introduction to zoology: classification, taxonomy intro, and body systems
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Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems. Ch 1, 8, and 9. Introduction. Zoology is the study of animal life # of species currently classified: 1.5 million Use taxonomy to help classify animals What is taxonomy? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems
Ch 1, 8, and 9
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Zoology is the study of animal life # of species currently classified: 1.5 million Use taxonomy to help classify animals
◦What is taxonomy? Naming and evolutionary background of animals
◦How? Using what? Use patterns of physical, chemical and ecological relationship to classify animals Use 5 categories to classify animals
Introduction
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Definition◦Balanced proportions, how does size/shape
compare on opposite halves 4 main types
#1: Symmetry
Spherical
RadialBilateral
Biradial
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1) Spherical◦ Any plane passing through center divides body
into equivalent parts/halves, very rare◦ Ex: some unicellular organisms
2) Biradial◦ Only two planes produce mirrored halves◦ Ex: comb jelly fish
3) Radial◦ More than two planes creates similar halves◦ Ex: starfish, hydra, sponge
4) Bilateral◦ Divides along a sagittal plant making right/left ½◦ Ex: most insects, mammals, birds, reptiles
#1: Symmetry
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Evidence types◦1) Fossils◦2) Protein/DNA structure◦3) Biochemistry (molecular make-up)◦4) Biogeography
#2: Evolutionary Evidence
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Most widely used TODAY, in modern science to classify organisms
Use phylogeny to group/classify organisms◦Def: origin and diversity of organisms◦Where did organisms come from?
#2: Evolutionary Evidence
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10 major body systems
#3: Body System Organiz.
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1) Circulatory◦Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide), hormones and wastes◦Organs: heart, veins, arteries, vessels,
capillaries, blood
2) Digestive◦To breakdown food into proteins, vitamins,
minerals, carbs and fats; absorbs nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance
◦Organs: mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines
#3: Body System Organiz.
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3) Endocrine◦To rely chemical message throughout the
body◦Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, ovaries and testes
4) Lymphatic/Immune◦To destroy and remove invading microbes
and viruses; remove fat and excess fluid◦Organs: lymph nodes, white blood cells, T-
cells
#3: Body System Organiz.
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5) Muscular system◦To provide movement, control
movement of materials through some organs
◦Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
6) Nervous system ◦To relay electrical signals throughout the
body, directs behavior and/or movement◦Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves
#3: Body System Organiz.
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7) Reproductive system◦To manufacture cells that allow for
reproduction (sperm and egg)◦Organs: ovaries, vagina, uterus,
mammary glands, fallopian tubes; testis, penis
8) Respiratory system◦To provide gas exchange between blood
and the environment◦Organs: lungs, trachea, nose,
bronchial tubes
#3: Body System Organiz.
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9) Skeletal system◦To provide support for the body,
protection of organs, provides attachment site for organs/muscles
◦Organs: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
10) Excretory/Urinary system◦To filter out cellular wastes, toxins and
excess water from the circulatory system◦Organs: kidney, bladder, ureter
#3: Body System Organiz.
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Homologous is similarities between organisms resulting from a common ancestor
This characteristic and evolutionary evidence work together
Ex:
#4: Homologous Features
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Ecological: different biomes, different areas to eat, sleep, etc.◦Niche/Habitat
Diet: What do they eat?Predator/Prey:
◦Hunting for eating purposes
#5: Other relationships
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HierarchyFrom largest group to smallest group1. Kingdom2. Phylum3. Class4. Order5. Family6. Genus7. Species
Taxonomy
King Philip can’t
order five giant
slurppies
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How many do we currently have?◦5
Names of these:◦Animal, plant, fungi, monerans/bacteria, protists
Major differences between them:◦Fun/Animals: must consume food◦Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts◦Protists/monerans: unicellular
Kingdom
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9 we study◦Names of each◦Example of each◦8 invertebrates, 1 vertebrate◦Invert vs. vert.
Phylum
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Porifera
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Used in naming system called binomial nomenclature, current system of naming and classifying animals
Scientist who invented system: Carl Linnaeus◦Genus – capitalized◦Species – NOT capitalized◦Both are italicized or underlined
Ex: Homo sapiens
Genus/Species
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How does phylogeny relate to classification and taxonomy◦Classification is categorizing◦Taxonomy is naming◦Phylogeny is using evolution to classify and
name animals
Phylogeny
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◦They are related because they all rely upon each other to get species organized into workable categoriesSpecies is a reproductive community
living in a specific area/location3 criteria for recognizing species 1) Common ancestor or common descent 2) Small grouping w/ distinct and unique
characteristics 3) Must be able to reproduce
Phylogeny, cont.
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◦After a NEW species is discovered: Must name it Classify it
Use phylogeny (evolutionary evidence) 1) Comparative homology 2) Character variation 3) Ecological relationships
Phylogeny, cont.