vehicle fuel efficiency, improving fuel economy and
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Vehicle Fuel Efficiency, Improving Fuel
Economy and Engine Performance to
reduce Environmental Impact
Hafiz Mumtaz Alam
08-MS-EM-07
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Fuel efficiency of vehicles
1. Fuel consumption is the amount of fuel used per
unit distance; for example, liters per
100 Kilometers(L/100 km). In this case,the lower the value, the more economic a
vehicle is.
2. Fuel economy is the distance travelled per unitvolume of fuel used; for example, kilometers per
liter (km/L) or miles per gallon (MPG). In this
case, the higher the value, the more economic a
vehicle is .
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Fuel economy and fuel consumption are reciprocal quantities.
To convert between L/100 km and miles per US Gallon, divide
235 by the number in question.
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In Europe, the following are the standard measuring cycles for
"litre/100 km" value :
Urban Fuel Economy
Extra urban Fuel Economy
Overall fuel economy (complete cycle)
CO2 emission (complete cycle)
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Urban" traffic with speeds up to 50 km/h from
a cold start (first 800 seconds)
Extra urban" travel at various speeds up to
120 km/h which follows the urban test (800 to1200s)
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The following parameters are also generally
measured to validate the compliance
to European emission standards:
1.Carbon monoxide
2.Unburnt hydrocarbons
3.Nitrogen oxides
4.Particulate matter
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Test Procedure
The cycle must be performed on a cold vehicle at 20C (68F).
The cycles may be performed on a flat road, in the absence of
wind.
However, to improve repeatability, they are generally
performed on a roller test bench.
This type of bench is equipped with an electrical machine to
emulate resistance due to aerodynamic drag and
vehicle mass (inertia).
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For each vehicle configuration, a look-up table is applied, each
speed corresponds to a certain value of resistance
(reverse torque applied to the drive wheels).
This arrangement enables the use of a single physical vehicle to
test all vehicle body styles (Sedan, hatchback, MPV...) by simply
changing the look-up table.
A fan is coupled to the roller bench to provide the vehicle air
intakes with an airflow matching the current speed.
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Roller test bench with a
power of 300 kw
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Engine Performance and Fuel
Economy
Maintenance
Minimizing mass and improving aerodynamics
Efficient speeds
Choice of gear (manual transmissions
Acceleration and deceleration (braking)
Fuel type
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The energy in fuel consumed in driving is lost in many ways,
including engine inefficiency, aerodynamic drag, rolling
friction, and kinetic energy lost to braking
Driver behavior can influence all of these.
The city mileage of conventional cars is lower than highwaymileage due to: 1) a high proportion of idling time, 2) a low
proportion of time in the most-efficient speed zone, and 3)
more frequent braking.
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We can increase engine performance by
increasing fuel economy and decreasing fuel
consumption
Since CO2 emissions are directly proportional to
fuel consumption, So we can control these
emissions by having better fuel consumption ofa vehicle.
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Vehicle efficiency and
Environmental Impact Fuel efficiency directly affects emissions causing
pollution and potentially leading to climate
change by affecting the amount of fuel used.
It also depends on the fuel source used to drive
the vehicle concerned.
Cars can, for example, run on a number of fuel
types other than gasoline, such as natural
gas, LPG or bio fuel or electricity which creates
various quantities of atmospheric pollution.
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A related measure of fuel efficiency is the amount of carbon
dioxide produced as a result of the combustion process,
typically measured in grams of CO2 per kilometer (CO2 g/km).
A petrol (gasoline) engine will produce around 2.32 kg of
carbon dioxide for each liter of petrol consumed (19.4 lb/gal).
A typical diesel engine produces 2.66 kg/L (22.23 lb/gal)
Since the CO2 emissions are relatively constant per liter, they
are proportional to fuel consumption. The more fuel a car
burns, the more CO2 it emits.
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There is also a growing movement of drivers who
practice ways to increase their MPG and save
fuel through driving techniques.
They are often referred to as hypermilers.
Hypermilers have broken records of fuel
efficiency, averaging 109 miles per gallon.
Advances in engine and vehicle technology
continually reduce the toxicity of exhaust leaving
the engine. Therefore, technologies to detoxify
the exhaust are an essential part of emissions
control.
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Emissions Control Techniques
Air injection
Exhaust gas recirculation
Catalytic converters
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