1 75 ranjith jayarathna

Studies on the potential use ofStudies on the potential use of Strychnos potatorum Strychnos potatorum L.fL.f. . seeds forseeds for

water purificationwater purification

* Supervised by:- * Supervised by:- Dr. Asiri PereraDr. Asiri Perera

* Presented by :- * Presented by :- R.K.Jayarathna R.K.Jayarathna

CONTENTSCONTENTS

IntroductionIntroduction ObjectivesObjectives ProcedureProcedure Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion ReferencesReferences

INTRODUCTION * * Water is recognized as the most importantWater is recognized as the most important

natural resource in view of it is being absolutely natural resource in view of it is being absolutely

essential for living organisms.essential for living organisms.

* Water for drinking, preparing food, and a variety* Water for drinking, preparing food, and a variety

of others.of others.

* Fresh water is around 3% out of earth’s water* Fresh water is around 3% out of earth’s water

resource.resource.

* There is about 0.09% of ground and surface * There is about 0.09% of ground and surface water.water.

Water usable for human beingsWater usable for human beings,,

Water that exists on and below the earth's surface Water that exists on and below the earth's surface and often thought of as wells, rivers or lakes.and often thought of as wells, rivers or lakes.

Methods of purificationMethods of purification

A Natutral method - strychnosstrychnos potatorum potatorum seedsseeds

Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source.

InginiIngini((strychnosstrychnos potatorum potatorum L.fL.f..))

Scientific Classification Kingdom Plantae

Division MagnoliophytaClass MagnoliopsidaOrder GentianalesFamily Loganiaceae Genus StrychnosSpecies potatorum

Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world

Figure 1 : Ingini tree

The seeds are circular with bluntly lenticular and shining with short silky yellow.

Medicinally they are chiefly used,1. As a local application in eye diseases2. Good for the liver3. Kidney complaints4. Gonorrhea disease5. Improve the eye sight 6. Relieve colic7. Remedy for snake bite

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

a) a) Measure the water parameters before andMeasure the water parameters before and

after adding the S.potatorum seeds to theafter adding the S.potatorum seeds to the

water samples.water samples.

b) Determine the effectiveness or potential useb) Determine the effectiveness or potential use

of S.potatorum seeds for water purificationof S.potatorum seeds for water purification..

PROCEDURE ADAPTED IN THE PROCEDURE ADAPTED IN THE INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

Determination of the physical and Determination of the physical and chemical parameterschemical parameters

1. Temperature1. Temperature 2. Conductivity - 2. Conductivity - Apparatus: Conductivity meter ( HACH, Sension 5)

3. Turbidity - 3. Turbidity - Apparatus: Portable Turbid meter (Model 2100 P, HACH)

4. pH - 4. pH - Apparatus: pH meter ( HANNA HI 8314)

5. Hardness5. Hardness

6. Heavy metals ( Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn)6. Heavy metals ( Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn) Apparatus: GBC 932 plus ATOMIC ADSORPTION SPECTROMETER

Procedure- AOAC methodsProcedure- AOAC methods

Test the Physical and chemical Parameters.

Collect Water samples.

Select one location whereParameters are considerably high.

Collect water samples from that location.

* The selected location; - very high in values for conductivity and hardness parameters. - but, very low in values for turbidity and heavy metal parameters.

* Initial turbidity was increased using fine clays (BPP 44)for turbidity analysis.

* Initial heavy metal concentrations were kept constant by preparing 1.0 ppm standard

solutions.

Collect Seeds from trees.

Powder the seeds(BPP 44) and add to the collected water samples.

Measure the temperature, pH, conductivityhardness and turbidity parameters by

changing the time and the dose loading.

Interpretation of results.

Each sample size was 500 ml. A control without seed treatment was included. All the samples were caused for “Jar test” a instrument used for proper mixing and has six paddle gang stirrers with 7.6 cm diameter

flat paddle impellers.

* Initial seed - 120 rpm for 2 minutes * Final speed - 15 rpm for 10 minutes * Allowed to settle

For heavy metal analysis,For heavy metal analysis,

Measure 500 ml of 1.0 ppm prepared heavy metal solution

Add seeds, rubbed seeds, and powdered seeds

Use the Jar test for mixing

Measure the changes

Interpretation of results using data analysis(ANOVA-MINITAB)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table3.1 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration on

parameters of well water

Treatments

of seed’s powder / mg L-1

pHTemperature / oC

Log10

ConductivityLog10

HardnessLog10

Turbidityb

0 7.13 26.8 3.1313 2.5867 2.5826

10 7.03 26.9 3.1290 2.5844 2.5012

20 7.08 26.8 3.1252 2.5822 2.3545

30 7.12 26.8 3.1232 2.5754 2.0522

40 7.16 26.7 3.1186 2.5709 1.6798

50 7.18 26.8 3.1149 2.5686 1.3381

3.1 Interpretation of results obtained for3.1 Interpretation of results obtained for temperature Values temperature Values

Figure 3.1 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration on

temperature of well water

Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-

1

Tem

pera

ture

/ o

C

3.2 Interpretation of results obtained for3.2 Interpretation of results obtained for pH Values pH Values

Figure 3.2 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration

on pH of well water

Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-1

pH

3.3 Interpretation of results obtained for3.3 Interpretation of results obtained for conductivity conductivity



on conductivity of well water.

Log

10

Conduct

ivit

y

3.4 Interpretation of results obtained3.4 Interpretation of results obtained for turbidity for turbidity



on turbidity

Log

10

Tu

rbid

ity

3.5 Interpretation of results obtained for3.5 Interpretation of results obtained for total hardness total hardness



on hardness of well water

Log

10

Hard

ness

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSINTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

OBTAINED FOR HEAVY METALS OBTAINED FOR HEAVY METALS

Interpretation of Zn change

y = 0.4472x

R2 = 0.9954

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600

Abso

rban

ce

Concentration / ppm

Concentration / ppm

Absorbance

0.000 0.000

0.400 0.198

0.800 0.364

1.000 0.449

1.500 0.661

Figure 3.6 Calibration table and graph for determination of Zn

Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and

time on Change of Zn concentration

Time / hrs

Seed Powder/ mg L-1

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

10 0.082 0.104 0.173 0.388 0.573 0.670

20 0.092 0.138 0.226 0.434 0.579 0.696

30 0.144 0.176 0.268 0.464 0.584 0.748

40 0.108 0.169 0.286 0.486 0.604 0.783

50 0.124 0.185 0.304 0.519 0.674 0.811

From data analysis(p<0.05), 50 mg L-1 dose loading and 24 hrs time allocation have significant change

Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on Change

of Zn concentration with seed amount and time

Time/hrs

Seed ‘s amount

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

1 0.014 0.030 0.079 0.326 0.576 0.688

3 0.022 0.041 0.086 0.386 0.606 0.706

4 0.056 0.047 0.097 0.458 0.632 0.738

6 0.062 0.072 0.113 0.449 0.676 0.783

8 0.073 0.126 0.132 0.479 0.697 0.809

From data analysis(p<0.05), 8 seeds and 24 hrs time allocation have significant change

Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on change of Zn concentration

Time/hrs

Rubbed Seed

0.5 1 2 12

1 0.028 0.043 0.086 0.374

3 0.072 0.128 0.179 0.476

5 0.093 0.152 0.187 1.575

From data analysis(p<0.05), 5 rubbed seeds and 12 hrs time allocation have significant change

Interpretation of Cu change

Concentration /ppm

Absorbance

0.000 0.000

0.400 0.198

0.800 0.364

1.000 0.449

1.500 0.661

Absorbance vs concentration

y = 0.1787x

R2 = 0.9918

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000

Concentration/ppm

Abso

rban

ce

Figure 3.7 Calibration table and graph for determination of Cu

Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and time on

change of Cu concentration

Time/hrs

Seed Powder/ mg L-1

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

10 0.053 0.076 0.085 0.305 0.574 0.613

20 0.082 0.115 0.129 0.378 0.608 0.696

30 0.106 0.136 0.183 0.433 0.618 0.737

40 0.108 0.144 0.211 0.495 0.699 0.786

50 0.133 0.168 0.282 0.516 0.706 0.869

Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on change

of Cu concentration with seed amount and time

Time/hrs

Seed amount

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

1 0.012 0.014 0.042 0.295 0.492 0.674

3 0.062 0.077 0.141 0.328 0.590 0.711

4 0.070 0.098 0.158 0.339 0.607 0.738

6 0.085 0.137 0.212 0.372 0.644 0.705

8 0.119 0.188 0.239 0.402 0.679 0.790

Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on

change of Cu concentration

Time/hrs

Rubbed Seed

0.5 1 2 12

1 0.028 0.043 0.086 0.374

3 0.072 0.128 0.179 0.476

5 0.093 0.152 0.187 1.575

Interpretation of Cr changeAbsorbbance vs concentration

y = 0.0608x

R2 = 0.9993

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000

Concentration/ppm

Abs

orba

nce

Concentration

/ ppmAbsorbance

0.000 0.000

2.000 0.124

5.000 0.308

7.000 0.418

10.000 0.611

12.000 0.786

15.000 0.924

Figure 3.8 Calibration table and graph for determination of Cr


change of Cr concentration

Time/hrs

Seed Powder/ mg L-1

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

10 0.026 0.037 0.117 0.388 0.603 0.817

20 0.074 0.099 0.176 0.394 0.646 0.858

30 0.079 0.119 0.168 0.414 0.679 0.876

40 0.088 0.136 0.183 0.472 0.698 0.892

50 0.114 0.140 0.206 0.513 0.732 0.914


of Cr concentration with seed amount and time

Time/hrs

Seed’s amount

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

1 0.019 0.022 0.036 0.296 0.505 0.789

3 0.034 0.040 0.056 0.338 0.599 0.819

4 0.036 0.043 0.060 0.359 0.626 0.839

6 0.059 0.076 0.097 0.410 0.687 0.856

8 0.084 0.098 0.122 0.436 0.712 0.872


change of Cr concentration

Time/hrs

Rubbed Seed

0.5 1 2 12

1 0.017 0.024 0.048 0.358

3 0.038 0.047 0.082 0.429

5 0.042 0.074 0.114 0.488

Interpretation of Cd change

Concentration

/ ppm

Absorbance

0.000 0.000

0.200 0.088

0.500 0.208

1.000 0.428

1.800 0.811

Absorbbance vs concentrationy = 0.4437x

R2 = 0.998

0.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.7000.8000.900

0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000

Concentration/ppm

Abs

orba

nce

Figure 3.9 Calibration table and graph for determination of Cd


change of Cd concentration

Time/hrs

Seed Powder/ mg L-1

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

10 0.009 0.076 0.114 0.412 0.572 0.804

20 0.041 0.094 0.151 0.485 0.579 0.847

30 0.058 0.127 0.189 0.497 0.646 0.869

40 0.088 0.175 0.217 0.518 0.679 0.878

50 0.097 0.190 0.284 0.579 0.714 0.899


of Cd concentration with seed amount and time

Time/hrs

Seed amount

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

1 0.005 0.006 0.017 0.389 0.575 0.779

3 0.015 0.020 0.032 0.399 0.587 0.796

4 0.016 0.023 0.033 0.405 0.598 0.812

6 0.032 0.043 0.055 0.452 0.626 0.827

8 0.056 0.072 0.089 0.488 0.695 0.853


change of Cd concentration

Time/hrs

Rubbed Seed

0.5 1 2 12

1 0.005 0.008 0.029 0.395

3 0.013 0.022 0.038 0.424

5 0.039 0.044 0.059 0.479

Interpretation of Pb change

Concentration/ ppm

Absorbance

0.000 0.000

3.000 0.188

5.000 0.308

7.000 0.418

11.000 0.611

Absorbbance vs concentration

y = 0.0576x

R2 = 0.9862

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000

Concentration/ppm

Abs

orba

nce

Figure 3.10 Calibration table and graph for determination of Pb


change of Pb concentration

Time/hrs

Seed Powder/ mg L-1

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

10 0.017 0.027 0.044 0.289 0.582 0.713

20 0.024 0.036 0.058 0.304 0.611 0.758

30 0.019 0.038 0.069 0.337 0.655 0.762

40 0.042 0.058 0.086 0.362 0.683 0.782

50 0.054 0.076 0.109 0.384 0.711 0.806

Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on change of

Pb concentration with seed amount and time

Time/hrs

Seed amount

0.5 1 2 12 24 72

1 0.004 0.009 0.023 0.202 0.498 0.604

3 0.011 0.022 0.031 0.246 0.514 0.658

4 0.018 0.029 0.046 0.299 0.568 0.679

6 0.022 0.033 0.054 0.333 0.607 0.708

8 0.029 0.039 0.066 0.352 0.688 0.733


change of Pb concentration

Time/hrs

Rubbed Seed

0.5 1 2 12

1 0.008 0.016 0.029 0.242

3 0.014 0.026 0.043 0.320

5 0.018 0.028 0.075 0.379

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

When dose loading increased,

a). the pH was slightly increased in the range of 7.03 and 7.18 (2.1 %),

b). the log10 Conductivity was changed from 3.1313 to 3.1149 (3.70 %),

c). the log10 Turbidity was changed from 2.5826 to 1.3381 (94.31 %), and

d). the log10 Hardness was changed from 2.5867 to 2.5686 (4.08 %).

Summary of heavy metal

Effect of S.potatorum for heavy metal removal

% Removal of heavy metal after 24 hrs treatment with S. potatorum powder at dose level of 50

mg L-1

Zn Cu Cr Pb Cd

67.470.6 73.2 71.1 71.4

SUGGESTIONS FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORKSFUTURE WORKS

Further works,

1. Identification the removal of species from the seeds to the water sample.

2. It is a further work that a combination treatment of alum and S.potatorum in different proportions should be investigated to establish their effectiveness in treating raw water.

3. By increasing higher dose, it should check the removal of hardness for its better acceptance.

4. It is required to analysis of coliform count to study the microbial removal.

5. The seeds should be phytochemically analyzed for its secondary metabolites.

Competences developed during the Competences developed during the projectproject

Subject based competences Ability to calibrate and handle the instruments in

the. field and lab specially the AAS

Development of analytical skills and technical skills.

Ability of handling the results statistically.

REFERENCESREFERENCES1. WHO, (2008). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd edition, Vol. (1), Recommendation- electronic resource.

2. Crapper,D.R, Krishnan, S.S and Dalton, A. J, 1973, ‘Brain aluminium

distribution in Alzheimer’s disease and experimental neurofibrillary

degeneration’, Sci. 180, pp.511-513.

3. Kaur, A. and Gill, K. D. (2006), ‘Possible peripheral markers for chronic aluminium toxicity in Wistar rats’, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,Vol. 64, pp.115-134.

4. Mbogo, S.A. 2008, ’A novel technology to improve drinking water

quality using natural treatment methods in rural Tanzania’, Journal

of Environmental Health, Vol. 70, Issue 7, pp. 46-50.

5. Swati, M. and Govindan, V.S. 2005, ’Coagulation studies on natural

seed extracts’, Journal of Indian Water Works Association, Vol. 37,

Issue 2, pp. 145-149.

6. Folkard, G. and Southerland, J. 2002, ’Development of a naturally derived coagulant for water and wastewater treatment’, Water Science and Technology: water supply, Vol. 2, Issue 5-6, pp. 89-94.

7. Chaudhari, S, Raghuwanshi, P. K, Mandloi, M., and Sharma, A. j, 2002, ’ Improving Filtrate Quality Using Agrobased Materials As Coagulant Aid’, Water Qual. Res. J. Canada, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp.745–756.

8. Babu, R. and Chadhri M. 2005, ‘Home water treatment by direct filtration with natural coagulant’, Journal of water and health,Vol. 3, pp. 27-30. 9. Corsaro, M.M. 1995, ‘Polysaccharides from seeds of strychnos species’, photochemistry, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1377-1380. 10. Mallikharjuna, P.B. and Rajana, L.N, 2007, ’Phytochemical Studies of Strychnos potatorum L.F- A Medicinal Plant’, E-Journal of chemistry, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 510-518.

11. Sanmugapriya, E. and Venkatarman, S. 2006,’ Toxicological investigation on Strychnos potatorum Linn seeds in experimental animal models’, Journal of Health science, Vol. 52(4), pp. 339-343.

12.Monlgomery, C.W. 2000, ‘Environmental Geology’, McGraw-Hill, fifth edition, pp. 225-270.

13.Amaloh, F.K. and Benang, A. 2009, ‘Effectiveness of moringa oleifera seeds as coagulant for water purification’, African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 4(1), pp. 119-123.

14.Postnote (2002), ‘Access to water in developing countries’, No.178

Internet:www.parliament.uk/post/pn178pdf accessed on 24th October, 2008.

15.Fatoki, O.S, and Ogunfowokan, A.O, (2002), Effect of coagulant treatment on the metal composition of raw water, Water SA, Vol.28, No 3.

16. Sotheeswaran, S. 2008, ‘Moringa oleifera and other local seeds in water purification in developing countries’, ICHEM.

17. Gupta, A. and Chaudhuri, M. 1992, ‘Domestic water purification for developing countries’, J.Water SRT-Aqua, Vol.41 (5), pp.290-298.

18. Jahn, S. A, 1988, ‘Water purification using Moringa seeds as coagulants in developing Countries’. Journalof the American Water Works Association, vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 43-50.

19. http:// www.who.org20. http://www.webelements.com21. http://www. sciencedirect.com22. http://www.wileyinterscience.com23. http://www. scopus.com24. http://www.epa.gov

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

1 75 ranjith jayarathna

Business

water parameters

potatorum seeds

surface water

water usable

fresh water

collected water samples

effect of s

turbidity parameters