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PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTSAND CIRCUITS

Lecture 1

Introduction

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Index

Classification of electronic products Classification of electronic components Electronic component and circuit element

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Classification of electronic products Electronic product - is an entity obtained in

industrial processes and scientific researches, whose functionality is based on the electrical conduction in semiconductors.

According to their complexity, the following descending hierarchy can be considered : Electronic systems Electronic apparatus/devices Constructive sub-assemblies: mechanical and electronic

sub-assemblies Electronic Components

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Electronic System Represents the most complex structure. It fulfills

specific electronic functions. It is connected with non-electronic systems (human, social, industrial).

Its components are located in the same area or spread on large geographical areas, even around the world.

Examples: TV broadcasting systems The Global Positioning System, GPS, contains a number of

24 satellites and ground equipment Phone systems: mobile and wired.

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Electronic Equipment It is still a complex structure; the sub-blocks of an

electronic equipment are structured so they can perform some of the functions of the system; usually the elements are located in a limited geographic area.

Examples The receiving equipment for a TV system consisting of

the satellite dish, the satellite receiver and the TV set. Music equipment: tuner, CD player, and others.

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Electronic Apparatus Represents a unitary construction, the functional

sub-blocks being located in a mechanical box, rack. The functions and performances of the apparatus

are described using specific technical terminology, such as: amplification, frequency bandwidth, band rate, clock frequency, etc

Sometimes, the apparatus are grouped together in order to make an equipment.

Examples: the TV set, the receiver, the oscilloscope.

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The Constructive Sub-assemblies Perform their function in the frame of a certain apparatus.

Can be electronics, mechanics or other nature (optics or thermal).

Are individualized by the technology used. The typical electronic sub-assembly is the Printed Circuit

Board (PCB). Electronic components and devices are mounted on this board and electrically connected using specific technologies. The board, representing an electronic circuit, and performs a certain function of the apparatus.

Examples: amplifier, power supply, central processing unit (CPU), memory board.

Sometimes a constructive sub-assembly coincides with a functional sub-assembly: power sources from different devices.

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Electronic Component Are some electronic pieces that can be assembled on a PCB. Generally, these components are produced by manufacturing

companies (brand names - Siemens, Philips, Intel, etc.) and are characterized by standardized parameters and performances. (are the same for all manufacturers). These are described in detail in manufacturer’s data-books or vendor’s application.

Examples: resistors, capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits, and so on.

The mechanical correspondent for the electronic component is the mechanical bench-mark, for example: the screw, the nut, and others.

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Product structure

Electronic systemElectronics equipment 1

Electronicsequipment 2

Electronicsequipment 2

Electronic device1 Electronicdevice 2

Electronicdevice 3

Sub-assam bly 1

Sub-assam bly 2

Sub-assam bly 3

Sub-assam bly k

Electroniccom ponents

Electroniccom ponents

Device

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Electronics components– defining and classification Electronic components: a distinctive piece,

characterized by some physical properties, with monolithic characters (cannot be decomposed in other elements usable in construction of electronic apparatus).

The electronic components can be classified according to different criteria: The first criterion distinguishes passive and active electronic

components, based on their capacity to transform or not the energy of direct current (d.c. energy) into energy of alternating current (a.c. energy)

The second criterion is based on the type of electrical carriers in the components.

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Passive and active components Passive components cannot transform the energy

of direct current into energy of alternating current. They cannot amplify electrical signals. Example: Resistors, Capacitors), Coils (Inductors), Diodes, etc.

Active components have the capability of transforming the energy of direct current into energy of alternating current. They amplify electrical signals (voltages and currents, power).

Examples: Transistors, Thyristors, Triacs, and Integrated Circuits, etc.

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Electrical components and electronic devices Electrical components are characterized by a

single type of charge carriers. Examples: resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.

Electronic devices (so-called electronic components) are characterized by two types of charge carriers (electrons and holes ). Examples: diodes, transistors, etc.

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Integrated Circuit (chip)

It is obtained when active and passive components are manufactured simultaneously on the semiconductor wafer, usually silicon.

The chip notion refers to silicon pad where the circuit is made.

Integrated circuit refers to encapsulated chip.

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Electronic components and circuit element Circuit element: is an

abstract, ideal element, reflecting only one property of the electronic component.

Example: resistance, capacitance, inductance, etc.

This property is symbolized by standardized symbols.

resistance

capacitance

inductance

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Relation between electronic components and circuit element An electronic component has more physical properties:

some electrics and some non-electrics: geometrical dimensions, weight, colour etc.

Generally, the electrical behaviour of an electronic component can be described only using more than one circuit element.

In the case of passive components, a circuit element describes the fundamental behaviour. resistor resistance capacitor capacitance inductor inductance

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Relation between electronic components and circuit element Electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors,

transistors, etc.) will be met in reality placed on PCBs, in apparatus, in specialized stores etc.

Circuit elements (resistance, capacitance, inductance) will be

met in electrical diagrams, symbolized electrical properties.

R1

V

C1

R3

C3L1

C2

R4 L2R2

Circuit elements

Electronic components

Relation between electronic components and circuit element

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