

(vi) What is primitive streak in the chick embryo?

(vii) How is notochord formed in the chick embryo?

(viii) How is Hensen’s node formed in chick embryo?

(ix) What is gastrocoel in an embryo?

(x) What are the two layers formed by the splitting' of lateral plate mesoderm known as?

(xi) When is the embryo of frog known as neurula?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

(xii) Name the embryonic backbone of vertebrates.

(xiii) What is coelom?

(xiv) Name the scientist who performed the experiments regarding development on sea urchin eggs in

1892.

(xv) What is embryonic induction?

(xvi) Why is the dorsal lip of blastopore area of a vertebrate called as an organizer?


(i) What is the contribution of Spemann and Hildo Mangold in embryology?

(ii) Write down the names of the two species of the alga, Acetabularia.

(iii) What is the importance of the nucleus and the cytoplasm in embryonic development?

(iv) Who was the first person to have investigated the differentiation of the embryonic nervous system in

frog?

(v) Define aging.

(vi) What are the important signs of old age in human beings?

(vii) What is the study of aging known as?

(viii) Define regeneration.

(ix) What will happen if all the arms of a. starfish are removed?

(x) What will be the result of cutting away the head of an earthworm?

(xi) Which parts can a salamander and a lizard regenerate?

(xii) What are the neoblasts? What is their function?

(xiii) Give the definition of teratology.

(xiv) What are the main reasons for abnormal development of an animal?

(xv) What is microcephaly in man?

(xvi) What is a cleft-palate condition in man?



1. Define meristems and explain it various types.

2. Describe the conditions of plant growth.

3. Define regeneration and quote different examples.

4. What is aging? Explain this process.



A. Sketch and label the diagram of skeletal system of frog.



(i) Salicornia

(ii) Nuphar (Water Lily)

(iii) Opuntia (Chitar

thore)



(i) Femur

(ii) Pelvic Girdle

(iii) Atlas

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(ii) 72 hour Chick

Embryo

(iii) Cardiac Muscle


(i) How does atlas differ from other vertebrae?

(ii) What is the function of the atlas?

(iii) Does all vertebrae of frog are similar?

(iv) How does eighth and ninth vertebra differ from a typical vertebra?

(v) What are the characteristics of a typical vertebra?

(vi) What is cranium and foramen magnum?

(vii) What is coleoptiles and agar? How does the coleoptile tip elongate?

(viii) Define auxins. Give its characteristics.

(ix) What evidence is there that some stimulation from tip is necessary for coleoptile elongation?

(x) What is endocrine system? Why endocrine glands are known as ductless glands?

(xi) What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

(xii) How many types of cells, each lobule of pancrease is composed of?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 20: CHROMOSOMES AND DNA

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (11)




(i) Which one of the following is stop signal during transcription?

(a) CA (b) GA (c) GC (d) TA

(ii) Phenylketonuria is well known example of:

(a) Deletion (b) Inversion (c) Insertion (d) Point mutation

(iii) In 1882, Chromosomes were first observed by:

(a) John Brown (b) T.H. Morgan (c) Walther Fleming (d) Walter Sutton

(iv) A gene starts with initiation codon, which encodes the amino acid methionine:

(a) UAA (b) UAG (c) AUG (d) UGG

(v) Supporting role in DNA replication process played by an enzyme called:

(a) RNA Polymerase (b) Amino acetyl t-RNA synthetase

(c) DNA polymerase III (d) DNA polymerase I

(vi) Every 200 nucleotides DNA duplex is coiled around the core of 8 histone proteins and forms complex:

(a) Polysome (b) Heterochromtin (c) Nucleosome (d) Euchromatin


(i) To specify an amino acid genetic code has ____________bases.

(ii) The transfer of segment of chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome is called ____________.

(iii) DNA is made of billions of units called ____________.

(iv) If a small segment of chromosome may be missing, a situation called ____________.

(v) "Start Codon" is ____________.

(vi) The first stage of gene expression is ____________.


(i) Each nucleotide occupies distance along the length of a polynucleotide strand 10 Å. ______

(ii) Codons comprises of DNA molecules. ______

(iii) Sequence of two bases per amino acid gives 16 possible combinations of bases. ______

(iv) The DNA gets damage by all except ultrasonic rays. ______

(v) Reduce crossing over is present in duplication. ______

(vi) mRNA is synthesized by DNA polymerase. ______

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Q: 4 Write short answers of following questions. (14 x 1 = 14)

(i) When and where were the chromosome seen by whom?

(ii) What is the normal number of chromosomes in mosquito, frog, honeybee, corn, mouse and man.

(iii) What is a chromosome typically made of?

(iv) How do the the chromosomes differ from one another?

(v) What is telocentric chromosome?

(vi) What is the difference between acrocentric and submetacentric chromosome?

(vii) How would you identify a metacentric chromosome?

(viii) Explain karyotype.

(ix) Name the basic proteins fin the chemical composition of chromosomes.

(x) What are the chromosomes chemically composed of and in what percentage?

(xi) What is the number of nucleotides in the DNA of a typical human chromosome?

(xii) Explain nucleosome.

(xiii) Why histones are positively charged as against most of the proteins, which are negatively charged?

(xiv) Differentiate between heterochromatin and euchromatin.


(i) What is Karl Correns famous for?

(ii) Who and when proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

(iii) What is the normal and the mutant eye colour of Drosophila?

(iv) How do X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila differ with respect to eye colour gene?

(v) What is meant by sex linked trait?

(vi) Who provided first evidence that DNA is the hereditary material?

(vii) Which type of Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria are virulent, those with polysaccharide coat or not?

(viii) What does transformation mean in the life cycle of pneumonia bacteria?

(ix) What is Friedrich Miescher famous for?

(x) Name the kinds of nucleic acids.

(xi) What are the units of the DNA molecule known as?

(xii) Name the nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides.

(xiii) What are the components of a nucleotide of DNA according to P. A. Levene?

(xiv) Who presented the model of the structure of DNA and when?


(i) Differentiate between the structures of DNA and RNA.

(ii) What is phosphodiester bond?

(iii) What are the kinds of purines and pyrimidines types of nitrogen containing bases of the nucleotides,

which comprise nucleic acids?

(iv) Who carried on X-ray diffraction analysis of DNA and how?

(v) Write down details of DNA molecule obtained by Franklin and Wilkins by X-ray diffraction analysis.

(vi) How are the two strands of the double helix of DNA held whether?

(vii) What is the number of hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine of each base pair of DNA?

(viii) Who and when confirmed that DNA replication occurs in semi-conservative manner rather than in

conservative manner?

(ix) Explain alkaptonuria.

(x) Name components of the minimal medium in which Neurospora can normally grow and reproduce.

(xi) Who, when and where induced artificial mutations in Neurospora?

(xii) What did Beadle and Tatum conclude from their experiments on Neurospora?

(xiii) Who discovered the complete sequence of amino acids of insulin arid when?

(xiv) How do the normal and sickle cell haemoglobin differ in their structure? Who discovered this

difference and when?

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(i) What is transcription?

(ii) How is transcription initiated?

(iii) What is the process ‘translation’ in protein synthesis?

(iv) Write down the kinds of RNAs in living cells.

(v) What are the functions of tRNA fin the cells?

(vi) What is a template strand and a coding strand?

(vii) Which RNA polymerase synthesizes which RNA?

(viii) Define a codon.

(ix) Explain nonsense codons.

(x) What are stop codons?

(xi) Which is the first codon of the gene? What does it code for?

(xii) What is an anticodon?

(xiii) What is the genetic code?

(xiv) What is triplet code?



1. Explain how DNA encodes protein structure.

2. Write a note on mutation.

3. Write process of replication of DNA.

4. Describe Watson and Crick model of DNA in detail.



A. Write down the procedure for the investigation of movements in plants w.r.t. geotropism.



(i) Hydrilla

(ii) Cactus

(iii) Chitar thore



(i) Humerus

(ii) Pelvic Girdle

(iii) Radioulna



(i) Anaphase of Mitosis

(ii) 48 Hour Chick

Embryo

(iii) T. S. of Pancrease

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ALI RAZA KAMAL


(i) What is the difference between the function of the skeletal and smooth muscles?

(ii) What is the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscles?

(iii) What structure is common in heart muscles and leg muscles?

(iv) What do you understand by skeleton?

(v) What are the major divisions of the endoskeleton?

(vi) How many vertebrae are found in the vertebral column of frog?

(vii) How does atlas differ from other vertebrae?

(viii) What is the function of the atlas?

(ix) Does all vertebrae of frog are similar?

(x) How does eighth and ninth vertebra differ from a typical vertebra?

(xi) What are the characteristics of a typical vertebra?

(xii) What is cranium and foramen magnum?

ALI RAZA KAMAL

ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 21: CELL CYCLE

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (6)

Weightage = 5% MCQ’s = 2 Short Questions = 2 Extensive Question = -



(i) Which one is absent in animal cell:

(a) Spindle (b) Centriole (c) Chromatids (d) Pharagmoplast

(ii) The syndrome having trisomy of chromosome No. 18 is:

(a) Down’s (b) Patau’s (c) Edward (d) Jacob’s

(iii) The spindle fibers are composed of RNA and protein called:

(a) Insulin (b) Tubulin (c) Actin (d) Myosin

(iv) Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have sex chromosomes as following:

(a) XO (b) XXO (c) XXY (d) XXXY

(v) Synapsis starts during:

(a) Leptotene (b) Zygotene (c) Pachytene (d) Diplotene

(vi) The condensation of chromosomes reaches to its maximum at:

(a) Leptotene (b) Zygotene (c) Pachytene (d) Diakinesis


(i) Cell carry out self destruction in the absence of survival signals is ____________.

(ii) Short fibers of mitotic apparatus radiating from the centrioles only at poles are called ____________.

(iii) Spindle fibres running from pole to pole are called ____________.

(iv) Mutations of cellular genes that control cell growth and cell mitosis leads to ____________.

(v) In animals, the mitosis is ____________.

(vi) Stage of mitosis characterized by physical separation of sister chromatids is ____________.


(i) Chromatid becomes “Monad" in anaphase II. ______

(ii) Tetrads formation occur in sub-stage Pachytene. ______

(iii) Diplotene initiates meiosis. ______

(iv) Meiosis occurs in haploid cells only. ______

(v) Go stands for no gap. ______

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(i) What is meant by cell cycle?

(ii) Write down the two basic phases of cell cycle.

(iii) Describe sub-phases of interphase.

(iv) What are the durations of different stages of the human cell cycle?

(v) Write down the duration of cell cycle in yeast.

(vi) Define centrosome in an animal cell.

(vii) Differentiate between mitotic and meiotic cell division.

(viii) How do karyokinesis and cytokinesis phases of ceil division differ?

(ix) Name the phases into which nuclear division (Karyokinesis) can be distinguished for convenience.

(x) What are chromatids?


(i) What is mitotic apparatus formed of in animal as well as in plant cells?

(ii) Write down the chemical composition of the spindle fibres, including both the kinetochore

fibres and the polar fibres.

(iii) Explain equatorial, plate in cell division.

(iv) What is karyotype in a cell?

(v) What is a telocentric chromosome?

(vi) What is the difference between the acrocentric and submetacentric chromosomes?

(vii) How would you identify a metacentric chromosome?

(viii) At which stage of mitosis do the chromatids separate as independent chromosomes?

(ix) How is the parent animal cell divided into two daughter cells at late telophase?

(x) How does cytokinesis take place in a plant?


(i) Which kind of cell division is involved in asexual reproduction in plants and animals?

(ii) Explain a tumour.

(iii) By which kind of cell division are produced new ceils for healing of wounds?

(iv) When does meiosis occur in plants?

(v) Name the various stages of prophase I of meiosis.

(vi) What is the pairing' of homologous chromosomes during' meiosis known as?

(vii) What is a bivalent? Why it is also called tetrad?

(viii) Explain crossing over.

(ix) Define chromosomal non-disjunction.

(x) Differentiate between diploid and haploid number of chromosomes.


(i) What is the significance of meiosis?

(ii) Why are the ‘X’ and *Y* chromosomes known as the sex chromosomes?

(iii) What are the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes known as?

(iv) Explain non-disjunction.

(v) What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

(vi) What is the cause of Down’s syndrome?

(vii) Write down the cause of Turner’s syndrome in human beings.

(viii) Write down the effects of Klinefelter’s syndrome on the affected male humans?

(ix) Explain apoptosis.

(x) Explain necrosis

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ALI RAZA KAMAL


Q: 8 Attempt SEVEN questions. (7 x 4 = 28)

1. Write a note on interphase.

2. Describe interphase of cell cycle.

3. Write an essay on the importance of mitosis.

4. Describe Prophase-I of meiosis in detail.

5. Give an account of programmed cell death and its importance in multicellular organisms.

6. Write about necrosis and apoptosis.

7. Write a note on cancer.



A. Write down the procedure to investigate the movements in plants w.r.t. phototropism.



(i) Rose

(ii) Hydrilla




(i) Femur

(ii) Humerus

(iii) Skull of frog



(i) 48 Hour Chick

Embryo




(i) What is the function of the glenoid cavity and acetabulum?

(ii) Name the support providing tissues of plants.

(iii) What are sclerenchyma cells? Give its function and types.

(iv) What are collenchyma cells? Give its function.

(v) Define the different types of sclerenchyma cells.

NAME ANOTHER NAME DESCRIPTION

Fibers

Sclereids

Vessels

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

(vi) Which bones form:

PART THE BONES WHICH FORM IT

Cranium

Lower Jaw

Upper Jaw

Pectoral Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

Fore-Limb

Hind-Limb

(vii) Define tropism and give its types.

(viii) Define following:

TYPE OF TROPISM DESCRIPTION

Geotropism

Phototropism

Thigmotropism

Chemotropism

Hydrotropism

(ix) Why was it necessary to soak the grains before placing them in the Petri Dish? In addition, why

were grains placed next to a wet blotting paper?

(x) In what direction do the root and shoot grow out of each grain?

(xi) To what factor in the environment is the root and shoot responding?

(xii) What type of response to gravity and light do the root and the shoot show?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 22: VARIATION AND GENETICS

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (11)




(i) Locus is a:

(a) Part of DNA (b) Position of gene (c) Partner of gene (d) Complement of gene

(ii) The genic system of determination of sex is present in:

(a) Gingko (b) Yeast (c) Drosophila (d) Protenor bug

(iii) The individual which are universal recipients have blood group:

(a) A (b) B (c) AB (d) O

(iv) ABO blood group system was first discovered in 1901 by:

(a) Punnet (b) Wiener (c) Bernstein (d) Landsteiner

(v) Bobbed gene in Drosophila is present in:

(a) X Chromosome (b) Y Chromosome (c) Both on X and Y (d) Autosome

(vi) The blood serum containing antibodies is called:

(a) Antigen (b) Immunoglobulin (c) Plasma (d) Antisera


(i) A genome is a full set of genes of ____________.

(ii) Full set of genes of an individual is called ____________.

(iii) Diabetes Mellitus is caused by a deficiency of ____________.

(iv) Blood group, also known as, '"Universal Donor" is ____________.

(v) Each human being possesses _____________ pairs of chromosomes.

(vi) Suppressive influence of any genetic factor on another that is not its allele is ____________.


(i) The result obtained from monohybrid cross is spoken as test cross. ______

(ii) Type II Diabetes Mellitus usually occurs after about age 50. ______

(iii) Mutual exchange of segments of chromosomes is called crossing over. ______

(iv) Pairs of chromosomes found in Drosophila are four. ______

(v) Rh stands for Rhesus Heamatin. ______

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Q: 4 Write short answers of following questions. (17 x 0.5 = 8.5)

(i) Define genetics.

(ii) What, name has now been given to the factors (elementals) of inheritance, discovered by Mendel

and by whom?

(iii) What is a gene?

(iv) Explain the term 'locus’ in genetics,

(v) What are alleles (allelomorphs)?

(vi) If the alleles do not assort independently, which type of combinations are missing in the progeny?

(vii) Why has each gamete equal chance, of getting one or the other allele of a pair?

(viii) Which type of traits can assort independently?

(ix) Explain law of independent assortment.

(x) What are multiple alleles?

(xi) Who discovered ABO blood groups and when?

(xii) Who explained the genetic basis of ABO blood group and when?

(xiii) How many alleles are responsible for four types of blood groups A, B, AB, and O?

(xiv) What is the dominant relationship among the three multiple alleles controlling blood groups in man?

(xv) Write down the possible genotypes of blood group ‘B’.

(xvi) Write down the genotypes of blood groups ‘AB’ and ‘O’.

(xvii) Differentiate between monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.


(i) Why does the blood group phenotype of a person remain constant throughout life?

(ii) What is agglutination with regard to blood transfusion?

(iii) What do you mean by the donor and the recipient in blood transfusion process?

(iv) Which persons are universal donors and which ones are universal recipients in blood transfusion

process and why?

(v) Which antigens are found on the red blood cells of the individuals of blood groups A, B, AB, and O?

(vi) Why is the Rh-blood factor known so?

(vii) What would happen if the blood of the Rh-positive foetus seeps through tile placenta into the

circulatory system of the Rh-negative mother

(viii) Sometimes a mild ABO incompatibility protects the body against a more severe Rh incompatibility.

Explain by means of an example.

(ix) Define the term epistasis.

(x) Differentiate between dominance and epistasis.

(xi) Define pleiotropy.

(xii) Explain pleiotropic gene and quote an example.

(xiii) Does the dominant allele modify the determinative nature of recessive partner? What type of

relationship do they have?

(xiv) What are continuously varying (or quantitative and polygenic) traits? Give examples in human

beings.

(xv) What is polygenic inheritance?

(xvi) How many, gene pairs are considered to control human skin, colour, which is a polygenic trait?

(xvii) Which kind of trait is tongue rolling in man, dominant or recessive?


(i) What are linked genes and linkage?

(ii) What is meant by a linkage group of genes?

(iii) How many linkage groups are found in an organism?

(iv) Which types of genes do not obey law of independent assortment?

(v) What is “Crossing over” in genetics?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

(vi) What are recombination gametes?

(vii) How can linked genes be separated from each other?

(viii) Explain chiasmata.

(ix) Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variations.

(x) What is the importance of crossing over?

(xi) What does heteromorphic pair of chromosomes mean?

(xii) Why are the 'X and 'Y’ chromosomes known as the sex chromosomes?

(xiii) What are the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes known as?

(xiv) What is a heterogametic male animal? Quote examples.

(xv) Name the animals in which males are homogametic and females are heterogametic.

(xvi) Name some, animals in which the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperms or by the eggs of

the parents.


(i) What will be the number of autosomes in an animal with 33 pairs of chromosomes?

(ii) How do sex chromosomes of human male and cock differ?

(iii) What are dioecious plants?

(iv) Do the plants have sex chromosomes? Quote one example.

(v) What is a hemizygous trait in a male human?

(vi) Which sex chromosome is received by the son from his father?

(vii) When was T. H. Morgan awarded Nobel prize for his genetic studies on Drosophila?

(viii) Which gene on human Y chromosome determines maleness?

(ix) Differentiate between X-linked and Y-linked traits.

(x) Explain pseudoautosomal genes.

(xi) Name important X-linked dominant and recessive traits in man.

(xii) Which environmental factors influence blood pressure which Is a human multifactoral

(xiii) What is the MODY abbreviation for? Explain MODY.

(xiv) Name the gene whose mutations are responsible for about 50% cases of MODY.

(xv) Where are the genes for gout, leukemia, and albinism found in human beings?

(xvi) What is a nullo gamete?



1. Discuss genetics of ABO blood group system.

2. Discuss Mendel’s law of independent assortment.

3. What are polygenes? Explain polygenic inheritance with examples.

4. What is incomplete dominance? Explain with example.

5. Write a note on co-dominance with examples.

6. Write an important note on multiple alleles.

7. What is epistasis? Explain it on the basis of Bombay Phenotype.



A. Sketch and label the diagram of nervous system of male cockroach.



(i) Chara

(ii) Salicornia

(iii) Cactus

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ALI RAZA KAMAL



(i) Femur

(ii) Pectoral Girdle

(iii) Pelvic Girdle



(i) 72 Hour Chick

Embryo

(ii) Collenchyma Cells

(iii) T. S. of Thyroid

Gland


(i) How many ganglia are present in the nerve cord of cockroach?

(ii) Give the name and position of nerve ganglia form the brain of cockroach.

(iii) What are the compound eyes? Name the animal in which they are found.

(iv) Name any four parts of nervous system of cockroach.

(v) Why the eyes of cockroach are are called compound eyes?

(vi) Describe the ventral nerve cord in cockroach.

(vii) Fill the table.

CHARACTER NAME

Covering segments of cockroach on dorsal side

Covering segments of cockroach on ventral side

Ganglia receiving nerves from eyes and antennae

Organ of touch and smell in cockroach

Biological name of cockroach

Class of cockroach

Phylum of cockroach

Functions of mouth parts of cockroach

(viii) What is exoskeleton? What type of skeleton is present in cockroach?

(ix) What is the difference between CNS and PNS?

(x) In higher animals, how coordination is brought about?

(xi) How neuron fibres and cell bodies can be excited?

(xii) Define following:

TERM DESCRIPTION

Ganglion

Cranial Nerves

Neuroglia

Coordination

Effectors

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 23: BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (5)




(i) The recombinant DNA technology leads us into the major growing industry, the:

(a) Bio-physics (b) Biotechnology (c) Biochemistry (d) Biomechanics

(ii) The first restriction enzyme was isolated by:

(a) Kary Mullis (b) Hamilton (c) Sanger (d) Maxum

(iii) The enzyme luciferase produce by an insect called:

(a) Housefly (b) Firefly (c) Butterfly (d) Tsetse fly

(iv) Polyhydroxy butyrate is called:

(a) Antithrombin III (b) Neutra sweet (c) Luciferin (d) Biodegradable plastic

(v) A balloon catheter is used in the treatment of:

(a) SCID (b) Closed Artery (c) Cystic fibrosis (d) Hypercholesteromia

(vi) Commonly used restriction enzyme is:

(a) Plasmid (b) pSC 101 (c) pBR 322 (d) ECO R1


(i) Rules to explain "the phenomenon of inheritance of biological characteristics" was formulated by

____________.

(ii) Genetic engineering usually utilizes cells and plasmids of ____________.

(iii) rDNA is ____________.

(iv) DNA molecule into which gene is inserted to construct recombinant DNA molecule is ____________.

(v) The enzyme used to seal the DNA is ____________.

(vi) Restriction Enzymes were discovered in ____________s.


(i) Plasmids are found in some bacteria and viruses. ______

(ii) Multifactoral defects refer to many genes. ______

(iii) "Cystic Fibrosis" is a disease of brain. ______

(iv) Hungtington's disease is due to an autosomal dominant allele on chromosome no. 14. ______

(v) Human Genome Project (HPG) began in 1990. ______

(vi) Method of determining nucleotide sequence of gene developed in 1970s by F. Singer. ______

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(i) Define biotechnology.

(ii) W hat is genetic engineering (DNA technology)?

(iii) How can the useful (desirable) genes be obtained for producing recombinant DNA?

(iv) How can the desirable genes be isolated from the chromosomes?

(v) Name the enzyme which helps synthesize desirable gene in the laboratory, from mRNA.

(vi) Explain restriction enzyme (restriction endonuclease).

(vii) What do you mean by palindromic (repeated) sequences?

(viii) Who, where and when isolated the first restriction enzyme?

(ix) How many restriction enzymes have so far been isolated and how many are being used in

recombinant DNA technology?

(x) What are vectors?

(xi) Define plasmids.

(xii) Which resistance genes are carried by the plasmids pSC 101 and pBR 322?

(xiii) What is role of restriction enzyme in preparation of recombinant DNA during genetic engineering?

(xiv) How is the enzyme, DNA ligase used in genetic engineering?


(i) What is recombinant DNA and its technology in genetic engineering?

(ii) What is another name for recombinant DNA?

(iii) What can be used as vector, other than the plasmid?

(iv) What does genome mean?

(v) Describe genomic library.

(vi) What is the importance of polymerase chain reaction?

(vii) Name the enzyme that carries out DNA replication in a cell.

(viii) From where is the DNA polymerase extracted?

(ix) What is the automatic PCS machine (in which is done PCR) known as?

(x) DNA finger printing.

(xi) What is electrophoresis?

(xii) Explain the two methods, which are generally used to form different-sized DNA fragments.

(xiii) Name the cell organelles and the organisms whose genomes have so far been sequenced.

(xiv) What are the two primary goals of human genome project?


(i) What is the number of base pairs of nucleotides in the human genome?

(ii) What is the scientist, Craig Venter famous for?

(iii) What are transgenic organisms?

(iv) Which biotechnology products produced by bacteria are available in the market?

(v) Why foreign genes transferred by cotton corn and potato strains have made these plants resistant to

pests?

(vi) Which plants have been made both pest and herbicide resistant by genetic engineering?

(vii) What is the use of one type of antibody made by the transgenic com and another made by the

transgenic soybean?

(viii) Define gene pharming.

(ix) How is Antithrombin III important in surgery?

(x) How and why transgenic animals that secrete a product are often cloned?

(xi) What does gene therapy mean?

(xii) Name the two main methods used for gene therapy.

(xiii) What is totipotency?

(xiv) Who and when said that the plant cells are totipotent?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL


(i) Who and when grew a whole carrot plant from a tiny piece of phloem?

(ii) Which plant hormone is contained in the coconut milk?

(iii) What is a protoplast?

(iv) Explain cell suspension culture.

(v) Which chemicals are obtained from cell suspension cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana and Digitalis

Ianata?

(vi) Give definition of hybridization.

(vii) Differentiate between luciferin and luciferase.

(viii) Explain familial hypercholesterolemia.

(ix) How can hypercholesterolemia be controlled by gene therapy?

(x) What is cystic fibrosis?

(xi) Define angioplasty.

(xii) Give examples of ex-vivo and in-vivo gene therapies in man

(xiii) How can Parkinson's disease be cured by gene therapy? '

(xiv) Define tissue culture.


Q: 8 Attempt FIVE questions. (5 x 5 = 25)

1. Write a short note on tissue culture and cloning.

2. What is human genome project? Discuss.

3. Elaborate a comprehensive note on gene sequencing.

4. What are transgenic animals? Discuss in detail.

5. How can we improve the traits of agricultural plants?



A. Sketch and label the diagram of nervous system of female cockroach.



(i) Aloes

(Kwargundhal)

(ii) Opuntia (Chitar

thore)

(iii) Cactus



(i) 9th Vertebra of Frog

(ii) Atlas

(iii) Humerus




(ii) Anaphase of Mitosis

(iii) Telophase of Mitosis

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ALI RAZA KAMAL


(i) What is coleoptiles and agar? How does the coleoptile tip elongate?

(ii) Define auxins. Give its characteristics.

(iii) What evidence is there that some stimulation from tip is necessary for coleoptile elongation?

(iv) What is endocrine system? Why endocrine glands are known as ductless glands?

(v) What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

(vi) How many types of cells, each lobule of pancrease is composed of?

(vii) What is the secretion of islets of Langerhans and acini cells?

(viii) Why thyroid gland is called so?

(ix) What is the colour of thyroid gland in humans? How many lobes does it have? What s filled in

its vesicles?

(x) Define the following terms:

TERM DESCRIPTION

Fertilization

Blastoderm

Oviparous

Viviparous

Cleavage

Morula

Discoidal cleavage

Blastocoel

Zone of Junction

(xi) Differentiate between internal and external fertilization.

(xii) Which fertilization occurs in hen? At what stage, hen’s egg is laid.

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 24: EVOLUTION

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (11)




(i) The main reason for extinction of species is:

(a) Population (b) Over production (c) Parasitism (d) Habitat Destruction

(ii) In a population that is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, 16% individuals show the recessive trait. What

is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population?

(a) 0.48 (b) 0.36 (c) 0.84 (d) 0.4

(iii) Wallace developed the theory of natural selection essentially identical to:

(a) Lamarck (b) Linnaeus (c) Darwin (d) Hutton

(iv) According to endosymbiont hypothesis the aerobic bacteria is developed into:

(a) Ribosomes (b) Lysosomes (c) Mitochondria (d) Golgi apparatus

(v) Essay on the principle of population was published by:

(a) Darwin (b) Wallace (c) Linnaeus (d) Malthus

(vi) Endosymbiont hypothesis was supported by:

(a) Cuvier (b) Lyell (c) Margulis (d) Malthus


(i) Armadillos the Armored mammals live only in ____________.

(ii) Tailbone, which is vestigial in man but well developed in other vertebrates, is ____________.

(iii) Archaeopteryx was a fossil of ____________.

(iv) "Germinal Continuity Theory" was proposed by ____________.

(v) The theory of organic evolution given by Charles Darwin in ____________.

(vi) From evolutionary point of view birds come from ____________.


(i) Tests of blood sera have shown the relationship between man and apes. ______

(ii) The genetic constitution of a deme is known as gene store. ______

(iii) A more or less genetically isolated unit of population is known as Beme. ______

(iv) Kind of selection maintains the constancy of species over generation is domestication. ______

(v) Artificial selection in breeding provides evidence for evolution is degeneration. ______

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ALI RAZA KAMAL




(i) Give an exact definition of evolution (of living beings). What are its believers termed as?

(ii) Explain “Theory of Special Creation” (Creationism); What are its believers called as?

(iii) Name the earliest evolutionist.

(iv) Who published the essay on the “Principle of Population”?

(v) What is the contribution of Georges Cuvier in biology?

(vi) Who published the book “Principles of Geology”?

(vii) What are hydrothermal vents?

(viii) Which group of bacteria can tolerate temperature up to 120 °C?

(ix) Which were the first photosynthetic organisms? Which raw materials were used by them for

photosynthesis?


(i) When was life made possible on land and how?

(ii) Which organisms originated first, prokaryotes or eukaryotes and when?

(iii) When did eukaryotes evolve?

(iv) State endosymbiont hypothesis regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cell. Who proposed this

hypothesis?

(v) How did endosymbiotic development of chloroplasts occur during the evolution of plants?

(vi) Which are the two hypotheses regarding evolution of the eukaryotic cell?

(vii) What was Lamarck’s theory regarding evolution based on? When was it presented?

(viii) When and where was Charles Darwin born?

(ix) What was the name of the ship on which Darwin performed voyage in which capacity?


(i) What was the name of the islands, which Darwin visited during his voyage, which were inhabited by

finches?

(ii) How were the theories of natural Selection of Darwin and Wallace different from each other?

(iii) What is "struggle for existence’ in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

(iv) Explain “Natural Selection”

(v) What is the main difference between the theories of Lamarck and Darwin regarding organic

evolution?

(vi) Define population genetics.

(vii) What does biogeography mean?

(viii) Which armoured mammals are distributed only in America?

(ix) How does fossil record provide evidence of evolution?


(i) What are fossils?

(ii) Where are most of the fossils found?

(iii) Explain the terms homology and homologous organs with a suitable example.

(iv) What are analogous organs? Quote example.

(v) Describe convergent evolution and give an example.

(vi) What do you mean by divergent evolution? Give examples.

(vii) What are vestigial organs?

(viii) Name some important vestigial organs of man.

(ix) How can the embryological development of various vertebrates be compared?


(i) What are eustachian tubes in man? Which embryonic structures are later modified into these tubes?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

(ii) How are evolutionary relationships reflected in DNA and proteins?

(iii) Explain artificial selection.

(iv) Define gene pool.

(v) Which allele is said to be fixed in the gene pool?

(vi) State Hardy-Weinberg theorem.

(vii) How is Hardy-Weinberg equation used?

(viii) What forces change gene frequencies in a population?

(ix) Differentiate between emigration and immigration.


(i) When is gene pool of population of living beings in equilibrium, with regard to migration of species?

(ii) Define genetic drift,

(iii) Which sort of mating, random oir non-random serves to maintain genetic equilibrium in a population?

(iv) Where in world has forest coverage been reduced by 95% because of habitat destruction by man?

(v) Write down the various causes of extinction of various organisms.

(vi) What is the difference between endangered species and threatened species?

(vii) Name any five species, declared extinct in Pakistan.

(viii) Enlist endangered species of animals in Pakistan.

(ix) Which habitats are inhabited by the endangered and the threatened species?



1. Describe different ideas on evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.

2. Discuss the hardy Weinberg theorem.

3. Explain theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

4. Write different factors affecting genetic frequency.



A. Write down the procedure to investigate the effects of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) on the growth of oat

coleoptiles.



(i) Rose

(ii) Hydrilla

(iii) Chara



(i) Radioulna

(ii) Tibiofibula

(iii) Urostyle

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ALI RAZA KAMAL



(i) Metaphase of

Mitosis

(ii) Polytene

Chromosome

(iii) Skeletal Muscle


(i) What structures are visible in 48-hour chick embryo?

(ii) What structures are visible in 72-hour chick embryo?

(iii) Define Gastrulation and Neurulation.

(iv) Describe the following structures:

STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

Area Pellucida

Area Opaca

Primitive Streak

Primitive Node

Hensen’s Node

(v) Where do you observe cells dividing in the onion root?

(vi) What has happened to the nucleoli during cell division? In addition, what happens to nuclear

membrane during metaphase?

(vii) How many chromosomes are present in a cell of onion root tip and in human cell?

(viii) What is the function of the spindles?

(ix) What is Cytokinesis? How it occurs in plants?

(x) Define karyotype.

(xi) What is cell cycle?

(xii) What is the most remarkable importance of mitosis?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 25: ECOSYSTEM

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (11)




(i) Hydrilla is included in:

(a) Phytoplankton stage (b) Floating stage (c) Submerged stage (d) Moss stage

(ii) An association between fungus and algae is an example of: _____

(a) Parasitism (b) Mycorrhiza (c) Lichens (d) Commensalism

(iii) The green photosynthetic plants that capture and bring light energy into ecosystem are:

(a) Scavengers (b) Decomposers (c) Consumers (d) Producers

(iv) A change in community structure of an ecosystem over a period of time is called:

(a) Niche (b) Pioneer (c) Succession (d) Unstable ecosystem

(v) Who proposed the term Niche?

(a) Haeckel (b) Grinnell (c) Linnaeus (d) Lamarck

(vi) In ecosystem, second trophic level consists of _____

(a) Producers (b) Primary Consumers

(c) Secondary Consumers (d) Tertiary Consumers


(i) The process of orderly community change is called ____________.

(ii) The term "succession” was first used by Hult in the year ____________.

(iii) Air contains____________ % of nitrogen.

(iv) Scientific study of soil is called ____________.

(v) The study of surface texture is termed as ____________.

(vi) The concentration of oxygen in atmosphere is above ____________ percentage.


(i) Selaginella is included in shrub stage. ______

(ii) Shrub stage is included in Xerosere. ______

(iii) The stable and mature community of a climate is called climax. ______

(iv) Succession occurs in an area when adequate moisture is present is called phytosere. ______

(v) Ecosystem → Population → Community → Biosphere ______

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(i) What is the term ecology derived from?

(ii) Define ecology.

(iii) Who used the term ecology for the first time and when?

(iv) Define environment.

(v) What is a population?

(vi) What is meant by a community in the ecosystem?

(vii) Define the term ecosystem.

(viii) What is a biome? Quote examples.

(ix) What constitutes planetary ecosystem?

(x) Name the three maim ecological components of the abiotic world.

(xi) Explain biosphere (ecosphere). What are its limits?

(xii) Define habitat.

(xiii) Define ecological niche according to Charles Eton.

(xiv) Who proposed the term niche in ecology and

(xv) What does ornithology mean?

(xvi) Give definition of autecology.

(xvii) Define synecology or community ecology.


(i) Name the biotic (living) and the abiotic (non-living) components of the ecosystem.

(ii) Define producers.

(iii) What are consumers?

(iv) What are decomposers? Quote examples.

(v) Describe food chain,

(vi) What is food web in an ecosystem?

(vii) What is phytoplankton?

(viii) Name the various possible trophic levels (food links) in an ecosystem.

(ix) Suggest alternative names for primary, secondary and tertiary consumer animals.

(x) How does food web help maintain stability of the ecosystem?

(xi) What is succession in ecology?

(xii) What does pioneer community mean in plant succession?

(xiii) What is climax community?

(xiv) Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession in ecology.

(xv) Which succession occurs more rapidly, primary or secondary and why?

(xvi) Explain hydrosere, lithosere, and xerosere in ecology.

(xvii) Where do succulent plants such as cacti store water?


(i) Write down the stages of xerosere kind of primary succession.

(ii) Name two foliose lichens.

(iii) What is a predator?

(iv) Define parasitism.

(v) Differentiate between ectoparasites and endoparasites.

(vi) What is symbiosis?

(vii) Explain mutualism.

(viii) Describe mycorrhiza and lichen.

(ix) How do root nodules of leguminuous plants provide an example of symbiosis?

(x) Give definition of commensalism and its example.

(xi) Define grazing.

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(xii) What is the effect of moderate grazing on the ecosystem?

(xiii) What is the effect of overgrazing and trampling by hoofed animals, on the ecosystem?

(xiv) What is the volume of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere?

(xv) What is ammonification?

(xvi) What is nitrification and how is it brought about?


(i) What are the sources of soil nitrates?

(ii) Describe biogenic elements (nutrient elements).

(iii) What are the biochemical (biogeochemical) cycles?

(iv) Define nitrogen cycle.

(v) Write down the three main steps in nitrogen cycle.

(vi) Explain assimilation in nitrogen cycle.

(vii) How does leakage of nitrogen (loss of nitrates) from the soil take place during the nitrogen cycle?

(viii) Explain denitrification,

(ix) Give definition of nitrogen fixation.

(x) What is the source of energy for the ecosystem?

(xi) Differentiate between gross and net primary productions in an ecosystem.

(xii) What is biomass?

(xiii) What percentage of sun energy is received by the plants (producers)?

(xiv) What happens to the remaining 99% of the solar energy, after 1% is trapped by the producers?

(xv) A short food chain off two to three links supports a community more efficiently than a long chain of

five links. Why?

(xvi) How do decomposers obtain energy?


Q: 8 Attempt FIVE questions. (5 x 7 = 35)

1. Define succession and describe succession on land.

2. Describe Nitrogen Cycle in detail (with figure).

3. Define xerosere. Describe its stages.

4. Explain the biotic components of ecosystem. 5. Explain symbiosis, commensalism, and mutualism.



A. Write down the procedure for the preparation of root tip squashes to study stages of mitosis.



(i) Salicornia

(ii) Nuphar (Water Lily)

(iii) Opuntia (Chitar

thore)



(i) Femur

(ii) Pelvic Girdle

(iii) Atlas

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ALI RAZA KAMAL




(ii) 72 hour Chick

Embryo

(iii) Cardiac Muscle


(i) Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

(ii) What is synapsis? In which stage it occurs.

(iii) In what stage of meiosis crossing over takes place.

(iv) What is the crossing over?

(v) What is chiasmata? Define bivalent or tetrad.

(vi) What is mitotic apparatus?

(vii) What is significance of meiosis?

(viii) Define continuous and discontinuous variation.

(ix) What is polygenic inheritance?

(x) What are tongue rollers? Whether tongue rolling is dominant or recessive trait?

(xi) Is human height a continuously or discontinuously varying trait?

(xii) Is tongue rolling a continuously or discontinuously varying trait?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 26: SOME MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (5)




(i) The plants in deserts:

(a) Broad Leaves (b) Short Rooted (c) Conserve Water (d) Remain Ever Green

(ii) Savannas are grassland in:

(a) Temperate Region (b) Tropical Region (c) Arctic Region (d) Alpine Region

(iii) The zone where enough light penetrates to support photosynthesis:

(a) Littoral (b) Limnetic (c) Profundal (d) Benthic

(iv) Limnetic phytoplankton includes the:

(a) Bacteria (b) Algae (c) Mosses (d) Cyanobacteria

(v) Crustaceans with a spiny projection on these plank tonic creatures help to keep them from sinking:

(a) Porpoise (b) Whale (c) Copepod (d) Bobcat

(vi) A succulent plant has water stored in tissues:

(a) Cacti (b) Moss (c) Yarrow (d) Spruce


(i) Chillas has major terrestrial ecosystem called ____________.

(ii) In Sindh, the desert ecosystem is called ____________.

(iii) The frozen sub-soil of tundra is termed as ____________.

(iv) In tropical rain forest, rainfall is heavy and annual average temperature is about ____________ °C.

(v) Grassland covers about of earth's surface ____________ percentage.

(vi) The term "deciduous" is applied to those plants, which shed off their leaves during ____________

season.


(i) Soil of grassland contains large amount of clay. ______

(ii) The ocean covers 35% earth surface. ______

(iii) The plants of intertidal zone possess a jelly like substance called cellulose. ______

(iv) All are micronutrients present as abiotic component in point ecosystem except iron. ______

(v) The recognizable unit of habitat is called biosphere. ______

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(i) Which factors affect life, especially on land?

(ii) Describe weather.

(iii) What does climate mean?

(iv) Name the two main and basic kinds of ecosystems in the world.

(v) How is the earth’s surface divided into fresh water, marine water, and land?

(vi) Beyond which depth of even clearest water can photosynthesis not take place because of very little

light?

(vii) Where are nutrients concentrated in the aquatic ecosystem and why?

(viii) Name the main factors of the aquatic ecosystem that determine the quantity and quality of life.

(ix) Define productivity of an ecosystem. How is it indicated?

(x) Classify aquatic ecosystem.

(xi) What is the ultimate source of energy for all the natural ecosystems?

(xii) Name the zones of the standing water bodies such as lakes.

(xiii) Explain littoral zone of water.

(xiv) What is plankton? What are its kinds?

(xv) Define zooplankton.


(i) Which organisms are found in the phytoplankton and zooplankton of the littoral zone of lakes?

(ii) Which invertebrate and vertebrate animals are found in the littoral zone of the lake?

(iii) What is limnetic zone of the lake?

(iv) Name the organisms of limnetic phytoplankton.

(v) Give an explanation of profundal zone of water

(vi) How is the profundal zone associated with the littoral and limnetic zones?

(vii) Enlist the decomposers and detritus feeders of the profundal zone of lakes.

(viii) List adaptations in plants and animals for terrestrial ecosystem.

(ix) What are the supporting structures of land plants and animals?

(x) Which structures of plants and animals help them regulate body temperature?

(xi) In what climatic conditions are found the temperate deciduous forests?

(xii) What trees and animals are common in moist temperate regions of Shogran and Neelam valleys of

Asad Kashmir in Pakistan?

(xiii) What is the field layer of temperate deciduous forests comprised of?

(xiv) Enumerate the characteristics of the soil in temperate deciduous forests.

(xv) What are the kinds of coniferous forests and where are they located?


(i) Where are coniferous forests found in the world and what are the climatic conditions there?

(ii) Where are coniferous forests found in

(iii) Name the plants of coniferous forests.

(iv) Write down the names of large-sized mammals found in coniferous forests.

(v) What is the range of annual rainfall in grasslands?

(vi) Name some famous grasslands of the world.

(vii) Where are most of the grasslands found in Pakistan?

(viii) Which type of grassland are Savannas? OR Explain the term Savanna.

(ix) Which predators are found in grassland?

(x) Name the common decomposers of the grassland.

(xi) What are the dominant plants of grassland?

(xii) In which terms is the productivity of an ecosystem expressed?

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(xiii) What are rates of primary production (productivity) in temperate and sub-humid tropical grasslands?

(xiv) How much of total herbage produced in annual grassland as consumed by large grazing animals?

(xv) How are natural grasslands in the world used by man?


(i) What does desertification mean? How is it caused?

(ii) What are the desert ecosystems of western Punjab and Sind commonly known as?

(iii) Which areas of southern Punjab have deserts?

(iv) How do the desert plants prevent evaporation of the little available water?

(v) Where do the succulent desert plants like cacti and Euphorbia, store water?

(vi) Which animals are found in deserts?

(vii) How do some of the smaller desert animals live without drinking water?

(viii) Where is Sahel? What is its importance?

(ix) Write down the limits of tundra ecosystem.

(x) How do the Arctic tundra and the Alpine tundra differ?

(xi) What predators are found in tundra?

(xii) What is Taiga?

(xiii) What is timberline?

(xiv) How many biomes are present in the world? Name any five of them.

(xv) Give the names of some major ecosystems on sand, in Pakistan.


Q: 8 Attempt TWO questions. (2 x 4 = 8)

1. Give an account of desert ecosystem.

2. Write a note on tundra ecosystem.



A. Write down the procedure to investigate water content of soil samples.



(i) Hydrilla

(ii) Cactus

(iii) Chitar thore



(i) Humerus

(ii) Pelvic Girdle

(iii) Radioulna



(i) Anaphase of Mitosis

(ii) 48 Hour Chick

Embryo

(iii) T. S. of Pancrease

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ALI RAZA KAMAL


(i) What is gravitational water? What is function and importance of water?

(ii) What is leaching and water table?

(iii) What is hygroscopic water and field capacity?

(iv) Define soil texture and soil. What are the basic constituents of soil?

(v) What are the functions of soils?

(vi) What is meant by food web? Define food chain.

(vii) What are producers and herbivores? What types of producers are present in the pond

ecosystem?

(viii) What are the principal primary consumers of the terrestrial and the aquatic habitats?

(ix) What are primary and secondary carnivores?

(x) What is ecosystem and ecology?

(xi) Define Autecology and Synecology.

(xii) What types of consumers and decomposers are present in the pond ecosystem?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

CHAPTER 27: MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT

Biology Class: XII


Scheme (9)




(i) Which is not a micronutrient?

(a) Zinc (b) Iron (c) Sulphur (d) Iodine

(ii) The percentage of land under cultivation:

(a) 30% (b) 21% (c) 11% (d) 15%

(iii) Lung cancer is due to:

(a) CFCs (b) Sulfur dioxide (c) Oxides of Nitrogen (d) Carbon Monoxide

(iv) Only 30% of Earth is:

(a) Land (b) Freshwater (c) Marine Water (d) Mountains

(v) It is not fossilized fuel:

(a) Lignite (b) Peat (c) Natural gas (d) Oil

(vi) Which one is involved in destruction of ozone molecules in ozone layer?

(a) Sulphur (b) Lead (c) Carbon Monoxide (d) Chloride


(i) Ozone molecule is formed by the fusion of three atoms of ____________.

(ii) Stone monuments like Taj Mahal are being eroded due to “stone cancer” by ____________.

(iii) According to decibel scale, noise above ____________ decibels is considered as loud.

(iv) Renewable source of Energy includes ____________.

(v) Trypanosomiasis is transmitted through bite of infected ____________.

(vi) Deficiency of Vitamin "D" causes ____________.


(i) Goitre is due to deficiency of iodine. ______

(ii) Anemia is due to the deficiency of vitamin C. ______

(iii) Aging associated disease is osteoarthritis. ______

(iv) Haemophilia is due to deficiency of a blood protein-factor X. ______

(v) Deficiency of iron causes haemophilia. ______

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ALI RAZA KAMAL




(i) When did man adopt agriculture?

(ii) How do the human beings depend on the environment?

(iii) Write down the renewable (inexhaustible) environmental resources, which serve as primary sources

for the existence of humans.

(iv) Name the nonrenewable environmental resources (exhaustible) which serve as primary sources for

the existence humans.

(v) What is the composition of the air?

(vi) Name the gases, which are generally found in polluted air.

(vii) Quote examples of the global effects of the pollution.

(viii) What percentage of body weight of animals and plants comprises water?

(ix) How is the distribution of water on our planet according to the estimate of the scientists?

(x) For what purposes is water used by man?

(xi) Which useful chemicals are manufactured from sodium chloride (table salt) which is obtained from

sea water (and salt mines)?

(xii) Define soil.

(xiii) Name the basic constituents of the soil.

(xiv) What role does soil play in the life of organisms?

(xv) How much of the total earth is land?

(xvi) How much of this total area of the world is under cultivation?

(xvii) Explain soil depletion.


(i) Land may be abused by which factors?

(ii) What is most important factor regarding misuse of land by man besides careless farming and

overgrazing?

(iii) How is soil polluted?

(iv) What do you mean by wildlife?

(v) Which animals are known as “endangered” species?

(vi) What are the inexhaustible (renewable) resources of energy?

(vii) What are known as fossil fuels and why?

(viii) How much of our daily energy needs is met from the fossil fuels?

(ix) What is hydroelectric power?

(x) How are tides caused in seas and oceans?

(xi) What is tidal power?

(xii) Define wind.

(xiii) How is electricity generated with the help of wind power?

(xiv) How is nuclear or atomic energy obtained?

(xv) What is the maximum age of a nuclear power station?

(xvi) What is geothermal energy? In which form does it, come up to earth’s surface?

(xvii) Where in the world is the geothermal energy frequently available?


(i) Enlist solid wastes.

(ii) Name the processes by which solid wastes can be converted into oil or gas.

(iii) What is ocean-thermal gradient?

(iv) Write down temperatures of surface water and few hundred meters deep water of tropical oceans.

(v) Explain conservation of energy in precise terms.

(vi) How are fossil fuels important, besides being sources of energy?

(vii) Define demography.

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

(viii) What was the population of Pakistan at the time of independence in 1947?

(ix) What are the factors, which have now increased life expectancy of human beings?

(x) Differentiate between deforestation and afforestation.

(xi) What is the best solution for environmental pollution

(xii) What are the advantages of the forests?

(xiii) What average rain is suitable for tree (forest) growth?

(xiv) What are the adverse effects of the removal of forests?

(xv) What do you know about biodiversity?

(xvi) What is environmental pollution? Enlist main types of pollution.


(i) Enlist important air pollutants.

(ii) Give details of ozone and ozone layer.

(iii) The thickness of ozone layer is .decreasing rapidly. How?

(iv) What are the sources of chlorofluorocarbon?

(v) How are ozone molecules destroyed, in ozone layer? Do how many atoms of chlorine destroy how

many molecules of ozone?

(vi) What is a special feature of ozone layer over the Antarctica?

(vii) How do the ultraviolet rays affect life when more of them reach earth’s surface?

(viii) Explain greenhouse effect.

(ix) Suggest another suitable name for greenhouse effect.

(x) What may be the results of increased heating of earth due to greenhouse effect?

(xi) What are the sources and harmful effects of the air pollutant sulphur dioxide?

(xii) Write down the sources of carbon monoxide in the air. How does it harm human beings?

(xiii) Name some important diseases of man caused by nutritional deficiency.

(xiv) Write names of two degenerative diseases of man.

(xv) Enlist some parasitic diseases of man.

(xvi) Give the names of three human diseases, which are caused by hormonal disorders.


Q: 8 Attempt SEVEN questions. (7 x 5 = 35)

1. Briefly explain wildlife and fossil fuels.

2. Describe ozone layer depletion.

3. Discuss fossil fuels as exhaustible source of energy

4. Give uses and misuses of agrochemicals.

5. Write a note on greenhouse effects.

6. Write a note on ozone layer depletion.

7. Explain deforestation and afforestation.



A. Write down the procedure to investigate the approximate soil texture of proportion of particles of different

sizes in a soil sample



(i) Rose

(ii) Hydrilla


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ALI RAZA KAMAL



(i) Femur

(ii) Humerus

(iii) Skull of frog



(i) 48 Hour Chick

Embryo




(i) Where are grasslands present in Pakistan?

(ii) What are prairies and Savanna?

(iii) What is the range of annual rainfall in grasslands?

(iv) Name some predators of grassland.

(v) What are the crucial factors in the competition between grasses and trees?

(vi) What types of plants are present in the grassland?

(vii) Name the large animals of grassland.

(viii) What is the rate of primary production in:

(a) Temperate Grasslands

(b) Sub-humid Tropical Grasslands

(ix) What is community?

(x) What is pyramid of numbers?

(xi) What is trophic level?

(xii) What is quadrat?

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ALI RAZA KAMAL

2015-16 -...

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