1.4 the long and short term effects of exercise · 1.4 –the long and short term effects of...
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1.4 – The long and short term effects of exercise
Learning objectives
To understand the short term effects of exercise and its impact on the muscular, cardiac and respiratory system.
To be able to describe how the respiratory and cardiovascular system works together to allow the body to recover from exercise.
To be able to recall long term effects of exercise on the body systems.
To be able to interpret data & graphical representation of exercise at both rest and during physical activity.
Short term effects of exercise
How does the body react to the start of any exercise?
Short term effects on the Muscular System
The short term effects of exercise on the muscles:
If insufficient oxygen is present there will be a build up of lactic acid in the working muscles.
1. Working muscles produce heat2. Increased muscle fatigue due to lactate accumulation3. Blood is re-distributed to working muscles (Shunting)
Short term effects on the Cardiovasuclar System
The short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system:
1. Increase in heart rate2. Increase in stroke volume3. Increase in cardiac output
What is your resting heart rate?
What is heart rate?
“The number of beats per minute”
Find your pulse in your neck (carotid pulse) or on your wrist (radial pulse).
Count for 15 seconds x 4 = ____ Beats per minute
As we start exercising heart rate increases and beats with greater force.
Heart rate response to exercise
Exercise makes the body work harder and therefore musclesrequire more oxygen to continue to work effectively.
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
Cardiac output is a combination of stroke volume and heart rate:
Stroke volume and cardiac output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
1. Exercise causes an increase in breathing rate and depth of breathing.
This is due to a greater need for oxygen in the body and removal of carbon dioxide.
Breathing rate can increase up to 50 per minute!!
Short term effects on the Respiratory System
Exercise and the respiratory & cardiovascular system
As exercise begins there is an instant demand from the working muscles for oxygen.
The lungs and heart work harder to provide this through blood vessels and rid carbon dioxide in the process.
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
How does the body change over time to training?
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
The muscular system adapts in the following ways after sustained training:
Increase strength in the tendons and ligaments.
Increased numbers of mitochondria. (This
means an increase in the rate of energy production)
Increased blood supply around muscles.
Increase size and strength of Muscles
(hypertrophy)
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
The cardiovascular system adapts in the following ways after sustained training:
1. Lower resting heart rate2. Increased stroke volume3. More efficient heart rate
recovery 4. Healthy Veins and Arteries
Think. Pair. Share.
Why would the following reasons above be beneficial to a performer?
The lower your resting heart rate the fitter you are. Why?
The cardiac muscle in a trained athlete is larger and stronger. Each beat forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart.
It therefore takes less beats in a minute to supply the body with enough oxygen.
Regular exercise causes the following changes to the heart.
1. Decreased resting heart rate:
The heart gets bigger and stronger with training and becomes more efficient.
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
2. Increased Stroke Volume
Regular training will increase stroke volume at both rest and work. This is due to the heart becoming more efficient.
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
3. Heart Rate Recovery
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
Describe what you see from these graphs. Which athlete is trained and which is one is untrained?
3. Heart Rate Recovery
Training will result in heart rate recovering quicker after exercise.
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
4. Healthy Veins and Arteries
Long term training will result in the blood vessels becoming more flexible and efficient.
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
The respiratory system adapts in the following ways after sustained training:
1. Efficient gaseous exchange at the alveoli.
This allows better delivery of oxygen and removal of Carbon dioxide to and from working muscles.
2. Increased vital capacity
An athlete lung size will increase and as a result so will their VITAL CAPACITY.
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
3. Better capillary network in the body.
Capillaries around the muscle will increase.
Capillaries surrounding the ALVEOLI increase. This means oxygen transport is more effective
Long term effects of exercise on the body systems
Interpreting data and graphs
Figure 1 below shows Tom’s resting heart rate recorded at each week of his training.
What do you notice? What is the reason for this trend?
Interpreting data and graphs
Figure 2 below shows Freddie’s cardiovascular and respiratory measurement taken at rest and during exercise.
Describe what the tables tell you? Discuss why these changes have taken place?
Heart rate (bpm)
Strokevolume (ml)
Breathing rate (number per min)
Muscle temperature
72 60 18 Normal
Heart rate (bpm)
Strokevolume (ml)
Breathing rate (number per min)
Muscle temperature
156 140 48 Hot
Rest
During exercise
Explain to the person next to you 2 short term effects of
exercise.
Describe how the respiratory and cardiovascular system
work together.
Explain the long term effects of exercise on the
cardiovascular system.
Explain why an athlete might experience muscle fatigue
during overtime in a basketball game.
Short term and long term effects of
exercise on the body
Apply it! What has stuck with you?
Exam questions1. Using the words in the table below, complete the following statements about blood flow whilst at rest and during physical activity.
blood shunting increased blood flow lower greater
(a) Blood flow to the digestive system is …………………………………….………………………………. at rest than when exercising (1)
(b) Blood flow to the muscular system is …………………………………….………………………………. at rest than when exercising (1)
(c) Reduced blood flow to specific areas of the body is achieved through …………………………………….………………………………. (1)
(d) The need for ………………….………………………………. to specific areas of the body during exercise means that performers need to consider the timing of their dietary intake so that performance is not negatively affected. (1)
Practice it!
Exam questions2. Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm). Table 3 shows a performer’s heart rate at three different times during an exercise session.
Practice it!
(a) Identify from Table 3 the heart rate values recorded just before exercise starts and during recovery. (2)
(b) Give reasons for your answers. (2)
166 bpm 74 bpm 92 bpm
Exam questions3. Explain how the alveoli and capillaries work together to provide the muscles with the oxygen they need for recovery after a handball game. (4)
Practice it!
Marks Scheme:
1. greater, lower, blood shunting, increased blood flow
2. a) Just before exercise starts heart rate identified as 74 (bpm) (1) + Recovery heart rate identified as 92 (bpm) (1)
b) Heart rate before is lowest – as the body is resting/no need for increased blood flow (1) Recovery heart rate is middle value – heart rate is still elevated to help with recovery/higher than resting, but lower than working as the body has not had time to recover/maintain increased oxygen supply/repaying oxygen debt (1)
Practice it!
Marks Scheme:3. Increased breathing rate means that the alveoli have a highconcentration of oxygen (1) as the capillaries surroundingthe alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen (1) and thecapillaries and/or alveoli have thin walls so gas exchangecan take place/diffuses from high concentration to low (1).Therefore, the blood in the capillaries circulates to themuscles/provides the muscles with additional oxygen to aidrecovery (1)
Due to demands of the exercise there is a lowerconcentration of oxygen in the capillaries surrounding thealveoli (1) compared to the concentration in the alveoli (1) thiscreates a diffusion gradient (1) so the oxygen in the alveolican diffuse/transfer to the capillaries to help recovery (1)
Practice it!