negros oriental

NEGROS ORIENTAL

I SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

This guidebook belongs to:

Name: _____________________________

Address: ___________________________

Contact number: ____________________

Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Copyright © 2014

Authors

Managing Editor / Layout Artist

Rodolfo V. Bermudez, Jr

Editorial Adviser

Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr

PhilRice®

Wilfredo B. Collado Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Reynilda M. Monteza Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos Armando E. Soliman

NEGROS ORIENTAL

This guidebook was funded by the project “Identification, Biophysical Characterization and Mapping of the Rice Areas of the Philippines” of PhilRice

® (ISD -002-001).

Negros Oriental ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword……………………………………….. iv

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series………..…. 1

Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2

Soil Color Groups........................................... 5

Black/Grayish Brown ............................. 7

Gray/Bluish Gray ...……..……................ 10

Brown/Yellowish Brown.......…………..... 11

Strong Brown/Red……...……................. 14

Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 15

Soil Productivity …………………………......... 30

Crop Suitability Analysis…….......................... 32

Soil Management Recommendations............ 39

Appendices……………………………….……. 47

Steps to Identify Soil Series…….......... 48

Soil Sampling....................................... 48

Color Determination............................. 49

Texture Determination.......................... 50

pH Determination................................. 51

The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 52

Glossary………………………………………… 54

Soil Textural Classes………………..…. 56

References…………………………………….. 57

iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

FOREWORD

EUFEMIO T. RASCO, JR Executive Director

This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was developed for easier field identification of soils.

Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be efficient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Negros Oriental and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the pro-ject “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identified in the field.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

Negros Oriental iv

The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a different region.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be determined. This guidebook includes fourteen (14) soil series in Negros Oriental, namely: Batuan, Bolinao, Dauin, Faraon, Guimbalaon, Isabela, La Castellana, Lugo, Mandawe, San Manuel, Siaton, Taal, Tupi, and Zam-boanguita.

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series

1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION

Negros Oriental 2

2. From a vacant area of your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples needed.

3. Soil samples should be taken from a recommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well preserved and free from any kind of cultivation (see page 48).

1. Conduct preliminary interview on the historical background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practices, natural

occurrences such as flood, erosion, and human activities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.


5. Identify the texture of the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classifi-cation tool to deter-mine classes of soil (see page 50).

4. Know the color of the soil. Color is one of the most important physical properties of the soil as indicative to series recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inher-ent color which makes it dif-ferent from the other series (see page 49).

6. Determine the soil pH. The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measure-ment corresponds to spe-cific soil series (see page 51).

7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

mottles slickenside

Negros Oriental 4

8. Take note of the presence or absence of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from surfaces up to 50-cm depth.

Lateritic nodules

Manganese/iron concretions

Quartz

9. Use the Simplified Keys to Soil Series Guidebook and com-pare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identified.


Isabela

Zamboangita

Siaton

Tupi

Mandawe

Dauin

Faraon

Gray/Bluish Gray (go to page 10)

Black/Grayish Brown (go to pages 7-9)

SOIL Color Groups

Bolinao

Lugo

Taal

San manuel

La Castellana

Guimbalaon

Batuan

Strong Brown/Red (go to page 14)

Brown/Yellowish Brown (go to pages 11-13)

Negros Oriental 6

SOIL Color Groups

Dauin (figure on page 18)

Coarse fragments Few gravels and stones

pH 6.0 – 6.5

Others Red and brown spot mottles; surface cracking during dry periods

Texture: Clay/Clay loam

Black/Grayish Brown

Faraon (figure on page 19)

Coarse fragments Limestone (grayish white rock)

pH 7.0 – 8.0

Others Grayish to white porous cor-alline limestone rock, which is soft and easily broken

Texture: Clay


Black/Grayish Brown

Mandawe (figure on page 24)

Coarse fragments Few soft powdery concretions

pH 5.0 – 8.0

Others

Gray streaks; gray/ black/ red coatings on pore spaces; compact; hard and cracks during dry periods


Negros Oriental 8

Siaton (figure on page 26)

Coarse fragments None but some weathered dark brown rocks are observed below 60-cm depth

pH 4.5 – 6.0

Others Few smooth and shiny surfaces (slickensides); slightly compact and sticky

Texture: Sand/ Sandy clay/ Sandy clay loam

Black/Grayish Brown

Tupi (figure on page 28)

Coarse fragments

Porous volcanic, pebbles, stones and gravels (breccia); stones and boulders below the profile; big black boulders on the surface (outcrops)

pH 5.5 – 6.5

Others Brown spot mottles

Texture: Sand


Zamboanguita (figure on page 29)

Coarse fragments Red-orange nodules; soft weathered rocks

pH 5.0 – 6.5

Others

Dark greenish-gray spot mottles; shiny smooth surfaces; compact; very fine crystals

Texture: Clay/ Clay loam

Isabela (figure on page 21)

Coarse fragments None

pH 5.5 – 7.5

Others

Red/black/gray spot mottles; shiny smooth surfaces; compact; very plastic and sticky when wet, hard to compact when dry

Texture: Heavy clay

Gray/Bluish Gray

Negros Oriental 10

Brown/Yellowish Brown

Batuan (figure on page 16)

Coarse fragments

Soft weathered yellowish and white shale fragments; yellowish-brown calcareous sandstone below the profile

pH 4.5 – 5.0

Others None

Texture: Clay/Silty clay loam/Silty clay

Guimbalaon (figure on page 20)

Coarse fragments

Reddish and angular gravels at the surface; soft powdery red and black fragments; weathered andesite and basalts; partially weathered rock outcrops in some places

pH 5.0 – 6.5

Others Black and red spot mottles

Texture: Clay



La Castellana (figure on page 22)

Coarse fragments

Soft powdery red concretions; granules, stones, and weathered rocks; large boulders on the surface (outcrops)

pH 4.5 – 6.0

Others Reddish brown, to gray spots (mottles)


Lugo (figure on page 23)

Coarse fragments None but limy consolidated shale can be observed below the profile

pH 4.5 – 5.5

Others

Brown to red spot mottles; white to grayish-white calcare-ous shale which can be crushed into powdery mass (below the profile); gritty feel

Texture: Clay/Silty clay/Silty clay loam

Negros Oriental 12

San Manuel (figure on page 25)

Coarse fragments None

pH 6.5 – 7.5

Others

Brick red streaks; brown and gray spot mottles; gray shiny surfaces (clay skins); slightly compact

Texture: Silt loam/ Clay loam/Loam


Taal (figure on page 27)

Coarse fragments Stones and gravels

pH 5.5 – 7.0

Others Fine quartz/crystals

Texture: Sand


Bolinao (figure on page 17)

Coarse fragments

Grayish-white pebbles and cobblestones; soft powdery black concretions; white hard limestone rock below the profile

pH 5.0 – 6.5

Others Grayish-brown spot mottles

Texture: Clay

Strong Brown/Red

Negros Oriental 14


SOIL Profile and Characteristics

Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Low to moderate

Soil pH Acidic (4.5 – 5.0)

Organic matter Moderate

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Moderate

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate

Base saturation Moderate

Salinity hazard None

Batuan

Physical Soil Qualities

Relief Undulating to rolling

Water retention High

Drainage Moderate

Permeability Slow to moderate

Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness Common (>35%)

Root depth Shallow ( 0.4 m)

Erosion Moderate

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay Area: 5, 252.69 ha

Family: fine, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustifluvent

Soils derived from underlying calcareous shale and sandstones. It is fine-textured with more than 35% clay. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Ustifluvent: a young soil (-ent, Entisol), with less 25% than slope; observed with a decrease in organic carbon in the underlying horizons, and shallow calcare-ous bedrock (fluv-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) . It has a mean annual soil tempera-ture higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

30

50

80

Negros Oriental 16

Bolinao

Soil Type: Clay Area: 679.70 ha

Family: Very fine, isohyperthermic, Humic Dystrustept

A very fine-textured soil with more than 65% clay developed from hard coralline limestone rock. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil, which diagnostic horizons are not fully developed (-ept, Inceptisol). It has a low base sat-uration, less than 60% (Dystr-), and a surface horizon high in organic carbon (Umbric). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic). It has a mean annual soil tem-perature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

13

35


Relief Undulating to mountainous


Drainage Moderate

Permeability Moderate

Workability/tilth Hard

Stoniness Common (15%)

Root depth Shallow (0.4 m)

Erosion Moderate


Inherent fertility Moderate to high

Soil pH Slightly acid (5.0 – 6.5)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) High



Ap

Bt

BC






Phosphorus (P) High


Nutrient retention (CEC)

Moderate

Base saturation High

Salinity hazard Low

Dauin


Relief Level


Drainage Poor


Workability/tilth Hard to moderate

Stoniness None

Root depth Shallow Deep (0.5 m)

Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Clay/Sandy loam Area: 419.88 ha

Family: isohyperthermic, Typic Argiaquoll

Soils developed from older alluvial deposits. A fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay. It is dark-colored with high organic mat-ter content and high base status (-oll, Mollisol) and exhibits accumulation of clay in the subsoil (Argi-, Argillic). Alluvial de-posit over a once marshland hence partly decayed organic mat-ter is found below the profile. This soil is saturated with water for repeated periods (-aqu) of time. The mean annual soil temper-ature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

15

28

43

Negros Oriental 18

58


Inherent fertility High

Soil pH Neutral to slightly alkaline (6.5 – 8.0)


Phosphorus (P) Moderate



High



Faraon


Relief Rolling to hilly


Drainage Moderate to good


Workability/tilth Moderate

Stoniness Common to many

Root depth Shallow (0.3m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay Area: 120,604.66 ha

Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustolls

A calcareous fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay, developed from the weathering of the soft and porous coralline limestones which are usually grayish but become orange to dark yellowish gray upon weather-ing. It is dark-colored, with high organic matter content (-oll) and high base status. It exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (Hapl-). Limestone fragments are found in the shallow horizon (lithic). It is usually found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) and mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

9

25

A

Bw

BC



Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Slightly acid

(5.0 – 6.5)


Phosphorus (P) Low (highly fixed)

Potassium (K) Low (highly fixed)


Moderate

Base saturation Low to moderate


Guimbalaon



Water retention Low to moderate


Permeability Moderate to rapid

Workability/tilth Moderate to easy

Stoniness Outcrops & pebbles


Erosion Severe

Soil Type: Gravelly loam Area: 3,290.81 ha

Family: Fine, loamy, skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Andic Haplustept

Soils formed from older alluvium, which are country rocks and washed out materials from the upper slopes, and developed into brown or dark brown soils. It has a fine, loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand, 18 – 35% clay, and 35% or more rock fragments (skeletal). It is a young soil in its incipi-ent development stage toward mature soil, but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, inceptisol). It exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This soil has significant amounts of amorphous minerals and Al-OH complexes (andic). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) and has a mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil is traversed by numerous deep gullies and rivers.

00 cm

15

39

69

74

Ap

Bw

Bt1

Bt2

Bt3

Negros Oriental 20



Soil pH Neutral (7.0 – 7.5)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) High


High


Salinity hazard Low

Isabela


Relief Level

Water retention Very high

Drainage Poor to moderate

Permeability Slow


Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (>1 m)

Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal river flooding

Soil Type: Clay Area: 9,320.25 ha

Family: Fine, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, Aquic Hapludalf

Soils formed from alluvial deposits and are well-traversed by big rivers. It is fine-textured with less than 60% composed mostly of minerals which have shrink-and-swell capacity (smectitic). It is an old soil with high base status and an alluvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from underlying hori-zons (-alf, Alfisol) and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aquic). It is found in areas with humid climate that have well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic) with 7 months wet and 3 months dry, thus have an adequate supply of mois-ture for crop growth. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

20

57

84

Apg

ABg

Bg

BCg




Soil pH Acidic (5 .0– 5.5)


Phosphorus (P) Low (fixed)



Moderate



La Castellana

Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam Area: 18,143.78 ha

Family: Clayey-skeletal, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Oxic Dystropepts

Soils developed from andesites and basalts, and partly from volcanic tuff, breccia, and other igneous rocks. This soil has 35% or more rock fragments (clayey-skeletal) composed mainly of non expanding 1:1 kaolinite minerals. It is an inceptisol (-ept), a young soil in its incipi-ent development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully devel-oped its diagnostic horizons. It has a subsurface horizon that is coarse-textured with less than 10% clay and consists of weatherable miner-als. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

8

19

67

Ap

AC

C



Water retention Low

Drainage Good to excessive


Workability/tilth Easy without outcrops

Stoniness Boulder outcrops


Erosion Severe

Flooding None

Negros Oriental 22

78





Phosphorus (P) Low



Very high


Salinity hazard Low

Lugo



Water retention Moderate

Drainage Good

Permeability Rapid


Stoniness None

Root depth Moderate (0.5 m)

Erosion Severe

Flooding None


Family: fine-clayey, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Inceptic Hapludalf

Soils developed from calcareous shale. It is fine-textured with less than 60% clay composed mostly of minerals which have shrink-and-swell capacity (montmorillonitic). It is an old soil with high base status and an alluvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from underlying horizons (-alf, Alfisol) and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizo-nation (hapl-). It is found in areas with humid climate that have well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic) with 7 months wet and 3 months dry, thus have an adequate supply of moisture for crop growth. It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

20

30

50

110



Soil pH Slightly alkaline (7.5 – 8.0)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low


High


Salinity hazard Low

Mandawe


Relief Level

Water retention Good

Drainage Poor to moderate



Stoniness Very few to none

Root depth Moderate (0.8 m)

Erosion None

Flooding Occasional


Family: fine silty, mixed, isohyperthermic Fluventic Eutropepts

A young soil (-ept, Inceptisol) developed from recent alluvial deposits of fine soil material from surrounding uplands with high base saturation greater than 50% (Eutr-). This soil is subject to frequent flooding (fluventic). It has fine silty texture (18 – 35% clay) consisting of mixed minerals. This soil is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (Ustic). It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

10

29

56

85

Negros Oriental 24



Soil pH Neutral (6.5 – 7.0)


Phosphorus (P) High



Moderate to high

Base saturation Very high

Salinity hazard Low

San Manuel


Relief Level to slightly undulating


Drainage Good



Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal by river water

Soil Type: Loam/Fine sandy loam Area: 12,347.27 ha

Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Eutropepts

A non-calcareous soil formed in recent water-deposited sediments, mainly in flood plains. As such, these soils are subject to frequent flooding (Fluv-) and therefore stratified (fluventic). It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-epts, Incepti-sol) with high base saturation greater than 50% (Eutr-). It is a fine loamy-textured soil with more than 15% fine sand and moderate amount of clay (18 – 35%) composed of different clay minerals. It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) and a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

6

36

69

Ap1

Ap2

Bw1

90

Bw2

Bw3

00 cm

18

38

56

100





Phosphorus (P) Moderate



High


Salinity hazard Low

Siaton


Relief Nearly flat


Drainage Good

Permeability Moderate


Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding None

Soil Type: Sandy loam Area: 229.57 ha

Family: isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrudept

A non-calcareous alluvial soil whose materials originated from the surrounding uplands found along coastal areas. It is slightly elevated inland and also forms high bluff from the shorelines. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-epts, Inceptisol) with high base saturation greater than 50% (Eutr-). It is commonly found in areas with a mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic) and humid cli-mate that have well-distributed rainfall (-ud, Udic), thus have

adequate supply of water for crop growth.

Negros Oriental 26


Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.5 – 7.0)


Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low

Base saturation Low

Salinity hazard Low

Taal

Soil Type: Sandy loam Area: 10,177.13 ha

Family:

This is a water-laid volcanic soil. It has a mean annual soil tem-perature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).



Water retention Low

Drainage Good to excessive

Permeability Rapid


Stoniness Many (35%)

Root depth Deep (1.3 m)

Erosion Moderate

00 cm

27

45

65


110

120

130



Soil pH Acidic (4.5 – 6.5)


Phosphorus (P) Moderate to high

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low

Base saturation Very low


Tupi

Soil Type: Silt loam/Fine sandy loam Area: 30,379.10 ha

Family: Medial/ cindery, isohyperthermic, Umbric Vintradepts

Soil developed from underlying residual material of partially weathered andesitic rocks. It is coarse-textured having more than 60% volcanic ash, cinders, and pumice fragments (medial) and less than 35% rock fragments (cindery). It is in its incipient development stage toward a mature soil but has not yet fully devel-oped its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It has a dark-colored surface soil composed of coarse fragments of less than 30 cm in diameter, has high organic carbon (0.6 %) and less than 50% base saturation (Umbric). It is commonly found in humid climates that have well-distributed rainfall, 7 months wet and 2 months dry. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil is traversed by intermittent rivers and creeks.



Water retention Low




Stoniness Common at 0.3 m

Root depth Shallow (<0.5 m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Flooding None

00 cm

18

49

69

C2

C3

Negros Oriental 28


Inherent fertility Moderate



Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate


Salinity hazard Low

Zamboanguita

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 13,358.13 ha

Family: isohyperthermic, Typic Humaquept

Soils developed from basaltic rock. It is a young soil in its incipi-ent development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, inceptisol). It is found in highlands (hum-) saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aquic). It has mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil is bisected by numerous gullies and creeks.



Water retention Low to moderate

Drainage Moderate to excessive


Workability/tilth Easy without outcrops

Stoniness Boulder outcrops

Root depth Deep (1m)

Erosion Severe

Flooding None

00 cm

15

40

70


SOIL productivity Soil productivity is the quality that summarizes soil potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and phys-ical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of in-puts of production factors required to correct soil limi-tation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural capaci-ty of the soil to produce a given yield; potential refers to its capacity to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been remedied. In economics, the predicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is computed by multiplying the potential index by the MPY. For instance, MPY in the dry season is 8 tons/ha., and inherent and potential productivity ratings for Batuan series are 0.51 and 0.66, respectively. The predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Batu-an soils are then 4.08 and 5.28 tons/ha.

Negros Oriental 30

Soil Series Inherent

Productivity Potential

Productivity

Batuan 0.51 0.66

Bolinao 0.65 0.82

Dauin 0.78 0.88

Faraon 0.48 0.60

Guimbalaon 0.29 0.49

Isabela 0.80 0.95

La Castellana 0.39 0.74

Lugo 0.50 0.62

Mandawe 0.70 0.98

San Manuel 0.75 0.95

Siaton 0.71 0.83

Taal - -

Tupi 0.67 0.87

Zamboanguita 0.53 0.75

Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.


CROP Suitability Analysis

Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chem-ical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as depth, texture, slope, drainage, erosion, flood-ing, and fertility. Based on these soil properties, the suita-bility of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to grow different crops. They imply what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicat-ed by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either cur-rently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limita-tions cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable; less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25

Negros Oriental 32

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Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

L

ow

lan

d

Ban

an

a

Ma

ize

Ma

ng

o

On

ion

P

ap

aya

Batu

an

N

2scf

S3

s

N1

sw

f S

3fs

c

S3

sfc

S

3fs

c

N2cfs

N

1fs

w

Bolin

ao

N

2cts

f S

2ts

f S

2ts

f S

3fs

tc

S3

sctw

f S

3fs

tc

N2cts

f S

2fs

t

Dauin

S

2cs

S3

ws

S3

w

S3

sw

c

S3

wsc

S3

wsc

N2cw

s

N2w

s

Fara

on

N

2w

sfc

S

3ts

S

3tw

sf

S3

cts

f S

3stc

f S

3stc

N

2cts

S

3ts

w

Guim

bala

on

N

2ctw

sf

S3

tc

N1

stf

S3

sfc

t S

3sftc

S3

fstc

N

2cts

f S

3sfw

t


Ta

ble

2a. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il S

eri

es

Ric

e I

rrig

ate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

L

ow

lan

d

Ban

an

a

Ma

ize

Man

go

O

nio

n

Pa

pa

ya

Isabela

S

2cs

S3

wsf

S2

wsf

S3

cw

sf

S3

wcs

S3

wsc

N2cw

f N

2w

f

La C

aste

llan

a

N2

cw

sf

S3

fsw

t S

3tw

sf

S3

fstc

S

3fs

tc

S3

fstc

N

2cft

ws

S3

fst

Lugo

N

2tc

sw

f S

3tw

s

S3

tw

S3

cts

f S

3ts

c

S3

ftsc

N2ctw

f S

3tf

s

Mand

aw

e

S2

csf

S3

wf

S2

wf

S3

cfw

S

3w

cf

S3

wc

N2cw

f N

1w

f

San M

anue

l S

3w

tcs

S3

wsf

N1

sw

f S

3cw

f S

3w

sc

S3

wsc

N2cw

f N

1w

f

Negros Oriental 34

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2a. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

rie

nta

l (c

ontin

ua

tion

).

So

il S

eri

es

R

ice I

rrig

ate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

L

ow

lan

d

Ban

an

a

Maiz

e

Man

go

O

nio

n

Pap

aya

Sia

ton

S

3w

fcs

S3

wsf

N1

sw

f S

3csf

S2

cs

S3

fsc

N2cw

f S

3f

Taal

N2

wstf

c

S2

twsf

S3

twsf

S3

cstf

S2

cts

f S

3fs

tc

N2ctw

sf

S3

fst

Tupi

N1

stf

c

S3

stw

f S

3tw

sf

S3

cfs

t S

3fs

tc

S3

fstc

N

2cts

f S

3fs

wt

Zam

boanguita

N

2tw

sfc

S

3tw

s

S3

twsf

S3

cts

f S

3cts

f S

3fs

tc

N2ctw

sf

S3

sft


Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2b. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

rie

nta

l.

So

il S

eri

es

P

ean

ut

So

rgh

um

S

ug

arc

an

e

Sw

eet

Po

tato

T

ob

acco

T

om

ato

W

ate

rme

lon

Batu

an

S

3fs

c

S3

cs

S3

scf

S3

sfc

S

3fs

c

N1sfc

N

2sfc

Bolin

ao

S

3sftc

S2

cts

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

sfw

tc

S3

sftc

N1scfw

t N

2sctw

f

Dauin

N

1w

sc

S3

wcs

S3

wsc

S3

wsc

N1w

cs

S3

wcs

N1w

cs

Fara

on

S

3stw

c

S3

tcs

S3

sw

tc

S3

stfc

S3

stc

N

1stc

N

2stc

Guim

bala

on

S

3fs

wtc

S

3stc

S

3fs

twc

S3

sftc

S2

fstc

S

3sctf

S3

scft

Negros Oriental 36

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2b. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

rie

nta

l (c

ontin

ua

tion

).

So

il S

eri

es

P

ean

ut

So

rgh

um

S

ug

arc

an

e

Sw

eet

Po

tato

T

ob

acco

T

om

ato

W

ate

rme

lon

Isabela

N

1w

c

S2

cw

S

3w

sfc

S

3w

fc

N1w

fc

S3

wcf

S3

wcf

La C

aste

llan

a

S3

fsw

tc

S3

stc

wf

S3

fstw

c

S3

fsw

tc

S3

fstc

S

3sftcw

S

3fs

tcs

Lugo

S

3sw

tc

S3

tcw

s

S3

twsc

S3

twsfc

S

3tc

s

S3

cstfw

S

3cts

wf

Mand

aw

e

N1w

sfc

S

2cw

S

3fw

c

S3

fwc

N1w

fc

S3

cw

f S

3fw

c

San M

anue

l N

1w

c

S2

cw

s

S3

fwsc

S3

wfc

N

1w

fc

S3

cw

f S

3cw

f


Ta

ble

2b. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il S

eri

es

P

ean

ut

So

rgh

um

S

ug

arc

an

e

Sw

eet

Po

tato

T

ob

acco

T

om

ato

W

ate

rmelo

n

Sia

ton

S3

fwc

S2

cw

s

S3

fwsc

S3

fwc

S3

fc

S3

cfw

S

3fc

Taal

S

3sw

tc

S2

ctw

sf

S3

fsw

tc

S3

fsw

tc

S2

fsc

S3

ctw

sf

S3

cts

f

Tupi

S

3fs

wtc

S

3fs

wtc

S

3fs

tc

S3

fstc

S

3fs

c

N1sfc

t N

2sft

c

Zam

boanguita

S

3fs

wtc

S

3stc

w

S2

fsw

tc

S2

cts

f S

2stc

S

3ctw

sf

S3

ctfs

Negros Oriental 38

SOIL Management recommendations

Soil management aims to protect the soil and en-hance its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the com-bination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified were enumerated in the succeeding pages. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of the soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, and nutri-ent availability and crop production.


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries.

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Batu

an

P d

eficie

ncy; shallo

w s

oil

limitin

g p

roductivity o

f shal-

low

-roote

d c

rops; m

odera

te

soil

ero

sio

n h

azard

; acid

ic

Adequate

and

bala

nced N

PK

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

terr

acin

g o

r

constr

uction o

f bunds;

limin

g;

use

of

hig

h-y

ield

ing

varie

tie

s

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

bala

nced N

PK

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

limin

g

and a

dditio

n o

f or-

ganic

matt

er;

use o

f hig

h-y

ield

ing

varie

tie

s

Pro

ductio

n c

an b

e

limited d

ue to

shallo

w r

ootin

g

depth

of th

e s

oil;

conto

ur

farm

ing/

terr

acin

g

Suitable

for

sugarc

ane

pro

ductio

n for

are

as

with le

sser

ero

sio

n

hazard

; pla

nt

perm

anent cro

ps/tre

es

like c

oconut

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps;p

lanta

tio

n c

rops (

e.g

. sugar-

cane)

Bolin

ao

Rolli

ng t

opogra

phy in

som

e

are

as w

hic

h c

auses r

isk o

f ero

sio

n; shallo

w r

ootin

g

depth

; lo

w a

vaila

ble

P a

nd

K

Suitable

for

rice

but

needs

te

rracin

g a

nd u

se

of

lime

sto

ne

outc

rops f

or

rein

forc

ing d

ikes/

bunds;

applic

atio

n

of

phosphate

fe

rtili

zers

; upla

nd

rice

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n;

pro

per

tim

ing o

f cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

nting;

additio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

and

anim

al m

anure

to

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

and a

pplic

atio

n o

f phosphate

fert

ilizers

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

use o

f cover

cro

ps

like Ipil-

ipil

for

so

il re

habili

tatio

n a

nd

sourc

e o

f fire

wood

at

the s

am

e tim

e;

additio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Negros Oriental 40

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Dauin

Shallo

w w

ate

r ta

ble

(<

1m

) th

us p

oor

dra

inage;

satu

rate

d w

ith w

ate

r fo

r re

peate

d p

erio

ds o

f tim

e

Constr

uctio

n o

f dra

inage a

nd f

lood

contr

ol syste

m;

Constr

uctio

n o

f

dra

inage a

nd f

lood

contr

ol syste

m;

use o

f hig

h b

road b

eds,

ridges

Constr

uctio

n o

f dra

inage a

nd

flo

od c

ontr

ol

syste

m; use o

f hig

h b

road

beds,

ridges

Modera

tely

suited for

fruit tre

es e

.g. m

ango

and b

anana

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops

Fa

raon

Pla

nts

ma

y s

uff

er

from

Fe

and Z

n d

eficie

ncy d

ue to

hig

h p

H; K

deficie

ncy;

shallo

w e

ffective s

oil

depth

lim

itin

g p

roductivity o

f

shallo

w-r

oote

d c

rops; ro

ck

outc

rops a

re p

resent; h

illy

topogra

phy;

gro

win

g p

erio

d

is possib

le o

nly

durin

g

rain

y s

eason u

nle

ss

irrig

ate

d

Constr

uctio

n o

f bunds f

or

upla

nd

or

terr

acin

g;

applic

atio

n o

f Z

nS

O4

2 i

n lo

wla

nd

rice if

deficie

ncy

occurs

Conto

ur

farm

ing;

shallo

w c

ultiv

atio

n;

fert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

irrig

atio

n s

yste

m;

min

imum

till

age to

lessen e

rosio

n r

ate

s

Modera

tely

suitable

for

root

cro

ps d

ue t

o

shallo

w r

ootin

g

depth

and

pre

sence o

f outc

rops;

min

imum

till

age

to lessen

ero

sio

n r

ate

s

Suited for

fruit tre

es,

fore

st, a

nd o

ther

hard

wood t

rees e

.g.

citru

s, m

ango, ip

il,

mola

ve, coconut,

etc

.

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

:

low

lan

d r

ice

-lo

wla

nd r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s; fr

uit tre

es


Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Guim

bala

on

Poor

nutr

ient re

tentio

n

(le

achin

g o

f bases);

acid

ic;

P a

nd K

deficie

ncy (

due to

fixatio

n);

pre

sence o

f

hard

pan;

low

mois

ture

; severe

ero

sio

n; pre

sence o

f ro

ck o

utc

rops that im

pede

dra

inage

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n;

limin

g; S

uitable

for

rice b

ut needs

terr

acin

g a

nd u

se

of

outc

rops f

or

rein

forc

ing d

ikes

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g/

farm

ing; ero

sio

n

pre

ventio

n a

nd w

ate

r contr

ol pra

ctices;

pro

per

fert

ilization;

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n;

limin

g; subsoili

ng t

o

bre

ak h

ard

pan

Lim

ing; pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n a

nd

OM

in

corp

ora

-tio

n; conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

subsoili

ng t

o

bre

ak h

ard

pan

Suited for

coconut,

cacao

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps; fr

uit t

rees

Isabela

Cro

ps c

annot gro

w w

/o

dra

inage;

slo

wer

N

m

inera

lizatio

n; Z

n

deficie

ncy in r

ice;

hig

h P

fixatio

n;

severe

topsoil

shrin

kin

g &

sw

elli

ng;

hard

to

till

; seasonal river

flo

odin

g

Applic

atio

n o

f Z

nS

O4

2- i

n lo

wla

nd

rice w

hen

deficie

ncy o

ccurs

; N

and P

fert

iliza-

tio

n;

build

dra

inage

canals

and flo

od

contr

ol syste

m

N a

nd P

fert

ilizatio

n;

build

dra

inage c

anals

; constr

uct

bro

ad b

eds,

ridges; cultiv

ate

only

at

optim

um

mois

ture

conte

nt; c

over

cro

ppin

g

N a

nd P

fert

iliza-

tio

n;

build

dra

in-

age c

anals

; cultiv

ate

only

at

optim

um

mois

-tu

re c

onte

nt; n

ot

suitable

for

nuts

; constr

uct

beds,

rid

ges

Pla

nt fr

uit t

rees

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps; fr

uit t

rees

Negros Oriental 42

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

La C

aste

llan

a

N &

P d

eficie

ncy; acid

ic;

severe

ero

sio

n that lo

ses

the m

ore

fert

ile t

opsoil

than t

he s

ubsurf

ace s

oil;

pre

sence o

f bould

er

outc

rops t

hat

impede till

-age;

low

mois

ture

N a

nd P

fert

iliza-

tio

n; lim

ing in

upla

nd;

adequate

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s;

adequate

irr

iga-

tio

n

N &

P fert

ilizatio

n;

limin

g; adequate

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s; conto

ur

farm

ing; str

ip c

roppin

g

and c

over-

cro

ppin

g;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

N &

P fert

ilizatio

n;

limin

g in

upla

nd

rice a

nd o

ther

div

ers

ifie

d c

rops;

adequate

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

easure

s;

adequate

irr

igation

Pla

nt perm

anent

cro

ps in

hig

her

slo

pes; fr

uit t

rees a

nd

secondary

fore

st

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/

root cro

ps; perm

anent

cro

ps/

trees

Lugo

P d

eficie

ncy; scanty

wate

r supply

fro

m r

ivers

; difficult

to till

due t

o form

atio

n o

f hard

clo

ds; severe

soil

ero

sio

n t

hat

deple

tes the

more

fert

ile t

opsoil

P f

ert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

irrig

atio

n;

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n to

impro

ve t

ilth;

terr

acin

g

P f

ert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

irr

igatio

n;

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n to

impro

ve t

ilth; ero

sio

n

pre

vention m

easure

s

e.g

. conto

ur

terr

acin

g/

farm

ing

Slig

htly s

uitable

due t

o form

atio

n o

f hard

clo

ds t

hat

may im

pede

gro

wth

of

root

cro

ps; pro

per

tilla

ge a

nd O

M

incorp

ora

tio

n; ade-

quate

fert

ilizatio

n

Pla

ntin

g o

f perm

anent

cro

ps a

nd t

rees t

o

resto

re s

oil

fert

ility

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

:

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/

root cro

ps


Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Mand

aw

e

Fre

quent

flo

odin

g

Adequate

flo

od

contr

ol syste

ms;

pla

nt

flo

od-

tole

rant

varie

ties

or

cro

ps

Adequate

flo

od c

ontr

ol

and d

rain

age s

yste

ms;

Use o

f hig

h b

road b

eds,

rid

ges

Adequate

flo

od

contr

ol syste

ms;

use o

f hig

h

bro

ad b

eds,

ridges

Fru

it tre

es

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops

San M

anue

l

Excessiv

ely

wet

and

annual flo

odin

g for

short

perio

ds a

nd e

xcessiv

e

dro

ught

durin

g d

ry s

eason;

low

OM

Suited for

paddy

rice d

urin

g w

et

season a

nd w

ith

adequate

irr

iga-

tio

n d

urin

g d

ry

season; O

M

additio

n t

hru

anim

al or

gre

en

manuring

Constr

uctio

n o

f adequate

dra

inage,

irrig

atio

n, and

flo

od c

ontr

ol syste

ms d

ue

to s

easonal flo

od h

azard

and h

igh s

easonal w

ate

r ta

ble

; use b

road b

eds

and r

idges; suited for

div

ers

ifie

d c

rops s

uch a

s

corn

, vegeta

ble

s, and

wate

rmelo

n d

urin

g d

ry

season w

ith

supple

menta

l irrig

atio

n

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adequate

dra

inage a

nd

irrig

atio

n

syste

m; re

gula

r additio

n o

f

org

anic

matt

er

and a

nim

al

manure

to

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

Adequate

dra

inage

and irr

igatio

n s

yste

m;

cover

cro

ppin

g w

ith

legum

es; pro

per

fe

rtili

zatio

n, tim

ing o

f cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

ntin

g;

use o

f lo

cally

adapte

d h

igh-y

ield

ing

varieties is

recom

mended to

impro

ve t

he g

row

th

and y

ield

of tr

ee c

rops

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-r

ice; rice-v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Negros Oriental 44

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Sia

ton

Only

has m

inim

um

limitatio

n; slig

htly c

om

pact

Split

applic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

zers

;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

or

pla

nt

early-

m

atu

ring v

arieties

Adequate

irr

igatio

n;

fert

ilizatio

n;

OM

additio

n

Adequate

irr

iga-

tio

n; fe

rtili

zatio

n;

OM

additio

n

Suited for

coconut

and

banana

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps

Taal

Very

lo

w in

fert

ility

; ra

pid

le

achin

g o

f bases,

hence

K,

Ca, &

Mg d

eficie

ncy c

an

occur;

pre

sence o

f m

any

sto

nes/g

ravels

; m

odera

te

ero

sio

n

NP

K fert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

dra

inage

syste

m; org

anic

m

att

er

incorp

ora

-tion; cro

p r

ota

tion

with legum

es/

gre

en m

anurin

g o

r cover

cro

ppin

g

NP

K fert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

dra

inage

syste

m; org

anic

matter

incorp

ora

tio

n; cro

p

rota

tion w

ith legum

es/

gre

en m

anuring o

r cover

cro

ppin

g

Adequate

fert

ilizatio

n;

terr

acin

g; cover

cro

ppin

g

Can b

e p

lante

d to fru

it

trees p

rovid

ed

with

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n a

nd

use o

f lo

cally

adapte

d

tree s

pecie

s lik

e ipil-

ipi

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps


Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Tupi

Low

fert

ility

; acid

ic;

K d

eficie

ncy; severe

ero

sio

n r

em

ovin

g the m

ore

fe

rtile

topsoil

Lim

ing u

pla

nd;

adequate

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

easure

s;

adequate

fert

iliza-

tio

n

Lim

ing; im

ple

me

nt

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s e

.g.

conto

ur/

terr

acin

g;

OM

additio

n a

nd

adequate

fert

iliza-

tio

n; cover

cro

p-

pin

g/g

reen m

anur-

ing

Imple

ment

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s e

.g.

conto

ur/

terr

acin

g;

adequate

fert

ilization

Fru

it tre

es a

nd s

econd

gro

wth

fore

st;

modera

tely

suitable

fo

r banana, sugar-

cane,

and m

ango

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/; r

oot cro

ps; fr

uit t

rees/s

econd

gro

wth

fore

st

Za

mboanguita

Soil

easily

drie

d u

p d

urin

g

sum

mer;

pre

sence o

f ro

ck

outc

rops t

hat

imp

ede

tilla

ge; lo

w P

& K

; severe

ero

sio

n h

azard

causin

g

gulli

es form

atio

n

Upla

nd r

ice;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

syste

m; te

rracin

g/

constr

uctio

n o

f bunds

Ensure

cover

cro

ps; conto

ur

farm

ing o

r

terr

acin

g;

irrigation s

yste

m;

PK

fert

ilization

Ensure

cover

cro

ps; conto

ur

farm

ing o

r

terr

acin

g;

constr

uct

irriga-

tion s

yste

m;

fert

ilizers

applic

a-

tio

n

Perm

anent cro

ps; fr

uit

trees lik

e m

ango,

banana,

etc

.; g

row

ing

of

gra

sses o

n

uncultiv

ate

d a

reas to

lessen s

oil

ero

sio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops (

vegeta

ble

s);

perm

anent

cro

ps/

fruit tre

es

Negros Oriental 46

Appendices


APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

1 Soil sampling

Negros Oriental 48

Choose a vacant area in your field. Use a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.

The depth of the soil is important. The soil surface is not a good source of the samples since it is always disturbed and cultivated.

Get a bulk of soil (0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50 centimeter-depth and place it in a container. This sample will be used in soil series identifica-tion.

2 Soil color determination


Soil color is an indirect measure of other characteristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indicates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indic-ative of good aeration and drainage.

Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Rec-ord the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.

Compare the color of the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifica-tion of the color.

3 Texture determination

Negros Oriental 50

N

N N

Y Y Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.

Add dry soil to absorb water.

Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?

Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand

Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.

Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand

Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?

Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?

Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?

Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.

Does soil feel very gritty?

Does soil feel very smooth?

Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates

Sandy loam

Loam

Silt loam




Clay loam

Sandy clay loam

Silty clay loam




Sandy clay

Clay

Silty clay

Y

Y

Y

N N

4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure


Get soil sample from 30 to 50 centimeter -depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

Add seven drops of CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

If pH is six or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).

Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.

APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM

Negros Oriental 52

The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the tech-nologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next sea-son to increase grain yield, input-use efficiency, and profit with environmental concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

1) Used high-quality seeds of a recommended variety.

2) No high and low soil spots after final level-ing.

3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.


4) Sufficient number of healthy seedlings.

5) Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.

6) Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop.

7) No significant yield loss

due to pests.

8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.

Glossary

Negros Oriental 54

Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.

Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.

Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than

very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. They influence the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. They also reflect the origin and stage of development of the soil.

Cobblestone – naturally rounded stone larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder.

Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.

Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.

Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.

The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as

discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or

the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.

Pebble – small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.

Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.

Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.

Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.

Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Rooting depth – the ability of the plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.


Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.

Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.

Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.

Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.

Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.

Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.

Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.

Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.

Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permit one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.

Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.

Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.

Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.

Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.

Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.

Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually

fused together by heat.

Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regard to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.

Negros Oriental 56

Soil textural classes

Sand (S) - gritty Silt (Si) - smooth and floury Clay (C) - sticky Loam (L) - equal proportion of S, Si and C Sandy loam (SL) - presence of S, Si and C; but grittiness predominates Loamy sand (LS) - distinctively gritty with slight smoothness and sticki-

ness Silt loam (SiL) - presence of S, Si and C; but smoothness predominates Clay loam (CL) - presence of S, Si and C; but stickiness predominates Sandy clay loam (SCL) - presence of S, Si, and C; but more sticky and

gritty feel Silty clay loam (SiCL) - presence of S, Si and C; but more of sticky and

floury feel Sandy clay (SC) - sticky with slight grittiness Silty clay (SiC) - sticky with slight smoothness

References

Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science

Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize

Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of the Trop-ics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.

Soil Survey of Negros Oriental Province. Department of Agricul-

ture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook

No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th

Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making

and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.

Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.


For more information, write, visit, or call:

Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or

Information Systems Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217,

215, 212, 233

or text:

The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398

For published material, contact:

Development Communication Division or

Business Development Division

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 511,

509, 520

Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this

guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:

PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Negros

Oriental”. Soil Series Guidebook ISBN 978-971-9081-91-3:

57p., October 2014.

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

negros oriental

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