the effects of exercise on memory

Is timing everything?

The Effects of Exercise on Memory

Memory

Squire. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2004

Declarative Non-declarative

Facts Events Non-associativelearning

Simple classicalconditioning

PrimingMotor

Medial temporallobe

Diencephalon

Striatum Neocortex Reflex pathways

Emotionalresponses

Skeletalresponses

Amygdala Cerebellum

Memory

Declarative Non-declarative

Facts Events Non-associativelearning

Simple classicalconditioning

PrimingMotor

Medial temporallobe

Diencephalon

Striatum Neocortex Reflex pathways

Emotionalresponses

Skeletalresponses

Amygdala Cerebellum

Stimulus

Encoding

Consolidation

Recall

Stimulus

Encoding

Consolidation

Recall

Perception

Engram

LTP

After Exposure

Exposure

(Encoding)

(Consolidation)

RM

S Er

ror

Dis

tanc

e

0

25

50

75

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16

Encoding Recall

Consolidation

Day 1 Day 2

RM

S Er

ror

Dis

tanc

e

0

25

50

75

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16

Young

Encoding Recall

Old

Day 1 Day 2

Roig et al. Neurobiol Aging. 2014

Strategies to optimize memory

Behavioural interventions

ExerciseSleep

Nutritional supplements

ImageryMusic

Pharmaceutical interventions

CholinergicDopaminergicSerotonergic

…

Electrophysiological interventions

tDCSrTMSPES…

ACSM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010

Cardiac diseasePeripheral vascular disease

Muscle dysfunction Polyneuropathy

Osteoporosis

Cancer

Diabetes

ACSM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010

Cardiac diseasePeripheral vascular disease

Muscle dysfunction Polyneuropathy

Osteoporosis

Cancer

Diabetes

Mild cognitive impairmentDepression

Dementia

AgeSex

Cognitive levelFitness levelGenotype

TypeIntensity

FrequencyVolumeTiming

Executive functionsControl functionsSpatial orientationSpeed processing

Memory

Colcombe et al. Psychol Sci. 2002

Effe

ct s

ize

0.00

0.18

0.35

0.53

0.70

Executive Control Spatial Speed

ControlExercise

Effe

ct s

ize

0.00

0.18

0.35

0.53

0.70

Executive Control Spatial Speed Memory

ControlExercise

?

Long-term

Molecular

Supramolecular

Systemic

M0 M1Months

Several bouts

Erickson et al. PNAS. 2011

ExerciseControl

N=120

STM LTM

EFFECT SIZE 0.15 (0.02, 0.27)* 0.07 (-0.13, 0.75)

*p<0.05

Roig et al. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013

Effect size: small >0.1; medium >0.5; large >0.8

22 studies

Stimulus

Encoding

Consolidation

Recall

Perception

Engram

LTP

AcuteOne bout

*p<0.05


STM LTM

EFFECT SIZE 0.26 (0.03, 0.49)*


0.52 (0.28, 0.75)*

19 studies

STM LTM

LONG-TERM 0.15 (0.02, 0.27)* 0.07 (-0.13, 0.75)

ACUTE 0.26 (0.03, 0.49)* 0.52 (0.28, 0.75)*

*p<0.05



Can acute exercise improve (motor) memory?

Does timing and type of exercise matter?

Does acute exercise improve other types of memory?

Can acute and long-term exercise be combined to maximize learning?

Is the combination of acute and long-term exercise important to improve memory?

Can acute exercise improve (motor) memory?

CON

Acquisition Ret1h Ret 24h Ret 7dREST

PRE

Acquisition Ret 1h Ret 24h Ret 7dEXER

Skriver et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013N=32

Exercise

Winter et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007

AT task

Roig et al. PLoS One. 2012

Error Distance

AcquisitionR

MS

Erro

r D

ista

nce

15

20

25

30

35

Block1 Block2 Block3

CONPRE

p=0.19

Skriver et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013

RetentionR

MS

Erro

r D

ista

nce

15

20

25

30

35

Ret1h Ret24h Ret7d

CONPRE

p=0.001

p<0.001

Skriver et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013

Does the timing of exercise matter?

CON

POST

Acquisition

Acquisition

Ret1h

Ret 1h Ret 24h Ret 7d

Ret 24h Ret 7dREST

PRE


EXER

N=48 Roig et al. PLoS One. 2012

AcquisitionR

MS

Erro

r D

ista

nce

15

20

25

30

35

Block1 Block2 Block3

CONPREPOST

p=0.8


RetentionR

MS

Erro

r D

ista

nce

15

20

25

30

35

Ret1h Ret24h Ret7d

CONPREPOST

p=0.002

p<0.001


RetentionR

MS

Erro

r D

ista

nce

15

20

25

30

35

Ret1h Ret24h Ret7d

p<0.017

PREPOST


Does acute exercise improve other types of memory?

EX8

Ret 24h Ret 7d

EX0

Visual encoding

Ret 24h Ret 7d

EXER

EXER

8h

In progress

Visual encoding

N=17

REST

8h

Exposure=100 neutral pictures 1.5”

Retention=50 neutral pictures + 100 distractor

pictures 10”

10#

15#

20#

25#

30#

35#

40#

45#

50#

24h# 7days#

Pictures#re

called##

Does the type of exercise matter?

Skriver et al. Child Development (Submitted)N=77

CON

RUN

Acquisition

Acquisition

Ret1h

Ret 1h Ret 24h Ret 7d

Ret 24h Ret 7dRES

HOC


EXER

Lundbye-Jensen et al. (In progress)

Exe

rcis

e

Acquisitionbaseline

immediate retention

Acute effectimmediate retention

1h retention

Consolidation effectimmediate retention

24h retention

BaselineNo KR

ImmediateretentionNo KR

1hretentionNo KR

24hretention

No KR , KR

TrainingKR

*

Mot

or p

erfo

rman

ce

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70 Control Strength training CrossFit

Exe

rcis

e

Cha

nge

in M

otor

per

form

ance

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Acquisition

baselineimmediate retention

Acute effectimmediate retention

1h retention

Consolidation effectimmediate retention

24h retention

BaselineNo KR

ImmediateretentionNo KR

1hretentionNo KR

24hretention

No KR , KR

TrainingKR

*

N=30

CON

RES

Acquisition

Acquisition

Ret1h

Ret 1h Ret 24h

Ret 24hRES

CF

Acquisition Ret 1h Ret 24hEXER

EXER

Can acute and long-term exercise be combined to maximize learning?

N=180

IMMEDIATE

CONTROL

Math

Math

DELAYED

Math

EXER

REST

Lundbye-Jensen et al. In progress

EXER3.5h

x 20 (5 weeks)

x 20 (5 weeks)

x 20 (5 weeks)

PRE POST

Immediate Exercise Delayed Exercise Control Group

VO2m

ax -

estim

ated

32

34

36

38

40

42

44 Pre Post

* *


PRE

POST

PRE

POST

PRE

POST

Immediate Exercise Delayed Exercise Control Group% C

hang

e in

cor

rect

ly s

olve

d m

ath

prob

lem

s pr

e to

pos

t

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16 *


Is the combination of acute and long-term exercise important to

improve memory?

Hopkins et al. Neuroscience. 2012

VM

VM

VM

VM

VM

VM

VM

VM

Control

Long-term

Long-term + Acute

Acute

N=54

PRE POST

Hopkins et al. Neuroscience. 2012

CON LONG LONG+ACU ACU

Acc

urac

y (%

)PrePost

70

90 *p<0.05

Acute exercise improves memory

Exercising during the first stages of consolidation appears to be the most effective strategy

The coupling of the exercise stimulus with the memory formation process is essential

Rather than the type of exercise the physiological stimulus seems the key

Acute exercise can improve other (more declarative) types of memory

Long-term and acute exercise can be combined to maximize cumulative effects

Message

• Be smart, exercise (regularly) your heart to maintain cognition

• Combine different types of exercise at different intensities

• Place the exercise close to the exposure of information that you want to remember

• Combine acute and long-term exercise to maximize the effects on learning

CollaboratorsKU UBC

Jesper-Lundbye JensenJens Bo NielsenKasper SkriverRichard Thomas

Lara BoydCameron MangNicholas Snow

the effects of exercise on memory

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