1 chapter 5 formulating solutions: - project and people skills
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Chapter 5Chapter 5
Formulating Solutions: Formulating Solutions:
- Project and People Skills- Project and People Skills
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Today’s MenuToday’s Menu
Project ManagementProject Management Work Breakdown StructureWork Breakdown Structure Critical Path MethodCritical Path Method
Writing a Design Proposal Essential ElementsEssential Elements ExamplesExamples
CollaborationCollaboration Ensuring Full ParticipationEnsuring Full Participation Conflict Management StylesConflict Management Styles Avoiding GroupthinkAvoiding Groupthink
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Gantt Chart is a simple method used to Gantt Chart is a simple method used to present a schedule. It requires:present a schedule. It requires:
• Identifying tasks• Identifying the time sequence• Estimated Task duration• Constructing the chart
5.1.1 Preparing and Using Gantt 5.1.1 Preparing and Using Gantt Charts Charts
5.1 Project Management5.1 Project Management
ExampleExample
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5.1.2 Program Evaluation and 5.1.2 Program Evaluation and Review Technique and Review Technique and Critical Path Method Critical Path Method PERT and CPM are equivalents methods PERT and CPM are equivalents methods
used for complex planning and program used for complex planning and program controlcontrol
Constraints procedure:Constraints procedure:• Preparing a work breakdown structure (WBS)Preparing a work breakdown structure (WBS)• Creating an activity network and identifying Creating an activity network and identifying
the critical path (CP)the critical path (CP)• Determining the earliest start time for each Determining the earliest start time for each
activity (from Leftactivity (from Left Right) Right)• Calculating the latest possible start times for Calculating the latest possible start times for
each activity (from Righteach activity (from RightLeft)Left)• Calculating slack timesCalculating slack times
66WBS – does not include dependenciesWBS – does not include dependencies
77CPM – partially detailedCPM – partially detailed
Example 2Example 2
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5.2 Communication5.2 Communication
5.2.1 Writing Proposals5.2.1 Writing Proposals
The goal is to sell a design solution to a The goal is to sell a design solution to a perspective clientperspective client
Table 5.5 demonstrates the contents of a Table 5.5 demonstrates the contents of a design proposaldesign proposal
The ownership of the design proposal The ownership of the design proposal mattersmatters
Allowing slack time is very importantAllowing slack time is very important
Budget preparation is integral to the Budget preparation is integral to the processprocess
Graphics and Videos are very helpful in Graphics and Videos are very helpful in illustrating ideasillustrating ideas
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.. on time and within budget?.. on time and within budget?
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5.3 Collaboration5.3 Collaboration
Guidelines for Ensuring Open ParticipationGuidelines for Ensuring Open Participation
Rotate key positionsRotate key positions
Collectively agree meeting agendaCollectively agree meeting agenda
Make explicit evaluation criteriaMake explicit evaluation criteria
Ensure full participation Ensure full participation
Open democratic decision makingOpen democratic decision making
Establish rolesEstablish roles
5.3.1 Ensuring full and Open Participation5.3.1 Ensuring full and Open Participation
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5.3.1 Ensuring full and Open Participation 5.3.1 Ensuring full and Open Participation
Dominating Behavior & what to Do about itDominating Behavior & what to Do about it
If you interrupt, restate frequently and forcefully If you interrupt, restate frequently and forcefully and criticize other speakers and criticize other speakers dominating dominating
What you need is:What you need is: Resist the urge to interruptResist the urge to interrupt
Limit frequency and lower toneLimit frequency and lower tone
Depersonalize differencesDepersonalize differences
Refrain from hasty judgmentRefrain from hasty judgment
Treat othersTreat others Wait for others to finishWait for others to finish
Restate what others have saidRestate what others have said
Identify points of agreement & disagreement (why?)Identify points of agreement & disagreement (why?)
Refrain from 1:1 debatesRefrain from 1:1 debates
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.. What NOT to say and do.. What NOT to say and do
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5.3.2 Reaching Consensus & Building 5.3.2 Reaching Consensus & Building CommitmentCommitment
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A realistic definition of consensus focuses A realistic definition of consensus focuses on the on the processprocess::
The team encouraged me to explain my idea; The team encouraged me to explain my idea;
The pros and cons of the idea were discussed The pros and cons of the idea were discussed openly and impersonally;openly and impersonally;
The evaluation criteria were a collective effort;The evaluation criteria were a collective effort;
The team reached a real/nominal consensus via The team reached a real/nominal consensus via a democratic procedure.a democratic procedure.
5.3.2 Reaching Consensus & Building 5.3.2 Reaching Consensus & Building CommitmentCommitment
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5.3.3 Managing Conflict5.3.3 Managing Conflict
Table 5.11 suggests steps to take if the team Table 5.11 suggests steps to take if the team is is avoidingavoiding conflict conflict
Table 5.12 suggests steps to take if the team Table 5.12 suggests steps to take if the team is is too accommodatingtoo accommodating
Table 5.13 proposes steps to take if the team Table 5.13 proposes steps to take if the team is is fightingfighting
Table 5.14 proposes steps to take if the team Table 5.14 proposes steps to take if the team is too is too quick to compromisequick to compromise
Table 5.15 illustrates the signs of a Table 5.15 illustrates the signs of a collaborating team (the perfect outcome)collaborating team (the perfect outcome)
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IF IF avoidingavoiding THEN THEN
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IF too IF too accommodatingaccommodating THEN THEN
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IF IF fightingfighting THEN THEN
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Signs of Signs of Perfect CollaborationPerfect Collaboration
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Signs of GroupthinkSigns of Groupthink
5.3.4 Avoiding Groupthink- signs5.3.4 Avoiding Groupthink- signs
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5.3.4 Avoiding Groupthink- causes5.3.4 Avoiding Groupthink- causes
It is the reverse side of conflictIt is the reverse side of conflict
It could be caused by:It could be caused by:
• Highly Highly cohesivecohesive members members• Team Team isolationisolation from external information from external information• A leader or junta A leader or junta controllingcontrolling the discussion the discussion• Perceiving an external Perceiving an external threatthreat• Being Being cockycocky as if no wrong would be done as if no wrong would be done
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Avoiding GroupthinkAvoiding Groupthink
5.3.4 Avoiding Groupthink- solutions5.3.4 Avoiding Groupthink- solutions
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In summary,In summary,
Tools such as WBS and CPM Tools such as WBS and CPM help you manage your project to help you manage your project to ensure timely deliveryensure timely delivery
Good proposal writing is a Good proposal writing is a necessary part of securing necessary part of securing projects and selling solutionsprojects and selling solutions
Identifying and dealing with Identifying and dealing with conflict and groupthink produces conflict and groupthink produces more efficient and open teamsmore efficient and open teams