· 1 where the poorest villages in egypt stand from the mdgs? progress towards achieving the mdgs...
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1
Where the poorest villages in Egypt stand from the MDGs?
Progress towards Achieving the MDGs in Egypt:
Comparison of the Situation at the Poorest Villages to the National Level
By: Basant Yousif and Eman Refaat
Set by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as human development goals to be achieved by 2015
and adopted by world leaders in 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) provide a framework for
the entire international community to work together towards a common end, thereby making sure that human
development reaches everyone, everywhere. The MDGs also provide concrete, numerical benchmarks for
different dimensions of human development that, if achieved, would cut world poverty by half, save tens of
millions of lives, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from global economy. The eight
MDGs are:
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
These eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators. Thus a
framework is provided for the entire UN system to work coherently towards a common end. The MDGs can be
achieved through sound national development policies, effective investment in key human development sectors
and international support. This is true even in the poorest countries and those recovering from conflict and
natural disasters.
Less than Two Years to the Deadline!!
April 5th, 2013 marked the 1000-day milestone until the 2015 target date to achieve the MDGs. All countries
will have to report on their progress towards achieving the MDGs. In Egypt it is important to measure the
progress on regular intervals to get a sense of what would be achieved by the target date and to take corrective
2
measures to improve the achievement rate. However, measuring the progress towards the MDGs provides a
picture of the achievement of human development indicators at the national level; i.e. using averages of data
representing the national level. This does not provide enough representation of the conditions of the most
vulnerable groups, who mostly exist in the countryside, hence does not sufficiently inform social development
policies at a time when Egypt is keen on progressing on the path of social justice.
This paper attempts to compare the situation of human development at the national level to the level of the
poorest 151 villages in Egypt, where 84% of citizens are poor, using the MDGs benchmarks with a view to
testing and highlighting evident inequalities between the two levels. The results of the paper, hence, points out
the legitimate need of the Egyptian government to continue its strategy of spatial targeting of poverty through
the continuation of the 1000 villages program.
This paper analyzes data from two surveys; these two surveys are conducted as part of the monitoring
and evaluation system with regard to the poorest 1000 village government initiative in Egypt1. The first survey
include 151 poor villages in the 1000 poorest villages in Egypt in the period between November-December
2009, and the second survey is Maternal Child Health (MCH) on 109 villages which is also a part of the 1000
poorest villages in January 2011. For national level, the data is from The official United Nation Site for MDGs
indicators2.
1 The first phase of the initiative consists of choosing the poorest 151 village according to the poverty map definition (designed by the World Bank and the Egyptian ministry of planning). 2http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx.Demographic and Health Survey of Egypt 2008 (DHS) and Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey,
HIECS 2010/2011 were used.
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uffer from hu
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1990 199
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91 1992 1993 1
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Figure:
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9 2000 2001 20
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onsumption
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2003 2004 2005
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%
2000 2001
DP per perso
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9.20
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5 2006 2007 20
hares of nati
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-poor polici
work for
led to a highot last long;
-1.19%
2002 2003 2
on employed
0%
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08 2009 2010 2
ional consum
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ies, target o
all, includi
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2011 2012
mption of the
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1990 1991 1
42%
64%
20%
0%
20%
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60%
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100%
1990
1.5 Emp
ployment-to-her among m36% among
1.6 Prop
bally, 456 mhe national lt down to 1.3
3.10%
1992 1993 1994
1.6 Propo
39% 46% 4
62% 70%71%
16% 21% 19%
1991 1992 1993
ployment‐to
-population rmen than wom
women.
portion of e
million workelevel, the pr3% in 2005.
1.70%
1995 1996 1997
ortion of empl
45%46%
45%
% 72% 71% 7
% 19% 18%
3 1994 1995 199
1.
o‐population
ratio slightlymen and it i
mployed pe
ers lived beloroportion of
%
7 1998 1999 20
loyed people li
% 42% 44
2% 70% 7
12%
16%
96 1997 1998 19
.5 EmploymeTotal
nratio
y fluctuated s even highe
eople living
ow the poveemployed p
6
1.20%
000 2001 2002 2
iving below $1
4% 45% 4
72% 71%
17% 16%
999 2000 2001 2
nt-to-populatMen
between 39er in the 151
below $1 (P
erty line in 2people living
2003 2004 2005
1 (PPP) per da
44% 41%
68%
15%
2002 2003 2004
tion ratioWome
9% and 45.81 poor villag
PPP) per da
2011, each wg below $1 p
1.30%
2006 2007 200
ayconsumptio
47% 44%
74% 70%71%
18%
17%
2005 2006 2007
en
8% from 199ges in Egypt
ay
worker earninper day was
08 2009 2010 20
on
46%
%
20%
Poo
7 2008 2009 201
90 to 2007. t; 56%: 76%
ng less thans 3.1% in 19
011 2012
orest villages56%
10 2011 2012
This ratio i% among men
$1.25 a day991 and then
s n
y. n
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0
10
20
30
40
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Globawas ethe nahigh characof con
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1990 1991 1992
1.
10.5%
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1990 1991
1.7 Prop
ally, vulneraestimated byational levelamong womcterized by antributing fam
s target ismenintheE
get1.C:Hal
1.8 Prev
14% 14%1
%9% 9
33%
34%
3
2 1993 1994 1
.7 Proportion
% 8.2%
1 1992 1993 199
1.8 Pr
portion of o
able employm49.1 per cen, it fluctuate
men. These a low growtmily worker
not likelyEgyptianso
lve,betwee
valence of u
13% 13%
9% 9%
30% 30%
995 1996 1997
of own-accou
T
10.8%1
94 1995 1996 19
revalence of
own-account
ment —insent of the totaed from 9.3%
proportionsth in the formrs, there is lik
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underweight
12%11% 12%
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26%
1998 1999 200
unt and contrib
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10.2%
9.4%
997 1998 1999
f underweig
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ievedby2histargetis
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7
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%17%
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00 2001 2002 2
buting family
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2000 2001 2002
ght children
ibuting fam
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al of a largmy and a larg
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2003 2004 2005
workers in to
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8.7% 5
2 2003 2004 200
n under-five
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more likelywith a decr
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useof thepovertyw
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ears of age
13%14%
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33%34%
2006 2007 200
otal employme
.4%
05 2006 2007 20
years of ag
s in total em
y to be held rease from 5993 – 2007; of the agricunomy. Whenob growth a
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08 2009 2010
ent
6.8%
Poor1
008 2009 2010 2
ge
mployment
by women 54.4 per cent
the proportiultural secto
n there is a land widespre
s that facese.
ferfromhu
2011 2012
rest villages 14.10%
2011 2012
and youth—t in 1991. Aion was veryor, which ilarge numbeead poverty.
youth and
unger
—At
y s r
d
AbouDespChildit wapoormaln
GTti
SumAccois hi
8Mate9Sour
1
2
3
4
5
ut 850 milliopite some prdren in ruralas 10.5% in r villages wnutrition.
1.9 Prop
Globally, theThis is due tthe nationalmprovemen
mmary: ording to thigher than t
ernal Child Herce: SOFI 2011
0%
0%
20%
30%
40%
50%
1990 199
on people, oogress, nearl areas are ne1991 and d
was higher b
portion of p
e proportion to the fact thl level, it w
nt9.This targe
he above figthat at the
alth survey.
1.
91 1992 1993 19
1.9 Propo
r nearly 15 ply one in fivearly twice a
decreased ovby about 14
population b
of populatiohat more thawas 5 %; et is possible
gure, the pernational lev
994 1995 1996 1
ortion of popu
percent of thve children uas likely to bver 17 years 4.1%8 than
below minim
on below mian 42 million
this propore to be achie
rcentage of vel because
1997 1998 1999
ulation below m
8
he global popunder the agebe underweig
and becamethe nationa
mum level o
inimum leven people havrtion remaineved by 201
employmen agricultura
2000 2001 2002
minimum leve
pulation, aree of five in thght as those e 6.8 % in 2
al percentage
f dietary en
el of dietaryve been uprned constan15 if posi ve
nt to populaal labor is h
2 2003 2004 20
el of dietary en
e estimated tohe developinin urban are
2008. But the in 1990 b
nergy consu
y consumptiorooted by cont during 1e changes ta
ation ratio ihighly dem
05 2006 2007 2
nergy consum
o be undernong world is ueas. At the nhe prevalencbecause of
mption
on was 13 %onflict or per1990-2011ke place.
in the 151 pmanded in vi
2008 2009 2010
mption
ourished. underweightational levelce in the 15poverty and
% in 2006/08rsecution. Awithout any
poor villageillages. Yet
5%
2011 2012
. l, 1 d
8. At
y
s t,
9
given the very low payment of such labor and its irregular pattern, the poverty rate in the 151 villages is still higher than the national level. Reducing the proportion of population below $1 (ppp) per day to half was achieved at the national level, while in the 151 poor villages the same proportion is in deterioration, it was 55% in 2009. Therefore, there is a need for geographical targeting and for supporting poor families in order to reduce the proportion. Also, transferring a higher degree of consumption to raise the poor above the poverty line is needed in order to reduce the poverty gap in the 151 poor villages and achieve an acceptable poverty gap.
Eduindigend
Targcom
Globfrom
In 20in suprim
85%
90%
95%
100%
1990
ucation is a fvidual freedder gap in p
get 2.A: Enmpleteafull
2.1Net
2.2Pro
2.3Lite
2.1Net
bally, enrolmm 82 per cent
010, 61 milliub-Saharan
mary educati
1991 1992 1993
G
fundamentaldom and emprimary edu
nsure thatlcourseof
tenrolment
oportionofp
eracyrateo
tenrolment
ment in primt in 1999.Th
ion children Africa. At ton increased
1994 1995 1996
2.1 N
Goal Tw
l human righmpowermentucation are t
t, by 2015,primarysc
tratioinpri
pupilsstarti
f15‐24year
tratioinpri
mary educatiis means tha
of primary the nationald during 20
92
95
88%
6 1997 1998 199
Net enrolmen
Total
wo: Ach
ht and essent and yieldsthe main tas
, childrenchooling
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r‐old,wome
imaryeduca
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school age w level in Eg
000-2010 an
10
2%93%
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9
% 96%96%
97
%90%
91%
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99 2000 2001 20
t ratio in prim
Boys
ieve Un
ntial for the s important sks which w
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ation
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ation
oping regionthan ever ar
were out of sgypt, the sit
nd the gende
95%
96%97%
7%98%
99%
93%94%
96%
9
002 2003 2004 2
mary educati
Girls
niversa
practice of developmen
were adopted
ere, boys a
lastgradeo
ns reached 9re attending p
school. Moretuation imprer gap narro
97%
95%
98%
100%
97%
100%
95%93%
95%
2005 2006 2007 2
ion
s
l Prima
all other hunt benefits. d by the dif
g
and girls a
fprimary
90 per cent primary sch
e than half oroved as theowed down.
Theleve
98%
% 100%
96%
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ary Edu
uman rights. Reducing d
fferent and governments
alike, will
in 2010, whhool.
of them (33 me net enrolm. Net enrolm
e poorest villael
96%
2011 2012
ucation
It promotesdropout andconsecutive
s since 1990.
be able to
hich went up
million) werement ratio inment ratio in
ages'
sde
o
p
e n n
primtotal
G2nypc
85%
90%
95%
100%
105%
1990
mary educatiol Egypt in 19
2.2Pro
Globally, the2012 which mnational leveyear who arepercentage incould reach 1
0 1991 1992 199
2.2 Prop
on is expect990, which m
oportionofp
e proportion means that mel, the cohore expected toncreased dur100% by 20
93 1994 1995 199
ortion of pu
ted to increameans that m
pupilsstarti
of pupils stamore effort irt of pupils eo reach gradering the peri15.
96%
100
91%
96 1997 1998 19
upils startin
Total
ase by 2015.more targeting
inggrade1
arting grade is necessaryenrolled in ge 5 fluctuateiod 2009-20
11
%94%
93%
92
0%
98%
96%
9
91% 90%9
999 2000 2001 20
ng grade 1 w
Boys
. This ratio g is needed t
whoreachl
1 who reachto enroll abo
grade 1 of thed from 92.110. There is
2%93%
95%
9
93%
95%
97%
10
91% 91%
93%
002 2003 2004 2
who reach la
Girls
in the 151 pto increase t
lastgradeo
h final gradeout 61 milliohe primary l% to 101%
s a narrow ge
97%
93%
96%
01%
94%
98%
92% 90%
9
2005 2006 2007
ast grade of
poor villagethe percentag
ofprimary
e of primaryon who remalevel of eduin the periodender gap an
%
99%
100%
93%97%
2008 2009 2010
f primary
s was lowerge.
y education wain out of sc
ucation in a d of 1999-20nd the femal
101%
2011 2012
r than that in
was 90.2% inchool. At thegiven schoo010. But, thile proportion
n
n e
ol s n
Gepob
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990
2.3Lit
Gender gapsevery 100 yopeople (15-2of both sexeby 13%.
1991 1992 1993
2.3
teracyrateo
s in youth litoung men in 24 years old)s. In the 151
1994 1995 1996
Literacy r
of15‐24yea
teracy rates 2010, comp who can rea
1 poor villag
6 1997 1998 1999
rate of 15-2
Total
ar‐old,wome
are also narpared with 9ad and writeges the litera
12
9 2000 2001 200
4 year-old,
Men
enandmen
rrowing. Glo0 women in
e is higher amacy rate was
85%
90
79%
02 2003 2004 20
women and
Women
n
obally, theren 1990. At thmong males 80.3% and
% 85%
0% 88%
82%
005 2006 2007 2
d men
e were 95 lihe national le
and was refis higher am
8
91%
8Poorest vill
80%
008 2009 2010 2
iterate youngevel, the numflected in themong males
88%
%
84%lages
2011 2012
g women fomber of adule literacy ratethan female
r lt e s
Sum
Accoloweacceto thhighlevel
Thisclass
mmary:
ording to theer than the nss to primar
he national raher than natiol.
s goal is liks density esp
e above figuational averay had an equate; it is 80.onal gender
kely to be acpecially in p
ure, the net eage (85% couitable cover3% and 87.5gap. Thus, t
chieved by poor villages
enrolment ratompared to 9rage. Also, l5% respectivthere is no h
2015 if Egys.
13
tion in prima98%). This sliteracy rate vely. Moreo
huge differen
ypt succeed
ary educatioshows that prof (15-24) y
over, the gennce between
ds in reduci
on in the poorevious goveyears-old in tnder gap in 1
the nationa
ing dropout
orest 151 vilernment effothe poor vill151 poor vill level and p
t rates and
llages is a biorts to ensurelages is closelages is littlepoor villages
eliminating
it e e e s'
g
elimbefoandparl
Targand
Targand
Gace
8
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990
The Egmination ofore2015.Bneedsmoliamentiss
get3.A:Eliinalllevel
3.1Rat
3.2Sha
3.3Pro
get3.A:Eliinalllevel
3.1Rat
Globally, theand in tertiarcan be elimieducation is
83%
1991 1992 1993
GoalT
gyptian gof gender gaButtheshaore targetinstilllesstha
iminategenlsofeducat
tiosofgirlst
areofwome
oportionofs
iminategenlsofeducat
tiosofgirlst
e ratio of girry educationnated by 20mandatory b
1994 1995 1996
3.1 Rat
Three:P
overnmentap.At theareofwomng toreducan50%an
nderdispationnolate
toboysinp
eninwagee
seatsheldb
nderdispationnolate
toboysinp
rls to boys inn was 108%015. But in tby law for bo
91%
1997 1998 1999
tios of girls t
romoteG
s during 1education
meninwagece thegapndisnotexp
arityinprierthan201
rimary,seco
employment
bywomenin
arityinprierthan201
rimary,seco
n primary ed. At the natithe 151 pooroth sexes.
14
92%
93%
94%
9 2000 2001 2002
to boys in p
GenderE
1990‐2012al level, geeemploym.Finally, thpectedtob
maryand15
ondaryand
tinthenon‐
nnationalpa
maryand15
ondaryand
ducation wasional level, r villages, th
%
95% 96%
94%
2 2003 2004 2005
primary edu
Equality
were achender gapsmentinnonheproportbeachieved
secondary
tertiaryedu
‐agricultura
arliament
secondary
tertiaryedu
s 97% in 20gender gap
he gender ga
94%
95% 9
Po
5 2006 2007 2008
ucation
andEmp
hieving a gs are veryn‐agricultutionofseadby2015.
yeducation
ucation
alsector
yeducation
ucation
10, in seconin primary
ap is somew
96%96%
oorest villages 91.83%
8 2009 2010 201
powerW
great progrlikely tob
uralsectoratsheldby
n,preferabl
n,preferabl
ndary educatieducation is
what wide alt
1 2012
Women
ress in thebe realizedisverylowywomen in
lyby2005
lyby2005
ion was 97%s narrow andthough basic
edwn
5,
5,
% d c
Igt
TBa
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990
In secondarygap still existhan girls. Th
Tertiary educBut in the 1average, abo
3.2Sha
59%
1991 1992 1993
79%
1991 1992 1993
y education, sts and is abhis can point
cation increa151 poor vilut 38.76%.
areofwome
3 1994 1995 199
3.1 Ra
1994 1995 1996
3.1 Rat
all over Egybout 25.75 %t out to impo
ased during llages, the g
eninwagee
6 1997 1998 199
tios of girls
6 1997 1998 1999
tios of girls t
ypt, the gend%, meaning ortant social
1991-2010 agender gap
employment
15
99 2000 2001 20
to boys in t
91%
92%
93
9 2000 2001 200
to boys in se
der gap is almthat the trenphenomena
and the gendin this type
tinthenon‐
7
002 2003 2004 20
tertiary edu
3%
93%
94
02 2003 2004 20
econdary ed
most eliminand is that ma such as earl
der gap was e of educati
‐agricultura
77%
005 2006 2007 2
ucation
4%
005 2006 2007 20
ducation
ated. But in tmore boys go
ly marriage
significantlyion is much
alsector
Poorest villa61.24%
2008 2009 2010
96%
Poorest villa74.25%
008 2009 2010 2
the 151 pooro to secondafor girls.
y decreased h wide than
91%
ages %
2011 2012
96%
ages
2011 2012
r villages, theary education
around 10%the nationa
e n
%. al
1
Globnatioof tosectoEgyp
GwfR
1
1
2
21%
19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
00%
1990 19
bally, the shonal level, thotal employmor includes ipt, which wa
3.3Pro
Globally, thewomen reprefemale ratio Revolution b
3.9%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
1990 199
%
18%
19%
991 1992 1993 1
3.2 Shar
hare of womhe share of wment in the industry andas so low, ab
oportionofs
e proportionesentation in
increased tbroke out. Th
91 1992 1993 19
3.3 Pro
19%
19%
1994 1995 1996
e of women
men in wagewomen in wasector slight
d services. Inbout 13.7%.
seatsheldb
n of seats ocn the nationato 12.7%, buhis proportio
2
994 1995 1996 1
oportion of s
19%
20%
21%
1997 1998 1999
in wage em
e employmenage employmtly fluctuaten the 151 poThis percent
bywomenin
cupied by wal parliamenut this ratio
on is not exp
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
1997 1998 1999
seats held by
16
19%
21%
22
9 2000 2001 20
mployment i
nt in the noment in the nd during 19oor villages,tage is not ex
nnationalpa
women was nt didn't exceo lasted for pected to incr
2.0% 2.4%
2000 2001 2002
y women in
2%
20%
19%
1
002 2003 2004 2
in the non-a
on-agriculturnon-agricultu91-2009 but, the situatioxpected to b
arliament
19.7%. At teed more thanot more threase by 201
%
2.4%
2.4%
2.9%
2 2003 2004 200
n national pa
18%
18%
19%
2005 2006 2007
agricultural
ral sector wural sector et was still lo
on was not dbe achieved b
the national an 12 femalhan a month15.
%
2.0%
2.0% 1
05 2006 2007 20
arliament
18%18%
Poorest vi13.70%
2008 2009 201
l sector
was 39.6 in 2xpressed as ow. The nondifferent fromby 2015.
level, durine members.
h when the
1.8%.8%1.8%
008 2009 2010 2
illages %0 2011 2012
2010. At thea percentage
n-agriculturam the rest o
g 1990-2012In 2010, theJanuary 25t
12.7%
2.0%
2011 2012
e e
al f
2 e th
S
AratFawf
Summary:
According torespect to seand early matargeting theFurthermoreand the poorwomen still fields usually
o figure 3 thcondary andarriage in rue 151 poore, the share orest villagesneeds speci
y target urba
here is a cond tertiary eduural areas, paest villages of women ins are no excial attentionan areas.
siderable gaucation as a articularly pshould only
n wage emplception. Hown in the poor
17
ap between tresult of the
poorest villagy continue, loyment andwever, the arest villages
the national e high dropoges. This mebut also in
d in parliameactivation ofs as the geo
level and thout rates in teans that the
nclude gendentary electif the economographic sco
he 151 poor vthese levelse developmeer promotioions is low amic and poliope of progr
villages withof education
ent programon programsacross Egypitical role orams in such
h n s
s. pt f h
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sincsocioin 20
Targ
Targ
Globmadeand 1000
80.8
76.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 1991 1
e 1990, Egoeconomic t008 when it w
get4.A:Red
4.1Und
4.2Infa
4.3Pro
get4.A:Red
4.1Und
bally there ise significant2008. The ra0 live births;
71.2
66.8 6
58
1992 1993 1994
4
GoalF
gypt adoptetargeting is nwas reduced
ducebytw
der‐fivemo
antmortalit
oportionof1
ducebytw
der‐fivemo
s about 57 dt progress cate at the po this rate is a
62.4
8.554.6
51.0
1995 1996 199
4.1 Under-f
Four:Re
d social prneeded to cod by two- thi
wo‐thirds,b
rtalityrate
tyrate
1year‐oldc
wo‐thirds,b
rtalityrate
deaths per 10oncerning th
oorest villageacceptable c
47.6
97 1998 1999 2
five mortalit
duceChi
rotection ofontinue progrirds. There is
etween19
hildrenimm
etween19
000 live birthe under-fives was higheomparable t
18
44.4
41.5
38.
2000 2001 2002
ty rate (per
ildMorta
f children inress at all levs a remarkab
90and201
munizedaga
90and201
ths. At the nve-year childer than the Eo the global
.7
36.3
33.9
31.6
2 2003 2004 20
1000 live b
ality
n its policyvels. The unble increase i
15,theund
ainstmeasle
15,theund
national leved mortality rEgyptian nataverage.
6
29.5
27.6
2
005 2006 2007
irths)
y agenda. Mnder-five moin measles c
der‐fivemo
es
der‐fivemo
el, over the prate, reducedtional rate w
25.8 24.1
22.5
Poor
2008 2009 2010
More geogrortality rate wcoverage.
ortalityrate
ortalityrate
past 20 yeard by 70% b
which was ab
21.1
rest villages 36.6
0 2011 2012
raphical andwas achieved
e
e
rs, Egypt haetween 1990bout 36.6 pe
d d
s 0 r
1
Gcap(
Gvbs1
59.7
56.7
0
20
40
60
80
100
1990 199
89%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990
4.2Infa
Globally, thecurrently 9 oabout one hprogress in r(about 28.1 p
4.3Pro
Globally, thevaccine is abbeen decreassystem in the151 poor vill
53.6
50.8
1 1992 1993 19
89%
89%
89%
8
1991 1992 1993
4.3
antmortalit
ere are abouout of 10 dealf of these reducing theper 1000 live
oportionof1
e percentagebout 85%. Asing. The inde country. Imlages the pro
47.9
45.342.
40
994 1995 1996
4.2 Infant
%
89%
92%
92%
1994 1995 1996
3 Proportion
tyrate
ut 44 deaths aths of childdeaths occu
e number of e births) alth
1year‐oldc
e of childrenAt the nationa
dicator provmmunizationoportion was
7
0.237.8
1997 1998 1999
t mortality r
98%
96%
6 1997 1998 199
n of 1 year-
of children udren under tur during th
f infant morthough most o
hildrenimm
n under one yal level, the
vides a measn is an essens very low, a
19
35.6
33.5
3
9 2000 2001 200
rate (per 10
98%
97%
9
9 2000 2001 200
old children
under 12 mothe age of 5 he first montality. The 1of these poor
munizedaga
year of age situation im
sure of the ctial compon
about 50.30%
31.5
29.7
28.0
26
02 2003 2004 2
00 live birth
97%
98%
97%
98
02 2003 2004 20
n immunize
onths per 10 take place
nth of the in51 poor villr villages are
ainstmeasle
who have remproved duricoverage andnent for reduc%.
6.2
24.6
23.2
2005 2006 2007
hs)
%
98% 97%
005 2006 2007 2
ed against m
000 live birthbefore the cnfant’s life. lages also ace in rural Up
es
eceived at leing 1998-200d the qualitycing under-f
21.8 20.4
19.1
Poor
2008 2009 201
92%95%
96%
Poorest v50.30
2008 2009 2010
measles
hs. At the nachild's first b
Egypt achichieved a grpper Egypt.
east one dos07 and sincey of the childfive mortalit
118.0
rest villages 28.1
10 2011 2012
%
villages 0%
2011 2012
ational levelbirthday, andeved a greareat progres
se of measlee 2008, it had health-carety rate. In the
l, d at s
s s e e
Sum
Accois inmeasneed
Egypcert
mmary:
ording to fign the same rsles is very l
ded.
pthasachtaingeogra
gure 4, the sirange of thelow in the 1
hievedagraphicalare
ituation of me national si51 poor villa
reatprogreeasintoco
mortality rateituation, butages, which
ess inreduonsideratio
20
es of childret the proporindicates th
ucingchildonsuchas
en under fivertion of 1 yehat more targ
dmortalitthe151po
e and infant ear old chilgeting of poo
tyrates,buoorestvill
in the 151 pdren immunor areas of th
utstillneelages.
poor villagenized againshis service i
edstotake
s st s
e
estab
there
woul
influ
integ
mort
strat
Targ
Targ
5.1
Wor
in 20
level
ratio
230
blished that
e are 20 oth
ld require in
uenced by th
grated mana
tality and in
egies and int
get 5.A: Red
5.1 Ma
5.2 Pro
get 5.B: Ach
5.3 Con
5.4 Ado
5.5 Ant
5.6 Unm
Matern
rldwide, ma
010 worldwi
l is still far
o from 1990
in 1990 to 6
Goal F
Maternal h
for every w
hers who suf
ntensive att
he national
agement of c
ncreasing acc
terventions.
duce the ma
aternal morta
oportion of b
hieve univer
ntraceptive p
olescent birth
tenatal care c
met need for
nal mortali
aternal morta
ide, which in
from that w
until 2010 (m
6 in 2010, w
ive: Imp
health goes b
woman who d
ffer from pre
ention to re
efforts to r
child health
cessibility to
This goal in
aternal mor
ality ratio
irths attende
rsal access t
prevalence ra
h rate
coverage (at
r family plann
ity ratio
ality has nea
ndicates a d
which is inten
most update
which is estim
prove Ma
beyond the s
dies from ca
egnancy-rela
eproductive
reduce child
and diseas
o reproducti
ncludes two t
rtality ratio
ed by skilled
to reproduc
ate
least one vis
ning
arly halved s
ecline of 47
nded to be a
ed) shows tha
mated by a d
21
aternal H
survival of p
auses related
ated illnesse
health inclu
d mortality,
e initiative.
ive care hav
targets and s
by three qu
health perso
tive health b
sit and at leas
since 1990. A
per cent fro
achieved in 2
at Egypt is v
decrease of n
Health
pregnant wom
d to pregnan
es or experie
uding family
achieve va
Improving
ve been key
six indicator
uarters betw
onnel
by 2015
st four visits)
An estimate
om the rate e
2015. In Eg
very close to
nearly 71% a
men and mo
ncy or childb
ence other s
y planning.
accination co
maternal he
concerns of
rs, as follows
ween 1990 a
)
ed 287,000 m
estimated si
gypt, the tren
o the 2015 ta
as shown in f
others, since
birth, it is es
severe conse
Progress on
overage, and
ealth, reduci
f several na
s:
nd 2015
maternal dea
nce 1990. H
nd of matern
arget as it dec
figure 5.1.
it is globally
stimated tha
equences tha
n MDG 5 i
d implemen
ing materna
ational health
aths occurred
However, thi
nal mortality
creased from
y
at
at
s
nt
al
h
d
s
y
m
In E
this p
The
behin
whic
In Eg
not b
not v
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
20
40
60
80
100
5.2 P
gypt, progre
proportion h
progress ach
nd the 1990
ch reveal a b
5.3 Co
gypt, contrac
been a high i
very wide, th
230
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 1991 1992
36.540.7
1990 1991 1992
Proportion
ess has been
has more than
hieved at the
proportions
big gap in the
ontraceptive
ceptive prev
increase esp
he poorest ar
2 1993 1994 19
5.1: Mate
746
2 1993 1994 199
5.2: Pro
n of births
made in inc
n doubled fr
e national lev
s; only 12.3%
e poorest vil
e prevalence
valence rate h
ecially since
re still laggin
150
995 1996 1997
ernal morta
6.356.4 5
95 1996 1997 1
oportion of
attended
creasing the
rom 1990 (36
vel has not b
% of births a
lages compa
e rate
has increased
e 2003. Even
ng behind th
10
1998 1999 2000
ality ratio pe
55.260.9
1998 1999 2000
births atten
22
by skilled
proportion o
6.5%) until 2
been attained
at the poores
ared to the na
d from 47.6%
n if the gap b
he 1998 natio
00
0 2001 2002 20
er 100,000 li
69.4
2001 2002 2003
nded by skil
d health pe
of births atte
2008 (79%)
d at the poor
st level are a
ational avera
% in 1990 to
between the
onal rates.
78
03 2004 2005 2
ive births - A
474.2
3 2004 2005 20
lled health p
ersonnel
ended by sk
.
rest level for
attended by
age.
o 60.3% in 2
national lev
2006 2007 2008
Across year
78.9
006 2007 2008
personnel
killed health
r the latter is
skilled healt
2008. Howev
vel and poore
66
2009 2010 201
rs
Poorest villa12.3
2009 2010 2011
personnel a
s still lagging
th personnel
ver, there ha
est villages i
11 2012
ages
1 2012
s
g
l,
s
s
Wor
adol
10 o
prog
In E
deve
below
0
20
40
60
80
100
1
3
6
9
12
15
5.4 A
rldwide, leve
escent wom
r less per 10
gress has slow
Egypt, adole
eloping coun
w the 1990 n
47.6 47.1
1990 1991 1992
68.8
0
0
60
90
20
0
1990 1991 199
Adolescent
els of adole
en (15-19) y
000 women i
wed.
scent birth r
ntries, but m
national leve
1 47
2 1993 1994 199
66.9
92 1993 1994 1
birth rate
escent birth
years-old. Th
is regarded a
rate has dec
may be regard
el since 133
.95
95 1996 1997 1
5.3: C
53.4
995 1996 1997
5.4: Adol
e
rate range
he rate of 50
as low. Few
creased sinc
ded a high r
per 1000 tee
51.756.1
998 1999 2000
Contracepti
1998 1999 2000
lescent birth
23
from less
0 or more per
er teens are
ce 1990 to 4
rate accordin
en women ar
60
2001 2002 2003
ive prevalen
48
0 2001 2002 20
h rate per 1
than 2 to a
r 1000 wom
having child
49.5 which
ng to UN ta
re having ch
0 59.2
3 2004 2005 20
nce rate
49.5
003 2004 2005 2
1000 women
approximate
men is consid
dren in most
is not high
argets. The p
hildren.
60.3
006 2007 2008 2
Poores1
2006 2007 2008
n
ely 230 birth
dered high an
t developing
if compare
poorest villa
Poorest villag51.3
2009 2010 2011
t villages 133
8 2009 2010 201
hs per 1000
nd the rate o
g regions, bu
d with othe
ages are even
ges
1 2012
11 2012
0
f
ut
r
n
Wor
regio
visit)
natio
For
poor
Wor
contr
plann
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
5.5 A
rldwide, mor
ons most in
) since 1990
onal levels.
the at-least-
rest villages
5.6 U
rldwide, the
raceptive us
ning, also at
52.1 52.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 1991 1992
22.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 1991 1992
Antenatal c
re pregnant
need. In Eg
0, which reac
-four-visits i
are still lagg
Unmet need
unmet nee
se. However
t the national
9
39
2 1993 1994 19
528
2 1993 1994 199
5
care cover
women are
gypt, trends r
ched 73.6%.
indicator, th
ging behind t
d for fami
ed for famil
r, in the poo
l level the pe
9.1
524
95 1996 1997 1
5.5 : Antena
8.3 31.8 3
95 1996 1997 1
5.5 : Antena
rage (at lea
receiving ca
reveal a gen
. The poores
he increase
the national
ily plannin
ly planning
orest villages
ercentage is
47.252.9
1998 1999 2000
atal care co
33.1 36.7
998 1999 2000
atal care cov
24
ast one vis
are with the
neral increas
st villages ar
has tripled
rates before
ng
remains pe
s in Egypt t
promising to
68.
2001 2002 200
verage (at l
55.6
2001 2002 2003
verage (at le
sit and at l
recommend
e in the ante
re lagging be
since 1990
e 2003.
ersistently h
there are aro
o some exten
.7 69.6
03 2004 2005 20
least one vis
6 58.5
3 2004 2005 200
east four vis
least four
ded frequenc
enatal care c
ehind more t
and reache
high in regi
ound 12.9%
nt (11.6%).
73.6
Poore
006 2007 2008
sit)
66
Poorest44
06 2007 2008 2
sits)
visits)
cy, but gaps
coverage (of
than 10 year
d 66% in 2
ions with lo
unmet need
est villages 56.5
2009 2010 201
t villages 4.8
009 2010 2011
still exist in
f at least one
rs behind the
2008 and the
ow levels o
ds for family
1 2012
2012
n
e
e
e
f
y
Sum
In E
diffe
How
that
the n
poor
cove
gap b
natio
poor
mmary:
Egypt, the si
erent indicat
wever, when
a wide gap a
national leve
rest villages
erage and co
between the
onal level in
rest villages
ituation at th
tors of Goal
comparing t
at all indicat
el compared
are 12.9%
ontraceptive
e national lev
n improving
is essential.
he national
l 5, which r
this national
tors reached
d to 12% in
compared t
prevalence
vel and the p
maternal he
level shows
reveals that
l situation to
67% in the
the poorest
o 11.9% at
rates that lo
poorest villa
ealth. The co
25
s a big progr
the majorit
o the situatio
e births atten
villages). A
the nationa
ook closer th
ges' level. T
oncentration
ress accordi
ty of indica
on of the poo
nded by skill
Also the unm
al level. Ev
han other ind
The poorest v
of maternal
ing to the m
ators will re
orest village
led health pe
met needs fo
ven when co
dicators, the
villages are
l health gove
most recent v
each the targ
es in Egypt,
ersonnel (79
or family pla
onsidering an
ere is still a
lagging year
ernment pro
values of the
get of 2015
it was found
9% percent a
anning in the
ntenatal care
considerable
rs behind the
ograms at the
e
5.
d
at
e
e
e
e
e
26
Targ
Targ
Hum
Acqu
disea
abou
Plasm
incre
parti
due t
resou
infec
Dete
death
on in
G T
6.1 HIV
6.2 Con
6.3 Pro
6.4 Rat
get 6.B: Ach
6.5 Pro
get 6.C: Hav
6.6 Inc
6.7 Pro
6.8 Pro
6.9 Inci
6.10 Prop
man Immuno
uired Immu
ase, which c
ut 10.5 years
modium and
eases the risk
icularly thos
to the diseas
urces to pro
ctious bacter
ecting tuberc
hs are more
ncidence are
Goal Six:
Target 6.A:
V prevalence
ndom use at
oportion of p
tio of school
hieve, by 20
oportion of p
ve halted by
idence and d
oportion of ch
oportion of ch
dence, preva
portion of tub
odeficiency
ne Deficien
can ultimate
s for males a
d transmitted
k of death fr
se who are l
se. The disea
ovide bed ne
rial disease
culosis and c
sensitive m
more comp
Combat
Have halte
e among popu
last high-risk
opulation ag
attendance o
10, universa
opulation wi
y 2015 and b
death rates as
hildren unde
hildren unde
alence and de
berculosis ca
Virus (HIV
ncy Syndrom
ly lead to d
and 11.5 ye
d via the bit
rom other co
east able to
ase represen
ets, insectic
caused by M
curing it are
markers of th
rehensive an
HIV/AID
ed by 2015 a
ulation aged
k sex
ged 15-24 yea
of orphans to
al access to
ith advanced
begun to rev
ssociated wit
er 5 sleeping
er 5 with feve
eath rates ass
ases detected
V) is a virus
me (AIDS).
death. Witho
ars for fema
tes of infecte
onditions. In
pay for pre
nts a financia
ides and dr
Mycobacteri
key interven
e changing b
nd give the b
27
DS, Malar
and begun t
15-24 years
ars with comp
o school atten
treatment f
d HIV infectio
verse the in
th malaria
under insect
er who are tr
sociated with
and cured u
s that weake
HIV destroy
ut treatment
ales. Malaria
ed mosquito
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w HIV infec
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4). In Egypt,
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22
92 1993 1994 19
ctions contin
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n people fro
ria has decre
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se at last h
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ub-Saharan
the situation
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2.9
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6.2: C
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ccess to mala
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ulosis drive i
treated.
high-risk s
mong young
In Egypt, th
st high-risk
lation agDS
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Africa (26 p
n is worse a
available for
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1998 1999 2000
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28
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ple, along w
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er 2009, and
per cent sin
aria control
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sex
g women in m
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03 2004 2005 20
h-risk sex
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2009 2010 2011
knowledge o
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ality rates fal
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79 74 72
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. Data is not
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erculosis in
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poorest villa
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1998 1999 2000
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orest villages 15
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valence rates
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tes associate
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1.6 1.6 1.7
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ociated with
28 27 26
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tuberculosis
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er 100000 of
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ation
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ow HIV epid
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
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above diagr
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national rat
illages is mu
iagnostic he
data for the o
very difficult
HIV epidem
se estimate o
w HIV epide
groups. In 2
Health Orga
764
7570 67
62 6
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Proportion of cted under D
erally progre
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cases of tube
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te (15% com
uch less than
alth services
other indicat
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mic growth.
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f tuberculosis DOTS,(midpoi
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erculosis. Th
trates a com
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s that are at
tors of the go
vailable info
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prevalence in
evalence <1.
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009).
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2008
2009
2010
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cases int)
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mparison with
es associated
%). Howeve
nal average (
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1990
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(35% compa
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assess the H
urveys have
the past yea
general popu
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62
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1992
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1994
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10: Proportiondetected and c
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illages on m
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erculosis at t
of cases that
ared to 88%
lages. This c
HIV epidemic
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ars, Egypt ha
ulation and d
ears or abov
83 85 8782
8880
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2000
2001
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2003
n of tuberculocured under D
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laria except
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conclusion is
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0
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2004
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osis cases DOTS
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and 2009, Eg
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prisingly, th
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aria endemic
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ranked as a
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detected and
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92 1993 1994 19
7.1:
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developing w
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loss, largely
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1998 1999 2000
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02122243
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6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 1991 1
onsumption
reduction of
is a party o
f ozone de
s.
oportion of
recent data f
er scarcity a
onal develop
42 0.37 0.4 0
992 1993 1994 1
6,2766,600
2,737
2
1992 1993 1994
of ozone-de
f over 98 p
f the Montre
epleting CFC
f total water
for this indi
nd the need
pment plans.
0.41 0.41 0.44
1995 1996 1997
7.2: C
,881 2,945
2,78
1995 1996 1997
7.3: Cons
epleting sub
percent in t
eal Protocol
C has decr
r resources u
cator is in 2
d to provide
0.43 0.46 0.39
1998 1999 2000
CO2 emissio
85
2,816
2,750
2,74
7 1998 1999 200
sumption of
36
bstances
the consump
on Ozone P
reased gradu
used
2000 and the
water sourc
9 0.39 0.47 0.4
0 2001 2002 200
ons, per $1
46
2,704
1,944
1,6
00 2001 2002 20
f ozone-depl
ption of oz
Protection an
dually during
e proportion
ces to all sec
46 0.48 0.48 0.
03 2004 2005 20
GDP (PPP)
663
1,644
1,349
1,
003 2004 2005 2
leting subst
zone-depletin
nd has devel
g the perio
n is 113.8. T
ctors to mee
47 0.47 0.46 0
006 2007 2008 2
)
,092
861
726
2006 2007 2008
ances
ng substanc
loped a natio
od from 19
This situation
et the increa
0.12 0
2009 2010 2011
790
706
2009 2010 2011
es has been
onal strategy
994 to 2010
n reflects the
sing demand
2012
1 2012
n
y.
0
e
d
Wor
num
perc
Wor
cent
drink
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2
4
6
8
10
7.6 Pro
rldwide, mor
mber by 58 p
entage since
7.8 Pro
rldwide, the
in 2010. In
king water s
2.12.1 2.
1990 1991 19
93 94
0
0
0
0
0
0
1990 1991 1
7
oportion of te
re areas of th
percent. In
e 2003.
oportion of p
proportion o
Egypt, this
ource. The p
.2 2.2 2.2 2
992 1993 1994 1
7.6: Pr
94 94 94
1992 1993 1994
7.8: Proporti
errestrial and
he earth’s su
Egypt, the
opulation us
of people usi
indicator cov
poorest villag
2.24.0
4.0
1995 1996 1997
roportion of
94 95 95
1995 1996 1997
ion of popula
d marine are
urface are be
percentage
sing an impro
ing an impro
vers almost
ges have low
4.4
4.4
4.4
1998 1999 2000
f terrestrial
96 96 96
1998 1999 2000
ation using a
37
eas protected
eing protecte
is very low
oved drinkin
oved water s
all the coun
wer percenta
4.4
5.4
6.1
0 2001 2002 200
and marine
96 97 97
0 2001 2002 200
n improved d
d
ed: since 199
w (6.1%) an
ng water sour
source raised
ntry for 99%
age (84%) th
1
6.1
6.1
6.
03 2004 2005 20
e areas prot
7 97 98 9
03 2004 2005 20
drinking wat
90, protected
nd there is n
rce
d from 76 pe
of Egyptian
han the nation
.1
6.1
6.1
006 2007 2008 2
tected
98 98 99
Poorest8
006 2007 2008 20
ter source
d areas have
no change m
er cent in 19
ns are using
nal level.
6.1
6.1
2009 2010 2011
99
99
t villages 84
009 2010 2011 2
e increased in
made in thi
990 to 89 pe
an improved
2012
2012
n
s
r
d
Wor
deve
Egyp
the n
The
situa
13.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
20
40
60
80
100
7.9 Pro
rldwide, acc
eloping regio
ptians are us
national leve
7.10 Prop
share of urb
ation in Egyp
% in 2009.
50.2
1990 1991 19
72 73 7
1990 1991 19
oportion of p
cess to impr
ons as a wh
sing improve
el, they have
portion of urb
ban slum re
pt is better a
3
992 1993 1994 1
7
74 75 77
992 1993 1994 1
7.9: Propo
opulation us
roved sanita
hole. In Egy
ed sanitation
almost no a
ban populati
sidents in th
s the propor
39.2
1995 1996 1997
7.10: Propo
79 80 81
1995 1996 1997
ortion of po
sing an impro
ation facilit
ypt, the situa
n facilities. T
access to an i
ion living in
he developin
tion of urban
28.1
1998 1999 2000
ortion of ur
83 84 86
1998 1999 2000
opulation us
38
oved sanitati
ies increase
ation is even
The poorest
improved sa
slums
ng world de
n population
1
0 2001 2002 200
rban popula
87 89 90
0 2001 2002 200
sing an impr
ion facility
ed from 36%
n better than
villages are
anitation faci
clined from
n living in slu
17.1
03 2004 2005 20
ation living i
0 91 93 9
P
03 2004 2005 20
roved sanita
%in 1990 t
n the global
e not only la
ility.
39% in 200
ums decline
14.4
006 2007 2008 2
in slums
94 95 95
Poorest villag2
006 2007 2008 2
ation facility
to 56% in
l situation s
agging behin
00 to 33% i
ed from 50.2
13.1
2009 2010 2011
95 95
es
2009 2010 2011
y
2010 in the
since 95% o
nd years than
in 2012. The
% in 1990 to
2012
2012
e
f
n
e
o
Sum
Prog
and
and
impr
sanit
95%
drink
lacki
mmary:
gress has bee
utilization o
sanitation, a
roved drinkin
tation facilit
% at the natio
king water s
ing in rural a
en achieved
of natural re
and reducing
ng water sou
ty. Only 2%
onal level. T
source and t
areas.
in Egypt in
sources, incr
g the numbe
urce and san
of the poor
his points ou
o concentrat
n the areas o
reasing the
r of those li
nitation facil
rest villages
ut to the nee
te efforts on
39
of expanding
proportion o
ving in slum
ity, the poor
have an acc
ed to continu
n providing i
g forests, th
of those usin
m areas. Des
rest villages
cess to impr
ue with the n
improved sa
hereby ration
ng improved
spite the pro
are sufferin
roved sanitat
national effo
anitation fac
nalizing the
d drinking w
ogress made
ng from lack
tion facility
orts to provi
cilities, whic
managemen
water source
in accessing
of improved
compared to
ide improved
ch are almos
nt
s
g
d
o
d
st
Targ
Inclu
inter
Targ
Inclu
relie
ODA
Targ
Targ
Offi
get 8.A: Desy
udes a com
rnationally
get 8.B: Add
udes: tariff a
f for heavily
A for countri
get 8.C: AdstaDeAs
get 8.D: Deint
cial Develop
8.1 Negr
8.2 Proser
8.3 Pro
8.4 ODinc
8.5 ODinc
Goal E
velop furthstem
mmitment to
dress the sp
and quota fr
y indebted p
ies committe
ddress the sates (througeveloping Sssembly)
al comprehternational
pment Assis
et ODA, totross nationa
oportion of rvices (basic
oportion of b
DA receivedcomes
DA receivedcomes
Eight: De
her an open
o good gove
pecial needs
ree access fo
poor countrie
ed to poverty
special needgh the Prog
States and t
hensively wimeasures in
stance (ODA
tal and to thl income
total bilatec education,
bilateral off
d in landloc
d in small
velop a G
, rule-based
ernance, de
of the least
or the least d
es (HIPC) an
y reduction
ds of landlogram of Acthe outcom
th the debt n order to m
A)
he least dev
eral, sectorprimary he
ficial develo
cked develo
island deve
40
Global Pa
d, predictab
velopment
t developed
developed c
nd cancellati
ocked develction for th
me of the tw
problems omake debt s
veloped cou
r-allocable Oealth care, n
opment assis
oping count
eloping Sta
artnershi
ble, non-dis
and poverty
countries
countries' ex
ion of offici
loping counhe Sustainawenty-secon
of developinustainable i
untries, as p
ODA of OEnutrition, sa
stance of O
tries as a p
ates as a pr
p for Dev
scriminatory
y reduction
xports; enhan
ial bilateral d
ntries and sable Developnd special s
ng countriein the long t
percentage o
ECD/DAC afe water an
ECD/DAC
proportion
roportion o
velopmen
y trading a
– both na
nced program
debt; and mo
small-islandpment of Ssession of t
s through nterm
of OECD/D
donors to nd sanitatio
donors that
of their gro
of their gro
nt
nd financia
ationally and
mme of deb
ore generou
d developingSmall Islandthe Genera
national and
DAC donors
basic socian)
t is untied
oss nationa
oss nationa
al
d
bt
s
g d al
d
’
al
al
al
41
Market access
8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty
8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability
8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population
8.16 Internet users per 100 population
Goal 8 - global partnership for development - is about the means to achieve the first seven MDGs. Many
environmental global problems: climate change, loss of species diversity, and depletion of global fisheries can
only be solved through partnerships between rich and poor countries. The objective of MDG 8 is to assist all
developing countries in achieving the goals through a strengthened global partnership for international
development cooperation, including providing development assistance, improved access to markets and debt
relief.
Worldwide, tariffs imposed by developed countries on products from developing countries have remained
largely unchanged since 2004, except for agricultural products. Bilateral aid to sub-Saharan Africa fell by
almo
heav
time
decr
may
glob
in re
per c
in de
billio
In Eg
perc
Only
need
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ost 1 percen
vily indebted
, developing
eased for m
weaken deb
al health fun
ecent years i
cent of inhab
eveloping co
on.
8.12 Deb
gypt, there i
entage decre
8.13 Pro
y 24% of th
ded.
23.7
18 17
1990 1991 19
Fig
nt in 2011.Th
d poor count
g countries w
many develop
bt ratios. Re
nds increased
in attaining
bitants of de
ountries. The
bt service as
s a noticeab
eased in 201
oportion of p
he people liv
7.915 14 1
92 1993 1994 19
gure 8.12: D
here has bee
tries but 20
were influenc
ping countri
esources ava
d in 2011, de
the availabil
eveloped cou
e number of
s a percenta
le decrease i
0 to 5.7 com
population
ving in the
4.612.5
10.4 1
995 1996 1997 1
Debt service
en some suc
developing
ced by the 2
ies. Vulnerab
ailable for pr
espite the gl
lity and affo
untries are in
f mobile cell
age of expor
in the debt s
mpared to 23
with access
poorest villa
11.2 9.98.5
1998 1999 2000
e as a perce
42
ccess of deb
countries re
2009 econom
bilities rema
roviding ess
obal econom
ordability of
nternet users
lular subscri
rts of goods
ervice as a p
.7 in 1990.
to affordab
ages are hav
9.511 11.1
2001 2002 2003
ntage of exp
bt relief initi
emain at hig
mic downtow
ain. Expecte
sential medi
mic downturn
f essential m
s, compared
iptions world
and service
percentage o
ble essential
ving access
1
7.3 6.8 6
3 2004 2005 200
ports of goo
iatives reduc
gh risk of d
wn and in 20
ed slower gr
cines throug
n. There has
medicines in
with only 2
dwide by th
es
of exports of
l drugs on a
to affordab
6 5.8 5.4 6
06 2007 2008 20
ods and serv
cing the exte
debt distress.
11 the debt
rowth in 20
gh some dis
s been little i
developing
26 per cent o
he end of 20
f goods and s
a sustainabl
ble essential
6.1 5.7
009 2010 2011 2
vices
ernal debt o
. During thi
to GDP ratio
12 and 2013
ease-specific
improvemen
countries.74
of inhabitant
11 reached 6
services. The
e basis
drugs when
2012
f
s
o
3
c
nt
4
s
6
e
n
The
2011
have
Cellu
villa
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
8.14 Fixe
telephone li
1. This is pe
e better value
8.15 Mob
ular subscrib
ages have low
2.8 3.1 3
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
1990 1991 1
0.01 0.01 0.
1990 1991 19
ed-telephon
ines per 100
erhaps due t
e of 24% tha
bile-cellular
bers per 100
wer value of
3.4 3.7 4.0
1992 1993 1994
8.14
01 0.01 0.01 0
992 1993 1994 1
8.15
ne subscripti
0 inhabitants
to the increa
an the nation
r subscripti
0 inhabitant
f 46% than th
4.4 4.8 5.4
1995 1996 1997
4 Fixed-telep
0.01 0.01 0.1
995 1996 1997 1
Mobile-cel
ions per 100
achieved an
ase in access
nal level.
ons per 100
ts achieved
he national le
6.1 7.1 8.1
7 1998 1999 200
phone subsc
0.1 0.7 2.0
1998 1999 2000
lular subscr
43
0 inhabitant
n increase fr
sing cell pho
0 inhabitant
an increase
evel which i
19.7
11.1 12
00 2001 2002 20
criptions pe
4.1 6.4 8.1
2001 2002 2003
riptions per
ts
rom 1990 to
ones as a co
ts
from 1990
is lower than
2.2 13.1 14.1 1
P
003 2004 2005 2
er 100 inhab
1 10.518.4
23.
3 2004 2005 200
r 100 inhabi
o 2008 and th
ommunicatio
to 2011 rea
n the half.
14.4 14.6 15.1
Poorest village24.0
2006 2007 2008
bitants
.8
39.1
52.7
69
Poorest4
06 2007 2008 20
itants
hen decrease
on tool. Poo
aching 101.
12.9 11.9 10.6
es
2009 2010 2011
9.4
87.1
101.1
t villages 46
009 2010 2011 2
ed to 10.6 in
orest village
The poores
6
1 2012
2012
n
s
st
Wor
inhab
whic
Sum
In E
debt
of cu
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
8.16 Inte
rldwide, 74 p
bitants in de
ch reached 3
mmary:
Egypt, extern
as a percent
urrent accou
0
1990 1991 19
ernet users p
per cent of in
eveloping co
5.6 in 2011,
nal debt has
t of GDP fel
unt receipts f
0 0.01 0
92 1993 1994 19
per 100 inh
nhabitants o
ountries. Egy
but this per
witnessed c
ll from abov
fell from abo
.03 0.06 0.09
995 1996 1997 1
8.16 Int
abitants
f developed
ypt’s achieve
rcentage is st
considerable
ve 100% in 1
ove 25% in
0.2 0.3 0.6
1998 1999 2000
ternet users
44
countries ar
ement in the
till not big en
improveme
1990/91 to 1
1990/91 to
0.82.7 4.0
2001 2002 2003
s per 100 inh
re internet us
e internet use
nough.
ent over the
16.7% in 200
6% in 2008/
0 5.2
11.7 12.
3 2004 2005 200
habitants
sers compar
ers per 100
period (199
08/09 and de
/09. Egypt h
.616.1
18.0
24
06 2007 2008 20
red to only 2
population i
90/91-2008/0
ebt service a
has witnesse
4.3
30.2
35.6
009 2010 2011 2
26 per cent o
is noticeable
09). Externa
as percentage
ed significan
2012
f
e,
al
e
nt
45
development in the last few years in the field of information and communication technology. However,
telephone lines per 100 populations are only 10.6 at the national level, but this is replaced by cellular
subscribers per 100 populations which reached 101. The poorest villages are lagging behind the national level
with regard to cellular communication.
Conclusion:
This report has used the indicators of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to compare the status of
development in the poorest 151 villages in Egypt to the na onal average. The comparison reveals that the
poorest villages are lagging behind; the gap in many cases is alarming and indicative of stark inequalities that
raise concern and call for action. Research results, therefore, point out to the responsibility of the government
to con nue its 1000 villages’ development program. The research also provides valuable background
information as to what this national program should focus on. For instance, the provision of vocational
training and technical education in those villages will improve educa on indicators (MDG2) and will impact
posi vely on poverty allevia on (MDG1). Also, the provision of basic healthcare facilities in the poorest
villages can improve indicators under MDGs 4, 5 and 6. Last but not least, the provision of improved water and
sanita on services in the poorest villages (MDG7) will improve the quality of life generally and reduce health
hazards in those villages. It is recommended to collect information for the MDGs indicators at the villages’
level and to periodically compare them to the national average to ensure equity and to offer orientation to
programs of spatial targeting of poverty.