• 1. How does a fast-muscle twitch differ from a slow-muscle twitch, in terms of color, number of mitochondria, vascularization, and amount of myoglobin?

• fast: light in color, few mitochondria, relatively little myoglobin

• slow: dark in color, many mitochondria, lots of myoglobin

• 2. Glucose concentrations are under the control of what 2 hormones?

• insulin• glucagon

• 3. Explain how a human ear and a telephone may have similar modes of reception of sound in their inner parts.

• both receive airbone vibrations and convert this vibrational energy into electrical signals

• 4. Why might it be necessary for animals to excrete more or less dilute urine? How does this relate to humans concentrating urine while sleeping, or excreting dilute urine during the day, when beverage consumption is higher?

• homeostasis: maintain concentrations of critical substances within tolerable ranges

• e.g., sodium is lost in sweat (creates need for conservation along with water) vs. consuming a lot of liquid and losing little

• 5. What is the name of the sensory structure responsible for detecting pheromonal signals? Where is it located?

• vomeronasal organ• located in nasal cavity, lower area in

humans• projects to ‘unconscious brain’ via

accessory olfactory bulb

• 6. What are the small muscles attached to the lens in the eye? How are they involved in the refracting of light onto the retina?

• cililary body• change the shape of the lens for

accomodation• accomodation alters light paths such that

light from on spot in outside will meet at the same spot on the retina

• 7. What is the respiratory pigment in vertebrates, and what is its role in transporting oxygen?

• hemoglobin (hemocyanin in many inverts)

• carries ~95% of O2 in blood (remember that very little is actually dissolved in water)

• 8. Give an example of animals that excrete urea, uric acid, or ammonia. Explain why that form of excretion works for that particular animal.

• fish: ammonia - toxic!, but lots of water is available it is easy to get rid of waste

• human: urea - less toxic, water loss can be a problem so this saves water

• desert lizard: uric acid - non toxic, needs very little water to excrete

• 9. Where are receptors for odorants located in insects?:

• sensilla of sensory hairs (actually dendrites which extend into sensilla)

10. What does the lens do? What structure helps alter the shape of the lens?

• accomodation• cililary body (muscles)

• 11. Ancestrally, the forebrain was associated with _____, the midbrain was associated with _____, and the hindbrain was associated with _____ and _____.

• forebrain: olfaction• midbrain: vision• hindbrain: balance and hearing

• 12. List two fundamental differences in open vs. closed circulatory systems.

• several are possible• no capillaries vs. capillaries• low pressure vs. high pressure• hemolymph vs. blood• large hemolymph volume vs. small

blood volume

• 13. Explain briefly how body size is related to overall metabolism and oxygen consumption in mammals.

Body Size

TotalO2

Body Size

O2/g body weight

• 14. What are the receptor units that are found on the lateral line of a fish?

• neuromasts

• 15. If depolarization occurs to the point that the membrane potential is at threshold, what is likely to happen next?

• an action potential will be generated through positive feedback

• why is this positive feedback?• voltage-gated Na+ channels open in

response to depolarization, which increases depolarization and opens more channels, which…..

• 16. What are the three innovations in ventilation mammals have developed, relative to other tetrapods?

• diaphragm muscle• vertical flexion of spine• loss of abdominal ribs

• 17. Explain why ectotherms with a thick layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue would be selected against (i.e., natural selection).

• the problem of evolving an insulating coating when you get your heat externally or generating heat internally when you just lose it

• ectotherms with a thick insulating coating could not heat up

• 18. Capillary beds play an integral role in the tracheal system of insects. T or F

• False, insects have an open circulatory system and trachea go directly to cells in tissues

• 19. Malpighian tubules pump salts and wastes into the gut. T or F

• True, these are major excretory organs in insects

1. Disorders in androgen production can produce dramatic alterations in sexual phenotype development. Which of the following would be mostlikely to occur if a human had mutations in the androgen receptor gene? (Hint: this is also known as androgen insensitivity syndrome.)

• a) Male internally, female externally with two X chromosomes

• b) no effect, normal development• c) Female externally, with no functional internal reproductive

organs and an X and Y chromosome• d) Male externally, female internally with no sex

chromosomes

1. Disorders in androgen production can produce dramatic alterations in sexual phenotype development. Which of the following would be mostlikely to occur if a human had mutations in the androgen receptor gene? (Hint: this is also known as androgen insensitivity syndrome.)

• a) Male internally, female externally with two X chromosomes

• b) no effect, normal development• c) Female externally, with no functional internal reproductive

organs and an X and Y chromosome• d) Male externally, female internally with no sex

chromosomes

• 2. The enlargement which results in increased "leakiness" of vessels in the first response of inflammation is called:

• a) Self Recognition

• b) Dissociation

• c) Vasodilation

• d) Agglutination

• 2. The enlargement which results in increased "leakiness" of vessels in the first response of inflammation is called:

• a) Self Recognition

• b) Dissociation

• c) Vasodilation

• d) Agglutination

3. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

• a) The Astrocyte

• b) Serotonin

• c) The Endorphin

• d) The Neuron

3. What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

• a) The Astrocyte

• b) Serotonin

• c) The Endorphin

• d) The Neuron

4. Why can a person die quickly from exposure to carbon monoxide?

• a) carbon monoxide increases the pH of the blood

• b) carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen

• c) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide mix to form a poisonous gas in the body

• d) carbon monoxide decreases the pH of the blood

4. Why can a person die quickly from exposure to carbon monoxide?

• a) carbon monoxide increases the pH of the blood

• b) carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen

• c) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide mix to form a poisonous gas in the body

• d) carbon monoxide decreases the pH of the blood

5. Many marine mammals dive to great depths, collapsing their lungs as they dive. How do they manage (physiologically) to make these dives?

• a) Oxygen is stored in their blood.

• b) Oxygen is stored in their muscles.

• c) They do not use a lot of muscles to dive, therefore only using a minimum amount of oxygen.

• d) All of the above.

5. Many marine mammals dive to great depths, collapsing their lungs as they dive. How do they manage (physiologically) to make these dives?

• a) Oxygen is stored in their blood.

• b) Oxygen is stored in their muscles.

• c) They do not use a lot of muscles to dive, therefore only using a minimum amount of oxygen.

• d) All of the above.

6. Which represents the general function of sensory receptors?

• a) accomodation

• b) transduction

• c) discrimination

• d) a and b

• e) all of the above

6. Which represents the general function of sensory receptors?

• a) accomodation

• b) transduction

• c) discrimination

• d) a and b

• e) all of the above

7. The type of sensory reception used in taste and smell is

• a) photoreception

• b) thermoreception

• c) mechanoreception

• d) chemoreception

• e) nociception

7. The type of sensory reception used in taste and smell is

• a) photoreception

• b) thermoreception

• c) mechanoreception

• d) chemoreception

• e) nociception

• 8. Which of the following levels of the vertebrate nervous system is responsible for the skeletal muscle responses to stimuli?

• a) sensory

• b) somatic

• c) sympathetic

• d) parasympathetic

• e) peripheral

• 8. Which of the following levels of the vertebrate nervous system is responsible for the skeletal muscle responses to stimuli?

• a) sensory

• b) somatic

• c) sympathetic

• d) parasympathetic

• e) peripheral

9. Identify the structure in the forebrain which releases melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles).

• a) hypothalamus

• b) pons

• c) pituitary gland

• d) pineal gland

• e) superior colliculi

9. Identify the structure in the forebrain which releases melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles).

• a) hypothalamus

• b) pons

• c) pituitary gland

• d) pineal gland

• e) superior colliculi

• 11. What kind of mouse does Dr. Godwin use in class?

• a) field mouse

• b) air mouse

• c) kangaroo mouse

• d) brown mouse

• e) flying mouse

• 11. What kind of mouse does Dr. Godwin use in class?

• a) field mouse

• b) air mouse

• c) kangaroo mouse

• d) brown mouse

• e) flying mouse

12. Metabolic rate is defined as:

• a) the rate at which energy is produced

• b) the rate at which CO2 is produced

• c) the rate at which energy is consumed

• d) the rate at which O2 is consumed

• e) c & d

12. Metabolic rate is defined as:

• a) the rate at which energy is produced

• b) the rate at which CO2 is produced

• c) the rate at which energy is consumed

• d) the rate at which O2 is consumed

• e) c & d

13. In muscle proteins, what large protein makes up the thick filament?

• a) myosin

• b) actin

• c) troponin

• d) tropomyosin

• e) none of the above

13. In muscle proteins, what large protein makes up the thick filament?

• a) myosin

• b) actin

• c) troponin

• d) tropomyosin

• e) none of the above

14. What is the arrangement where arteries and veins are closely apposed to each other, but are flowing in opposite directions?

• a) capillary exchange

• b) blood clotting

• c) retes

• d) arterial system

• e) venous system

14. What is the arrangement where arteries and veins are closely apposed to each other, but are flowing in opposite directions?

• a) capillary exchange

• b) blood clotting

• c) retes

• d) arterial system

• e) venous system

15. The two membrane receptors that the outer coat protein gp-120 of HIV binds to are:

• a) IP3 and cytochrome-c

• b) pepsin and adenylyl cyclase

• c) CD4 and CCR5

• d) bicoid and nanos

15. The two membrane receptors that the outer coat protein gp-120 of HIV binds to are:

• a) IP3 and cytochrome-c

• b) pepsin and adenylyl cyclase

• c) CD4 and CCR5

• d) bicoid and nanos

16. Under stress, the hypothalmus secretes _______, which stimulates the anterior pituitary secrete ACTH

• a) TRH

• b) TSH

• c) CRH

• d) DDT

• e) CCR

16. Under stress, the hypothalmus secretes _______, which stimulates the anterior pituitary secrete ACTH

• a) TRH

• b) TSH

• c) CRH

• d) DDT

• e) CCR

17. Which of the followings is (are) neurotransmitters?

• a) Serotonin

• b) Immunoglobulin

• c) Nitrous oxide

• d) all of the above

• e) Only a and c

17. Which of the followings is (are) neurotransmitters?

• a) Serotonin

• b) Immunoglobulin

• c) Nitrous oxide

• d) all of the above

• e) Only a and c

18. Which cells play a role in non specific-defense?

• a) T lymphocytes and Monocytes

• b) T lymphocytes only

• c) Monocytes only

• d) T and B lymphocytes

18. Which cells play a role in non specific-defense?

• a) T lymphocytes and Monocytes

• b) T lymphocytes only

• c) Monocytes only

• d) T and B lymphocytes

19. Positive feedback is important in:

• a) Child birth

• b) Glucose regulation

• c) Generation of action potentials

• d) Both in a and c

• e) Both in a and b

19. Positive feedback is important in:

• a) Child birth

• b) Glucose regulation

• c) Generation of action potentials

• d) Both in a and c

• e) Both in a and b

20. Which is correct sequence of muscle organization?

• a) muscle cells, muscle fibers, sarcomeres

• b) sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers

• c) muscle cells, muscle filament, myofibrils

• d) myofibrils, sarcomeres, muscle filament

20. Which is correct sequence of muscle organization?

• a) muscle cells, muscle fibers, sarcomeres

• b) sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers

• c) muscle cells, muscle filament, myofibrils

• d) myofibrils, sarcomeres, muscle filament

21. In vertebrates, where does digestion begin?

• a) Intestine

• b) Mouth

• c) Stomach

• d) none of the above

21. In vertebrates, where does digestion begin?

• a) Intestine

• b) Mouth

• c) Stomach

• d) none of the above

22. Which is not a muscle protein?

• a) Actin

• b) acetylcholine

• c) Tropomyosin

• d) Myosin

22. Which is not a muscle protein?

• a) Actin

• b) acetylcholine

• c) Tropomyosin

• d) Myosin

23. The small intestines increase absorption by what specialization(s)?

• a) the intestine is long

• b) the walls are folded

• c) the epithelium forms villi

• d) the apical surfaces of cells are folded into "microvilli"

• e) all of the above

23. The small intestines increase absorption by what specialization(s)?

• a) the intestine is long

• b) the walls are folded

• c) the epithelium forms villi

• d) the apical surfaces of cells are folded into "microvilli"

• e) all of the above

24. Which of the following is the least soluble in water?

• a) ammonia

• b) urea

• c) uric acid

• d) they are equally soluble in water

24. Which of the following is the least soluble in water?

• a) ammonia

• b) urea

• c) uric acid

• d) they are equally soluble in water

25. The thin filament is composed of which muscle protein?

• a) myosin

• b) actin

• c) troponin

• d) tropomyosin

25. The thin filament is composed of which muscle protein?

• a) myosin

• b) actin

• c) troponin

• d) tropomyosin

26. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger and is important in emotion?

• a) myelencephalon

• b) medulla oblongata

• c) hypothalamus

• d) mesencephalon

• e) metencephalon

26. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger and is important in emotion?

• a) myelencephalon

• b) medulla oblongata

• c) hypothalamus

• d) mesencephalon

• e) metencephalon

27. Which of the following is not a small molecule neurotransmitter?

• a. serotonin

• b. endorphins

• c. nitric oxide

• d. dopamine

• e. amino acids

27. Which of the following is not a small molecule neurotransmitter?

• a. serotonin

• b. endorphins

• c. nitric oxide

• d. dopamine

• e. amino acids

28. The medulla oblongata, an enlarged anterior extension of the spinal cord, is located in the _____. Meanwhile, the cerebellum is the dorsal outgrowth of the _____.

• a) metencephalon; mesencephalon

• b) myelencephalon; metencephalon

• c) diencephalon; myelencephalon

• d) myelencephalon; mesencephalon

• e) telencephalon; metencephalon

28. The medulla oblongata, an enlarged anterior extension of the spinal cord, is located in the _____. Meanwhile, the cerebellum is the dorsal outgrowth of the _____.

• a) metencephalon; mesencephalon

• b) myelencephalon; metencephalon

• c) diencephalon; myelencephalon

• d) myelencephalon; mesencephalon

• e) telencephalon; metencephalon

29. Which of these statements is true about the role of Prozac?

• a) Prozac enhances serotonin production

• b) Prozac inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.

• c) Prozac is a neurotransmitter that acts like serotonin.

• d) Prozac inhibits the production of serotonin.

29. Which of these statements is true about the role of Prozac?

• a) Prozac enhances serotonin production

• b) Prozac inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.

• c) Prozac is a neurotransmitter that acts like serotonin.

• d) Prozac inhibits the production of serotonin.

• 30. All of the following are components of plasma except...

• a. water

• b. inorganic salts

• c. red blood cells

• d. proteins

• 30. All of the following are components of plasma except...

• a. water

• b. inorganic salts

• c. red blood cells

• d. proteins

31. What is the process by which vertebrate bone is formed?

• a. calcification

• b. mineralization

• c. ossification

• d. assimilation

• e. carburation

31. What is the process by which vertebrate bone is formed?

• a. calcification

• b. mineralization

• c. ossification

• d. assimilation

• e. carburation

32. Why is the rectal gland in Lake Nicaragua sharks non-functional?

• a) The food (other fish) that they get in the lake is not high in protein.

• b) They have higher urea levels than salt water sharks.

• c) They have a lower level of body fat.• d) They don't need them, because they live in

fresh water.• e) The rectal gland is not functional in ANY

modern living shark.

32. Why is the rectal gland in Lake Nicaragua sharks non-functional?

• a) The food (other fish) that they get in the lake is not high in protein.

• b) They have higher urea levels than salt water sharks.

• c) They have a lower level of body fat.• d) They don't need them, because they live in

fresh water.• e) The rectal gland is not functional in ANY

modern living shark.

33. The immune system cytotoxic T-cell aids the body's defenses by...

• a) marking infected cells for destruction.

• b) causing infected cells to lyse.

• c) stimulating antibody production

• d) engulfing the cell through phagocytosis.

33. The immune system cytotoxic T-cell aids the body's defenses by...

• a) marking infected cells for destruction.

• b) causing infected cells to lyse.

• c) stimulating antibody production

• d) engulfing the cell through phagocytosis.

34. Bird droppings are very difficult to clean off your windshield. This is due to the fact that...

• a) ammonia is extremely toxic and dangerous to touch.

• b) urea has very little water in it, and therefore absorbs a lot of water before it will dissolve.

• c) uric acid is insoluble in water

• d) urea is soluble in water

• e) none of the above

34. Bird droppings are very difficult to clean off your windshield. This is due to the fact that...

• a) ammonia is extremely toxic and dangerous to touch.

• b) urea has very little water in it, and therefore absorbs a lot of water before it will dissolve.

• c) uric acid is insoluble in water

• d) urea is soluble in water

• e) none of the above

35. What structure(s) or cell type(s) within the eye is/are most important in seeing something with the greatest acuity (perception of detail)?

• a. rods

• b. cones

• c. fovea

• d. ciliary body

• e. "b" & "c"

35. What structure(s) or cell type(s) within the eye is/are most important in seeing something with the greatest acuity (perception of detail)?

• a. rods

• b. cones

• c. fovea

• d. ciliary body

• e. "b" & "c"

36. What is the name of the structure(s) or cell type(s) that let you see best at night?

• a. rods

• b. cones

• c. fovea

• d. cornea

36. What is the name of the structure(s) or cell type(s) that let you see best at night?

• a. rods

• b. cones

• c. fovea

• d. cornea

37. The _____ is like FedEx , and _____ is like mass mailing.

• a) nervous system; endocrine system

• b) digestive system; reproductive system

• c) respiratory system; excretory system

• d) endocrine system; nervous system

37. The _____ is like FedEx , and _____ is like mass mailing.

• a) nervous system; endocrine system

• b) digestive system; reproductive system

• c) respiratory system; excretory system

• d) endocrine system; nervous system

38. The following is true of oxygen consumption:

• a) Total oxygen consumption goes up with body size.

• b) Total oxygen consumption goes down with body size.

• c) Oxygen consumption per unit weight of body tissue goes down with increasing body size.

• d) "a" & "c"• e) none of the above

38. The following is true of oxygen consumption:

• a) Total oxygen consumption goes up with body size.

• b) Total oxygen consumption goes down with body size.

• c) Oxygen consumption per unit weight of body tissue goes down with increasing body size.

• d) "a" & "c"• e) none of the above

39. Which of the following is NOT an immune system feature?

• a) memory

• b) homeostasis

• c) specificity

• d) self/ non-self recognition

• e) diversity

39. Which of the following is NOT an immune system feature?

• a) memory

• b) homeostasis

• c) specificity

• d) self/ non-self recognition

• e) diversity

40. Which structure of the eye is the actual photoreceptor surface?

• a. iris

• b. optic disc

• c. cornea

• d. retina

40. Which structure of the eye is the actual photoreceptor surface?

• a. iris

• b. optic disc

• c. cornea

• d. retina

41. Breathing rate is regulated by the brain, due in large part to the concentration of CO2 in the blood. As this concentration decreases, the pH of the blood becomes...

• a. more acidic (lower)

• b. more neutral (closer to 7)

• c. more basic (higher)

• d. none of the above; there's no pH change

41. Breathing rate is regulated by the brain, due in large part to the concentration of CO2 in the blood. As this concentration decreases, the pH of the blood becomes...

• a. more acidic (lower)

• b. more neutral (closer to 7)

• c. more basic (higher)

• d. none of the above; there's no pH change

42. The area of the eye that contains the densest concentration of cones is the...

• a. sclera

• b. choroid

• c. cone concentration region

• d. fovea

• e. "b" & "d"

42. The area of the eye that contains the densest concentration of cones is the...

• a. sclera

• b. choroid

• c. cone concentration region

• d. fovea

• e. "b" & "d"

43. Which of the areas of the brain regulate respiration rate?

• a. hypothalamus

• b. pons

• c. medulla oblongata

• d. "a" & "b"

• e. "b" & "c"

43. Which of the areas of the brain regulate respiration rate?

• a. hypothalamus

• b. pons

• c. medulla oblongata

• d. "a" & "b"

• e. "b" & "c"

44. The flame-bulb system corresponds to...

• a. excretory metanephridia of the earthworm

• b. excretory protonephridia of a planarian

• c. glandular salt-excretion in birds

• d. excretory Malpighian tubules of insects

44. The flame-bulb system corresponds to...

• a. excretory metanephridia of the earthworm

• b. excretory protonephridia of a planarian

• c. glandular salt-excretion in birds

• d. excretory Malpighian tubules of insects

45. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding arteries?

• a) The thick, muscular wall is due to lots of smooth muscle and the elastic protein (elastin).

• b) The walls are thick to compensate for high pressure from heart contractions.

• c) The tunica adventitia is the inner layer that is composed of elastic fibers.

• d) The tunica media is the middle layer that is made up of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.

45. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding arteries?

• a) The thick, muscular wall is due to lots of smooth muscle and the elastic protein (elastin).

• b) The walls are thick to compensate for high pressure from heart contractions.

• c) The tunica adventitia is the inner layer that is composed of elastic fibers.

• d) The tunica media is the middle layer that is made up of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.

46. What directly determines heart rate?

• a) release of neurotransmitters

• b) the SA node

• c) stress

46. What directly determines heart rate?

• a) release of neurotransmitters

• b) the SA node

• c) stress

47. What is a function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

• a) secretion of hydroxyapatite

• b) storage depot for calcium

• c) synthesize myoglobin

• d) recognizing bacterial pathogens

47. What is a function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

• a) secretion of hydroxyapatite

• b) storage depot for calcium

• c) synthesize myoglobin

• d) recognizing bacterial pathogens

48. Which statement INCORRECTLY explains why the stomach does not digest itself?

• a) A coating of mucus is secreted by the epithelium.• b) Bile is released into the stomach to mix with

components in the stomach.• c) Enzymes are released into the stomach in

inactive form• d) Rapid replacement of stomach lining by mitosis.• e) All of the above are correct

48. Which statement INCORRECTLY explains why the stomach does not digest itself?

• a) A coating of mucus is secreted by the epithelium.• b) Bile is released into the stomach to mix with

components in the stomach.• c) Enzymes are released into the stomach in

inactive form• d) Rapid replacement of stomach lining by mitosis.• e) All of the above are correct

49. A rete in "warmblooded" fishes...

• a) uses countercurrent exchange.

• b) has arteries and veins located right next to each other.

• c) "recycles" heat.

• d) all of the above

49. A rete in "warmblooded" fishes...

• a) uses countercurrent exchange.

• b) has arteries and veins located right next to each other.

• c) "recycles" heat.

• d) all of the above

50. An example of zymogen is:

• a. pepsinogen

• b. HCl

• c. pepsin

• d. none of the above

50. An example of zymogen is:

• a. pepsinogen

• b. HCl

• c. pepsin

• d. none of the above

51. Metabolic rate is defined as the rate at which...

• a) energy is produced.

• b) carbon dioxide is produced.

• c) energy is consumed

• d) oxygen is consumed

• e) "c" & "d"

51. Metabolic rate is defined as the rate at which...

• a) energy is produced.

• b) carbon dioxide is produced.

• c) energy is consumed

• d) oxygen is consumed

• e) "c" & "d"

52. The HIV virus consists of 2 main parts, the inner and the outer coat. What does the outer coat consist of?

• a. genetic material

• b. RNA

• c. phospholipid bilayer, containing the protein gp-120

• d. chemokine

52. The HIV virus consists of 2 main parts, the inner and the outer coat. What does the outer coat consist of?

• a. genetic material

• b. RNA

• c. phospholipid bilayer, containing the protein gp-120

• d. chemokine

53. An action potential...

• a) depends on depolarization exceeding threshhold

• b) depends on increases in membrane potential

• c) depends on decreases in membrane potential

• d) is a traveling disturbance of the membrane potential in an axon

• e) "a" & "d"

• f) all except c

53. An action potential...

• a) depends on depolarization exceeding threshhold

• b) depends on increases in membrane potential

• c) depends on decreases in membrane potential

• d) is a traveling disturbance of the membrane potential in an axon

• e) "a" & "d"

• f) all except c

54. What part of the brain contains areas that are sensitive to blood pH that regulates breathing rate?

• a. diencephalon

• b. thalamus

• c. medulla

• d. pons

• e. cortex

54. What part of the brain contains areas that are sensitive to blood pH that regulates breathing rate?

• a. diencephalon

• b. thalamus

• c. medulla

• d. pons

• e. cortex

55. The component of the immune system responsible for secreting antibodies is...

• a. neutrophils

• b. eosinophils

• c. killer T-cells

• d. B-cells

• e. "b" & "c"

55. The component of the immune system responsible for secreting antibodies is...

• a. neutrophils

• b. eosinophils

• c. killer T-cells

• d. B-cells

• e. "b" & "c"

56. What is the very rough ratio of overall energy consumption between endotherms & ectotherms?

• a) about even

• b) ectotherms use twice as much as endotherms

• c) endotherms use at least 7 times as much as ectotherms

• d) endotherms use about 100 times as much as ectotherms

56. What is the very rough ratio of overall energy consumption between endotherms & ectotherms?

• a) about even

• b) ectotherms use twice as much as endotherms

• c) endotherms use at least 7 times as much as ectotherms

• d) endotherms use about 100 times as much as ectotherms

57. What part of the brain is involved in "fight, flight, feed and mate" responses?

• a. cerebellum

• b. hypothalamus

• c. thalamus

• d. pons

57. What part of the brain is involved in "fight, flight, feed and mate" responses?

• a. cerebellum

• b. hypothalamus

• c. thalamus

• d. pons

58. In some species, more female turtles hatch at lower temperatures. This is an example of...

• a) sex differentiation

• b) genotypic sex determination

• c) environmental sex determination

• d) coincidence

58. In some species, more female turtles hatch at lower temperatures. This is an example of...

• a) sex differentiation

• b) genotypic sex determination

• c) environmental sex determination

• d) coincidence

59. Cutaneous respiration is characterized by which of the following:

• a) low surface area

• b) respiration through the skin

• c) adheres to the priniples of DAnG

• d) all of the above

59. Cutaneous respiration is characterized by which of the following:

• a) low surface area

• b) respiration through the skin

• c) adheres to the priniples of DAnG

• d) all of the above

60. What is the genotype of the female eastern tiger swallowtail?

• a. XX

• b. XY

• c. XYY

• d. XXX

60. What is the genotype of the female eastern tiger swallowtail?

• a. XX

• b. XY

• c. XYY

• d. XXX

61. What is the property that is common to the senses of taste and smell?

• a) airborne chemicals are sensed

• b) purely waterborne chemicals are sensed

• c) chemicals have to dissolve in a liquid before they bind to receptors.

• d) all of the above

• e) none of the above

61. What is the property that is common to the senses of taste and smell?

• a) airborne chemicals are sensed

• b) purely waterborne chemicals are sensed

• c) chemicals have to dissolve in a liquid before they bind to receptors.

• d) all of the above

• e) none of the above