2

Fuel economy improvements directly correlate to reductions in petroleum consumption

Average fuel economy of new light-duty vehicles is 72% higher than in 1975

Lighter materials, more advanced engines, hybrid technologies

Introduction

3

Lesson 1:Introduction to

Fuel Economy

4

Objectives Define fuel economy Explain the basic history of fuel

economy Describe how fuel economy

improvements may benefit health and the environment

Explain the economic benefits of improved fuel economy

Describe how fuel economy affects energy security

5

A measure of how efficiently a vehicle uses fuel

Miles per gallon (MPG) Specific tests used to determine

ratings Affected by vehicle design and

operation

Definition of Fuel Economy

6

Steps to Calculate MPG1. Fill up your vehicle and clear the trip

odometer2. Drive your normal route3. Return to the same fuel station and fill up

your vehicle, noting the miles on the trip odometer

4. Divide the miles by the gallons that it just took to fill up

The result will be your car’s miles per gallon for that driving period. This should be done multiple times to determine your average fuel economy.

7

Improvements with evolution of ICE

Early vehicles = simplicity and cost effectiveness

Rising fuel prices aroundthe world

Environmental concerns

Basic History of Fuel Economy

Figure 1: Rising fuel prices. Source: NAFTC.

8

1973 Oil Embargo OPEC members stopped exporting oil

to the U.S. and its European allies Threats were made to cut oil

production by 5% increments until economic and political objectives were met

National maximum speed limit of 55 mph

Petroleum rationingFigure 2: Relative fuel economy begins to decrease above 55 miles per hour.

Source: Fueleconomy.gov.

9

Clean Air Act Established the EPA Sets fuel economy and emission

standards National Ambient Air Quality

Standards CO, HC, NOx, PM Reduce emissions while improving

fuel economy

10

Figure 3: Example of emissions reduction trends for heavy-duty engines. Source: DOE.

11

Current Energy Crisis Mid 1980s to 2003: price for barrel of

oil = less than $25 Late 2007: price for barrel of oil =

more than $100 Decline in petroleum reserves,

tension in the Middle East, oil price speculation, etc

12

Figure 4: Petroleum price by year. Source: EIA.

13

Figure 5: Total U.S. oil supply, 1980-2011. Source: EIA.

14

Policies Fuel economy objectives in the next

two decades Reduce emissions and transportation

costs Increase overall fuel economy

ICE Evolution Generally gasoline or diesel powered Engines have evolved to incorporate

fuel efficient techniques

15

Gasoline Engines First engines = inefficient and had

low power density Utilization of carburetor Electronically controlled fuel injection

Diesel Engines Heavy-duty applications High emitters of pollutant emissions Engine and exhaust modifications

16

Engine and vehicle design Fuel is used to create energy Road load equation shows where power is

consumed Consumption increases as engine power

increases Power for accessories and auxiliary equipment

Engine Power = Power to Accelerate Vehicle + Power to Overcome Wind Drag + Power to Overcome Road Grade + Power to Overcome Friction + Accessory Power

What Affects Fuel Economy?

17

EPA tracks emissions for all vehicles

Fuel efficiency per given amount of power

Increased standards put in place by the Obama administration

CAFE regulations

Fuel Economy Today

18

Manufacturer Must meet emissions requirements

and fuel economy requirements Advances in vehicle technology Transmission advances (i.e. CVT) Vehicle weight and size Vehicle aerodynamics

19

Consumers Fuel economy is greatly affected by

how the driver operates the vehicle Strategies to improve fuel economy

for all vehicles Each strategy may contribute a small

amount

Some strategies Proper tire inflation Unload unnecessary weight Use cruise control

20

Information from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) on fuel economy information can be found online at http://www.fueleconomy.gov/ or by phone at 1-877-377-3463.

21

Many fuel saving techniques can be implemented at no cost

Required vehicle maintenance Aftermarket products often do not

work Driving habits

Why Consider Fuel Economy Improvements?

22

Advantages of Fuel EconomyImprovements

Immediate fuel price savings Less petroleum consumption in the

U.S. Research will create domestic job

opportunities

23

Additional Things to Consider Some advantages may not give

immediate results Purchasing more fuel efficient

vehicles can become costly Techniques may not be applicable for

heavy-duty vehicles

24

Fuel efficient vehicles offer many benefits

Reduced petroleum consumption Far-reaching benefits

Fuel Economy Benefits

25

Decreased amounts of harmful emissions

Emissions may lead to respiratory illness

PM may be carcinogenic Efficient vehicles will produce

fewer of these emissions

Health Benefits

26

Fewer emissions Emissions may lead to the

formation of smog and acid rain Decreased GHG emissions

Environmental Benefits

27

Did You Know?

The Federal Trade Commission has several tips for consumers to save money:

• At the pump, check the owner’s manual for the most effective octane level

• In the garage, stay up to date on maintenance of the vehicle

• When shopping around for a new vehicle, be skeptical about any gizmo that promises to improve gas mileage

28

Higher efficiency = lower fuel costs Many techniques can be

implemented at no charge to the driver

Job creation in the research and production sectors

Government mandated emissions standards

Economic Benefits

29

To calculate fuel costs and compare savings for two vehicles, take a look at: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/savemoney.shtml

30

Reduced dependence on foreign oil

About half of all oil consumed in the U.S. is imported

Stimulates economies outside of the U.S.

Energy Security Benefits

31

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Define fuel economy? Explain the basic history of fuel

economy? Describe how fuel economy

improvements may benefit health and the environment?

Explain the economic benefits of improved fuel economy?

Describe how fuel economy affects energy security?

32

1. True or False: The higher the fuel economy of a vehicle, the greater distance it may travel in relation to the amount of fuel it consumes.

2. What is the most common unit of measure for fuel economy?

3. Proper _____________ of tires can increase vehicle fuel economy.

4. True or False: Consumers can apply strategies to improve fuel economy only to new vehicles.

Test Your Knowledge

33

Lesson 2:Fuel Economy Policies, Infrastructure, and Sustainability

34

Objectives Describe the policies that drive fuel

economy improvements Explain manufacturer and consumer

methods for implementing fuel economy improvements

Describe how a basic infrastructure of knowledge and practices can be distributed

Explain how fuel economy improvements relate to sustainability and cost efficiency

35

Policies and laws to deal with and promote fuel efficiency

Reduce air pollution, increase the use of domestic energy

Better driving habits Laws that pertain to air quality and vehicle

emissions standards: Clean Air Act of 1963 Air Quality Act of 1967 Clean Air Act Amendments of

1970 Clean Air Act Amendments of

1977

Fuel Economy Policies

Figure 6: U.S. Capitol building. Source: DOE.

36

Corporate Average Fuel Economy(CAFE)

Enacted by Congress in 1975 Reduce energy consumption by

increasing fuel economy Response to 1973 Oil Embargo NHTSA and EPA work to set CAFE Average MPG of a fleet for any given

model year Changing requirements

37

Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988

(AMFA) Government must obtain a number of

alcohol and natural gas vehicles for federal fleets

Interagency Commission on Alternative Motor Fuels

Energy Policy Act (EPAct) Enacted in 1992 to accelerate the use of

alternative fuels Increase energy security by using

domestic fuels

38

Fuel Economy Policies of Today Obama administration raised fuel

economy requirements to 35.5 MPG by model year 2016

Will save approximately 1.8 billion barrels of oil

Target of 54.5 MPG by2025

Drastic reductions in fuelconsumption

Figure 7: President Barrack Obama introduced new CAFE standards in 2011.

Source: whitehouse.gov.

39

New window labels for all new vehicles

Annual fuel cost, average fuel savings, GHG rating, smog rating

Direct consumers to fueleconomy.gov

Tips and practices to increase fuel economy

EPA Fuel Economy Window Label

40

Figure 8: New EPA window label for consumers. Source: EPA.

41

Vehicle Technology and Fuel Fuel type is displayed on window

sticker Gasoline, natural gas, electric, diesel,

hybrid

Fuel Consumption Rate Given fuel economy vs. individual fuel

economy Comparison of vehicles Driving techniques greatly

affect fuel economy Figure 9: Other labels for alternative energy

sources. Source: EPA.

42

Figure 10: Gallons per mile measure of fuel economy. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

43

Alternative Fueled Vehicles Each fuel has a different energy

content by mass Miles per gasoline gallon equivalent

(MPGe) Miles per gallon for gasoline and

diesel

44

Figure 11: New fuel economy label for electric vehicle with fuel economy in units of MPGe. Source: EPA.

45

To see all of the new labels, visit http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/docs/EPA_FE_Label-052311.pdf

46

Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gases Ratings from 1 to 10 for fuel

economy and GHG emissions Higher fuel economy = better GHG

emissions profile CO2 emissions are given in grams per

mile

47

Rating MPG CO2 (g/mile)

10 38+ 0-236

9 31-37 237-290

8 27-30 291-334

7 23-26 335-394

6 22 395-412

5 19-21 413-479

4 17-18 480-538

3 15-16 539-612

2 13-14 613-710

1 0-12 711+

Figure 13: Scale as seen on window sticker. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

Figure 12: Fuel economy and CO2 levels. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

48

Smog Rating Emissions can lead to smog

formation New window sticker identifies smog

forming emissions as “other air pollutants”

Based on U.S. vehicle emissions standards

Figure 14 (left): Smog formed from environmental pollution. Source: DOE. Figure 15 (right): Smog scale for comparison for new vehicle purchase. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

49

Fuel Economy and Emissions TestProcedures

Light-duty vehicles: chassis dynamometer

Heavy-duty vehicles: chassis dynamometer, engine dynamometer

Five test cycles City driving Highway driving Air conditioning usage High speed driving Cold conditions operation

Federal Test Procedure (FTP)

50

Driving Schedule Attributes

Test Schedule

City Highway High Speed ACColdTemp

Trip TypeLow speeds in stop-and-go urban traffic

Free-flow traffic at highway speeds

Higher speeds; harder

acceleration & braking

AC use under hot ambient conditions

City test w/ colder outside temperature

Top Speed 56 mph 60 mph 80 mph 54.8 mph 56 mph

Average Speed

21.2 mph 48.3 mph 48.4 mph 21.2 mph 21.2 mph

Max. Acceleration

3.3 mph/sec 3.2 mph/sec8.46

mph/sec5.1 mph/sec 3.3 mph/sec

Simulated Distance

11 mi. 10.3 mi. 8 mi. 3.6 mi. 11 mi.

Time 31.2 min. 12.75 min. 9.9 min. 9.9 min. 31.2 min.

Stops 23 None 4 5 23

Idling time 18% of time None 7% of time 19% of time 18% of time

Engine Startup*

Cold Warm Warm Warm Cold

Lab temperature

68–86ºF 95ºF 20ºF

Vehicle air conditioning

Off Off Off On Off

Figure 16: Fuel economy and emissions tests characteristics. Source: EPA.

51

Figure 17: Federal Test Procedure drive cycle. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

52

Consumer Awareness Many new technologies may not be

entirely understood by the consumer Increased implementation will make

these technologies more common place

Window Sticker… Fine Print Individual fuel economy will vary

greatly Driving conditions and habits will

cause fuel economy to fluctuate

53

Implementation of new technologies to meet CAFE regulations and EPA standards

Complex technologies Effects of technologies must be

completely disclosed to consumers

Manufacturer Implementation

54

New and used vehicles Implementation may not involve

capital investment Fuel savings, cost savings May lead to better vehicle

operation

Consumer Implementation

55

Distribution of Knowledge No physical alterations are needed Strategies can be implemented

anywhere Social networking systems, smart

phones will help increase awareness of techniques

Immediate nationwide effects

Distribution and Infrastructure

56

Infrastructure Government mandates, increased

fuel economy standards Educational network Feedback from new vehicle models Required vehicle monitoring systems

(i.e. tire pressure monitoring systems)

57

Gas Guzzler Tax Created in 1978 during the Oil

Embargo Implemented to discourage

consumers and manufacturers from buying and producing inefficient vehicles

Applies to light-duty passenger cars only

58

Figure 18: Gas guzzler tax based on fuel economy. Source: epa.gov.

59

Strategies and techniques are completely sustainable

Will help sustain other AFVs Step toward complete energy

independence

Sustainability

60

Did You Know?

Today’s vehicles are complex machines with more than 3,000 interactive parts. Regular maintenance of these vehicles can extend vehicle life and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Source: The Auto Alliance.

61

Cost Efficiency Small savings will add up to a large

change If techniques and technologies are

adopted nationwide, the change will be pivotal

The Future of Fuel Economy CAFE standards and emissions

requirements Manufacturer production and consumer

acceptance Various technologies and strategies

62

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe the policies that drive fuel

economy improvements? Explain manufacturer and consumer

methods for implementing fuel economy improvements?

Describe how a basic infrastructure of knowledge and practices can be distributed?

Explain how fuel economy improvements relate to sustainability and cost efficiency?

63

1. True or False: Future fuel economy standards will be lower than current standards.

2. What does the acronym CAFE stand for?3. New window stickers will have a scale for

fuel economy and GHG emissions ratings as well as _________ ratings from other emissions.

4. True or False: Implementing consumer fuel economy strategies will require sophisticated tools and vehicle modifications.

Test Your Knowledge

64

Lesson 3:Fuel Efficient Vehicles

and Fuel EconomyStrategies

65

Objectives Explain typical differences between fuel

efficient and conventional vehicles using new advanced technology

Explain consumer strategies for improved fuel economy and their effects

Describe new fuel efficient vehicle performance, safety, and maintenance

Describe some fuel efficient production vehicles

66

Options for consumers Ranges of fuel economy/efficiency Personal vehicle preference

Differences Between Fuel Efficient Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles

Figure 19 (left): Bentley Continental Flying Spur. Source: AFDC. Figure 20 (right): The Chevrolet Volt, 60 MPGe. Source: NAFTC.

67

What Affects Vehicle Fuel Economy? Engine and vehicle design Road load equation

Mass of the car Vehicle acceleration Density of the air Drag coefficient Frontal area of the vehicle Velocity Rolling resistance Gravity Road grade

68

Acceleration Energy required to propel the car to

cruising speed Multiple acceleration events = lower

fuel economy

Mass (Weight) Lighter vehicles typically = better

fuel economy New materials used for engine

components

69

Cd and Area Smaller frontal area typically =

better fuel economy Low, sharp frontal area design

µ (Tire Choice) Rolling resistance tires Energy wasted from tire deformation Underinflated tires

70

Sinθ (Road grade) Hill terrain vs. flat terrain Maintaining required power

71

Technology of New Fuel EfficientVehicles

Variable valve timing and lift Cylinder deactivation Turbo chargers and super chargers Integrated starter/generator Direct fuel injection

72

Technology Average Efficiency IncreaseVariable Valve Timing & Lift improves engine efficiency by optimizing the flow of fuel & air into the engine for various engine speeds.

5%

Cylinder Deactivation saves fuel by deactivating cylinders when they are not needed.

7.5%

Turbochargers & Superchargers increase engine power, allowing manufacturers to downsize engines without sacrificing performance or to increase performance without lowering fuel economy.

7.5%

Integrated Starter/Generator (ISG) Systems automatically turn the engine on/off when the vehicle is stopped to reduce fuel consumed during idling.

8%

Direct Fuel Injection (w/ turbo charging or supercharging) delivers higher performance with lower fuel consumption.

11-13%

Figure 21: New engine technologies that improve fuel economy. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

73

Transmission Technology Continuously variable transmission

(CVT) Automated Manual Transmission

(AMT)

Figure 22: New transmission technologies. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

Technology Average Efficiency IncreaseContinuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) have an infinite number of "gears", providing seamless acceleration and improved fuel economy.

6%

Automated Manual Transmissions (AMTs) combine the efficiency of manual transmissions with the convenience of automatics (gears shift automatically).

7%

74

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Most fuel efficient production

vehicles ICEs and electric motors Torque assist Idle shutoff function Switching between power sources

75

Early fuel efficient vehicles = undersized engines and manual transmissions

Newer fuel efficient vehicles = nearly identical to conventional vehicles

Hybrid technologies applied to light- and heavy-duty vehicles

Regular maintenance must also be conducted

Fuel Efficient Vehicle Performance, Safety, and Maintenance

76

Can provide immediate fuel economy benefits

Require little additional cost, time, tools

May be applied to any vehicle

Consumer Strategies

Figure 23: Alternative fuel technologies. Source: NAFTC.

77

Slow down Coasting Cruise control Tire pressure Weight

Air conditioning

Rerouting Maintenance Transmission Motor oil

Figure 24 (left): Cruise control button and controls. Source: fueleconomy.gov. Figure 25 (right): Extra weight can decrease vehicle fuel economy. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

78

The following table presents some of the most fuel efficient light-duty cars and trucks for the 2012 model year.

Fuel Efficient Vehicles

79

EPA Class Vehicle DescriptionFuel

Economy

Combined

Two-SeatersHonda CR-Z

4 cyl, 1.5 L, Automatic (AV-S7), HEV, Regular37

MinicompactsScion iQ

4 cyl, 1.3 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular37

SubcompactsMitsubishi i-MiEV

A-1, 66 kW DCPM, Electric Vehicle112‡

CompactsChevrolet Volt

4 cyl, 1.4 L, Automatic (AV), Plug-in Hybrid 60§

MidsizeNissan Leaf

A-1, Electric Vehicle99‡

Large

Hyundai Sonata4 cyl, 2.4 L, Manual (6), Regular

Hyundai Sonata4 cyl, 2.4 L, Automatic (6), Regular

28

Small Station Wagons

Audi A34 cyl, 2.0 L, Automatic (S6), Diesel

34

Volkswagen Jetta SportWagen4 cyl, 2.0 L, Manual (6), Diesel

34

Midsize Station WagonsToyota Prius v

4 cyl, 1.8 L, Automatic (CVT), HEV, Regular42

Figure 26: Most fuel efficient passenger cars for 2012 model year. Source: EPA.

80

EPA Class Vehicle DescriptionFuel Economy

Combined

Small Pickup TrucksToyota Tacoma 2WD

4 cyl, 2.7 L, Manual (5), Regular Gasoline22

Standard Pickup Trucks

Chevrolet Silverado 15 Hybrid 2WD8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline

Chevrolet Silverado 15 Hybrid 4WD8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline

21

GMC Sierra 15 Hybrid 2WD8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline

GMC Sierra 15 Hybrid 4WD8 cyl, 6.0 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline

21

Sport Utility Vehicles Ford Escape Hybrid FWD4 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (CVT), Regular Gasoline 32

Minivans

Mazda 54 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (S5), Regular Gasoline

Mazda 54 cyl, 2.5 L, Manual (6), Regular Gasoline

24

Passenger Vans

Chevrolet Express 1500 2WD FFV8 cyl, 5.3 L, Automatic (4), Regular Gasoline

Chevrolet Express 1500 AWD FFV8 cyl, 5.3 L, Automatic (4), Regular Gasoline

14†

Ford E150 Wagon FFV8 cyl, 4.6 L, Automatic (4), Regular Gasoline 14†

Special Purpose Vehicles

Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric VanA-1, 52 kWAC, Electric

Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric WagonA-1, 52 kWAC, Electric

62‡

Figure 26: Most fuel efficient trucks and SUVs for 2012 model year. Source: EPA.

81

Heavy-duty Trucks (Tractor Trailers) Fuel economy around 6 MPG Integrating light-duty technologies

into heavy-duty trucks Fuel consumption may be reduced by

up to 50% Heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles

82

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Explain the typical differences between

fuel efficient and conventional vehicles including new advanced technology?

Explain consumer strategies for improved fuel economy and their effects?

Describe new fuel efficient vehicle performance, safety, and maintenance?

Describe some fuel efficient production vehicles?

83

1. True or False: Carrying extra weight/cargo can improve overall fuel economy.

2. __________ charging or ____________ charging technologies have allowed vehicle manufacturers to utilize smaller, lighter engines.

3. Under inflated tires can reduce fuel economy by up to ________%.

4. True or False: There are now options for more fuel efficient cars, light-duty trucks, and even heavy-duty trucks.

Test Your Knowledge