The Control of Traits

Traits are controlled by _Proteins_

2 Types:

Structural = Build the body (skin, hair, muscle, blood)

Enzymes = speed up, slow down, start, or stop cellular/chemical reactions (usually end in –ase)

DNA → Proteins → Traits

Controls the _production_

of

Controls the _expression_

of

How do we get to the “who” we are?

Trait – a specific characteristic like eye color, or height that varies from one individual to another.

Variation – the _version_ that an organism can inherit of a trait.

Traits vs Variations

_Variation_

Of a

Trait

Differences

Within a

_Protein_→

Results In

Trait = Eye color Variation

Trait = Hair Color Variation

Trait = Skin Color Variation

Proteins are made up of repeating units (MONOMERS) called amino acids. All amino acids have a similar basic structure.

PROTEINS

There are only _20_ different amino acids.

A protein may contain anywhere from 50 to 5,000 amino acids.

Amino Acids = Protein building blocks

Some Amino Acids

Some More Amino Acids

Still More Amino Acids

Essential Amino Acids

Glucose can be changed back into some amino acids IF certain nitrogen-containing molecules are available.

HOWEVER, there are 8 necessary aa that cannot be synthesized in human cells so they have to be ingested in your diet.

B/C of this they are called essential amino acids:

Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine

Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

What determines the protein synthesized ?

A different _number_

and/or

_sequence_ of amino acids

results in a different protein.

Basic Amino Acid Structure

3 parts to an amino acid:

1. Amine Group = -NH2

2. Carboxyl Group = -COOH

3. R Group = this is the functional group; the part that determines which amino acid you have.

How do amino acids become proteins?

Amino Acids are linked together by _peptide_ bonds.

What determines which protein will be made in the end?

Formation of a Dipeptide

Dehydration synthesis

Amino Acid + Amino Acid --> Dipeptide

Amino Acid + Dipeptide --> Tripeptide

A.A. + A.A. + …..+ Tripeptide --> Polypeptide/Protein

WHAT VARIATION of TRAITS DO YOU HAVE?

EYE COLOR

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

HAIR COLOR/TEXTURE

http://faculty.washington.edu/~chudler/gif/hairch.gif

FEMALE OR MALE?

http://www.angelbabygifts.com/

WIDOW’S PEAKDominant

http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/geneticsfeb02.html

TONGUE ROLLING

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/tongroll.html

Homozygous recessives- non rollers

FRECKLES

http://chantelsimmons.blogspot.com/2007/07/tuesday-tuck-shop.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Freckled.jpg

DIMPLES/CLEFT CHINDominantImages from: http://www.uni.edu/walsh/cleft.jpg

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Kirk-douglas-big-trees02.jpg

http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1270258944/nm0000237

https://kyberia.sk/id/3591050/3

Bend finger at top joint?

http://toadandmo.blogspot.com/2007/08/mos-hidden-talent.html

HITCHHIKER’S THUMB=homozygous recessive

Images from: http://www.ncrtec.org/tl/camp/gene/thumbs.htm

LONG 2nd TOEDominant

http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html

ATTACHED EAR LOBES

homozygous recessive = attached

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/genetics_puzzle.html

Touch your nose with your tongue?

Images from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/252/526385891_643b1b1420.jpg?v=0http://picasaweb.google.com/angelinachristalpina/ChristmasClothes02#5146686361494213122

COLOR BLINDNESSRED-green colorblindness most

common8% of males & 0.5% females

http://www.planetperplex.com/img/colorblind.jpg

Review

What controls the production of proteins?

What determines which protein is made?

What controls the expression of traits?