zoo animal nutrition: a historical approach and some

Zoo animal nutrition: a historical approach and some general

rules

Marcus Clauss & Jean-Michel Hatt

Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland

European Zoo Nutrition Conference 2015 Arnhem

Zoo animal nutrition - nutritional diseases

Approach to zoo animal nutrition

“do as we always did”

Historical approach


“do as we always did” based on experiences what

has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are

mistakes one has been making for long time

“imitate the natural diet” best approach

Example: Coati (Nasua spp.)

Alves-Costa et al. (2004)

Plant parts26%

Fruits15%

Insects24%

Millipeds17%

Spiders11%

Gastropods1%

Refuse3%

Vertebrates3%

Natural diets





“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know

about the natural diet, and what feeds are available

No easy-to-harvest packages of tiny invertebrates

Unavoidable detritus ingestion in myrmacophages

from McNab (1984)

Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Gull et al. (2015)

There are no secret, species-specific ingredients!

Natural diets

Formic acid in anteater formulas?

Natural diets

There is no single source of quantitative natural diet information on mammals.

Ratcliffe and Wackernagel Hediger

a complete feed for each animal (group) (pelleted/extruded)

‘natural’ feeds (forages, fruits/vegetables), that

resemble the natural diet

atypcial physical structure

some nutrients difficult to limit

behavioural deficits

selective feeding possible

available feeds differ from in nutrient content from

the natural diet

Two traditions in imitating natural diets

Frugivores don‘t eat supermarket fruit

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courtesy Tjalling Huisman

Traditions in imitating natural diets

slide courtesy of Graham Law, Glasgow University








“use a suitable domestic species as model” ‘scientific compromise’

huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities

are easily overlooked

Food Organism

essential food components non-essential food components

Food Organism

Many enzymes can be spared!

Food Organism

essential food components

essential nutrients: -! high protein requirement -! amino acids taurine and arginine -! arachidonic acid -! vitamin A (!-carotine useless) -! vitamin D -! niacine

not essential for dogs







“use a suitable domestic species as model” species-specific peculiarities

are easily overlooked ‘scientific compromise’

huge amount of knowledge









“based on studies in zoo animals” ‘scientific approach’ financially and logistically

challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

‘scientific compromise’ huge amount of knowledge

•!Case reports / case series •! Inventories of diets, pathological

states, husbandry success •!Differences between free-range

and zoo •!Epidemiological / controlled studies

Studies in zoo animals

Examples: case studies

no control group

Carnivore

Primate

Fish-Eater

Herbivore

Red meat

Fruits & vegetables

Thawed fish

Hay & grains

Calcium deficiency

Sodium- and vitamin B deficiency

Acidosis, vitamin E- and calcium deficiency

Calcium deficiency

The classic problem repertoire

Examples: inventories

Grisham and Savage (1990)

Marholdt (1991)

Müller et al. (2011)

no direct association

rel.

Life

exp

ec

tan

cy

Examples: inventories

Kibby Treiber - Plenary (2015)

•!Case reports / case series •! Inventories of diets, pathological

states, husbandry success •!Differences between free-range and

zoo •!Epidemiological / controlled studies

Studies in zoo animals

e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998)

unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues

iron deposits in organs

Examples: differences wild - zoo

fibre in herbivore diets

tooth wear (browsers, bears)

dental calculus

Dental calculus

e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)






undesired GIT bacteria

feeding-related dysbehaviour

dental calculus

Great ape R/R

e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007), Schwitzer & Kaumanns (2001)






undesired GIT bacteria

obesity

feeding-related dysbehaviour

dental calculus

Vetion EAZWV Member online course


obesity

Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies


courtesy Christoph Schwitzer


=> Fe ! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage

Research in a zoo setting

•! lack of risk for zoo animals is usually a prerogative for a zoo study to be allowed

•! studies that shall have relevance for HEALTH mostly by definition require setups of more and less healthy options/treatments

•! typical ‘risk-free’ nutrition studies in zoos with potential relevance: inventories, epidemiological studies

•! typical ‘risk-free’ nutrition studies in zoos with less potential relevance: measuring digestibility and digesta passage on used diets









“based on studies in zoo animals” ‘scientific approach’ financially and logistically

challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge

‘scientific compromise’ huge amount of knowledge

Where is the information?


not in any one place

zoo animal nutrition: a historical approach and some

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