Previous disease reports can be seen on the RuVASA website www.ruvasa.co.za

Click on Disease Reports

The following practices and laboratories (125) submitted reports during September 2016:

Mpumalanga (10)Balfour – Dr. Louis van JaarsveldBethal – Dr. Hardus PietersDelmas/Sundra – Dr. Raubé FerreiraGrootvlei – Dr. Neels van WykKarino (Nelspruit) – Dr. Silke PfitzerNelspruit – Dr. André BeytellMalalane- Drs. Van Sittert and Van SittertMiddelburg – Drs. Fourie, Malan and ErasmusPiet Retief – Drs. Niebuhr and WeberStanderton – Drs. Nel, Swart, Van der Merwe and Berg

Gauteng (8) Bapsfontein – Drs. Engelbrecht, Olivier and RibbensBronkhorstspruit – Drs. De Bruin, De Bruin, Rudolph and SlabberMagaliesburg – Dr. Ryan JefferyMuldersdrft – Dr. Clare SpeedyNigel – Dr. Cindy van der WesthuizenOnderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital – Proff. Annandale, Prozesky, Shakespear, Holm and Drs. Esposito, Gratwick, Hamman, Harmse and O’DellPretoria – Dr. Hanneke PienaarPretoria – Dr. Rosaly Steyn

Limpopo (7)Bela-Bela – Dr. Nele SabbeBela-Bela – Drs. Du Toit, Bester, Hansen and HerbstLephalale – Dr. Brigitte Luck

Monthly report on livestock disease trends as informally reported by veterinarians belonging to the Ruminant Veterinary Association of South Africa (RuVASA), a group of the South African Veterinary Association

September 2016

Makhado (Louis Trichardt)– Drs. Harris, Klopper and JacobsMokopane (Potgietersrus) - Dr. Henk Visser

Polokwane (Pietersburg) – Drs. Watson, Viljoen, Jansen Van Vuuren, Van Rooyen, Snyman and CremonaVaalwater – Dr. Hampie van Staden

North West (9)Brits – Drs. Boshoff and CoertzeChristiana - Dr. Pieter NelKlerksdorp – Drs. Van den Berg and TheronKlerksdorp – Drs. Coetzee and VenterLichtenburg – Dr. Nelmarie Kruger-RallRustenburg – Drs. Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van RensburgStella - Dr. Magdaleen Vosser Ventersdorp/ Koster – Drs. Marais and BenadéVryburg – Dr. Jurie Kritzinger

Free State (24)Bethlehem – Drs. Strydom and Strydom Bothaville – Dr. Johann BlaauwClocolan – Dr. Liezel Wasserman Dewetsdorp – Dr. Marike BadenhorstFicksburg – Drs. Kotze and CoetzerFrankfort - Drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Janse van Rensburg Gariep Dam – Dr. Marni StraussHertzogville – Dr. Nico HendrikzHoopstad – Dr. Kobus Pretorius Kroonstad – Drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der WaltLadybrand/Excelsior - Drs. De Vos and NelMemel – Drs. Nixon and NixonParys – Drs. Wessels and WesselsReitz - Dr. Murray SmithSenekal – Dr. Theo KotzeSmithfield – Dr. Nienke van Hasselt Trompsburg/Springfontein – Dr. Wyn IrwinViljoenskroon - Dr. Johan Kahts Villiers – Drs. Hattingh and HauptfleischVrede – Drs. Myburgh and Bester-CloeteVrede – Dr. Rudolph FourieWesselsbron –Dr. Johan JacobsWinburg – Drs. Albertyn and AlbertynZastron – Drs. Troskie and Strauss

KwaZulu-Natal (16)

Bergville - Dr. Ariena Shepherd Bergville – Dr. Jubie MullerCamperdown – Dr. Anthony van TonderDundee – Drs. Marais and FynnEmpangeni – Dr. Martin JanssenEshowe – Drs. Pryke and HoffmanEstcourt – Drs.Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and AlwarGreytown – Dr. Mike CaldicottKokstad - Drs. Clowes and ShrivesMooi River - Drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and MalletMtubatuba – Dr. Trever ViljoenPietermaritzburg – Dr. Phillip KretzmannPongola – Dr. Heinz KohrsUnderberg - Drs. Collins, King and Delaney Underberg – Dr. Pete DommettVryheid – Drs.Theron and Theron

Eastern Cape (13)Alexandria - Drs. Olivier and DreyerAliwal North/Zastron – Drs. Troskie and StraussBathurst – Dr. Jane PistoriusCradock – Dr. Ilse JenkinsonGraaff- Reinet - Dr. Roland Larson Graaff-Reinet – Hobson, Strydom and HennesyHumansdorp – Drs. Van Niekerk, Janse Van Vuuren and BassonJeffreys Bay – Drs. Hoek, Lategan and McFarlaneKareedouw- Dr. Marten BootsmaMiddelburg/Steynsburg – Drs. Van Rooyen and ViljoenStutterheim - Dr. Dave WatermanUitenhage – Drs. Mulder and KrügerWitelsbos – Dr. Bernadine van den Berg

Western Cape (21)Beaufort West - Drs. Pienaar and Grobler Caledon – Drs. Retief, Coetzer, Conradie and WoudstraCaledon – Drs. Louw and ViljoenCeres –Drs. Pieterse,Wium, Freeman, De Villiers and ScheepersDarling – Drs. Van der Merwe, Adam and SenekalGeorge - Drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer George (Hoekwil) – Dr. Riaan PutterHeidelberg – Dr. Albert van ZylMalmesbury – Dr. Otto KriekMalmesbury – Dr. Markus FourieMalmesbury – Drs. Bosman and GroenewaldMontagu – Dr. Trudie Prinsloo

Oudtshoorn – Dr. Glen CarlisleOudtshoorn – Dr. Adriaan OlivierPiketberg – Dr. André van der MerwePlettenberg Bay – Dr. André Reitz Plettenberg Bay – Drs. Nell and TindallRiversdal – Drs. Du Plessis, Taylor and De Bruyn Stellenbosch – Dr. Alfred KiddSwellendam – Drs. Malan and VenterWellington – Dr. William van Zyl

Northern Cape (9)De Aar – Dr. Donald AndersonColesberg – Drs. Rous and RousJan Kempdorp – Dr. Jan BrandKimberley – Drs. Van Heerden and SwartKuruman – Dr. Maike OttermannKuruman - Dr. Lea ShudaKuruman – Dr. Gerhard van der WesthuizenPhilpstown – Dr. Stephan VermeulenUpington – Drs. Vorster and Visser

Feedlots (2)Dr. Andy HentzenDrs. Morris and Du Preez

Laboratory reports (6)Dr. Marijke Henton - Vetdiagnostix, JohannesburgDr. Liza du Plessis – Idexx SA OnderstepoortDr. Lucy Lange – Pathcare, Cape TownDr. Alan Fisher – Queenstown Provincial laboratoryDr. Rick Last – Vetdiagnostix, PietermaritzburgDr. Emily Lane – National Zoological Gardens

Key Message

Except for Gauteng and the Eastern Cape, Animal Health Forums have been functioning and discussing matters of animal health in their province. Eastern Cape recently had a planning workshop and will be meeting shortly. Gauteng will have their first meeting in October. Better relationships are being built between the State Veterinary departments and the private sector.

OBJECTIVES OF THE FORUM

1. To provide leadership in securing outcomes that position South Africa as a world leader in terms of its animal health status, that protect the national herds / flocks,

and that promote national and international market access both in the short and long term.

2. To promote and improve the health status of the National Livestock Herds / Flocks in order to promote sustainable livestock production and food safety.

3. To foster or stimulate effective disease control, and ensure safe food and related products.

4. To foster and promote relations between the organised role players in the animal production industry such as Government, Veterinary groups, research groups, disease control laboratories - as well as between representatives of the Forum members, in all aspects concerning animal health and food safety.

5. To promote, support or oppose, as necessary in the interests of animal health, disease control and food security: Any legislation or regulation or national health standard introduced by Central, Provincial or local Government bodies, and including any international Statutory Agencies, which could affect the Forum’s members.

6. To promote acceptable national health standards aimed at meeting consumer and market requirements, both nationally and internationally.

7. To encourage a code of conduct of all stake holders of the Forum such as to command the confidence and respect of the public in general.

8. To address any issues relevant to the objectives of the Forum.

The recent Veterinary Strategy (2016 -2026) identified Bovine Brucellosis as the model that will be used for disease control of the national herd.

The Brucellosis Steering Committee falling under the auspices of the National Animal Forum (NAHF) has been driving the VET (Vaccinate, Educate and Treat) strategy for bovine brucellosis.

Brucellosis is a disease destroying the Livestock industry which can also be transmitted to Humans

Brucellosis is spreading unabated in a number of SA Provinces. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries together with industry’s National Animal Health Forum are combining efforts in an action to control and eventually eradicate Brucellosis from South Africa. This will necessarily mean that all parties ie. Farmers, Livestock production organisations, DAFF and South African Veterinary Association through RuVASA practitioners will all have to be committed to this cause if progress is to be made over the next few years to bring Brucellosis under control.

The NAHF in conjunction with DAFF will be issuing press releases over the next few months to increase awareness of this disease among all stakeholders. We urge all media to become involved in our combined efforts to keep all parties well informed. We look forward to a fruitful relationship with the media and ask that you submit any queries to Marzanne Polydorou (admin@csvet.co.za).

Yours sincerely

Dr Pieter Vervoort (BVSc)

Chairman NAHF

Brucellosis control initiative of the National Animal Health Forum

VET - Vaccinate Educate Test

5 core facts you should know about brucellosis

1. It is a herd disease! If one animal in your herd tests positive for brucellosis, the whole herd is considered infected and placed under quarantine. This is due to the chronic (long term) nature of the disease and slow onset of symptoms caused by Brucella bacteria. Animals that tested negative at first, often test positive on another round of tests. There is no cure and all cases must be reported to state veterinary services, as this is a controlled disease.

2. It affects your pocket! Cattle infected with brucellosis may abort, meaning that you lose potentially healthy calves. Calving intervals are often increased, meaning less calves are born per cow per year. Milk production decreases which mean less milk for sale (dairy herds), or available to the calf (beef herds). Infected calving and abortions spread millions of Brucella bacteria into the environment.

3. You can buy in a disaster! Insist on only buying animals that come from HERDS that have tested negative for brucellosis in the last year. Insist on proof. Ideally, always quarantine newly acquired animals and test them again first before mixing them with the rest of your herd. Don’t be the cause of your own future problems.

4. Humans can get sick! Brucella bacteria can infect humans and cause fever, flu-like symptoms and chronic disease. Humans can get infected by assisting with infective calvings, handling infected placenta or abortions, drinking fresh unpasteurised milk from infected animals and slaughtering infected animals at home.

5. Vaccination is a must! It is legislated under the Animal Diseases Act (Act 35 of 1984) that all heifer calves between 4-8 months MUST be vaccinated with an effective remedy (S19 or RB51). This strengthens a cow’s immune response to the disease.

5 kernfeite wat jy van beesbrusellose

(Besmetlike misgeboorte - BM) behoort te weet

1. Dit is ‘n kuddesiekte! As een dier in jou kudde positief toets vir brusellose, word die hele kudde as positief beskou en onder kwarantyn geplaas. Dit is omdat die siekte wat deur die bakterie Brusellose veroorsaak word, kronies (lang termyn) van natuur is en kliniese tekens lank vat om voor te kom. Diere wat die eerste keer negatief toets, kan dikwels positief toets op ‘n volgende rondte toetse. Alle diere op die plaas moet dus geЇdentifiseer kan word. Daar is geen behandeling vir die siekte nie en alle gevalle moet aan die Staat Veterinêre Dienste gerapporteer word omdat dit ‘n gekontroleerde siekte is.

2. Die siekte affekteer jou beursie! Beeste wat besmet is, mag abborteer, wat beteken dat jy potensiële gesonde kalwers verloor. Kalfintervalle is dikwels verleng, wat beteken dat minder kalwers per koeie per jaar gebore word. Melkproduksie verminder, wat beteken dat daar minder melk verkoop word (melkerye), of vir kalwers beskikbaar is (vleisbeeste). Tydens kalwing en aborsies word miljoene Brucella bakterieë in die omgewing vrygestel.

3. Jy kan ‘n ramp inkoop! Dring daarop aan om slegs diere wat kom van kuddes wat die afgelope jaar negatief vir brusellose getoets het. Eis bewys van die toetsuitslae. Ideaalgesproke moet alle nuut aangekoopte diere eers onder kwarantyn geplaas word voordat hulle met die res van die kudde meng. Moenie die oorsaak van jou eie toekomstige probleme wees nie.

4.Mense kan siek word! Brucella bakterieë kan mense besmet en koors, griepsimptome en kroniese siekte veroorsaak. Mense kan besmet word deur te help met besmette kalwings, die hantering van besmette plasenta of aborsies, die drink van ongepasteuriseerde melk van besmette diere en deur besmette diere tuis te slag.

5. Inenting is ‘n vereiste! Die Wet op Dieresiektes (Wet 35 van 1984) bepaal dat alle verskalwers tussen die ouderdom 4-8 maande ingeënt MOET word met ‘n effektiewe middel (S19 of RB51) Dit versterk ‘n koei se reaksie op die siekte.

One dozen things you must know about bovine brucellosis

Brucellosis is not a simple disease and can destroy the productivity of your herd. Here are one dozen things that you must to know about this disease.

1. Brucellosis is a Controlled Animal Disease in terms of the Animal Diseases Act, and there is no treatment to cure it in cattle.

2. It is a herd disease. Thus, if one animal in the herd is infected the whole herd must be considered as potentially infected.

3. It is compulsory by law to vaccinate all heifers against brucellosis with a registered vaccine. The available vaccines are S19 (OBP) or RB51 (MSD), see table 2 of the Animal Diseases Regulations. Vaccination helps protect your herd from disease, reduces the spread of the disease and decreases the number of abortions.

4. The S19 vaccine may only be administered once in heifer calves between 4 and8 months of age. If S19 is used at an older age the animal may persistently test positive on blood tests, causing confusion about the animals disease status. The RB51 vaccine may be administered to non-pregnant heifers and cows at any age as it will not cause positive blood test results. Do not vaccinate bulls with S19 or RB51 as they may become sterile.

5. Pregnant heifers and cows infected with brucellosis may abort, resulting in reduced production in terms of calves weaned, milk yield, prolonged inter-calving intervals.

6. Cows and heifers infected with brucellosis often look healthy, which is misleading! If these animals remain in the herd, they continue to silently spread the infection which will cause severe economic and production losses.

7. The most important mode of transmission is when an infected animal calves normally or has an abortion, as this process releases millions of bacteria into the environment that can easily infect other cattle.

8. Heifers that were born from infected cows often test negative before they have calved and only test positive after their first calf is born. Newly bought-in heifers pose a high risk and should ideally be kept separate from the rest of the herd until they have calved and have tested brucellosis negative.

9. People can become infected with brucellosis by drinking unpasteurised milk, slaughtering an infected cow and handling infected birth material and aborted foetuses (calves). Human symptoms are flu-like with fever, headache and body aches. If a diagnosis is not made and appropriate treatment taken, it can become a chronic illness that continuously relapses. Meat from infected animals slaughtered at certified abattoirs is safe for human consumption.

10. Brucella bacteria can also be spread through run-off water from infected neighbouring farms. Predators such as roaming dogs, jackals and crows may carry infected material (aborted foetus and afterbirths) between farms. Flies that feed on infected material may spread the bacteria mechanically when sitting on the mucous membranes of animals.

11. Owners are responsible for the health of their animals and may be prosecuted under the Animal Diseases Act and the Consumer Protection Act if they propagate the spreading of brucellosis.

12. The only person who can protect your cattle herd against brucellosis is YOU! When you are buying cattle, insist on vaccination records and recent negative herd tests of the farm of origin. The seller must be able to declare that the cattle are vaccinated and the herd of origin tested negative for brucellosis. The seller should be able to provide proof of regular negative herd tests results. It is always advisable to isolate any cattle bought into the herd for biosecurity reasons; to test for different diseases, to get vaccinations up to date and to treat against internal and external parasites.

For further information, please contact your state or private veterinarian.

‘n Dosyn dinge wat jy moet weet van beesbrusellose

Brusellose is nie ‘n enkelvoudige siekte nie en kan die produktiwiteit van jou kudde stadigaan wegkalwe. Hier volg een dosyn belangrike dinge wat jy van die siekte moet weet:

1. Dit is ‘n gekontroleerde dieresiekte volgens die Dieresiektewet, 1984 (Wet Nr. 35 van 1984). Dit is ‘n kroniese siekte waarvoor daar geen behandeling in beeste is nie.

2. Dit is ‘n kuddesiekte – as een dier besmet is, moet die hele kudde as potensieël besmet beskou word.

3. Dit is verpligtend deur die Wet om alle verse eenmalig tussen ouderdom 4-8 maande teen brusellose te ent, met S19 of met RB51 (Tabel 2 van die Dieresiekte Regulasies). Inenting help om die kudde teen siekte te beskerm, verminder die verspreiding en die aantal aborsies.

4. S19 entstof mag slegs in verskalwers tussen die ouderdom van 4-8 maande gebruik word – indien dit op ‘n latere ouderdom gebruik word, mag die dier aanhoudend positief toets in

bloedtoetse wat verwarring van die ware siekte status veroorsaak. RB51 entstof mag in nie-dragtige koeie van enige ouderdom gebruik word, aangesien dit nie positiewe toetsresultate sal lewer nie. Bulle moet nie met S19 of RB51 ingeënt word nie aangesien hulle steriel mag raak.

5. Besmette verse en koeie mag aborteer, hulle melkproduksie mag daal en hul aanwasproduksie mag daal weens verlengde tussenkalf periodes, nageboortes wat vassit en baarmoederinfeksies.

6. Koeie en verse wat besmet is met brusellose lyk dikwels gesond, wat misleidend is! Indien hierdie diere in die kudde bly, hou hulle aan om die besmetting stilweg te versprei en dit veroorsaak ekonomiese- en produksieverliese.

7. Die belangrikste metode van oordraging is wanneer besmette koeie normaalweg kalf of aborteer, aangesien hierdie prosesse miljoene bakterieë in die omgewing vrylaat, wat maklik ander diere kan besmet.

8. Verse wat gebore is uit besmette koeie toets dikwels negatief voordat hulle kalf en toets eers positief na hul eerste kalwing. Nuutaangekoopte verse hou ‘n hoë risiko in en behoort apart van die res van die kudde gehou te word totdat hulle gekalf het en getoets kan word vir brusellose

9. Mense kan besmet word met brusellose deur ongepasteuriseerde melk te drink, ‘n positiewe koei te slag en deur besmette kalwingsmateriaal en geaborteerde fetusse (kalwers) te hanteer. Algemene simptome by mense is grieperig met koors, hoofpyne en liggaamspyne. Indien geen behandeling ontvang word nie, kan dit ‘n kroniese siekte word wat herhalend toeslaan. Vleis van besmette diere, wat by goedgekeurde abattoirs geslag word, is veilig vir menslike gebruik.

10. Brucella bakterieë kan ook versprei deur afloopwater van besmette naburige plase. Roofdiere soos rondloperhonde, jakkalse en kraaie kan ook besmette geaborteerde fetusse en nageboortes na ander plase toe verplaas. Vlieë wat op besmette materiaal voed, mag die bakterieë meganies versprei wanneer hulle op die slymvliese van diere sit.

11. Eienaars is verantwoordelik vir hul diere se gesondheid en mag onder die Wet van Dieresiektes, 1984 (Wet Nr. 35 van 1984) en die Verbruikers Beskermingswet, 2008 (Wet Nr. 68 van 2008) vervolg word indien hulle die verspreiding van brusellose besmetting propageer.

12. Die enigste persoon wat jou kudde teen brusellose kan beskerm, is JY! Wanneer jy beeste inkoop, moet jy aandring op inentingrekords en onlangse kuddetoetse van die plaas van oorsprong. Die verkoper moet in staat wees om te bewys dat die diere ingeënt en die kudde van oorsprong negatief getoets het vir brusellose. Verder behoort die verkoper ook bewys te kan lewer van gereelde negatiewe kuddetoetse. Dit is altyd aan te beveel dat enige diere wat in die kudde ingebring word, eers geїsoleer word vir biosekuriteitsredes – om te toets vir verskeie siektes, om inentings toe te dien en om te behandel teen interne en eksterne parasiete.

Vir verdere inligting skakel asseblief jou naaste staats- of privaatveearts.

Brucellosis and meat safety

Meat is safe to eat as it does not become infected with the Brucella bacteria. The bacteria isolates itself in the udder and reproductive tissue, as well as lymph nodes.

During slaughter at an abattoir, the people who slaughter are trained in the slaughter process, and they have the necessary equipment that is not always available on a farm. Protective clothing is also mandatory. Abattoir surfaces are smooth and there is an ongoing cleaning process. The abattoiris cleaned and sanitized at the end of slaughter. Condemned material when the bacteria is isolated eg. udder and reproductive organs are removed during the slaughter process and go immediately into the condemned area. Lymph nodes are removed during the trimming and inspection stage and sent to the condemned area of the abattoir. Through this risk of infection is greatly reduced.

During home slaughter, people are not always experienced in the slaughter process, do not wear effective protective clothing and also there is often insufficient equipment. If there is broken skin on an abattoir worker that is not covered by his protective clothing, they will have to cover this area with a plaster and then a waterproof glove if on the hand or wrist area. Firstly if a lactating udder is removed contamination of the area can occur when milk is released onto the ground. When evisceration occurs,  the pregnant uterus may be nicked and amniotic fluid can leak releasingmillions of bacteria into the environment. The “bos-slagter” may not trim the carcass and remove potentially infected lymph nodes. All the condemned material may be off loaded onto the farm rubbish dump where dogs, jackals or other wild animals including birds may come and feast on it. They may drag off infected material to other areas to feed on it there, and so spread the bacteria and disease in this fashion.

Are the people slaughtering the cattle wearing proper protective clothing? Or do the slaughter wearing an apron over their normal clothing. This may get contaminated and they may pick up bacteria and transfer this to themselves when rubbing their eyes, or through broken skin. The meat may become contaminated with bacteria during the slaughter process by inexperienced people. Is the area where slaughter occurred properly cleaned and sanitized after slaughter. Will there be a primary and secondary meat inspection to ensure the meat is fit for human consumption?Meat from cattle slaughtered at a registered abattoir is fit for human consumption, so you can still eat a rare steak without fear of becoming ill.

The same goes for making and eating biltong. You will not become infected from biltong made with meat passed by a registered meat inspector at a registered abattoir.

The Carte Blanche programme on Brucellosis is still available on www.carteblanche.co.za

For additional information on Brucellosis in Afrikaans go to the following website:Besoek ook www.landbou.comKlik op Indeks van antwoordeKlik op BeesteKlik op SiektesKlik op BruselloseKlik op die verskillende antwoorde

Summary of disease report for September 2016

124 Reports from veterinary practices and laboratories were received (Mpumalanga (MP) 10; Gauteng (G) 8; Limpopo (L) 6; North West (NW) 9; Free State (FS) 24; KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) 16; Eastern Cape (EC) 13; Western Cape (WC) 21; Northern Cape (NC) 9; Feedlots (FL) 2 and Laboratories (Lab) 6).

Internal parasites

The following reports were received from practices regarding internal parasite infestations:

Internal parasites MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Roundworms x x x x x x x x xResistant roundworms x x xWireworm x x x x x xBrown stomach-worm x xLarge-mouthed bowelwormNodularworm xLungwormEyewormParafilaria x x xTapeworms x x x x x xLiver fluke x x x xConical fluke x x x xCysticercosis (measles) x xSchistosomiasis (bilharzia)Coccidiosis x x x x x x x xCryptosporidiosis

Beware of outbreaks, especially wireworm, as soon as good rain falls. Clinical signs of parasitism are: anaemia (pale mucous membranes), bottle jaw, weight loss and diarrhoea. Visit www.wormx.info for more information and videos on the FAMACHA and Five point check management systems. Contact your veterinarian regarding the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) to establish which dewormers can still be used effectively in your flock to control worms.

External parasites

The following reports were received from practices regarding external parasite infestations:

External parasites MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Blue ticks x x x x x x x xResistant blue ticks x x xHeartwater ticks x x x x x xBrown ear-ticks x x xBont-legged ticks x x x x x x x xRed-legged ticks x x x

Paralysis ticks x x xTampans xBiting lice x x x x x xSucking lice x x x x xItch mites xSheep scab x x x x xMange mites x x xNuisance flies x x xMidges x x xMosquitoes xBlowflies x x x x xScrew-worm xGedoelstia (uitpeuloogsiekte)Nasal bot x x x

Hot weather and rainfall equals an increase in tick numbers. Ticks transmit diseases such as African and Asiatic red water, heartwater and anaplasmosis. Bont legged-ticks cause sweating sickness and serious wounds which become infested with screw-worms. Blue tick resistance to drug groups is on the increase – ask your veterinarian to assist you with information so as to minimize the chances of selecting blue ticks for resistance. Biosecurity is of utmost importance when buying in animals.

Tick borne diseases

The following tick borne diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

Tick borne diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

African red water x x x x x x xAsiatic red water x x x x xAnaplasmosis x x x x x x x x xHeartwater x x x x x x xLumpy skin disease x xCorridor diseaseTheileriosis

The following tick toxicoses were reported by practices in the provinces:

Tick toxicosis MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Sweating sickness x

Prevent losses by studying the life-cycle of the various tick species and vaccination programmes to prevent these diseases.

Insect transmittable diseases

The following insect transmittable diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

Insect transmittable diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Lumpy skin disease x xEphemeral fever (Three day stiff sickness) x xBlue tongueRift Valley FeverWesselsbronNagana

Do not neglect vaccinating animals! The rainy season is ahead of us and with it comes an increase in insects which are carriers of diseases tabled above. Have you vaccinate your animals to prevent losses!

Venerial diseases

The following venereal diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

Venereal diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Trichomonosis x x x x x x xVibriosis x x x xPizzle disease x xActinobacillus seminis x

New cases of trichomonosis are reported every month and this disease is out of hand. Make sure that you buy bulls from farmers where biosecurity measures are in place!

Make sure that fences are in tact and gates closed so that bulls cannot escape to neighbouring cows that may be infected with Tritrichomonas and become infected.

Cattle study groups should discuss preventative and control measures with their veterinarians. Be sure to test bulls regularly for these diseases.

Beware when buying in or sharing bulls! Remember female animals may also be infected.

Bacterial diseases

The following bacterial diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

Bacterial diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

AnthraxBlackquarter x x x x x x x x xBotulism x x x x xPulpy kidney x x x x x x xLamb dysentery x x x

Swelled head x x x x xRed gut (cattle) x x x x x xBlood gut (sheep) x x x x x xTetanus x x xSalmonellosis x x xBovine brucellosis x x x x x x xOvine brucellosis( (Ram’s disease) x x x xActinobacillus seminisBovine tuberculosisJohne’s x xLeptospirosisListeriosisPseudomonas xFusibacterium necrophorum xSepticemia x x xE. coli x x x x x x xEnzootic abortion x x x xLumpy wool x xUterine gangrene x x xBovine dermatophilosis (Senkobo disease) x xWooden tongueLumpy jaw x

Balantidium coli was diagnosed in cattle with diarrhoea in KZN on pastures fertilized with pig manure.

A few comments on bacterial diseases:

Study the presence of diseases in your area and update your vaccination programme and order vaccines and booster doses in advance!

To control and eradicate brucellosis is a top priority for all of us!

According to law all heifers must be vaccinated between the ages of 4 to 8 months with Strain 19 or RB 51 vaccine!

RB 51 vaccine can be given to animals of any age. Do not vaccinate pregnant animals as they may abort!

Viral diseases

The following viral diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

Viral diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

BMC (snotsiekte) x x x x xRabies (cattle) x x

BVD x xIBR x x x xBRSVPI3Maedi visna virusRotavirus / CoronavirusEnzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) x x x xSheep leucosisJaagsiekteOrf x x x x x x x xWarts x x x x x x x x

There is no treatment for viral diseases with the result that animals have to be protected by vaccinations if they are available.

There is not a vaccine available against snotsiekte. This deadly virus is associated with wildebeest but remember there is also a sheep associated strain. Wildebeest sheds the virus especially during the calving season, when calves are weaned and during the hunting season when they are stressed. A vaccine against snotsiekte is at present being tested and hopefully the dossier for registration will be completed by the end of the year.

Discuss vaccination programmes with your veterinarian.

Fungal diseases

The following fungal disease was reported by practices in the provinces:

Fungal diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Ringworm x x x x x x X

Protozoal diseases

Protozoal diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Besnoitiosis (olifantsvelsiekte)

Toxicities

The following toxicities were reported by practices in the provinces:

Toxicities MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Cardiac glycoside x x xSlangkop xCrotularia

Gifblaar x x xGousiekte xCestrum (ink berry) x x x x xTulip x x x x xCynanchum (bobbejaantou) xFacial eczema x xLantana xPrussic acid x x x x x xSenecio x x x xCotula nigellifolia (stagger wood)Geeldikkop (duwweltjies) x xVermeersiekte x xHertia pallens (krimpsiekte) xSolanum incanum (maldronksiekte)Gomphocarpus (Asclepias) fruticosus (milkweed)Bracken fernJanuary bush (Gnidia polycephalatus) xChinkerenchee xKikuyu xRyegrass xGanskweekPaspalum staggersPhotosensitivity (Turknael, Erodium moschatum)

x

Photosensitivity (Stellenbosch) xLusernMycotoxicosis xDiplodiosisLupinsHarpuisbosSyringa berriesKraalbosCrotolariaRadishCarrot poisoningOnion poisoningBracken fernPollen beetle ( Astylus atromaculatus)Water contaminationNitrate xUrea x x x xSnake bite x xMoth cocoons (impaction)Blue green algaeCopper x xSeleniumZincFluorideLead

Paraquat xPhosamineOrganophosphatePyrethroidAmitraz xLevamisoleTilmicosinIonophorHypo

Toxic plants are usually greener than the natural grazing and farmers should be aware of these plants and which clinical signs are seen when they are eaten. Tulp, Senecio and ink berry plant toxicities were the major causes of deaths.

Beware when buying in animals as they are the animals which usually eat toxic plants such as tulp.

For further information on treatment of tulp and other poisonings visit:

www.landbou.com

Klik op Indeks van antwoorde

Klik op Beeste of Skape

Klik op Vergiftigings

Klik op die Opskrifte

Urea poisoning was on the increase which is due to a management problem.

Before treating animals read the lable or packet insert and make sure of the dosage rate and warnings.

Nutritional deficiencies

The following nutritional deficiencies were reported by practices in the provinces:

Deficiencies MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Energy x x x x x x x xProtein x x x x x x x xPhosphate x x x x xCalcium x x x x x x

Due to the severe drought conditions animals suffer on many farms from nutritinal deficiences. The results are poor conception rates, retained afterbirths, poor quality of colostrum and a decrease in the immune status of animals.

Micro-nutritional deficiencies

The following micro-nutritional deficiencies were reported by practices in the provinces:

Deficiencies MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

IodineCopper x xZincSelenium x xMagnesium x xManganese xVitamin A x x x x x xVitamin B 1

There are antagonists such as calcium, iron and sulphur which hamper the uptake of micro-minerals. Have water and soil samples analysed to see what the levels of these antagonists are. Arrange with your veterinarian to have liver samples analysed to determine the status of these micro-minerals in your herd or flock.

With the drought and lack of proper grazing, mineral deficiencies will increase.

Supplement animals with vitamin A during drought conditions.

Multifactorial diseases and other conditions

The following conditions were reported by practices in the provinces

Multifactorial diseases and other conditions MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Abortions x x x x x x x x xStillbirths x x x xAbscesses x x x x x x x x xIntestinal ulcersBladder stones -urolithiasis x x x xBlindness x x xBloat x x x x x xBlood gut (sheep) x x xBlue udder x x x x xDiarrhoea x x x x x x x xEpididymitis x x xEye cancer x x x xEye infections x x x x x x x xJoint ill x x x x xLameness/foot problems x x x x x x x x xLung infection x x x x x x x x xMastitis x x x x x xNavel ill x x x x xRed gut (sheep, torsion of gut) xRectal prolaps

Trauma x x x xPlastic bags (ingestion)Downer x x x x x x

In the Nelspruit are goitre of unknown origin was diagnosed in goats.

Discuss the origin, treatment and prevention of these diseases with your veterinarian

Metabolic diseases

The following diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

Metabolic diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Acidosis x x x x x x x xDisplaced abomasums x x x x xKetosis x x x x x x xMilk fever x x x x

There is an increase in the reporting of acidosis. Many farmers are feeding their animals due to the drought. Make sure that you adapt animals to feed containing concentrates.

Discuss the etiology, treatment and prevention of these diseases with your veterinarian.

Reproductive diseases

Reproductive diseases MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Dystocia (difficult births) x x x x x x x x xEndometritis x x x x x xMetritis x x x x x xPoor conception x x x x xRetained afterbirth x x x x x x x x xSheath prolaps x xUterine prolaps x x x x x x xVaginal prolaps x x x x x xPenis injury

The drought plays a huge role in fertility. Fertility of animals is one of the most important factors determining the success of farming. Discuss all issues with your veterinarian.

Environmental conditions

MP G L NW FS KZN

EC WC NC

Exposure to coldFrozen to death x x x

Heat stress x x xLightning x xDrought x x x x x x x x

Other conditions: Drug residues (G – antibiotics in milk); predators ( G, FS, KZN, NC); theft ( FS) and trauma (G, FS, KZN, WC

Comment:

In the CODE OF CONDUCT of the RPO the following standard operating procedures are documented. The local veterinarian should be your partner to help you achieve the necessary standards. http://www.rpo.co.za/BestPractices/English.aspx

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO SUPPORT BIO-SECURITY.

Precautionary measures are required to protect the herd against diseases acquired because of external contact. The following categories are of concern:

1. DIRECT LIVESTOCK PURCHASES (and own animals returning):The following should be verified before importing new animals into the herd:How long animals have resided at the purchase or previous location?Have there been any recent disease outbreaks in the location?Do brand marks clearly confirm ownership?Was a vaccination program followed (need paper or veterinarian proof). What are the local prevalent external parasites and the routinely implemented control program?Is a veterinarian supported control program against transmittable diseases followed?Dates and sufficient number of tests for reproductive diseases of both male and femaleDates and tests for zoonotic diseasesThe above should also be verified with the purchaser’s own veterinarian.

2. PURCHASES FROM SALES OR SPECULATORSPurchase only in areas which are not in close proximity to scheduled areasVisually inspect the animals before purchasing for:* brand marks* parasite infestation

3. TRANSPORT TO THE FARMUse only reputable transportersHas the truck been cleaned and disinfected? Truck to follow the shortest uninterrupted routeTruck to take the shortest route to the handling facilitiesDo not allow the truck personnel to get in contact with the farm herd

4. ARRIVAL ON THE FARMOff-load the livestock to limit stress and to be visually evaluated for any unnaturalconditions.Isolate them from the farm herd and shared facilities for at least 21 days (quarantine)Retest for diseases of concern if needed, before mixing with the rest of the herdProcess new arrivals within 24 hrs after arrival (unique ID tag brand, dip, dose, vaccinate)Inspect regularly

5. FEED PURCHASESEnsure bales of hay are sourced from areas that are not bordering scheduled areasPurchase feed from reputable dealers onlyAvoid buying feed in second hand bagsEnsure feed trucks are also disinfected and cleaned, especially if also used to transport animals to abattoirs

6. VISITORSDo not allow strangers or their vehicles amongst the livestockEnsure fences are well maintained and preferably jackal and warthog proof

7. EMPLOYEESDo not allow the employees to eat in feed storesSupply employees with sufficient ablution facilitiesRegularly arrange to let employees be medicated for tape worm and have health check-upsKeep record of all employee livestock on the propertyTreat employee livestock with separate but dedicated health programsEnsure employees understand the reason behind the implemented bio-security measures to help ensure compliance.

GENERAL AND REPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

Record keeping: All animals are individually identified and recorded.To prove ownership: All animals are marked with the registered brand mark according to the Animal Identification Act, No 6 of 2002.A defined breeding season is the basis of effective management: The breeding season coincides with the rainy season, i.e. the period when nutritive value of the pasture is at its best.Sufficient energy reserves in the herd as measured by condition scoring are vital, especially for effective breeding, and when inadequate the herd is supplemented in consultation with a nutritionist: Condition scoring of bulls and cows are regularly done, particularly at the onset of the breeding season and supplemented if necessary.Bull - cow ratios are maintained: A ratio of 1 to 25 is maintained in every separate herd.Fertility of breeding bulls: All breeding bulls are tested for mating ability and semen quality before the breeding season. Sexually transferable diseases: Sheath washes or scrapes on bulls are performed annually.Diseases that can cause poor conception, abortion or weak calves: Cows are vaccinated against such diseases in consultation with the veterinarian.Breeding success monitored by a veterinarian: Rectal pregnancy or scan diagnosis is done by the veterinarian 8 weeks after the breeding season.Twenty percent of cows or more not pregnant: Further tests are done to determine cause of low pregnancy rate.Culling of non-pregnant cows: Non-pregnant cows are removed from the herd and considered a necessary bonus to supporting herd income.

HERD HEALTH AND BIO-SECURITYMaintenance of herd health is key to a successful enterprise: A veterinarian should visit the farm bi-annually at least.Calf mortality before 3 months of age is an important reason for poor weaning percentage: Good management practices are applied to limit early calf deaths.

Some diseases and parasites (internal and external) are more often encountered in specific areas: Annual vaccinations and a parasite control program should be applied according to regional requirements and in liaison with the veterinarian.Farmers selling weaned calves to feedlots may want to have a market advantage compared to others: A specific vaccination program is applied before weaning for that purpose.Herds may be at risk of being exposed to CA and TB: The herd is tested annually for CA and all heifers are vaccinated against CA between 4 and 8 months of age with an efficient, approved remedy. The herd is tested at least every 5 years for TB Precautionary measures are required to prevent diseases being imported into the herd: A quarantine program to keep incoming animals separate is followed. All incoming animals have a suitable certificate of negative test results or are of a certified clean, closed herd.Stock remedies and medicines should be registered, correctly stored and used before the transpire date: All medicines and stock remedies are registered, stored and applied according to prescription.Prescribed medicines with a specific application are under the control of the veterinary profession: All prescription medicines are obtained and applied under prescription from a veterinarian.

Practices that had nothing to report

Calvinia – Dr. Bertus NelCradock – Ilse JenkinsonGreytown – Dr. Mike CaldicottJan Kempdorp – Dr. Jan BrandKarino – Dr. Silke PfitzerLephalale – Dr. Brigitte LuckPlettenberg Bay – Dr. Stephan Nell

Ostriches

Western CapeOudtshoorn – Ostrimed

Condition CommentsBont legged-tick 3 After hot weather, huge explosion in tick

activity. Same holds true for midges.Midges – 1 After hot weather, huge explosion in tick

activity. Same holds true for midges.Tapeworms -1Energy deficiency -3 Pleasant weather conditions followed by very

cold days or evenings.Wet and cold with wind, severe chill factor.

Diarrhoea – 3 Hot days or over heating during cold spells result in a trigger of diarrhoea. Severe tiflocolitis – normal entero flora overgrowth notably Clostridium group. Peracute to acute condition. If preliminary antibiotics (oxytetracyclines or macrolides) do not work mortalitiy rate of 80%

is to be expected. Second and 3rd generation antibiotics or quinolones have little to no effect.

Cold exposure -3 Pleasant weatherconditions followed by poor very cold days or evenings. Older chicks which are not fully protected suffer most. Show poor intake, negative metabolic rate and long tail of mortalities

Equines

MpumalangaDelmas/SundraPiroplasmosis (Babesiosis) – 2Stomach ulcersColic impaction

GautengBapsfonteinImpaction colic -1Theileriosis - 1BronkhorstspruitTheileriosis – 1Downer – 2 – Suspect one case of Fusarium moneliforme and second case of Cynanchum poisoning (bobbejaantou)MagaliesburgColic -2MuldersdriftFoalings – 2Rabies – 1Theileriosis – 1NigelTheileriosis - 2

North WestLeeudoringstadRingworm - 2

Free StateBethlehemColic – 1Piroplasmosis (Babesiosis) – 2Gariep damDystocias – 2 cases

Eastern CapePort Alfred Theileriosis – 1 – Southwell

Abortion – 1 Bathurst

Game

MpumalangaBalfourCapture myopathy - 1

GautengBronkhorstspruitClostridium novyi – Impala mortalities triggered by intake of milkweed (melkbos). Animals graze in small camp with milkweed that was eaten. Blesbuck in same camp did not die. Impala eat leaves if grazing is poor while blesbuck do not eat leaves.Pretoria –AnimavetBlue ticks -3Bont tick - 3Brown ear-tick – 3Bont legged-tick – 3Abortion – 1Pneumonia – 1Eye problems - 1Abscesses – 2

LimpopoBela-BelaEnergy deficiency – 1Protein deficiency - 1Mokopane Heartwater tick – 2Abscesses – 1PolokwaneBlackleg –2Energy deficiency –3Lungs -1Abscesses - 1

North WestChristianaRabies – cat and jackalKlerksdorpBont-legged ticks – 2Red-legged ticks – 2Arthritis - GemsbuckDiarrhoea – 2Lameness - 1Lungs -2Opthalmia – 2Fractures – Black springbok; Golden WildebeestLichtenburg

Rabies – 1 (jackal)MagaliesburgSyringa berry poisoning – SpringbokStella Rabies – Jackal – 1

Free StateLadybrand/Excelsior Rabies - DogReitzRabies – Meercat in town Kommetjiesgat/watermuishond – cattle attacked in milk parlourWinburgLungs - 2

KwaZulu-NatalPongola Protein deficiency – 3 (drought)Energy deficiency – 3 (drought)Phosphate -3Calcium -3Vitamin A deficiency – 3

Eastern CapePort AlfredArthritis – Sable calfArthritis – Sable calf – JanssenvilleAbscess - Scimitar Oryx – Hoof abscess from cactus spine – JanssenvilleAbscess- Bufallo – hoof abscess and sole flap ulcer - SalemSepticemia - Yellow blesbuck – after penile transaction – Fraser’s campWireworm – Nyala – SouthwellVerminosis – Springbok – BedfordVerminosis and heartwater –eventually all 12 died - BedfordNecrobacillosis – Springbok – BedfordWitelsbosHeartwater tick - Giraffe

Western CapeCeresSucking lice – 2 – SpringbokDystocia – 3 - Springbok

Northern CapeUpingtonPneumonia (pasteurellosis) – Springbok - 3

SwineEastern CapePort Alfred

Mastitis - 1

Monthly report on Livestock and Wildlife isolations for September 2016 from Vetdiagnostix –Microbiology Laboratory, supplied by dr. Marijke Henton (henton@vetdx.co.za)

Antibiotic resistance is a matter of great concern to all who work in the field of health. Although most cases of severe antibiotic resistance are found in companion animals, such cases have been increasing steadily in farmed animals. Two are of particular concern. ESBL stands for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase, and the genetic factor for production is found in bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Related bacteria such as Enterobacter, which are environmental opportunists, can also carry the factor, and can transmit resistance to pathogens such as Salmonella. ESBL producers are resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins. The isolates may show false sensitivity to these two antibiotic groups on antibiograms. During September alone, 6 ESBL positive isolates were identified, from bovine and ovine enteritis, ovine and porcine septicaemia, bovine mastitis and from fistulous withers in a horse. Such isolates are usually resistant to many other antibiotics as well. The genetic factor for ESBL is rapidly transmitted to a variety of Gram negative bacteria.

The second resistance factor is MRSA, which stands for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, although other Staphylococcus species pathogenic for animals, such as S. pseudintermedius, can also show resistance. Two MRSA strains were isolated from cases of bovine mastitis during September. Other cause of mastitis were Streptococcus uberis [2 cases], S. dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium afermentans and two other isolates of S. aureus which were not MRSA strains.

Respiratory tract disease in cattle yielded Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni [2], Pasteurella multocida, Trueperella pyogenes [2] and Mycoplasma. Histophilus somni was also the cause of bovine septicaemia, as was Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin.

Blackquarter-like lesions were positive for Clostridium chauvoei [2] and C. novyi [2]. A case of abortion due to Brucella abortus was also received.

Respiratory disease in a goat yielded Trueperella pyogenes and Mannheimia biovar 10.

E. coli caused enteritis and septicaemia in pigs [10 cases]. Pneumonia in pigs yielded Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus suis and Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurella mairii, which is of low virulence, was isolated from a septicaemic pig, and Aspergillus fumigatus was involved in an abortion.

The respiratory tract of horses yielded Streptococcus zooepidemicus [3], Klebsiella pneumoniae [2], and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Abscesses were due to Sporothrix schenkii, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinobacillus equuli and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Metritis was caused by E. coli and S. zooepidemicus.

A nyala with necrotic enteritis yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the anaerobe Porphyromonas. It was suspected that a partial intussusception had occurred, and that the two isolates were secondary invaders. A sable showing muscle necrosis was positive for Clostridium novyi.

Monthly report on Livestock and Wildlife isolations for September 2016 from IDEXX Laboratories supplied by dr. Liza du Plessis (Liza-DuPlessis@idexx.com)

Condition Comments and SpecieHeartwater tick G1Brown ear tick G1Heartwater B,G1Theileriosis G1, RoanPulpy kidney O1Ringworm E1Clostridium septicum C2Salmonellosis B3Tuberculosis G 2 (various spacies)E .coli O,P2Coccidiosis O1BMC (snotsiekte) B3Rabies B1Energy deficiency O, Various game 2Selenium deficiency O1Abortion B,O,G2Lungs B,O2Diarrhoea O2Abscesses O,G2Capture myopathy G1

Feedlot report received from Dr. Shaun Morris and Dr. Eben du Preez for September 2016 (edupreez1@telkomsa.net)

Sheep feedlots

Lambs arriving at feedlots were generally in good condition in spite of drought conditions.There were groups that included weaker lambs with poor rumen development resulting in poor adaptation.

Severe wireworm infestations were seen in sheep arriving from areas that had rain.

A few cases were seen of pulpy kidney, diarrhoea (diagnosis not confirmed) and lameness ( mostly due to trauma).

Pneumonia cases were seen in dusty kraals.

Cattle feedlots

An increase in cases of pneumonia occurred in all age groups with an increase in treatments and mortalities. Predisposing factors were great variance between day and night temperatures, dusty, and dry windy conditions affecting mucous membranes. An increase in IBR infections and interstitial pneumonia occurred.

Lumpy skin disease occurred in numerous areas and this may indicatethat severe outbreaks may occur when weather conditions become favourable for insects transmitting this disease.

With an increase in windy conditions during the month, feed intake varied and digestion problems such as bloat, acidosis, red gut, damage to the rumen wall and vitamin B1 deficiency (cerebro-cortico necrosis –CCN) occurred.

Black tar poles caused allergic reactions in cattle resulting in severe swelling and and severe irritation (pruritis) of the skin. Skin on the ventral areas of animals even became necrotic.

A few animals were injured.

Animals suffered from laminitis, a possible cause was that tey were herded over hot sand.

Anaplasmosis and red water cases were reported.

Vitamin A and trace mineral deficiencies, windy and dusty conditions predisposed to eye infections.

Feedlot report received from Dr. Andy Hentzen for September 2016 (andyvet@mweb.co.za)

Condition Comments and SpecieLiver fluke B3, O2Conical fluke B1Parafilaria B2Cysticercosis B3Blue ticks B 1Brown ear-ticks B 1Biting lice B1Sucking lice B3Nuisance flies B 1African red water B2Red gut B 3Ringworm B 3Leptospirosis B 1BVD B 3IBR B 3EBL B 1Warts B 3Water contamination B 3Urea poisoning B 1Protein deficiency B 3Energy deficiency B 3Phosphate deficiency B 2Copper deficiency B 2

Zinc deficiency B 2Selenium deficiency B 2Vitamin A deficiency B 3Combination of trace mineral deficiencies

B 3

Abortions B 3Dystocia B2Metritis B1Retained afterbirth B2Lameness B3Lungs B3Diarrhoea B3Eye problems B3Abscesses B,C3

Monthly report for September 2016 from Dr R D Last (BVSc; M.Med.Vet(Path); MRCVS)

Specialist Veterinary Pathologist, Vetdiagnostix - Veterinary Pathology Services

ContributorsMr Butch Bosch, Ms Ntando Magoso, Mrs Beverley Williams, Ms Nicole Genga, Dr Rick Last

LIVESTOCK DISEASE SURVEILANCE

LIVESTOCK SPECIES DISEASE AGENTNO.

CASES LOCATIONOvine, Adult Ewe Listeriosis 1 Howick, KZN

Ovine, Lamb Acute seneciosis 1 Piet Retief, MpumalangaEquine, Foal 3 days Clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis 1 Drakenstein, W.CapeBovine, Adult Cow Liver fluke 1 Empangeni, KZN

Porcine, Aborted Fetuses Aspergillus placentitis with mycotic abortion 1 New Hanover, KZNFeedlot Steers Hypertensive vasculopathy 3 Dundee, KZNBovine Bulls Tritrichomonas foetus 1 Bergville, KZN

WILDLIFE DISEASE SURVEILANCE

WILDLIFE SPECIES DISEASE AGENTNO.

CASES LOCATIONRoan Antelope West Nile Virus 1 Polokwane, Limpopo

Giraffe, Adult Bull Frothy Bloat 1 Estcourt, KZNWhite Impala, Adult

Ewe Cachexia with cryptosporidiosis 1 Polokwane, LimpopoRed Duiker, Neonate Theileriosis 1 Mtubatuba, KZNBuffalo, Adult Cow Rumen acidosis 1 Rooiberg, Limpopo

Roan Antelope, Calf Rumen indigestion with bacterial overgrowth 1 Thaba Pulani, LimpopoRoan Antelope, Cow Theileriosis 1 Harrismith, Free State

Sable Antelope, Calf Theileriosis 1 Gravelotte, Limpopo

Wild Dog, Adult Female Clostridial enteritis 1Lammermoor,

GautengWaterbuck, Calf Theileriosis 1 Letakataka, Limpopo

Impala, Ewe Cutaneous follicular dysplasia 1 Meletse, LimpopoNyala, Adult Bull Pseudomembranous necrotic enteritis 1 Blaauwbank, Limpopo

Monthly report for August 2016 from Queenstown Provincial Veterinary Laboratory as supplied by Dr. A.D. Fisher (alan.fisher@drdar.gov.za)

Condition Area Comments and SpecieIntestinal roundworms B, O 3Liver fluke O1Cysticercosis B,O,C 2Biting lice (Damilinia ovis) O1Heartwater Cofimvaba O,C3Swelled head (Clostridium novyii) B1Pulpy kidney O 1Lungs O1Coccidiosis O,C 3

Very high counts (155,000 to 450,000 oocysts per gram) in faecal egg counts and numerous deaths in young lambs and kids after snow and rain early in August. Compounded by poor nutritional status, mismothering, exposure

Protein deficiency O,1 – acidosisCalcium deficiency O, 1 grass staggersEnergy deficiency O 3Selenium toxicity O,1 – Selenium excess- overdosage of

bovine multimineral drugRabies

TsoloNcoboMaclearCofimvabaDutywaTsoloMnqanduli

C7, O1, B3, C6Canine, 6 casesCanine, 3 casesCanine, 2 casesSheep, 1 caseCattle, 2 casesCattle, one caseCattle, one case

Cold exposure O,C3 – ten post mortemsMME (Malnutrition, mismothering, Exposure)

B – bovine; O – ovine; C – caprine; P – pigs; G – game

1 = one case; 2 = 2 to 9 cases; 3 = more than 10 cases

Monthly report for September 2016 from Dr. Lucy Lange: PathCare Vetlab (lange@pathcare.co.za)

Disease condition Specie

Vibriosis CattleBrucellosis CattlePoor nutrition All speciesParasites All species

Report from Dr. Emily Lane Wildlife Pathology Research Programme