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Library Catalogues, Bibliography, and Search Engines, International Conference on Knowledge Organization in Academic Libraries (I-KOAL 2018), 26-27 November Delhi: Manakin Press, 2018, pp. 1-19.

AbstractThe past century has seen a revolution in the treatment of catalogues and bibliography inspired largely by a shift to electronic methods. This paper traces some of these developments and outlines a vision of a more systematic approach. Library catalogues were traditionally limited to individual libraries (exceptions being Spain and the US National Union Catalogue). Library catalogues were limited to printed books. Manuscripts and articles (secondary literature) were in separate catalogues. Today there are national catalogues, which combine manuscripts, books and articles (e.g. Spain) and, increasingly, international catalogues (e.g. Europeana, Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog, OCLC WorldCat).

While electronic catalogues have seen an enormous rise in the scope of records (e.g. 2.6 billion records from 72,000 libraries in WorldCat), the object-oriented approach of computer systems is focussed on finding individual books and records. Hence, while it is easy to find the 1540 edition of Alberti’s De pictura, it is impossible to find systematic lists of manuscripts, books by and articles on this work or on Alberti’s works generally. This problem is compounded by different traditions of listing items in different media: e.g. books tend to be listed under author and/or year of publication; manuscripts tend to be listed under place of conservation.1 Of course, a quest to produce Opera Omnia of authors has existed since the Renaissance, but the ability to integrate this into bibliographical tools and to include chronology has been lacking. Electronic records mean that the same material can be presented in multiple forms. There can be alphabetical lists of all works by an author (who); all works on a topic (what); chronological lists (when); geographical lists (where), all editions of a work in different languages; lists by size (20,40, 80 etc.) or language (how) and even in terms of theory, principles, elements (why). Ability to view the same materials in these different forms will offer scholars and users generally many more insights.

Traditionally libraries and collections in memory institutions were concerned with preserving source materials and making them accessible for study. In the past half century, there has been an important trend to scan and digitize collections. Now new challenges loom. If we extend the vision of an Internet of Things (IOT)2 from machines and appliances to include bibliographical materials, then accessing a given title can be linked to abstracts, tables of contents, indexes and reviews about that title. Accessing a disputed painting such as the Urbino panel of an ideal city will entail not only images of the work, but the entire list of articles and literature about the painting and also all the painters who have been proposed as “author” of the painting.

If we return to the early 20th century vision of atomizing literature into micro-thoughts and extend it to micro-claims, it is possible to take this approach much further. We can catalogue not only words, but also letters, glyphs, signs. Every title, manuscript article, or book could be atomized into claims, which could then be viewed in terms of who, what, where, when, how and why. These claims could be tagged in terms of sources (e.g. based on direct vision, authority, indirect source). Hereby, a binary true-false approach to knowledge would become a spectrum of claims, which varied depending on sources and shifted chronologically and

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geographically. The way to fight false news and false knowledge is not censorship, but rather in providing full access to sources. This heralds a new dimension of relevance for libraries.

WhoPersons and RolesBiographical MetadataP

When Object Data WhatTemporal Metadata Topical MetadataT Titles (Standard, Variant)

Where Subjects, KeywordsGeography and MCoverage Metadata Place of Authorship, Place ConservedPlace of PublicationS

How WhySize (2o,4o, 8o, 16o) PatronMedium CommissionedLanguage Purpose

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EFigure 1a. Europeana Metadata;3 b extended version.Kim H. Veltman,

Bibliography, Library Catalogues and Search Engines

1. Introduction

On the surface, searching today is straightforward: we simply need to type in a name or word in a search engine (e.g. Google, Yandex or Baidu) and we receive many hits. Usually, there are too many hits and all too often only a very few are completely pertinent. At best, we arrive at a single item but without its context. For instance, we arrive at a specific manuscript or edition of Alberti’s De pictura with no indication of other manuscripts, other editions or the history of articles concerning De pictura. In many cases, online resources illustrate McLuhan’s insight that every new technology employs the methods of the previous one. Needed is a contextual approach that reflects the new potentials introduced by electronic media.

Traditionally such contextual information was found in specialized bibliographies on specific persons or subjects. In the case of perspective, there are over 30 of these ranging from 7 to over 1200 titles.4 The great majority of these focus only on printed books and hence ignore entirely the manuscript tradition. There are exceptions. Lindberg’s Catalogue of Mediaeval and Renaissance Optical Manuscripts (1975) lists Latin manuscripts, but omits Greek and Hebrew ones. Under each title, manuscripts are listed in terms of places where they are currently stored. There is an index of these places with the manuscript call numbers and an index of names but no index to show which authors are where. An ability to search systematically under authors (who), titles (what), places (where) and dates (when) is lacking. So too is an ability to search titles which are about methods, use, instructions (how [to])5 or about principles,6 causes, explanations (why).

Hence, a first purpose of this study is to outline the need for a new kind of bibliography which includes primary literature (manuscripts, books) and secondary literature (i.e. articles and books about a subject or person concerned with that subject. Implicit in this new approach to bibliography is a larger problem of organizing knowledge: namely, discovering contexts rather than merely isolated items/objects in the form of a given fact, manuscript or book. This calls for a revision, in the sense of a new vision, of what catalogues do and ultimately the whole way in which search engines are constructed and used.

Traditionally, in searching for new authors or subjects, we used catalogues. Theoretically, each library has an author catalogue (who). Often there are multiple author catalogues: e.g. for old books, for books between the world wars and a modern catalogue (cf. Göttingen). Typically, these author catalogues covered only books. Periodicals had their own catalogue. Manuscripts had their own catalogue. In some places, e.g. Oxford there are manuscript catalogues for manuscripts a) prior to 1500, b) 1500-1800 and c) since 1800. In addition, to author catalogues, especially in Europe, there were subject catalogues (what). In England, there was traditionally a deep suspicion of subject catalogues.7 Some European libraries also have a catalogue (where) of places of publication (Standortskatalog, e.g. Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel). Such catalogues are of course invaluable in providing access to the contents of libraries. But they suffer from a fundamental limitation: they often only cover a

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section of the contents of a major library, e.g. manuscripts, and in some cases even this is subdivided into subsections.

Since the 1960s, there have been efforts world-wide to create electronic versions of these resources which has led to much greater integration, with a trend to increasingly more

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Figure 2a. European Library entry for Alberti, De pictura and b. chronogram.

comprehensive cumulative catalogues. For instance, the National Library of Spain has a catalogue that includes both printed books and manuscripts. The British Library increasingly includes, in its main catalogues, articles (secondary literature)8 and well as books (primary literature). The WorldCat Catalogue9, the largest in the world, visualizes secondary literature as About (fig. 4). The FRBR model theoretically solves integration.10

2. Examples of Authors

In many cases, an author may only have a single publication in which case entries are straightforward. By way of illustration, we shall choose three more complex cases: Alberti, Aristotle and Euclid.

2.1. Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (1404) is a Renaissance author credited with at least 12 publications with two other (now lost) works ascribed to him.

2.2. Wiki

Wiki has an entry under his name with a section on Works in Print.11 This lists 8 publications which are neither in alphabetical nor chronological order. A section of External Links includes a further work, but only in one of its manuscripts.12 There are no clues concerning chronology: e.g. that De pictura was written in 1435, translated as Della pittura in 1436, with de Ludis geometricis in 1450-1452 etc.

2.3. Europeana

Predictably, Europeana and the European Library as leading efforts of comprehensive catalogue of titles is better. The metadata model presently covers four questions which can be seen as corresponding to PMST of Ranganathan’s PMEST system. (fig. 1a). This could, in future, be extended to six (fig. 1b). The name Alberti, Leon Battista generates 6874 titles. Alberti plus De pictura generates 322 titles (fig. 2a). The good news is that there are many more titles. The bad news is that they are in no particular order. Primary and secondary sources are intertwined. There is a choice for narrowing the search by language: 8 languages

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are identified, 2 are in multiple languages but 80 of the 322 are unidentified: e.g. the Hungarian edition: A festészetröl or the Danish edition: Om Billedkunsten.

There is also a chronogram: if we choose the dates 1434-2017 we arrive at an impressive graph (fig. 2b). The column on the left marking 1531 has 31 titles. Since the editio princeps was 1540 this is simply erroneous. So too is the second from the right which marks 136 for 1975. The column on the far right gives 250 editions for the year 2050 which is pure conjecture. The idea of the chronogram is excellent. Alas, current examples are inaccurate and even misleading.

Each listing, e.g. alphabetical or chronological offers a new view and insight into information. Most bibliographies and catalogues offer only one or two views. Potentially we should have at least six views. Anthony Debons used these six views to propose a new science of informatology.13 In terms of a subject, we should have an alphabetical author list (who). In addition, we need alphabetical lists of standard and variant titles (what), places of publication (where) chronological lists (when), media and size of publications, languages (how), and purpose, patrons, commissioned by (why).

In terms of search strategies, each of these questions, can be coupled with other terms to arrive

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Figure 3. List of Aristotle’s Works in the Corpus Aristotelicum.14

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Figure 4a-b. Aristotle in Worldcat and Europeana.15

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Figure 5. Menso Folkerts, Partial list of Mediaeval Euclid manuscripts.16

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at more precise searches. For instance, who can be split into persons and organizations; what into subjects and titles; where into places and maps; when into timelines, history and chronology; how into how to (do it), use(s), methods, techniques and why into philosophy, cause, reason, purpose, explanation.

2.4. Aristotle

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is a special case because of the encyclopaedic scope of his work which has inspired editions and commentaries for over 2,300 years. The European Library includes 52,889 records. WorldCat contains 28,627,026 digital items and 175,511,348 bibliographic records for Aristotle. Here the problem is not quantity of hits/records, but rather a challenge of gaining an overview of the material. The old handwritten author catalogue of the British Museum did so by beginning with a list of works and then distinguishing between complete works; two or more works; single works. The online author catalogue of the British Library omits this feature.

The European Library offers no survey of the works of Aristotle (fig. 4b). WorldCat lists 10 of the most widely held books of Aristotle, with no indication of the number of works he produced. It does, however, offer a useful timeline showing that Aristotle continued to be known from the 1200s onwards and gained new popularity from the 1480s onwards, shortly after the advent of printing (fig. 4a). The Corpus Aristotelicum17 lists 45 works of which 3 are authentically disputed and 13 are generally agreed to be spurious (fig. 3). It would be immensely helpful if searches for an important author began with such a list of standard titles of the author’s publications.

The final item in the WorldCat list, On the heavens by Aristotle ( Book ) is listed as having 151 editions published between 1930 and 2016 in 6 languages and held by 1,712 WorldCat member libraries worldwide. When we click on this item there is a list in the left-hand margin indicating the languages: English, Greek, Old; Greek, Modern; French and Multilingual.18 Latin is missing, but if we type the Latin Title, De Coelo there are 182 entries. The GBV catalogue lists 24 editions under On the heavens and 124 entries under De Coelo.19 Wiki lists 4 German and 2 Italian versions.20 Ideally, the opening list of standard titles would record the number of entries for a given title and then allow us to see subsets in terms of medium/material (e.g. manuscripts, books) and languages. Existing systems include the feature but are not thorough.

2.5. Euclid

Our third example, Euclid, the father of Greek geometry, is notable because there were two main traditions in the transmission of his works: one directly via Greek translated into Latin, the other via Greek, translated into Arabic and then back into Latin (as well as a third from Greek into Hebrew or Greek into Arabic into Hebrew). Under Euclid, Worldcat Identities notes “4,144 works in 10,143 publications in 15 languages and 50,426 library holdings.”21 The timeline starts in the 1480s and thus omits the entire manuscript tradition (cf. figure 5). The Worldcat list of most widely held books by Euclid (Worldcat Identities)22 lists 10 items all of which are editions of Euclid’s Elements. Versions of 6, 13 and 15 books of the Elements are mentioned, while versions with 14, 16 17 and 18 books are omitted. On the other hand, when one enters Euclid in the regular search there are 338,250 entries23 and when one does an advanced search for Euclid and Elements there are 1685 entries for the Elements alone.24

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Wiki, by contrast, records that Euclid also wrote the Catoptrics, Data, Division of Figures,

Figure 6. Ten means of pramana or acquisition of knowledge and basic categories.25

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Optics and Phaenomena as well as at least 4 lost works.26 As in the case of Aristotle, we need an opening entry of standard titles. In the case of works such as the Elements we need a subset of standard titles reflecting the Greek and Arabic traditions as outlined by Menso Folkerts,27 (fig. 5) with the added feature that these lists should also be alphabetical in terms of translators and chronological with respect to place of composition/conservation. For the purposes of this paper we have chosen three famous Western authors, but similar problems would apply to Indian classics such as the Rig Veda and the Pancha Tantra or Chinese classics such as the I Ching. The problem is international.

3. Books, Articles, Manuscripts

The term Internet of Things (IOT or Internet for Things) was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999.28 Since then, IOT has become one of the main buzzwords of an industry driven vision with applications focussed on consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.29 It is striking how the elaborate diagrams of these potential applications omit learning, history, culture and memory institutions entirely.30 In this approach everything, is dominated by recentism, presentism, everything is in the now (including that which is planned for the new future). In terms of Ranganathan’s PMEST, this vision is only about M and critics have noted that this is much too narrow. Jun Rekimoto has called for an Internet of Abilities.31 The present author has called for an Internet of no-things: an Internet of Body, Mind and Spirit32 as well as an Internet of Knowledge and Wisdom.33

A more fundamental limitation of the IOT vision is that it is restricted to controlling things (devices, appliances, machines). If its scope were extended, it could be used for understanding and organizing the connections and contexts of things. By way of illustration, three examples will be offered.

If we look at Alberti’s De pictura in the manner of this extended IOT definition, then the 1435 manuscript can be linked to a) existing manuscripts, b) existing editions and these in turn to c) tables of contents, d) indexes; e) articles about; f) abstracts and g) reviews. This implies and requires a layering of knowledge: first titles, then abstracts, then full contents.34 Whereas the narrow IOT vision focusses only on Ranganathan’s M, the extended Internet of Cultural Things (IOCT) or simply Internet of Culture (IOC) includes PMEST and all six questions. The crucial shift is from identifying single objects, to revealing the contexts of those single objects: who made them, when they were made, where they were made, how they were made, in what media versions they were made (e.g. manuscripts, editions, reprints) and for what purpose and why they were made. This is a much richer definition of knowledge.

The implications go far beyond classical library objects. There is a famous panel of an ideal city in Galleria Nazionale delle Marche in Urbino (fig. 7a). It is one of three famous ideal cities now in Berlin, Baltimore and Urbino.35 An IOC approach would of course connect these three panels and provide a list of all articles and books in which they were discussed. In the case of the Urbino panel, it would draw attention to the six painters to whom the panel has been attributed, namely: Fra Carnevale, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Giuliano da Sangallo, Luciano Lauranna, Piero della Francesca and Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Traditional library catalogues typically assume 1 author or multiple authors rather than multiple alternative authors. In art history, there is a whole spectrum of these uncertainties: attributed

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to; pupil of; bottega of; school of etc. A new system will need to reflect these alternative possibilities.

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Figure 7a. Urbino panel of an Ideal City;36 b-c. Studies by Baldassare Peruzzi for La Calandria.37

A second and third example are a drawing for a stage design of La Calandria typically attributed to Baldassare Peruzzi, which exists in the Uffizi (fig. 7b) and in reverse (fig. 7c). An IOC approach would connect the related images as well as the secondary literature.38 As such, it would connect seamlessly library records, those in departments of prints and drawings and art museum records concerning a given image.

4. Who, What, Where, When, How, Why

The immediate import of this new approach to knowledge would be a series of lists for viewing the same basic “facts”: i.e. there would be alphabetical authors lists (who); alphabetical titles lists of both the complete oeuvre of an author or of a particular title (what); alphabetical cities lists (and potentially of institutions: libraries, publishers, where); chronological lists (when) as well as lists for how: size, language, how to, method, technique, practical) and why (cause, purpose, patrons, reason, principles, theory).

Traditionally some aspects of such lists were exclusively the task of the library or museum which possessed a given document or artefact. The new IOC dimension would transform the need for in-house standardization. Currently if a user goes to the Library of Congress catalogue and types as author Alberti, Leon Battista and as title On Painting, they receive 13 hits. If they type in the Latin title, De pictura, they receive 20 hits, whereas if they type Della pittura they receive 8 hits. A future integrated system should provide all English, Latin, Italian (and other language versions) irregardeless of whether they type On Painting, De pictura or Della pittura.

A more fundamental consequence would be the need for new levels of co-operation between institutions. Even great libraries such as the Bibliothèque Nationale de la France, British Library or Library of Congress do not have all editions of Alberti’s On Painting let alone all his works in every edition. There would need to be templates for manuscripts and editions of any given author to which all libraries could refer and then contribute (in terms of their also having a copy of a known edition, or their adding a hitherto unknown edition).39 As a result bibliographical references will gradually shift from being records of some specific edition to being maps of all manuscripts, editions, and literature connected with a given title.

5. Atomic Level

Since the rise of systematic bibliography in the Renaissance, the focus of libraries and museums has been on records of authors and titles using words. In the early 20 th century, Paul Otlet40 and Henri LaFontaine explored a more detailed vision for their Mundaneum. Their colleague, Emanuel Goldberg,41 described a Statistical Machine, a document search engine or knowledge (finding) machine, which included plans to atomize literature in the form of micro-thoughts:

"facts" or "microthoughts" could then be arranged, rearranged and linked in multiple ways using the expanded decimal classification for the especially important and difficult task of linking each chunk with other chunks on the same topic and also those on related topics.42

5.1. Letters, Glyphs

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At the “atomic” level of language the smallest items are not words but individual letters which can take the form of runes, hieroglyphs, gylphs, kuni, tamgas, signs and symbols. We have dictionaries to deal with words. We need a new kind of dictionary to deal with individual letters, runes and symbols.43 Potentially if each of these letters is omni-linked, we can arrive at a new kind of web of knowledge. Today’s hyperlinks theoretically link anything with everything. They can theoretically link us to any level of atomized knowledge such that they could link one letter, word, title, passage, article, book, or site to one other site, book, article, passage, title, word, letter, thus providing us with clues about the level of atomization at any stage.

5.2 Microthoughts

The early 20th century vision was to use the Dewey Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a tool for generating microthoughts. This remains a useful aim, but would require a renewed interest in and continued updating of UDC.

5.3. Microclaims

The example of the Urbino panel (fig. 7a) revealed how different articles could consider alternative authors for a given painting. Viewed more globally every article and every book consists of a major thesis that defines the purpose of the article or book as a whole as well as a series of microclaims. If every word is an implicit statement (e.g. that the word dog = a dog); every sentence (cf. sententia) is a claim44 (ranging from very simple such as: the dog is black to complex examples that tell us where the black dog was when, that he did, how he did it and why). Simple claims are like Platonic ideas, eternal and/or forever in the now: like the early databases, which assumed simple subsumptive statements (e.g. John is a man; Fido is a dog, is an animal). More complex claims are spatio-temporal and thus entail more complex knowledge which can be tested (Was the black dog really at that place at the given time?). These claims can be catalogued and compiled and then made accessible in terms of who, what, where, when how and why using alphabetical, geographical and chronological lists. Such lists would be of interest in themselves. They would become vastly more useful if they were correlated with pramana, i.e. different criteria for acquisition of knowledge (fig. 4 a-b). Hereby, we could distinguish clearly between carefully documented claims and those based on hearsay.

In 1988, Stephen Wolfram, launched an ambitious project called Mathematica. In 30 years it has grown dramatically to “include astronomical, chemical, geopolitical, language, biomedical and weather data, in addition to mathematical data (such as knots and polyhedra).”45 In A New Kind of Science (2002), Wolfram explored how simple computational systems might be a key to studying complexity and beauty in science (cf. Harari’s claim that humans are nothing more than algorithms).46 Implicit in Wolfram’s approach is that a systematic treatment of mathematics is much more than a very useful list of mathematical truths. It can lead to gaining new insights into science and knowledge.

In our view, a shift from a quest for IOT to an IOC will also bring considerable advances in knowledge insomuch as we shall gain much better insights into the contexts wherein it arose and whereby it was spread: not just the original manuscript or edition but also maps of all manuscripts and editions such that we can trace when it spread and where it spread.

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This vision is a long term one. It took several centuries for the Persians and Arabs to translate the main works of Antiquity into Arabic and it took as many centuries to re-translate these works back into Latin and vernacular languages. Even so the magnitude of Islamic knowledge, late Mediaeval Summas, and Renaissance encyclopaedias is still obvious today. Having an automated corpus of existing knowledge including micro-thoughts and micro-claims will open many horizons and help us to discern more accurately which claims are true. The new vision re-establishes the need for and continuing importance of libraries and memory institutions, as buttresses against the dangers of an anachronistic, recentism, presentism and an a-temporal now; against assertions which are not documented and Twitters which cannot be tested.

6. Conclusions

The early 20th century launched a vision for universal bibliography and systematic access to all recorded knowledge. The past half century has seen enormous strides in terms of automated access to this vast repository. We have complex individual, national and even international library systems. At a rhetorical level it is as if everything is almost perfect already. Our brief survey has confirmed that the near perfect image has many cracks when examined closely. There is still much to be done.

A major challenge lies in going beyond our almost obsessive concern with individual records in isolation – even if this is a fundamental basis for any future steps. We need a new approach that allows us to search not simply for a specific fact, title, manuscript or edition, but permits us to trace all manuscripts and editions of a given work. We need an approach that looks beyond objects to objects in context.

The old paradigm introduced the idea of micro-thoughts but remained stuck at the level of individual words, subjects and keywords as in Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). The new paradigm needs to descend one level further to the level of individual letters, runes, signs, glyphs, each of which have their own level of meaning. This atomic approach of microthoughts can be complemented by a corpus of microclaims and further complemented with criteria for acquisition of knowledge (pramana, fig. 6ab). The rhetoric of the day may complain about fake news and fake knowledge and may propose censorship as a way forward. But ultimately, the wiser path is to provide access to dissenting views and offer new criteria for weighing their validity.

On the surface, a shift from IOT to IOC is simply a change from a letter T to a letter C. But it is much more. In Ranganathan’s terms, it is a shift from a narrow definition of knowledge as M to a much broader approach that includes PMEST. In terms of Perreault’s relators,47 it is a move from exclusively subsumptive relations, to include ordinal and determinative relations. In Debons approach, it is a shift from 1 question (what) to 6 questions: who, what, where, when, how, why. The IOT promises a certitude that is blinded by the present and the now. The IOC opens a vision that embraces the differences of space and time.

The shift from IOT to IOC is also a shift in the definition of knowledge itself: from a world in which everything can be reduced to an is equal (=) or not equal (≠) sign to a world in which there is space, time, history, culture. The IOT may be ideal for controlling devices and machines, but we need an IOC to reflect the richness of the human condition. The Internet may give the illusion that everything is only a one-word query away. Libraries remind us that

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knowledge is about careful study. Knowledge where M equals =, which has only 1 question, is easy and even obvious. Knowledge which has PMSTE, which has 6 questions, human complexity, history, culture, is difficult, elusive. A battle is underway. If the IOT side wins, they will champion the material truth of Matter (M). They will boast answers; will claim to reduce science to algorithms (Wolfram) and humans to algorithms (Harari). We need a fuller vision, not M but PMEST, not boastful answers but human questions: a continuous search, an unending quest for enduring insights and truths of libraries and memory institutions.

AcknowledgmentsThis paper reflects the author’s experiences in preparing a standard bibliography on perspective which began in 1975. I am grateful for support from the Canada Council and later the SSHRC, Wellcome Trust, Volkwagen Stiftung, Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, the Getty Trust and the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO). I am grateful for their patient support as I am to Vasyay and Alexander Churanov and Andrey Kotov who have built a prototype system; and to Dr. Alan Radley and Birger Hjørland for reading the text and encouragement.

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1Notes This does not render obsolete the complex rules for recoding manuscripts reflected in systems such as Manus Online or Manuscripta Mediaevalia, but it means that we need new interfaces when compiling lists of writings and editions. The present location of a manuscript is vital in knowing where to consult it, but in terms of intellectual history we need to know where it was written and used.2 For a criticism of the limitations of IOT see: “Keynote: Beyond an Internet of Things,” Third International Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction, Tourism and Cultural Heritage (HCITOCH 2012): Strategies for a Creative Future with Computer Science, Quality Design and Communicability, Venice, Church of San Leonardo, 27 September, 2012.3 Europeana: http://slideplayer.com/slide/8378717/4 For a list of these see: http://new.sumscorp.com/index.php?id=249&statement=get_list&id_object=0&id_class=Bibliography&session=ZW5nbGlzaDtlbmdsaXNoO1BlcnNwZWN0aXZlOzg0ODQ3OzE2OzA7MDtJbnRlcm1lZGlhdGU7MDtsb29rdXA-5 A search in Europeana for how to and perspective generates 25,794 titles, while how to generates 554,470 (on 24 02 2018). 6 A search in Europeana for principles generates 313,641 titles, while principles [and] perspective generates 5229 titles. 7 This reticence remains to the present as can be inferred from the note on British Library site: http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prbooks/subjectacc/subjectaccessprintedmat.html

From 1881, the British Museum Library published subject indexes of recently acquired contemporary books. Many volumes have titles in the style Subject index of modern works added to the British Museum in the years 1881-1900. Publication of these subject indexes continued until the latter part of the 20th century. These indexes are essential for gaining subject access to late-19th century books. Copies are often available in larger reference and academic libraries. A full set is provided in the British Library's Rare Books and Music Reading Room (shelfmark: RAC). There is no online access to these indexes.For books printed before the late 19th century, a series of general subject indexes were compiled by R A Peddie. They have titles in the style Subject index of books published up to and including 1880: A-Z. There are four volumes, published from 1933 to 1948. Each covers the same range of dates, and lists newly found material not previously described. The volumes contain references to books consulted in several libraries, and unfortunately the entries do not state where each item was found. They do however rely heavily on the holdings of the British Museum Library. Copies may be available in larger research libraries. A set of the 1962 reprints is shelved in the Rare Books & Music Reading Room (shelfmark: RAC).  

8 In the sciences, primary literature is also often in the form of articles.9 WorldCat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat: As of December 2017, WorldCat contains over 400 million bibliographic records in 491 languages, representing over 2.6 billion physical and digital library assets.10 FRBR: http://www.isko.org/cyclo/lrm11 Alberti: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti12 Ibid: MS Typ 422.2. Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : manuscript, [14--]. Houghton Library, Harvard University.13 Anthony Debons: http://www.sis.pitt.edu/mbsclass/hall_of_fame/debons.html See Ibid, Towards a metascience of information. Informatology, Journal of American society for information, 1970.14 Corpus Aristotelicum: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Aristotelicum15 Europeana: http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/search?query=aristotleAristotle (WorldCat Identitities): http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-4182/16 Menso Folkerts: https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/euclid/folkerts/folkerts.html17 Corpus Aristotelicum: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Aristotelicum18 WorldCcat: http://www.worldcat.org/title/on-the-heavens/oclc/685157/editions?referer=di&editionsView=true19 GBV: https://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/CMD?ACT=SRCHM&ACT3=*&MATCFILTER=Y&MATCSET=Y&PARSE_MNEMONICS=N&PARSE_OPWORDS=N&PARSE_OLDSETS=N&IMPLAND=Y&ACT0=SRCHA&screen_mode=search&IKT0=4&TRM0=de+coelo&ACT1=*&IKT1=1004&TRM1=aristotle&ACT2=*&IKT2=5040&TRM2=&SRT=YOP&ADI_TAA=&ADI_LND=&ADI_JVU=&IKT3=8183&TRM3=&ADI_MAT=B&ADI_MAT=M&ADI_MAT=T&ADI_MAT=V&ADI_MAT=G&ADI_MAT=P&ADI_MAT=I&ADI_MAT=S&ADI_MAT=O&ADI_MAT=K&ADI_MAT=E&ADI_MAT=A&ADI_MAT=H&ADI_MAT=W20 Wiki: On the Heavens: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Heavens21 WorldCat Identities, Euclid: http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50043341/22 Ibid.23 WorldCat: http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=euclid&qt=owc_search24 WorldCat, ti: Elements au:Euclid : http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3Aelements+au%3Aeuclid&qt=advanced&dblist=63825 Pramana: https://www.bhagavadgitausa.com/TANTRA.htm26 Wiki: Euclid: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid27 Menso Folkerts: https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/euclid/folkerts/folkerts.html

28 IOT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things29 The Enterprise Internet of Things Market". Business Insider. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015 ; Perera, C.; Liu, C. H.; Jayawardena, S. (December 2015). "The Emerging Internet of Things Marketplace From an Industrial Perspective: A Survey". IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing. 3 (4): 585–598. arXiv:1502.00134. 30 See for instance the Cisco and Beacham Research diagram for the Internet of Things: https://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/internet-of-things-and-rfid For a criticism of the entire WWW Semantic web approach see the author’s Towards a Semantic Web for Culture, JoDI (Journal of Digital Information. Volume 4, Issue 4, Article No. 255, 2004-03-15 Special issue on New Applications of Knowledge Organization Systems31 Jun Rekimoto: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7893310/ For another glimpse of Rekimoto’s vision see New Insight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCbpktn4sTs32 Kim H. Veltman: http://www.ainci.com/workshop-2012/HCITOCH-2012-Keynote-Veltman.html33 Internet of Knowledge and Wisdom: https://theconnectivist.wordpress.com/2017/08/02/a-lecture-of-dr-kim-veltman/ ;34 This challenge was explored in detail in the author’s Understanding New Media, Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2006.35 Ideal City (painting): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ideal_City_(painting)36 Urbino Panel: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/09/arts/09iht-conway09.html37 La Calandria: https://www.scenographytoday.com/capturing-eyes-moving-souls-peruzzis-perspective-set-la-calandria-performative-agency-architectural-bodies-mari-yoko-hara/ ; http://www.ateatro.org/mostranew.asp?num=137&ord=3138 See for instance the excellent article by Mari Yoko Hara, Peruzzi’s perspective set for La Calandria: Renaissance Studies Vol. 31 No. 4, 2017: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/rest.1224939 In theory, this something that WorldcCt has already been doing, but the WorldCat catalogue often omits a great number of editions.40 Paul Otlet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otlet41 Emanuel Goldberg: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_GoldbergVannevar Bush’s Memex, gave no footnotes and did not acknowledge his source.42 Buckland, 2006, p. 64: http://books.google.nl/books?id=MV-nL7IxmIcC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=Micro-thoughts+emanuel+goldberg&source=bl&ots=Y5SAFQ-O1R&sig=XMyY1P5BsHEioQdh-GQwwKQSUF4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qzUsUo7YDuWv0QXq8IHQBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Micro-thoughts%20emanuel%20goldberg&f=false43 This topic has been explored in detail in the author’s Alphabets of Life, Smolensk, 2014: www.alphabetsoflife.com 44 For an earlier treatment of this problem see the author’s Access, Claims and Quality on the Internet: Future Challenges, Progress in Informatics, no. 2, pp. 17-40, 2005.45 Wolfram Mathematica: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica46 Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Deus:_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow cf. the author’s critique: http://www.sumscorp.com/new_models_of_culture/culture/news_408.html47 Jean Michel Perreault, Categories and Relators, International Classification, Frankfurt, vol. 21, no. 4, 1994, pp. 189–98. For more detail see: Ibid, On the Perreault schema of relators and the rules of formation in UDC, Copenhagen: Danish Centre for Documentation, 1966. See also I. Dahlberg, Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung: Probleme und Möglichkeiten eines universalen Klassifikationssystems des Wissens, 1974.