10/4/2001 Internet2

What is P2P? An overview of peer-to-

peer

David FuteyStanford University

October 4, 2001

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A little bit of history-1960/70s1969: ARPANET

Stanford Research Inst. (SRI), UCLA, UCSB, U. Of Utah October 29, 1969-first transmission UCLA->SRI Peer computing status among independent computing sites

1970s: 61 nodes on ARPANET (1975) ARPANET completed (1978) Usenet (1979)

Post and read messages No central control

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A little bit of history-1980/90s

1980s: DNS created to manage host names (1983)

Previously a file (hosts.txt) had to be transferred 2000 TCP/IP connected Internet hosts/networks

(1985) 56kbps connections between NFS sites (1986) T1 connections provide international access (1988)

1990s: ARPANET shuts down (1990) Expansion of Internet access

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A little bit of history-1999/2000

1999: May: Napster is born December: RIAA files suit against Napster

2000: Jan-Feb: Some universities begin blocking Napster

access May: Metallica suit June: RIAA seeks injunction

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2000... August:

Judge stays Napster injunction CANARIE/NLANR/Internet2 Techs meeting (Aug. 24):

“Punishing the traffic of one application, using the rough technology we currently have available, accelerates users migrating to new apps more difficult to identify.” Steve Wallace, Indiana University

Indiana University - one of the first served in Metallica lawsuit Napster blocked on a well known port basis ‘Students against Censorship’ started by IU students

Discussions on ResNet listserv appear Control and traffic monitoring/shaping LISTSERV.ND.EDU/archives/resnet-l.html

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2000 continued

September: “Blocking Napster is like standing before hundreds of hungry

jackals and shouting “Shoo!” to keep them from 400 pounds of raw hamburger.” (Chronicle, 9/21/00) Discussions on Educause’s

Discussions on CIO listserv (policy) October:

Internet2 Member Meeting (Atlanta, GA) BoF: Taming the bandwidth hogs…how can your campus do it. Ana Preston and Linda Roos. Attended by over 90

Creation of list to further discuss issues brought up at Internet2 BoF

listserv.utk.edu/archives/p2p.html

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2000: What did universities do?

Block access to Napster because: Liability for being a content provider Network performance

Not block access and wait… News.com: a third of U.S. colleges and universities

are blocking Napster Napster remained very much alive Something appears to be coming over the horizon...

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2001 Feb. 14 : 9th Circuit Ruling (Federal appeals court

sends injunction down to district court) Feb. 14-16: O’Reilly P2P Conference

Over 900 participants, but less than ten from universities.Application developers, venture capitalists, and lots of established companies as well as start ups

To explore the technical and business dimensions of the P2P space…

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2001 continued

March: By March 11, Napster “shall use reasonable measures

in identifying variations of the filename(s), or of the spelling of the titles or artists' names, of the works identified by plaintiffs.”

Spring Internet2 Member Meeting:- P2P thunderdome: The Impact of p2p apps on campuses- The Old is New Again: or is it, i.e., good uses of P2P in other areas other than file sharing: folding@home

educommons project - file sharing for education/NFS funding (educommons.org)

Pig-latin encoders (e.g. Aimster) changing song titles, new and better implementations of Gnutella and so on…

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2001 continued April:

April 10-11: Networking 2001The future of P2P applications

What policy (including legal) steps will be necessary to ensure campus bandwidth is used for its primary purposes - research, teaching and learning.

How will this be accomplished? Still reactive overtones May:

8th NLANR/I2 Joint Techs P2P in the research and education community Proactive approach to the P2P environment

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2001 continued

September: The Chronicle of Higher Education hosts a live discussion

on “Managing Students Insatiable Demand for Bandwidth.” September 27, 2001

“In this new round of bandwidth battles, Napster is a distant memory.” (The Chronicle, September 28, 2001)

Digital video/movie files of 200-800MB downloaded with KaZaA or similar P2P file sharing applications

Universities opting for user education and cooperation, bandwidth limiting, adding capacity, additional fees to cover bandwidth costs

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2001: Napster what??

Napigator iMesh Aimster JNerve Jungle Monkey BadBlue KaZaA Rapigator Mactella Softwax Wrapster Gnumm

eDonkey2000 FileCat Spyster Gnucleus SongSpy Toadnode FileAngel Gnutmeg Shoutcast Icecast Socks

AudioGalaxy Freenet Hotline Connect Blocks Mojo Nation Scour Gnutella Bodetella CuteMX Freeamp Riscter

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What is in a name: P2P

One way of looking at P2P: Illegal sharing of copyright material Subversion of intellectual property Super-distribution Lack of central control Excessive bandwidth usage Anonymity No security measures

But why not look at P2P in other ways.

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Other views of P2P

Applications utilizing broad range of resources Autonomy at the edge Centralization vs. decentralization

administration costs capability

YET, overlaid on this architecture are several levels of hierarchy

DNS: started out centralized but got too big The Web

the hyperlink (go to any site on the network, w/o central intervention) Now, web is client/server

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Pure P2P…

At its simplest form..

As noted P2P was at onset of the Internet…and even before…

• Telephones are P2P• Original UUCP implementation of Usenet• Even IP routing infrastructure is P2P: routers act as peers finding the best route from one point on the network to the another

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An example: Gnutella

May 31,2001- Hosts: 36,755 Files Available: 21,363,717

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Gnutella Host Count

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P2P: What it is and what it is not

A view of P2P: “Napster, and ideas and software that followed in its path. Two

general families of ideas are called peer to peer: decentralization and dark matter. Also known as P2P.” (Lucas Gonze, www.openp2p.com)

P2P involves “a class of applications that takes advantage of resources—storage, cycles, content, human presence—available at the edges of the Internet.” Clay Shirky, The Accelerator Group

Does it allow for variable connectivity and temporary network addresses?

Does it give the nodes at the edges of the network significant autonomy?

If the answer to both is yes, it’s P2P If the answer to either question is no, it’s not P2P

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P2P: What it is and what it is not

Content, choice and control are returned to ordinary users

Endpoints on the Internet, sometimes w/o knowing each other, exchange information and form communities

No more clients and servers (or the latter, retract themselves discreetly)

Significant communication takes place between cooperating peers

The Power of Disruptive Technologies, edited by Andy Oram, O’Reilly Books

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P2P: What it is and what it is not

P2P is representative of bigger ideological changes that are taking place: content, control and choice are returned to users (without the structure of the current Internet getting in the way).

Decentralization of information exchange Why individuals, lawmakers, governments, and corporations are involved.

intellectual property laws The possible markets out there (enterprise, research, education, ??)

P2P allows the end user to participate in the Internet again It returns the Internet to its original vision where everyone creates as well

as consumes Myriad of new projects, companies and discussion P2P is not a technology, but an idea, a mindset

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P2P: What it is and what it is not

P2P application functions/the P2P umbrella (as defined/”memed” out by O’Reilly and Assoc.)

File sharing Distributed computing Collaboration Searching/indexing/metadata/web-based Instant messaging Mobile devices[www.openp2p.com]

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P2P: Uses Utilization of unused computing and other resources

CPU Storage Other network resources Human

Other uses Plain "recreational” Education and learning Business to business model and research Not-for-profit Scientific problems

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P2P space: Distributed Computing

Distributed Collaboration Use under utilized Internet and/or network resources for

improving computation and data analysis MetaComputing,  CareScience,   DataSynapse,  Distributed.net, 

DistributedScience,  Entropia,  Parabon, The Open Lab 

Distributed Search Engines Used to easily lookup and share files and offer content

management BearShare, Filetopia, Hotline Connect, InfraSearch, Plebio, Jibe, 

LimeWire,  MusicBrainz.org,  NeuroGrid,  NextPage, Redfoot, Opencola, Project Pandango  

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P2P space: Collaboration/Development

Collaboration Cooperative publishing, gaming, messaging, group project

management. Secure environments are offered in some products.

BrowseUp,  CenterSpan, Engenia, Groove Networks,  ICQ, Ikimbo Oculus Technologies, Piper, Wannafree,  WorldStreet 

Development Frameworks Development tools and suites AgentWare,  Biz2Peer,  FirstPeer, Sun’s JXTA, Mithra,

OpenDesign,  PeerMetrics,  Planet 7 Technologies,  Redfoot 

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And a lot more...

Messaging Frameworks Messaging clients and suites Aimster,  BEEP,  ICQ, SashJab, IMPP,  Jabber,  Jabberzilla,  REBOL 

Metadata Cataloging and categorizing Jibe,  MusicBrainz.org,  PLATFORMedia LLC,  RDF, RSS 1.0, Xdegrees,  

XNS (eXtensible Name Service)  Reputation and Asset Management

Mojo Nation,  NextPage,  OpenPrivacy,  xS,  Yenta  Security

User, file and data access controls built in Endeavors Technology, Inc.,  Filetopia,  Flycode,  Intel IAS, myCIO.com,

OpenPrivacy, Texar Corporation 

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Naming Routing Messaging Searching Interoperability Security Trust Standards (?)

P2P: Technical Issues

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Interested in more?

P2P list listserv.utk.edu/p2p/archives.html

Resources www.peertopeercentral.com www.openp2p.com www.peertal.com www.peer-to-peerwg.org