zoology classification project

8/17/2019 Zoology Classification Project

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Kingdom AnimaliaClassification Projec

Arionna Mejia


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Phylum Porifera (Sponges)


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Types of Organisms

Sponges


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Sponge Information

Symmetry: No definite symmetry

Reproduction: Sexually and asexually

Tissues: They do not have tissues, they only have types of specialize

Sponges are sessile. This means that they are unable to move from whattached.

I find it interesting that sponges are one of the most ancient groups o

animals.


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Phylum Cnidaria


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Types of Organisms

Jellyfish Coral


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Cnidaria Information

Symmetry: Radial

Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual

Purpose of tentacles: Tentacles help with nematocysts, because th

are stuff through the animal’s mouth into the gastrovascular cavity.

Cnidarians are interesting because they have mesoglea - a jellylike m


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Medusa vs. Polyp

Medusa:

Umbrella shaped

Mouth and tentacles under

Polyp:

Cylindrical tubes

Mouth and tentac


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Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworm


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Flatworm Information

Symmetry: Bilateral

Reproduction: Regeneration/Hermaphrodite

Acoelomate: An invertebrate lacking coelom

Cephalization: The concentration of sense organs and nervous conanterior end of the body, forming a head and a brain.


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Flatworm Information Continued

Gastrovascular Cavity: Responsible for both the digestion of food

transport of nutrients throughout the body. The cavity has only one o

food goes in and waste comes out at the same opening.

There is no circulatory system because of their shape. They can move

their cells by diffusion, so all their cells must be close to the outside e

These animals are interesting because they move oxygen to their cell


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Flukes

● Parasites that feed on the body fluids of other animals● Mouth with a pharynx that opens into a gut cavity

● Life cycles involve more than one host

● Cause schistosomiasis


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Planarians

● Free-living, nonparasitic flatworms

● Have a head with eyespots and a simple brain built of a cluster o

● Mouth is found on the animal’s ventral surface rather than in its

leads to a gut cavity

● Hunt for food using chemoreceptors to detect odors in the water


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Tapeworms

● Parasites that live in vertebrate guts

● Small head with suckers or hooks used to attach to the host

● No gut, they absorb nutrients from the digested food in which th

● They have segments with both male and female sexual organs


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Phylum Rotifera


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Types of Organisms

Plankton. There are between 1,500 and 2,000 species of Rotifera


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Rotifera Information

Symmetry: Bilateral

Reproduction: Sexual

They have a pseudocoelomate body plan. This means they have a pseu

which is a body cavity of certain invertebrate metazoan animals betwe

wall and the intestine, which is not lined with a mesodermal epitheliu

These animals are interesting because they have a well developed cuti

either gives them a box-like shape or a worm-like shape.


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Phylum Nematoda


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Types of Organisms - Roundworms

Hookworms Pin Worms Guin


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Nematoda Information

Symmetry: Bilateral


Body Plan: Cylindrical, with a blunt head and a tapered tail. Covered with a

that lies over a layer of muscle. Muscle is laid out lengthwise.

Alimentary Canal: A tube containing specialized digestive organs. They havopenings - a mouth and an anus.

Lack of circulatory system - they use diffusion.

They are interesting because they are part of the group Ecdysozoa, which inclu

arthropods crustaceans, spiders, and insects.


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Trichinosis

Roundworms (Trichinella Spiralis) cause Trichinosis.

Transmission: Eating raw or undercooked pork.

Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort, Nausea, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Fa

Treatment: Mebendazole or albendazole


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Phylum Mollusca


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Gastropoda

Includes snails, nudibranchs, abalones, and limpets.


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Pelecypoda

Includes Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops.


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Cephalopoda

Includes squid, octopuses, nautiluses, and cuttlefish.


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Scaphopoda

A.K.A. Tusk Shells.


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Polyplacophora

A.K.A. Chitons.


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Aplacophora

Includes small wormlike animals that do not have shells.


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Tryblidia


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Mollusca Information

Symmetry: Bilateral

Reproduction: Hermaphrodites/Cross-Fertilization

Body Plan: Radula - A filelike feeding organ. Mantle - An area of tis

the internal organs. Ctenidia - Flat gills found in a pocket of the mant

called the mantle cavity.

Circulatory System: Hemocoel - Spaces between cells within the a

tissues. Extends into a large muscular foot.


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Mollusca Information Continued

Excretion: Undigested food becomes a solid waste that is eliminateanus as feces. Another form of waste removal for mollusks is Cellular

which produces nitrogen-containing waste in the form of ammonia. T

ammonia is removed through the body fluids. The mollusks use a sim

shaped organ called the nephridia to eliminate the ammonia from the

and to the outside.

I find it interesting that there are so many different classes and types

wide variety. I wonder why so little is known about Tryblidia.


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Mollusk Bodies


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Phylum Annelida


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Types of Organisms

Earthworms Marine Worms L


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Annelida Information

Symmetry: Bilateral

Reproduction: Asexual or Sexual

Body Plan: Segmented body - meaning they have repeated sections

a complex set of body structures. A typical annelid segment contains

digestive tract, nerve cord, and blood vessels that carry blood to the wtissues. They also have coelom, which is a fluid filled space that is co

surrounded by muscle.


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Annelida Information Continued

Digestive System: Consists of an unsegmented gut that runs throuof the body from the mouth, located on the underside of the head, to

Circulatory System: Closed circulatory system.

Nervous System: The nervous system typically consists of a primit

ganglionic mass, located in the head region, connected by a ring of ne ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body; the cord gives ris

nerves and ganglia in each segment.

These animals are interesting because they are the first to have segm

coelom.


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Phylum Arthropoda


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Trilobites


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Crustaceans

Includes Huge King crabs and lobsters, copepods, barnacles, and arm bugs.


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Chelicerates

Includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks, and sea sco(extinct).


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Insects

Includes ants, bees, butterflies, moths, cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes


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Myriapods

Centipedes and Millipedes


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Arthropoda Information

Symmetry: Bilateral Symmetry


Body Plan: Exoskeletons made of chitin. Jointed appendages. Segm

Exoskeleton: External skeleton that supports the animal’s tissues a

gravity. It is made of chitin that is arranged in layers. It is very strong

the animal from predators. It cannot grow with animals, so it must sh

exoskeleton and reform a new one in order to get bigger.

Circulatory System: Open circulatory system.


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Arthropoda Information Continued

Organs used for gas exchange: Highly vascularized gills


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Incomplete Metamorphosis

Direct development. They look like miniature adults when they hatchimmature insects are often called nymphs. They have six legs and a h

and abdomen, but they do not have wings or sex organs. Nymphs get

each molt, but only grow wings and sexual organs during the later mo

Ex: Grasshoppers and Cockroaches.


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Complete Metamorphosis

Young insects do not look like adults but molt and change their form mature. Young insects hatch out of eggs as wormlike larvae whose bo

clearly divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen, and they often lack

antennae. As they grow, larvae pass through several molts, getting bi

time, until they molt into an inactive form called a pupa. When an a

emerges from the pupa, it looks very different from a larva. It has wincompound eyes, and is ready to fly away and begin its search for a ma

Ex: Monarch Butterfly


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Why are they the most heavily represented g

Insects have moved into virtually every ecological niche, which has hdiversify into the largest group of animals. They can be found in the m

places, including hot sulphur springs and the soil of Antarctica. They

found in streams and ponds. Due to such a wide distribution, scientis

discovering new species of insects every day.


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Phylum Echinodermata


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Types of Organisms

Feather Starsand Sea Lilies

Sea Stars Brittle Stars B

Sea Urchins Sea Biscuits Sand Dollars


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Echinodermata Information

Symmetry: Radial.

Reproduction: Sexual.

Body Plan: Echinoderms have a variety of body plans, ranging from the spin

urchin to the oblong sea cucumber.

Water Vascular System: A series of water-filled canals that extend along ethe ring canal surrounding the central disk. The radial canals store water that

circulation and for filling tiny suckerlike appendages along the arms called tub

Echinoderms are interesting because Sea stars are able to push their stomach

mouths.


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Phylum Chordata

F t i Ch d t


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Features in Chordates

Notochord: A flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord: A hollow nerve cord runs along the anima

back. The nerve cord forms from a section of the ectoderm that rolls uduring development.

Pharyngeal Gill Slits: Slits through the body wall in the pharynx, the immediately beyond the mouth.

A tail extends beyond the anal opening. The tail, as well as the rest ofanimal, contains segments of muscle tissue used for movement.


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Cl Ch d i hth


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Class Chondrichthyes

A.K.A. cartilaginous fish. They have skeletons made of cartilage. Thesinclude sharks, rays, and chimeras.

Class Osteichthyes


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Class Osteichthyes

A.K.A. bony fish. They have skeletons made of bone. Ray-finned fish, bony fish, are the most diverse group of vertebrates.

Class Amphibia


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Class Amphibia

The Amphibia were the first vertebrates adapted to live both in water

although they reproduce in water or on moist land. These animals inc

salamanders, frogs, and caecilians.

Class Reptilia


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Class Reptilia

The Reptilia are able to retain moisture, which lets them live exclusiv

Reptiles produce eggs that do not have to develop in water. Reptiles i

snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, and turtles.

Class Aves


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Class Aves

The Aves are bids. Aves are distinguished by the presence of feathers

other features.

Class Mammalia


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Class Mammalia

The Mammalia are animals that have hair, mammary glands, and thr

bones. A few examples of mammals are whales, elephants, and huma

Amphibians


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Amphibians

Reproduction: Amphibians need a source of water to reproduce. T

directly in water, on moist ground, wrap them in leaves, or brood egg

on the female's back.

Circulatory System: Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. I

of two atria and one ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood a

separated by the two atria. Blood is pumped through the heart on a dBlood pumped through the pulmonary circuit goes to the skin and lu

pumped through the systemic circuit brings oxygen-rich blood to the

returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

Reptiles R til t th


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Reptiles

Amniotic Egg: Amniotic eggs are self-sustaining and allow an embr

to develop fully before it is born. There are two ways that a reptile eggOviparous and viviparous.

Scales: Scales are dry, absorb energy, and help contain heat needed

normal body functions.

Reproduction: Sexual with either internal or external fertilization.

Circulatory System: All reptilian circulatory systems have a heart,

such as veins and arteries, and blood, just like mammals and birds. N

have the same exact circulatory structure, though, especially with reg

heart

Reptiles are ectotherm

Birds


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Birds

Feathers/Hollow Bones: Feathers are important for flight and ins

helps maintain body temperature and protects the bird’s skin. Hollowreduce weight without compromising strength. They are also directly

the bird’s respiratory system.


Circulatory System: Birds require amounts of ATP to provide the

needed for flight. Air sacs provide a great deal of oxygen, but birds m

consume large amounts of food to support their active metabolism.

Birds are endothermic

Mammals


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Mammals

Hair: Most species are covered with a layer f hair that helps them re

hair traps a layer of air next to the skin, which insulates the animal. H

used for behavioral displays, camouflage, and sensory information.

Mammary Glands: Specialized glands that produce milk. They are

both males and females but produce milk only in females.

Circulatory System: Closed.

Brain: The brain size usually increases with the size of the mammal.

mammals have smaller brains and larger mammals have larger brain

Mammals - Monotremes


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Mammals - Monotremes

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. They are remnants of an an

mammals that have characteristics of both mammals and reptiles. Onspecies of monotreme survive today.

Monotremes have retained reptilian characteristics such as:

● A sprawling posture

● A single external opening, called the cloaca, for their urinary, dig

reproductive tracts

● Amniotic eggs with leathery shells that develop outside the body

They also have mammary glands

Mammals - Marsupials


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Mammals - Marsupials

Marsupials are mammals that give birth to immature, underdevelope

that grow to maturity inside a marsupium, or pouch. Most marsupial

birth only a few weeks after fertilization.

Placental Mammals


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Placental Mammals

A.K.A. Eutherian mammals. Placental mammals give birth to live you

completed fetal development. Eutherian gestation lasts longer than in

and the babies are born at a more advanced stage of development. M

eutherians include fast carnivores such as cheetahs, and massive herb

as elephants.

Sources

http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/annelida-annelid-characteristics.html


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