year 8 knowledge organiser term 2 - grammar.trinitymat.org
TRANSCRIPT
Year 8 Knowledge Organiser
Term 2
Your subjects are in alphabetical order.
1 –
Com
posi
tion
Art
Year
8Te
rm 2
Mix
ed M
edia
Key
Voc
abul
ary
com
posi
tion:
the
plac
emen
t of t
he
elem
ents
of a
rt on
the
page
rule
of t
hird
s:th
e pr
oces
s of
div
idin
g an
imag
e in
toth
irds
and
plac
ing
the
focu
s of
your
imag
e w
here
the
lines
cro
ss
lead
ing
lines
: lin
es s
hape
d to
dra
w th
e
view
er's
eye
to th
e m
ain
subj
ect o
f the
art
wor
k
3 –
Colo
ur T
heor
y4
–Ar
tist F
ocus
–Da
in
2 –
Art T
echn
ique
s
rule
of t
hird
s
Key
Voc
abul
ary
prim
ary
colo
urs:
red,
yel
low
and
blu
e. T
hey
cann
ot b
e m
ixed
from
oth
er c
olou
rs.
s eco
ndar
y co
lour
s: o
rang
e, g
reen
and
purp
le. T
hey
are
mad
e by
mix
ing
two
prim
ary
colo
urs.
com
plem
enta
ry c
olou
rs:o
ppos
ite e
ach
othe
r
on th
e co
lour
whe
el.
harm
onio
us c
olou
rs: c
olou
rsne
xt to
eac
h
othe
r on
the
colo
urw
heel
Lam
our B
rook
lyn
#2 (2
019)
lead
ing
lines
colla
ge:a
rtwor
k in
whi
ch p
iece
s of
pap
er,
phot
ogra
phs,
fabr
ic a
nd o
ther
item
s ar
e st
uck
onto
a s
uppo
rting
sur
face
•D
ain
is a
n Am
eric
an S
treet
Arti
st b
ased
in
New
Yor
k C
ity.
•H
e w
orks
in m
ixed
med
ia.
•H
e co
llage
s ol
d ad
verts
, log
os, a
nd v
ario
us
imag
es a
nd la
yers
spr
ay p
aint
on
top.
•D
ain
finis
hes
his
wor
ks w
ith h
is s
igna
ture
“circ
le a
nd d
rip” a
roun
d th
e ey
e.
colo
ur w
heel
Key
Voc
abul
ary
colla
ge:a
rtwor
k in
whi
ch p
iece
s of
pap
er, p
hoto
grap
hs, f
abric
and
oth
er
item
s st
uck
onto
a s
uppo
rting
sur
face
med
ia: t
he m
ater
ials
that
are
use
d to
cre
ate
a w
ork
ofar
t
mix
ed m
edia
: artw
orks
com
pose
d fro
m a
com
bina
tion
of d
iffer
entm
edia
or
mat
eria
ls
a st
enci
l
sten
cil:
a pi
ece
of c
ard,
pla
stic
or m
etal
into
whi
ch
shap
es h
ave
been
cut
, use
d to
dra
w o
r pai
nt p
atte
rns
onto
a s
urfa
ce
Art
Mix
ed M
edia
Year
8Te
rm 2
1 –
Type
s of
Com
pute
r
Year
8Te
rm 2
Com
pute
r Sys
tem
s
Key
Voc
abul
ary
NO
T:ha
s ju
st o
ne in
put.
NO
T te
lls u
s th
at In
put A
has
to b
e 0
(or O
FF) i
n or
der f
or
the
outp
ut to
be
1.
•O
ther
wis
e th
e ou
tput
is 0
.
•A
NO
T ga
te is
som
etim
es c
alle
d an
inve
rter.
AND
:tel
ls u
s th
at b
oth
Inpu
t A A
ND
Inpu
t B h
ave
to b
e 1
(or O
N) i
n or
der f
or th
e
outp
ut to
be
1. O
ther
wis
e th
e ou
tput
is 0
OR
:has
two
inpu
ts.O
R te
lls u
s th
at E
ITH
ER In
put A
OR
Inpu
t B h
as to
be
1 (o
r ON
)
in o
rder
for t
he o
utpu
t to
be 1
. Oth
erw
ise
the
outp
ut is
0
logi
c ga
te:a
type
of p
rogr
amm
ing
lang
uage
. The
y ar
e re
pres
ente
d as
trut
h ta
bles
.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
artif
icia
l:cr
eate
d by
hum
ans,
usu
ally
as
a co
py o
f or i
nste
ad o
f som
ethi
ng n
atur
al
inte
llige
nce:
the
abilit
y to
gai
n an
d ap
ply
know
ledg
e an
d sk
ills
Alan
Turin
g
•O
ne o
f the
wor
ld’s
mos
t fam
ous
mat
hem
atic
ians
,wor
king
dur
ing
the
1940
s.
•Al
an T
urin
g in
vent
ed th
e id
ea o
f a ‘U
nive
rsal
Mac
hine
’ tha
t cou
ld d
ecod
e an
d
perfo
rm a
ny s
et o
f ins
truct
ions
.
•Te
n ye
ars
late
r he
wou
ld tu
rn th
is id
ea in
to a
pla
n fo
r an
elec
troni
c co
mpu
ter,
capa
ble
of ru
nnin
g an
y pr
ogra
m.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
PC:a
sm
all,
sing
le-u
ser c
ompu
ter b
ased
on
a m
icro
proc
esso
r
lapt
op:a
bat
tery
or A
C-p
ower
ed p
erso
nal c
ompu
ter.
•It
is u
sual
ly s
mal
ler t
han
a br
iefc
ase
and
can
easi
ly b
e tra
nspo
rted
and
conv
enie
ntly
use
d.
•It
is s
omet
imes
cal
led
a no
tebo
ok c
ompu
ter.
lapt
opta
blet
:a p
orta
ble
PC, w
ith a
touc
h-sc
reen
inte
rface
.
•A
tabl
et P
C u
sual
ly h
as s
oftw
are
to ru
n a
virtu
al k
eybo
ard.
supe
r com
pute
r:ex
trem
ely
pow
erfu
l com
pute
rs
serv
er:c
ompu
ter o
r com
pute
r pro
gram
whi
ch m
anag
es
acce
ss to
a c
entra
lised
reso
urce
or s
ervi
ce in
a n
etw
ork
Key
Voc
abul
ary
proc
esso
r:ca
rrie
s ou
t pro
gram
inst
ruct
ions
RAM
: Ran
dom
Acc
ess
Mem
ory
hard
driv
e:w
here
you
r com
pute
r sto
res
data
stor
age
devi
ce:a
pie
ce o
f com
pute
r equ
ipm
ent w
here
dat
a ca
n be
sto
red
hard
war
e:th
e m
achi
nes,
wiri
ng, a
nd o
ther
par
ts o
f a c
ompu
ter o
r ele
ctro
nic
syst
em
2–
Wha
t Mak
es a
Com
pute
r?
inpu
t:an
inpu
t dev
ice
is a
ny p
iece
of c
ompu
ter h
ardw
are
used
to p
rovi
de d
ata
to a
com
pute
r sys
tem
outp
ut: a
ny p
iece
of c
ompu
ter h
ardw
are
that
is u
sed
to
com
mun
icat
e th
e re
sults
of d
ata
that
has
bee
n pr
oces
sed
by a
com
pute
r sys
tem
hard
driv
e
3 –
Logi
c G
ates
4–
Artif
icia
l Int
ellig
ence
Com
pute
r Sci
ence
Com
pute
r Sys
tem
sYe
ar 8
Term
2
Dra
ma
Year
8Te
rm 2
Mac
beth
-W
itche
s
1–
Soun
dsca
pe S
kills
Key
Voc
abul
ary
soun
dsca
pe:a
col
lect
ion
of in
divi
dual
sou
nds
that
are
laye
red
up to
cre
ate
a st
rong
sen
se o
f pla
ce
unis
on:s
imul
tane
ous
perfo
rman
ce o
r utte
ranc
e of
act
ion
or s
peec
h
chor
al s
peec
h: e
nsem
ble
spea
king
as
a gr
oup
ofte
n us
ing
vario
us v
oice
com
bina
tions
and
con
trast
s
cano
n:w
hen
an a
ctio
n or
sou
nd is
cre
ated
, by
a gr
oup
of p
eopl
e, o
ne a
fter
the
othe
r
2–
Voca
l Ski
lls
Key
Voc
abul
ary
pitc
h:th
e de
gree
of h
ighn
ess
or lo
wne
ss o
f the
voi
ce
pace
:the
spe
ed a
t whi
ch s
omeo
ne s
peak
s
tone
:a q
ualit
y in
the
voic
e th
at e
xpre
sses
the
spea
ker’s
feel
ings
or t
houg
hts
volu
me:
the
degr
ee o
f lou
dnes
s or
the
inte
nsity
of a
sou
nd
clar
ity:e
nsur
e th
at y
ou s
peak
ing
clea
rly
3–
Trag
edy
Key
Voc
abul
ary
trag
edy:
a dr
ama
in w
hich
a s
erie
s of
act
ions
lead
s to
the
dow
nfal
l of t
he m
ain
char
acte
r, ca
lled
the
tragi
c he
ro
4–
NVC
ski
lls
Key
Voc
abul
ary
non
verb
al c
omm
unic
atio
n (N
VC):
the
way
mov
emen
ts, p
ostu
re a
nd g
estu
res
can
show
how
som
eone
feel
s w
ithou
t spe
akin
g. It
is a
lso
refe
rred
to a
s bo
dy la
ngua
ge.
faci
al e
xpre
ssio
n:th
e ap
pear
ance
, moo
d or
feel
ing
conv
eyed
by
a pe
rson
’s fa
ce
post
ure:
the
posi
tion
a ch
arac
ter h
olds
them
selv
es in
whe
n si
tting
or s
tand
ing
gest
ure:
a m
ovem
ent m
ade
by p
art o
f the
bod
y, fo
r exa
mpl
e, a
rms,
hea
d to
sho
w a
char
acte
r’s e
mot
ions
gait:
a p
erso
n’s
man
ner o
f wal
king
•Th
e pl
ot b
uild
s to
a c
atas
troph
e, o
r a
disa
stro
us fi
nal o
utco
me,
that
usu
ally
invo
lves
the
deat
h of
the
hero
and
man
y ot
hers
.
•A
Shak
espe
area
n tra
gedy
ofte
n in
clud
es
elem
ents
of t
he s
uper
natu
ral.
•Th
ere
is o
ften
a ba
ttle
betw
een
good
and
evi
l.tr
aged
y
volu
me
Dra
ma
Mac
beth
: Witc
hes
Year
8Te
rm 2
rhet
oric
: the
art
of e
ffect
ive
or p
ersu
asiv
e sp
eech
or w
ritin
g
hypo
phor
a: w
hen
a w
riter
rais
es a
que
stio
n, a
nd th
en im
med
iate
ly p
rovi
des
an
answ
er to
that
que
stio
n
anap
hora
: a re
peat
ed p
hras
e at
the
begi
nnin
g of
cla
uses
anec
dote
: a
shor
t sto
ry n
arra
ting
a pe
rson
al e
xper
ienc
e
tria
dic
stru
ctur
e:lis
ting
of th
ree
wor
ds o
r phr
ases
for e
ffect
(trip
let)
repe
titio
n (fo
r effe
ct):
whe
n a
phra
se o
r wor
d is
repe
ated
thro
ugho
ut a
text
to
emph
asis
e a
mea
ning
dire
ct a
ddre
ss: w
hen
the
writ
er c
omm
unic
ates
with
the
read
er o
r aud
ienc
e by
usi
ng
thei
r nam
e or
pro
noun
‘yo
u’
1 –
Term
inol
ogy
Eng
lish
Year
8Te
rm 2
‘Ani
mal
Far
m’:
Writ
ing
Form
:
· A s
peec
h is
a fo
rmal
talk
giv
en to
an
audi
ence
.
·Spe
eche
s ar
e us
ed to
em
phas
ise
or p
ersu
ade
an a
poi
nt o
f vie
w a
bout
a s
ubje
ct.
They
can
be
used
to a
rgue
and
per
suad
e, to
info
rm a
nd a
dvis
e, a
nd to
ent
erta
in.
Audi
ence
:
·It i
s im
porta
nt to
und
erst
and
who
you
are
writ
ing
the
spee
ch fo
r so
that
you
can
effe
ctiv
ely
enga
ge y
our l
iste
ners
. Wha
t pur
pose
(poi
nt) a
re y
ou w
ritin
g fo
r?
Writ
er’s
Cra
ft:
·Spe
eche
s sh
ould
hav
e a
sim
ple
stru
ctur
e to
hel
p yo
ur a
udie
nce
follo
w y
our i
deas
.
·Spe
eche
s sh
ould
hav
e a
pow
erfu
l ope
ning
to im
med
iate
ly e
ngag
e yo
ur a
udie
nce.
Use
rhet
oric
al m
etho
ds (i
n Bo
x 2)
to d
o th
is.
cons
pira
cy (n
oun)
: a s
ecre
t pla
n to
cau
se h
arm
egot
istic
al (a
dj.):
bei
ng s
elf-c
entre
d
equa
lity
(nou
n):t
he s
tate
of h
avin
g eq
ual a
nd fa
ir op
portu
nity
and
righ
ts
hier
arch
y (n
oun)
:a s
truct
ure
of a
utho
rity
and
pow
er
satir
ical
(adj
.):a
sarc
astic
and
moc
king
tone
, to
mak
e fu
n of
som
ethi
ng
Impe
rativ
e ve
rbs:
•Th
ese
are
verb
s th
at c
reat
e a
sent
ence
that
giv
es a
n or
der o
r com
man
d.
•Th
ese
verb
s ar
e al
way
s in
thei
r bas
ic fo
rm, w
ith n
o en
ding
s.
•E
.G. s
top,
jum
p, g
o.
Mod
al v
erbs
:
Mod
al v
erbs
are
use
d to
mak
e a
stat
emen
t and
sho
w a
bel
ief t
hat s
omet
hing
is
certa
in, p
ossi
ble
or im
poss
ible
. E.G
.
•C
an
•M
ay
•M
ust
•S
houl
d
3 –
Voca
bula
ry
2 –
Rhe
toric
al M
etho
ds
4 –
Gra
mm
ar: I
mpe
rativ
e an
d M
odal
Ver
bs
hier
arch
y
Eng
lish
Writ
ing:
Ani
mal
Farm
Year
8Te
rm 2
1 –
Joue
r(to
pla
y)
Fren
chYe
ar 8
Term
2S
port
2 –
Faire
(to
do/m
ake)
3 –
The
Perf
ect T
ense
(ER
ver
bs)
4 –
The
Perf
ect T
ense
(irr
egul
ar v
erbs
)5
–O
pini
ons
in th
e Pe
rfec
t Ten
se6
–Ti
me
Expr
essi
ons
joue
rto
pla
yje
joue
I pla
ytu
joue
syo
u pl
ay (s
ingu
lar/i
nfor
mal
)il
joue
he p
lays
elle
joue
she
play
son
joue
we
play
nous
jouo
nsw
e pl
ayvo
us jo
uez
you
play
(plu
ral/f
orm
al)
ilsjo
uent
they
pla
y (m
ascu
line)
elle
sjo
uent
they
pla
y (fe
min
ine)
au b
aske
tba
sket
ball
au fo
otfo
otba
ll
au h
and
hand
ball
au p
ing-
pong
pi
ng p
ong
au
rugb
yru
gby
au te
nnis
te
nnis
au v
olle
yvo
lleyb
all
aux
jeux
vidé
ovi
deo
gam
esau
x éc
hecs
ches
s
à la
pét
anqu
ebo
wls
au
x bo
ules
bow
ls
faire
to d
oje
fais
I do
tu fa
isyo
u do
(sin
gula
r/inf
orm
al)
il fa
ithe
doe
sel
le fa
itsh
e do
eson
fait
we
dono
us fa
ison
sw
e do
vous
faite
syo
u do
(plu
ral/f
orm
al)
ils fo
ntth
ey d
o (m
ascu
line)
elle
s fo
ntth
ey d
o (fe
min
ine)
du p
atin
age
skat
ing
du
rolle
rro
ller-
skat
ing
du
ski
skiin
g
du
spo
rtsp
ort
du
vél
ocy
clin
g
des
prom
enad
esw
alki
ng
de la
dan
seda
ncin
gde
l’éq
uita
tion
hors
e-rid
ing
de la
lutte
wre
stlin
gde
la n
atat
ion
swim
min
gde
la p
êche
fishi
ngde
la ra
ndon
née
hiki
ngde
la v
oile
sailin
g
To p
ut a
n –e
rver
b in
the
perfe
ct (p
ast)
tens
e yo
u ne
ed
thre
e pa
rts:
1) T
he n
oun
or p
rono
un
(je/tu
/il/e
lle/o
n/no
us/v
ous/
ils/e
lles)
.2)
The
ver
b ‘a
voir’
(to
have
) in
the
pres
ent t
ense
.3)
A p
ast p
artic
iple
(rem
ove
the
–era
nd re
plac
e w
ith –
é).
e.g.
Nou
s av
ons
joué
-We
have
pla
yed/
We
play
ed.
Pron
oun
Avoi
rPa
st P
artic
iple
j’ai
joué
(pla
yed)
tuas
rega
rdé
(wat
ched
)il
am
angé
(ate
)el
lea
écou
té(li
sten
ed to
)on
até
léch
argé
(dow
nloa
ded)
nous
avon
sac
heté
(bou
ght)
vous
avez
voya
gé (t
rave
lled)
ilson
tté
léph
oné
(pho
ned)
elle
son
tvi
sité
(vis
ited
+ pl
aces
)
All p
ast t
ense
ver
bs n
eed:
1) T
he n
oun
or p
rono
un
(je/tu
/il/e
lle/o
n/no
us/v
ous/
ils/e
lles)
.2)
The
ver
b ‘a
voir’
(to
have
) in
the
pres
ent t
ense
.3)
A p
ast p
artic
iple
How
ever
, not
all
past
par
ticip
les
follo
w a
regu
lar p
atte
rn.
The
verb
s be
low
are
irre
gula
r and
you
will
need
to le
arn
the
past
par
ticip
les
by h
eart:
fait
(did
/hav
e do
ne)
lu(re
ad/h
ave
read
)vu
(saw
/hav
e se
en)
bu(d
rank
/hav
e dr
unk)
écrit
(wro
te/h
ave
writ
ten)
J’ai
aim
éI l
iked
J’ai
ador
éI l
oved
J’ai
préf
éré
I pre
ferr
edJe
n’a
ipas
aim
éI d
idn’
t lik
eJ’
aidé
test
éI h
ated
asse
zqu
iteau
ssi
also
/as
très
very
trop
too
vrai
men
tre
ally
un p
eua
bit
c’ét
ait
it w
as
barb
ant
borin
gbi
engo
oddi
verti
ssan
ten
terta
inin
gen
nuye
uxbo
ring
exce
llent
exce
llent
pass
ionn
ant
exci
ting
supe
rgr
eat
supe
rbe
supe
rbm
arra
ntfu
nny
nul
rubb
ish
Tu a
s ai
mé…
?D
id y
ou li
ke…
?
C’é
tait
com
men
t?W
hat w
as it
like
?
Day
s of
the
wee
k:lu
ndi
Mon
day
mar
diTu
esda
ym
ercr
edi
Wed
nesd
ayje
udi
Thur
sday
vend
redi
Frid
aysa
med
iSa
turd
aydi
man
che
Sund
ayle
lund
ion
Mon
days
Seas
ons:
au p
rinte
mps
in s
prin
gen
été
in s
umm
eren
auto
mne
in a
utum
nen
hive
rin
win
ter
Reg
ular
ity:
souv
ent
ofte
npa
rfois
som
etim
esd’
habi
tude
usua
llyun
e/de
uxfo
is…
once
/twic
e……
par s
emai
ne…
per m
onth
…pa
r moi
s…
per m
onth
Past
tens
e:le
wee
kend
der
nier
last
wee
kend
la s
emai
nede
rniè
re last
wee
kl’a
nnée
dern
ière
last
yea
rje
udid
erni
erla
st T
hurs
day
Fren
chS
port
Year
8Te
rm 2
1–
Loca
tion
2–
Clim
ate
of S
iber
ia3
–Po
pula
tion
of R
ussi
a
4–
Econ
omic
Opp
ortu
nitie
s5
–Th
reat
s to
the
Tund
ra6
–R
ussi
a an
d th
e M
iddl
e Ea
st
•R
ussi
a is
loca
ted
in tw
o co
ntin
ents
: Asi
a an
d
Euro
pe.
•R
ussi
a is
so
larg
e th
at it
has
11
time
zone
s.
•Th
e ca
pita
l city
, Mos
cow
, is
10 h
ours
beh
ind
the
Kam
chat
ka R
egio
n of
Eas
tern
Rus
sia.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
extr
eme:
bey
ond
norm
al
•Th
ere
is a
Med
iterr
anea
n cl
imat
e in
sou
th w
este
rn
Rus
sia
and
extre
me
cold
in th
e no
rther
n an
d ce
ntra
l
parts
of t
he c
ount
ry.
•Th
e w
orld
’s c
olde
st p
erm
anen
tly in
habi
ted
tow
n is
calle
d O
ymya
kon.
Thi
s pl
ace
has
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f -
88°c
. Thi
s is
col
der t
han
Mar
s.
•Th
e ex
trem
e co
ld o
f cen
tral R
ussi
a m
eans
that
ther
e
are
no m
ajor
tow
ns o
r citi
es in
the
regi
on.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
spar
se: t
hin
or n
ot m
uch
of s
omet
hing
p opu
latio
n de
nsity
: num
ber o
f peo
ple
in a
n ar
ea
•Th
e ar
ea w
ith th
e hi
ghes
t pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity in
Rus
sia
is th
e w
est o
f Rus
sia.
•Th
e ar
ea w
ith th
e lo
wes
t pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity is
the
north
and
eas
t of R
ussi
a.
•Th
e ea
st o
f Rus
sia
is s
pars
ely
popu
late
d du
e to
the
clim
ate
bein
g ex
trem
ely
cold
. Thi
s m
eans
that
peop
le h
ave
to w
ear l
ots
of c
loth
es a
nd s
pend
a lo
t
of ti
me
indo
ors.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
reso
urce
:any
mat
eria
l tha
t peo
ple
need
and
val
ue
•R
ussi
a is
the
larg
est p
rodu
cer o
f oil
in th
e w
orld
.
•R
ussi
a ha
s lo
ts o
f gas
.
•Th
is g
as is
tran
spor
ted
to c
ount
ries,
suc
h as
Ger
man
y, to
hea
t the
ir ho
mes
.
•R
ussi
a is
a re
sour
ce-r
ich
natio
n bu
t the
se re
sour
ces
have
to b
e tra
nspo
rted
over
hug
e di
stan
ces.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
tund
ra:a
vas
t, fla
t, tre
eles
s Ar
ctic
regi
on in
whi
ch th
e
soil
belo
w th
e su
rface
(sub
soil)
is p
erm
anen
tly fr
ozen
•Th
e tu
ndra
is th
reat
ened
for a
num
ber o
f eco
nom
ic
and
soci
al re
ason
s.
•O
ne re
ason
is c
limat
e ch
ange
.
•An
othe
r rea
son
is th
e w
ealth
of r
esou
rces
und
erne
ath
the
grou
nd.
•Th
e tu
ndra
nee
ds p
rote
ctin
g as
it is
a fr
agile
ecos
yste
m th
at ta
kes
thou
sand
s of
yea
rs to
repa
ir.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
com
parin
g :es
timat
e, m
easu
re, o
r not
e th
e si
mila
rity
or d
issi
mila
rity
betw
een
•R
ussi
a an
d th
e M
iddl
e Ea
st a
re p
rimar
y re
sour
ce-
rich
regi
ons
that
hav
e be
en e
xplo
ited
for p
rofit
.
•Bo
th h
ave
peop
le th
at h
ave
had
to a
dapt
to th
e
extre
me
envi
ronm
ents
of t
he re
gion
s.
•O
n th
e ot
her h
and,
bot
h R
ussi
a an
d th
e M
iddl
e
East
hav
e di
ffere
nt c
limat
es.
•O
ne is
ext
rem
ely
cold
and
one
is e
xtre
mel
y w
arm
.
Geo
grap
hyE
xtre
me
Env
ironm
ents
: Sib
eria
n R
ussi
aYe
ar 8
Term
2
1 –
Brit
ish
Empi
re
His
tory
Year
8Te
rm 2
The
Brit
ish
Em
pire
Key
Voc
abul
ary
empi
re:a
gro
up o
f cou
ntrie
s
trad
e:sw
appi
ng p
rodu
cts
with
one
ano
ther
•Th
e B
ritis
h E
mpi
re s
tretc
hed
from
New
Zea
land
to
Van
couv
er Is
land
in C
anad
a. T
he B
ritis
h E
mpi
re
rule
d ov
er 4
00 m
illion
peo
ple
and
cove
red
20%
of
the
wor
ld.
•Tr
ade
and
relig
ion
spre
ad a
cros
s th
e em
pire
.
•Th
e B
ritis
h E
mpi
re c
ould
buy
and
sel
l new
prod
ucts
.
2 –
Irela
nd a
nd A
mer
ica
Key
Voc
abul
ary
inde
pend
ent:
to n
ot n
eed
anyo
ne
colo
ny: a
cou
ntry
und
er th
e co
ntro
l of a
noth
er c
ount
y
•Th
e Iri
sh h
ad b
een
rule
d by
the
Engl
ish
sinc
e th
e
1100
s.
•Th
e Br
itish
wer
e br
utal
tow
ards
the
Irish
for 8
00
year
s un
til th
ey b
ecam
e in
depe
nden
t in
1922
.
•Th
e Br
itish
set
up
a co
lony
cal
led
Jam
esto
wn
in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
in 1
607
whe
re m
any
Irish
men
wen
t.
•Th
e 13
col
onie
s de
clar
ed in
depe
nden
ce in
177
6.
3 –
The
Brit
ish
in In
dia
Key
Voc
abul
ary
com
pany
: a b
usin
ess
trad
e po
st: w
here
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces
are
trade
d
•Th
e M
ugha
l Em
pire
cov
ered
mos
t of w
hat w
e ca
ll
Indi
a, A
fgha
nist
an, a
nd P
akis
tan
toda
y.
•By
170
0, th
is e
mpi
re h
ad th
e m
ost p
ower
ful
econ
omy
in th
e w
orld
. It p
rodu
ced
25%
of t
he
wor
ld’s
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces.
•In
160
8 th
e fir
st B
ritis
h tra
de p
ost w
as o
pene
d by
the
East
Indi
a C
ompa
ny.
4 –
The
Indi
an R
esis
tanc
e5
–Pa
rtiti
on o
f Ind
ia
Key
Voc
abul
ary
fam
ine:
not e
noug
h fo
od
mov
emen
t:pe
ople
tryi
ng to
achi
eve
som
ethi
ng
Key
Voc
abul
ary
Brit
ish
Raj
: the
Brit
ish
gove
rnm
ent i
n In
dia
refu
gee:
a pe
rson
forc
ed to
leav
e th
eir h
ome
•In
194
7, th
e Br
itish
left
Indi
a. T
his
was
bec
ause
of
the
mov
emen
t led
by
Gan
dhi a
nd th
e co
st o
f the
Wor
ld W
ar 2
.
•Th
e Br
itish
Raj
spl
it In
dia
into
thre
e se
ctio
ns: I
ndia
,
whi
ch w
ould
be
Hin
du, a
nd W
est a
nd E
ast P
akis
tan,
whi
ch w
ould
be
Mus
lim.
•Th
is d
ecis
ion
crea
ted
10 –
20 m
illion
refu
gees
.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
lega
cy: s
omet
hing
left
behi
nd
dem
ocra
cy:w
hen
peop
le h
ave
the
right
to v
ote
•Th
e le
gacy
of t
he B
ritis
h Em
pire
is v
iew
ed
diffe
rent
ly b
y th
e Br
itish
and
Indi
ans.
Brit
ain
are
posi
tive;
Indi
a ar
e ne
gativ
e.
•To
day
Brita
in re
cogn
ises
ther
e is
goo
d an
d ba
d.
Empi
re c
an b
ring
wea
lth a
nd d
emoc
racy
but
it c
an
also
brin
g de
ath
and
suffe
ring.
6 –
Lega
cy o
f Em
pire
•Th
e B
enga
l fam
ine
caus
ed 1
0 m
illion
peo
ple
to d
ie.
•Th
e fa
min
e w
as c
ause
d by
Eas
t Ind
ia C
ompa
ny.
•M
ahat
ma
Gan
dhi l
ed a
mov
emen
t for
Indi
an
inde
pend
ence
. The
y di
d no
t wan
t to
be ru
n by
Brit
ain
anym
ore.
mov
emen
t led
by
Gan
dhi
His
tory
The
Brit
ish
Em
pire
Year
8Te
rm 2
2–
Qua
dran
ts a
nd L
ines
3–
Line
ar G
raph
sC
o-or
dina
tes
cart
esia
nco
-ord
inat
es:t
he o
rder
ed p
air o
f (x,
y) to
def
ine
a po
int
in a
qua
dran
t
x -:
first
num
ber i
n a
coor
dina
te w
hich
is th
e ho
rizon
tal v
alue
y -:
seco
nd n
umbe
r in
a co
ordi
nate
whi
ch is
the
verti
cal v
alue
quad
rant
:one
of f
our r
egio
ns s
epar
ated
by
the
x an
d y
axis
.
orig
in:a
fixed
poi
nt a
t whi
ch m
easu
rem
ents
are
take
n fro
m. T
his
is u
sual
ly (0
,0).
grad
ient
:a m
easu
re o
f the
ste
epne
ss o
f a li
ne
para
llel:
two
lines
the
sam
e di
stan
ce a
part
at a
ll po
ints
y-in
terc
ept:
whe
re a
line
cro
sses
the
y –
axis
l inea
r gra
ph:p
rodu
ces
a co
ntin
uous
stra
ight
line
y =
mx
+ c:
ofte
n th
e fo
rm o
f a li
near
gra
ph w
here
mis
the
grad
ient
and
cis
the
y in
terc
ept
non-
linea
r gra
ph:d
oesn
’t pr
oduc
e a
cont
inuo
us s
traig
ht li
ne
•th
est
eepn
ess
of a
line
refe
rs to
its
grad
ient
•A
nas
cend
ing
linea
r seq
uenc
e re
sults
in a
pos
itive
gra
dien
t
•A
des
cend
ing
linea
r seq
uenc
e re
sults
in a
neg
ativ
e
grad
ient
1 –
8 Ti
mes
Tab
le
4–
Dat
a5
–Sc
atte
r Gra
phs
6–
Prob
abili
tyfr
eque
ncy:
the
num
ber o
f tim
es a
n ev
ent o
ccur
s
corr
elat
ion:
am
easu
re o
f the
stre
ngth
of
asso
ciat
ion
betw
een
two
varia
bles
cont
inuo
us d
ata:
data
whi
ch c
an ta
ke a
ny v
alue
disc
rete
data
:dat
a w
hich
take
s ce
rtain
val
ues
qual
itativ
e:re
fers
to a
qua
lity
or a
ttrib
ute
quan
titat
ive:
refe
rs to
a q
uant
ity o
r am
ount
rang
e:di
ffere
nce
betw
een
larg
est a
nd s
mal
lest
dat
a
subt
otal
:a p
ortio
n of
the
who
le to
tal
posi
tive
corr
elat
ion:
a lin
k sh
owin
g th
at a
s on
e
varia
ble
incr
ease
s, th
e ot
her a
lso
incr
ease
s
nega
tive
corr
elat
ion:
alin
k sh
owin
g th
at a
s on
e
varia
ble
incr
ease
s th
e ot
her d
ecre
ases
outli
er:r
esul
t whi
ch li
es b
eyon
d w
here
mos
t of t
he d
ata
is c
lust
ered
l ine
of b
est f
it:a
line
draw
n on
a s
catte
r gra
ph to
repr
esen
t the
bes
t est
imat
e of
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
varia
bles
extr
apol
ate :
mak
e an
est
imat
ion
beyo
nd th
e da
ta s
et
varia
ble:
aqu
antit
y th
at c
an ta
ke a
rang
e of
val
ues
tria
l:an
exp
erim
ent t
hat i
s re
peat
ed
even
t:a
set o
f pos
sibl
e ou
tcom
es fr
om a
tria
l
o utc
ome(
s):
the
resu
lt(s)
of a
sta
tistic
al tr
ial
prob
abili
ty: T
he li
kelih
ood
(cha
nce)
of a
n ev
ent
happ
enin
g
s am
ple
spac
e:se
t of p
ossi
ble
outc
omes
from
a tr
ial
bias
ed:s
omet
hing
whi
ch is
unf
air
unio
n:w
here
one
ort
wo
elem
ents
of a
set
are
sat
isfie
d
inte
rsec
tion:
whe
re tw
o el
emen
ts o
f a s
et a
re s
atis
fied
Year
8Te
rm 2
Rep
rese
ntat
ions
1 x
8 =
8
2 x
8 =
16
3 x
8 =
24
4 x
8 =
32
5 x
8 =
40
6 x
8 =
48
7 x
8 =
56
8 x
8 =
64
9 x
8 =
72
10 x
8 =
80
11 x
8 =
88
12 x
8 =
96
Mat
hem
atic
sR
epre
sent
atio
nsYe
ar 8
Term
2
1 –
Orig
inMus
icYe
ar8
Term
2R
ap a
nd H
ip-H
op
•R
ap a
nd H
ip-H
op b
egan
in N
ew Y
ork,
USA
.
•It
star
ted
whe
n th
e Ja
mai
can
soun
d sy
stem
cul
ture
arriv
ed in
the
late
197
0s.
•R
appe
rs c
ombi
ned
lyric
s an
d be
ats
to e
nter
tain
at
rap
battl
es w
here
they
wou
ld b
oast
abo
ut b
eing
the
best
rapp
er.
•R
ap c
ame
to th
e U
K in
the
1970
s an
d 80
s.
•Th
e Lo
ndon
Pos
se a
nd C
ooki
e C
rew
wer
e tw
o
succ
essf
ul e
arly
rap
grou
ps.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
coup
let:
a pa
ir of
rhym
ing
wor
ds
inte
rnal
rhym
ing/
ass
onan
ce: m
atch
ing
the
soun
d of
wor
ds w
ithin
the
line
hook
:a c
atch
y lin
e of
lyric
s w
hich
is re
mem
bere
d by
the
liste
ner
Key
Voc
abul
ary
MC
:Mas
ter o
f Cer
emon
y-a
noth
er n
ame
for a
rapp
er
soun
d sy
stem
:lar
ge o
utdo
or s
peak
er s
yste
m w
hich
orig
inat
ed in
Jam
aica
ofte
n
run
by D
Js a
nd R
appe
rs
beat
:the
pul
se/h
eartb
eat o
f the
mus
ic
bass
line
:the
low
-pitc
hed
inst
rum
enta
l
part
or li
ne o
f mus
ic p
laye
d by
the
low
est
soun
ding
inst
rum
ent
beat
boxi
ng:v
ocal
per
cuss
ion,
mim
icki
ng th
e dr
um m
achi
nes
with
the
mou
th
2 –
Hip
-Hop
Key
Voc
abul
ary
4 –
Rap
Lyr
ic W
ritin
g3
–D
Jing
Key
Voc
abul
ary
mix
ing:
whe
n tw
o di
ffere
nt re
cord
s ar
e m
ixed
toge
ther
beat
mat
chin
g:ch
angi
ng th
e sp
eed
at w
hich
a re
cord
is p
laye
d so
that
its
tem
po
mat
ches
that
of t
he s
ong
curr
ently
pla
ying
scra
tchi
ng:m
ovin
g a
reco
rd b
ack
and
forth
on
a re
cord
pla
yer t
o cr
eate
a
‘scr
atch
ing’
sou
nds
loop
ing:
whe
n a
sam
ple
of m
usic
is re
peat
ed o
ver a
nd o
ver
sam
pler
:a d
evic
e th
at c
an ta
ke a
ny s
ound
that
is p
ut in
to it
, pro
cess
it a
nd p
lay
it
back
sam
plin
g:ta
king
a s
ectio
n, o
r sam
ple
of a
reco
rdin
g an
d re
usin
g it
with
in a
diffe
rent
son
g
Coo
kie
Cre
w
Key
Hip
-Hop
e an
d R
ap A
rtis
ts
Post
Mal
one,
Kha
lid, D
rake
, Lil
Nas
X,
Trav
is S
cott,
Jui
ce W
RLD
, DaB
aby,
Car
diB,
Lil B
aby,
Mee
k M
ill, C
hris
Bro
wn,
Lil
Way
ne,
Kany
e W
est,
Jay-
Z
Dra
ke
Mus
icR
ap a
nd H
ip-H
opYe
ar 8
Term
2
Key
Voc
abul
ary
unis
on:w
hen
danc
ers
use
the
sam
e m
ovem
ent a
t the
sam
e tim
e.
•Th
is is
a p
ower
ful c
hore
ogra
phic
dev
ice
beca
use
it
crea
tes
an e
ngag
ing
effe
ct fo
r the
aud
ienc
e.
•It’
s ae
sthe
tical
ly p
leas
ing
and
mak
es th
e da
nce
look
neat
.
cano
n:w
hen
danc
ers
perfo
rm th
e sa
me
phra
se o
ne
afte
r the
oth
er.
•Th
is is
a p
ower
ful c
hore
ogra
phic
dev
ice
beca
use
it
mak
es th
e da
nce
look
mor
e co
mpl
ex w
ithou
t the
chor
eogr
aphy
app
earin
g ch
aotic
.
genr
e: th
est
yle
or c
ateg
ory
of d
ance
balle
t: po
stur
e, to
e po
intin
g, a
nd c
orre
ct b
ody
posi
tions
, lin
es, a
nd a
ngle
s ar
e al
l im
porta
nt.
hip
hop:
lock
ing,
popp
ing,
fast
mov
emen
ts
stre
et: d
ance
s ar
e pe
rform
ed w
ith s
oft k
nees
, low
,
shar
p an
d ex
agge
rate
d m
oves
cont
empo
rary
: stro
ng c
ontro
lled
legw
ork
of b
alle
t, fa
ll
and
reco
very
, im
prov
isat
ion
char
acte
ristic
s of
mod
ern
danc
e. S
peed
, rhy
thm
and
dire
ctio
n al
l cha
nge
quic
kly.
tap:
soun
ds o
f tap
sho
es s
triki
ng th
e flo
or. T
he s
ound
is
mad
e by
sho
es th
at h
ave
a m
etal
"tap
" on
the
heel
and
toe.
1 –
War
m U
p, C
hore
ogra
phy
and
Rhy
thm
Key
Voc
abul
ary
chor
eogr
aphy
:the
seq
uenc
e of
ste
ps a
nd
mov
emen
ts in
dan
ce.
rhyt
hm: i
s a
sens
e of
tim
ing.
Dan
ce m
usic
is
coun
ted
in s
ets
of 8
bea
ts
3 st
ages
of a
dan
ce w
arm
-up
incl
ude:
i sol
atio
ns:m
ovin
g on
e pa
rt of
the
body
at a
time
aero
bic:
puls
e ra
iser
f lexi
bilit
y:st
retc
hing
4 –
Leve
ls5
–Fo
rmat
ion
6 –
Cho
reog
raph
y an
d Pe
rfor
man
ce
leve
ls:r
efer
to w
heth
er th
e da
ncer
is p
erfo
rmin
g hi
gh,
mid
dle
and
low
mov
es
•A
pow
erfu
l cho
reog
raph
ic d
evic
e be
caus
e it
crea
tes
an e
ngag
ing
effe
ct fo
r the
aud
ienc
e.
•Ad
ding
leap
s an
d ju
mps
alo
ng w
ith fl
oor w
ork
mak
es
it ae
sthe
tical
ly p
leas
ing
Key
Voc
abul
ary
form
atio
n: s
hape
•A
re y
ou in
a li
ne, c
ircle
, squ
are?
•Ar
e th
ere
any
chan
ges
to th
e fo
rmat
ion
thro
ugho
ut
the
danc
e?
•It’
s ae
sthe
tical
ly p
leas
ing.
•It
mai
ntai
ns th
e in
tere
st a
s th
e da
ncer
s m
ove
arou
nd
each
oth
er.
jum
p:fe
et le
ave
the
floor
gest
ure:
mov
emen
t to
expr
ess
emot
ions
turn
: rot
atio
n
trav
el: m
ove
from
one
pla
ce to
ano
ther
still
ness
: sta
tiona
ry
isol
atio
n:on
e bo
dy p
art
PE
Year
8Te
rm 2
Dan
ce
CH
OR
EOG
RAP
HIC
D
EVIC
ESPE
RFO
RM
ANC
E SK
ILL
uniso
nca
non
form
ation
leve
ls
confiden
cefocu
sau
dien
ce
2 –
Uni
son/
Can
on3
–D
ance
Sty
le
leve
ls
2 –
Vaul
ting
Low
-Lev
el A
ppar
atus
3–
Vaul
ting
Hig
h-Le
vel A
ppar
atus
1–
Tram
petti
ng/S
prin
gboa
rd
PE
Year
8Te
rm 2
Gym
nast
ics
tram
pette
/spr
ingb
oard
-R
un to
war
ds th
e tra
mpe
tte
-Ta
ke o
ff on
e fo
ot o
n th
e flo
or to
two
feet
on
the
tram
pette
-Pu
sh th
roug
h th
e kn
ees
for p
ower
whi
ch w
ill gi
ve
you
heig
ht o
n yo
ur ju
mp.
-Sw
ing
arm
s up
war
ds fo
r hei
ght a
lso
-Pe
rform
a b
asic
sha
pe in
the
air
-La
nd w
ith b
ent k
nees
and
then
ext
end
jum
ps
-M
ake
sure
you
alw
ays
jum
p fro
m tw
o fe
et
-U
se y
our a
rms
to g
ain
mor
e he
ight
on
your
jum
p,
-Be
nd fr
om th
e kn
ees
to g
ain
pow
er
-M
ake
a st
retc
hed
shap
e in
the
air e
xten
ding
bot
h
the
arm
s an
d th
e le
gs
-Ke
ep to
es p
oint
ed to
mak
e th
e m
ore
aest
hetic
ally
plea
sing
-Tu
ck, p
ike,
stra
ddle
, spl
it ju
mps
tabl
e to
p
-Fa
cing
forw
ards
, run
tow
ards
the
tabl
e to
p
-Pl
ace
both
han
ds fl
at o
n to
p of
the
box
-Pu
sh th
roug
h yo
ur fe
et to
rais
e kn
ees
upw
ards
and
ont
o th
e bo
x
-St
and
up s
traig
ht a
nd p
erfo
rm a
bas
ic s
hape
off t
he ta
ble
top
stra
ddle
-R
un to
war
ds th
e bo
x
-Pl
ace
both
han
ds fl
at o
n to
p of
the
box
-Pu
sh th
roug
h yo
ur h
ands
to li
ft fe
et o
ff th
e
floor
-St
radd
le b
oth
your
legs
and
brin
g ex
tend
ed
legs
out
side
of a
rms
keep
ing
head
up
thro
ugh
vaul
t
-R
un to
war
ds th
e bo
x, ta
ke o
ff fro
m o
ne fo
ot o
n
the
floor
to tw
o on
the
sprin
gboa
rd
-Pl
ace
hand
s w
ide
onto
the
box
at th
e to
p of
you
r
jum
p
-H
ands
sho
uld
be fa
cing
forw
ard
-Pr
ess
your
wei
ght i
nto
the
box
with
you
r che
st
and
head
up
-Br
ing
your
kne
es to
you
r che
st a
nd th
roug
h th
e
idle
of t
he b
ox a
nd th
en e
xten
d
stra
ddle
vau
lt
-R
un to
war
ds th
e bo
x, p
lace
bot
h ha
nds
flat o
n
top
of th
e bo
x
-Pu
sh th
roug
h yo
ur h
ands
to li
ft fe
et o
ff th
e flo
or
-St
radd
le b
oth
your
legs
and
brin
g ex
tend
ed le
gs
outs
ide
of a
rms
keep
ing
head
up
PE
Gym
nast
ics
Year
8Te
rm 2
2-P
assin
g and
rece
ivin
g3
–Sh
ootin
g1
–D
ribbl
ing
Key
Voc
abul
ary
3 st
eps:
the
max
imum
num
ber o
f ste
ps y
ou c
an ta
ke
whe
n ho
ldin
g th
e ba
ll
pivo
t:to
turn
to fa
ce a
diff
eren
t dire
ctio
n w
ithou
t tak
ing
your
foot
off
the
floor
4 -D
efen
ding
5 –
Phas
e of
Pla
y (A
ttack
ing)
6 –
Phas
e of
Pla
y (D
efen
ding
)
PE
Year
8Te
rm 2
Han
dbal
l
Key
Voc
abul
ary
shou
lder
pas
s:th
row
ing
arm
hel
d hi
gh a
bove
the
head
‘w’ g
rip:h
ow to
grip
the
ball
whe
n ca
tchi
ng it
Key
Voc
abul
ary
stan
ding
sho
t:si
de o
n bo
dy p
ositi
on c
reat
ing
pow
er
to s
core
jum
p sh
ot: m
ore
effe
ctiv
e sh
ot to
incr
ease
the
likel
ihoo
d of
sco
ring
Tech
niqu
es fo
r sta
ndin
g sh
ot
•si
de o
n, le
gs s
houl
der w
idth
apa
rt, th
row
ing
arm
abov
e he
ad, a
imin
g lo
w to
hig
h
Tech
niqu
es fo
r jum
p sh
ot
•on
e le
g ta
ke-o
ff, th
row
ing
arm
abo
ve h
ead,
aim
for
corn
ers
Key
Voc
abul
ary
face
-to-fa
ce:i
n fro
nt o
f atta
cker
pre
vent
ing
spac
e to
sho
ot, p
ass
or d
ribbl
e
•D
efen
ding
aga
inst
the
drib
ble
•D
efen
ding
aga
inst
a p
ass-
sing
le a
rm
mov
emen
t
•D
efen
ding
aga
inst
a s
hot-
both
arm
s cl
ose
toge
ther
mov
ing
at th
e sa
me
time
Com
bina
tion
Pass
ing
•Pa
rticu
larly
to th
e w
inge
rs, y
ou b
egin
to c
reat
e
spac
e be
twee
n th
e zo
ne d
efen
ders
whi
ch c
an
then
be
expl
oite
d
•E.
G. h
igh,
loop
y pa
ss o
ut to
the
win
ger,
flat
and
fast
pas
s in
side
to th
e ha
lf fo
r the
m to
atta
ck th
en s
pace
cre
ated
.
Org
anis
ed D
efen
ce
•E
xtre
mel
y ad
vant
ageo
us in
han
dbal
l.
•Th
ey a
llow
you
to li
mit
the
atta
ckin
g sp
ace
your
oppo
nent
s ha
ve, m
inim
isin
g th
eir a
bilit
y to
sco
re.
•B
y ta
king
spa
ce a
way
from
the
oppo
nent
you
are
ultim
atel
y ta
king
aw
ay th
eir t
ime
to m
ake
deci
sion
s, w
hich
can
lead
to ru
shed
sho
ts,
turn
over
s or
mis
take
s.
•D
ribbl
ing
the
ball-
finge
r tip
s, h
ead
up, s
nap
with
wris
t
•3
step
s w
ith th
e ba
ll be
fore
shoo
ting
of p
assi
ng
•3
seco
nds
with
the
ball
whe
n
stan
ding
stil
l
Diff
eren
t pas
ses
•bo
unce
, flic
k pa
ss
How
to c
atch
the
ball
•M
ovin
g ar
ound
the
‘key
’ to
find
spac
e
PE
Han
dbal
lYe
ar 8
Term
2
2 –
Tack
ling
3 –
Inva
sive
Run
ning
1 –
Bal
l Fam
iliar
isat
ion
& P
assi
ng
Key
Voc
abul
ary
‘W’ g
rip:t
he p
ositi
onin
g of
the
hand
s on
the
ball
pop
pass
:offl
oadi
ng th
e ba
ll in
rugb
y
•Tw
o ha
nds
on th
e ba
ll
•C
arry
ing
the
ball
in ru
gby
(‘W’ g
rip)
•H
ands
on
top
of th
e ba
ll, th
umbs
join
ed to
geth
er
•P
op p
assi
ng te
chni
que
•Fi
nger
s po
intin
g do
wn,
wris
ts a
nd h
ands
mov
e
only
4–
Posi
tiona
l Pla
y5
–K
icki
ng6
–Sc
rum
mag
ing
PE
Year
7Te
rm2
Rug
by
Key
Voc
abul
ary
tow
er o
f pow
er: t
he b
ody
posi
tion
prio
r and
durin
g be
ing
tack
led
ring
of s
teel
: a lo
w ta
ckle
use
d w
hen
an
oppo
nent
runs
at y
ou w
ith th
e ba
ll
Safe
ty p
roto
cols
•Pa
rach
ute
fall
and
cove
r hea
d w
hen
on th
e
grou
nd
Key
Voc
abul
ary
spee
d:ho
w q
uick
you
get
from
A to
B
agili
ty: c
hang
ing
dire
ctio
n w
ithou
t cha
ngin
g
spee
d
•Si
dest
eppi
ng
•Sw
erve
•C
hang
e of
pac
e
•H
and-
off
•Fa
ke s
ides
tepp
ing
Key
Voc
abul
ary
defe
nsiv
e lin
e:a
stra
ight
line
goi
ng a
cros
s th
e pi
tch
atta
ckin
g lin
e:a
diag
onal
line
that
stre
tche
s ac
ross
the
pitc
h an
d m
oves
forw
ards
toge
ther
offs
ide:
an il
lega
l pos
ition
to b
e in
(in
front
of t
he b
all
carr
ier)
•Ef
fect
ive
mov
emen
t to
scor
e tri
es
•D
iffer
ent p
asse
s to
ope
n up
gap
s in
the
defe
nce
•R
unni
ng o
n to
the
ball
at s
peed
Key
Voc
abul
ary
offs
ide :
bein
g in
a il
lega
l pos
ition
Impr
ovin
g po
wer
and
acc
urac
y w
hen
kick
ing:
•S
tepp
ing
into
kic
k, fo
cus
on le
g ac
tion
(pow
er)
•Fo
llow
thro
ugh
to ta
rget
(acc
urac
y)
•W
hen
kick
ing
in a
n at
tack
ing
situ
atio
n, p
laye
rs
mus
t be
behi
nd th
e ki
cker
if th
ey w
ish
to re
gain
poss
essi
on o
r int
erac
t with
the
ball
if no
t the
y w
ill
be o
ffsid
e.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
scru
m: a
form
atio
n of
pla
yers
use
d to
rest
art p
lay
•A
six
play
er s
crum
form
atio
n co
nsis
ts o
f thr
ee ro
ws.
•Pl
ayer
s se
t the
mse
lves
in a
3-2
-1 fo
rmat
ion.
Strik
e an
d pu
sh
In th
e sc
rum
, opp
onen
ts s
trike
with
han
ds (u
nder
arm
pit)
and
shou
lder
s. T
hey
can
then
pus
h th
e in
the
scru
m to
eith
er d
isru
pt th
e ot
her t
eam
or s
top
them
from
dis
rupt
ing
you.
PE
Rug
byYe
ar 8
Term
2
1 –
Wes
ak RS
Year
8Te
rm 2
Sik
hism
Key
Voc
abul
ary
Kha
lsa:
the
com
mun
ity o
f Sik
hs
turb
an:a
man
’s h
ead
cove
ring
•Th
e fir
st K
hals
a w
as fo
rmed
dur
ing
the
time
of G
uru
Gob
ind
Sing
h.
•Th
e G
uru
aske
d a
grou
p of
Sik
hs if
any
of t
hem
wer
e w
illing
to s
acrif
ice
thei
r
lives
for t
heir
faith
.
•Fi
ve m
en v
olun
teer
ed a
nd e
nter
ed a
tent
, exp
ectin
g to
be
kille
d. T
hey
even
tual
ly
emer
ged
unha
rmed
, all
dres
sed
in fi
ne c
loth
ing
and
wea
ring
turb
ans.
•Th
e fiv
e m
en b
ecam
e kn
own
as th
e ‘P
anjP
iare
’ (th
e Fi
ve B
elov
ed O
nes)
and
they
bec
ame
the
first
mem
bers
of t
he K
hals
a.
•An
y Si
kh c
an n
ow jo
in th
e Kh
alsa
if th
ey w
ant t
o be
fully
com
mitt
ed to
the
faith
.
2 –
The
5 Pr
ecep
ts
3 –
Den
omin
atio
ns o
f Bud
dhis
m
4 –
Life
and
Dea
th
Key
Voc
abul
ary
sym
bol:
som
ethi
ng s
impl
e w
hich
sta
nds
for
som
ethi
ng m
ore
com
plex
The
5 K
sar
e sy
mbo
lic it
ems
whi
ch a
ll m
embe
rs
of th
e Kh
alsa
wea
r to
show
thei
r com
mitm
ent t
o th
eir f
aith
:
1.Ke
sh –
uncu
t hai
r. Si
khs
do n
ot c
ut th
eir h
air a
s th
is is
a g
ift fr
om G
od.
2.Ka
ngha
–a
woo
den
com
b. T
his
is u
sed
to k
eep
thei
r hai
r nea
t.
3.Ka
cher
a –
cotto
n un
derp
ants
. Thi
s is
to s
how
mod
esty
.
4.Ka
ra –
a st
eel b
angl
e. T
his
repr
esen
ts th
e on
e, e
tern
al G
od.
5.Ki
rpan
–a
swor
d. T
his
is u
sed
to d
efen
d th
e tru
th a
nd th
e vu
lner
able
. It i
s ne
ver
used
to a
ttack
oth
ers.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
Gur
dwar
a:th
e Si
kh p
lace
of w
orsh
ip
scrip
ture
s:sa
cred
writ
ings
Gur
u G
rant
hSa
hib:
the
Sikh
hol
y bo
ok
•In
the
Gur
dwar
a bu
ildin
g, s
crip
ture
s fro
m th
e G
uru
Gra
nth
Sahi
b ar
e re
ad a
loud
.
•D
rum
s ar
e of
ten
play
ed w
hils
t the
Gur
u G
rant
hSa
hib
is b
eing
read
.
•Th
e pr
ayer
hal
l is
ofte
n de
cora
ted
with
brig
ht c
olou
rs o
n th
e w
alls
and
car
pets
.
•Th
e G
uru
Gra
nth
Sahi
b w
ill ha
ve it
s ow
n be
droo
m w
ithin
the
Gur
dwar
a, w
here
it
is k
ept w
hen
not b
eing
read
.
•Th
e co
mm
unal
kitc
hen,
lang
ar, i
s op
en to
all
peop
le a
nd s
erve
s ve
geta
rian
food
to w
hom
ever
wan
ts it
.
Key
Voc
abul
ary
seva
:ser
vice
lang
er:t
he c
omm
unal
kitc
hen
in th
e G
urdw
ara
•Si
khs
belie
ve th
ey m
ust p
erfo
rm a
sel
fless
ser
vice
to G
od’s
cre
atio
n. T
his
mea
ns
that
they
hav
e to
hel
p pe
ople
.
•Si
khs
belie
ve w
hen
they
are
ser
ving
oth
ers,
that
they
are
ser
ving
God
. The
y
belie
ve th
at G
od is
in e
very
thin
g th
at H
e ha
s cr
eate
d.
Seva
can
be p
erfo
rmed
in th
ree
way
s:
1.Ta
n –
phys
ical
ser
vice
. For
exa
mpl
e: h
elpi
ng in
the
lang
ar.
2.M
an –
men
tal s
ervi
ce. F
or e
xam
ple:
teac
hing
oth
ers.
3.D
han
–gi
ving
to c
harit
y.
turb
an
RS
Sik
hism
Year
8Te
rm 2
C1
–N
eutr
alis
atio
nP1
–En
ergy
Sou
rces
B1
–Ae
robi
c R
espi
ratio
n
B2
–An
aero
bic
Res
pira
tion
C2
–R
eact
ions
of A
cids
P2 –
Ener
gy U
se
Sci
ence
Year
8Te
rm 2
Res
pira
tion,
Che
mic
al R
eact
ions
and
Ene
rgy
resp
iratio
n: th
e ch
emic
al p
roce
ss th
at re
leas
es
ener
gy fo
r life
pro
cess
es
aero
bic:
a p
roce
ss th
at in
volv
es o
xyge
n
gluc
ose:
a s
impl
e su
gar t
hat c
an b
e m
ade
from
larg
er
carb
ohyd
rate
s
mito
chon
dria
: a s
ubce
llula
r stru
ctur
e w
here
aer
obic
resp
iratio
n ta
kes
plac
e
carb
on d
ioxi
de: a
was
te p
rodu
ct th
at is
pro
duce
d
from
aer
obic
resp
iratio
n as
a g
as
Key
Voc
abul
ary
ener
gy s
ourc
e: a
sou
rce
from
whi
ch u
sefu
l ene
rgy
can
be e
xtra
cted
or c
onve
rted
rene
wab
le: a
n en
ergy
sou
rce
that
will
not r
un o
ut
non-
rene
wab
le: a
n en
ergy
sou
rce
that
is u
sed
fast
er
than
it is
repl
enis
hed
and
will
run
out
pow
er: t
he a
mou
nt o
f ene
rgy
trans
ferr
ed in
a s
et
amou
nt o
f tim
e
wat
ts: t
he u
nits
of p
ower
stan
dard
form
: a m
etho
d of
writ
ing
smal
l or l
arge
num
bers
E.G
. 192
= 1
.92
x 10
2
Key
Voc
abul
ary
acid
: a s
ubst
ance
with
a p
H <
7
alka
li: a
sub
stan
ce w
ith a
pH
> 7
neut
ral:
a su
bsta
nce
with
a p
H =
7
phsc
ale:
a s
cale
, fro
m 1
to 1
4, w
hich
mea
sure
s
the
acid
ity o
r alk
alin
ity o
f a s
ubst
ance
neut
ralis
ario
n: a
che
mic
al re
actio
n in
whi
ch a
n
acid
reac
ts w
ith a
n al
kali
to m
ake
a sa
lt an
d w
ater
indi
cato
r: a
che
mic
al s
ubst
ance
that
cha
nges
colo
ur a
t a s
peci
fic p
H
Key
Voc
abul
ary
fuel
: a s
ubst
ance
that
is b
urne
d to
rele
ase
ene
rgy
joul
es: t
he u
nits
for a
ll ty
pes
of e
nerg
y
kilo
wat
t hou
r (kW
h ):t
he u
nit u
sed
to s
tate
the
amou
nt
of e
nerg
y us
ed b
y a
1kW
app
lianc
e fo
r 1 h
our
com
pare
:to
find
sim
ilarit
ies
and
diffe
renc
es b
etw
een
to
obje
cts
estim
ate:
a ro
ugh
calc
ulat
ion
conv
ersi
on: t
he p
roce
ss o
f cha
ngin
g un
its b
y
mul
tiply
ing
or d
ivid
ing
risk:
som
ethi
ng th
at c
an c
ause
har
m
irrita
nt:a
sub
stan
ce th
at c
ause
s di
scom
fort
to th
e bo
dy
corr
osiv
e:ab
le to
dam
age
or d
estro
y ot
her s
ubst
ance
s by
chem
ical
reac
tion
anae
robi
c:a
proc
ess
that
doe
s no
t inv
olve
oxy
gen
cyto
plas
m:t
he je
lly li
ke s
ubst
ance
that
fills
the
cell,
whe
re a
naer
obic
resp
iratio
n ta
kes
plac
e
lact
ic a
cid:
a w
aste
pro
duct
that
is p
rodu
ced
from
anae
robi
c re
spira
tion
brea
thin
g ra
te:h
ow m
any
brea
ths
are
take
n pe
r
min
ute
was
te p
rodu
ct:a
ny s
ubst
ance
s th
at a
re p
rodu
ced
in
a re
actio
n th
at a
re n
ot th
e de
sire
d pr
oduc
t
Aero
bic
Res
pira
tion
Wor
d Eq
uatio
n
gluc
ose
+ ox
ygen
—>
carb
on d
ioxi
de +
wat
er
Anae
robi
c R
espi
ratio
n (a
nim
als)
Wor
d Eq
uatio
n
gluc
ose
—>
lact
ic a
cid
REA
CTI
ON
OB
SER
VATI
ON
EXPL
ANAT
ION
acid
and
alka
li
no fi
zzin
g bu
t
poss
ible
col
our
chan
ge
no g
as is
pro
duce
d
som
e sa
lts p
rodu
ced
are
colo
ured
acid
and
met
al
fizzi
nghy
drog
en g
as is
pro
duce
d
acid
+ a
lkal
i —>
salt
+ w
ater
acid
+ m
etal
—>
salt
+ hy
drog
en
Sci
ence
Res
pira
tion,
Che
mic
al R
eact
ions
and
Ene
rgy
Year
8Te
rm 2
•W
e ne
ed p
rote
in fo
r mus
cle
grow
th a
nd b
ody
repa
ir.
•An
y le
ft is
use
d as
a s
econ
dary
sou
rce
of e
nerg
y.
•Ve
gans
can
find
it d
iffic
ult t
o so
urce
the
amou
nt o
f
amin
o ac
ids
need
ed fo
r a b
alan
ced
diet
.
amin
o ac
ids:
the
build
ing
bloc
ks o
f pro
tein
s.Th
ere
are
20 n
eede
d by
our
bod
y.
esse
ntia
l am
ino
acid
s:th
e am
ino
acid
s th
at n
eed
to
com
e fro
m th
e fo
od w
e ea
t
HB
V:pr
otei
ns th
at c
onta
in a
ll of
the
Esse
ntia
l Am
ino
Acid
s E.
G. m
eat,
fish,
soy
a, e
ggs,
milk
, che
ese
LBV:
are
gen
eral
ly p
rote
ins
from
pla
nts
and
are
mis
sing
at l
east
one
of t
he e
ssen
tial a
min
o ac
ids
prot
ein
com
plem
enta
tion:
whe
n tw
o or
mor
e LB
Vs
are
eate
n to
geth
er
•W
e ne
ed th
is fo
r ene
rgy,
to p
rote
ct o
ur v
ital o
rgan
s,
to in
sula
te o
ur b
ody
and
to p
rovi
de th
e fa
t sol
uble
•Vi
tam
ins
A D
E &
K
satu
rate
d fa
ts: c
ome
mai
nly
from
ani
mal
s an
d ar
e hi
gh
in c
hole
ster
ol.
•Th
is is
bad
for o
ur h
eart
as it
can
clo
g ou
r arte
ries
and
can
caus
e lo
ng te
rm h
ealth
pro
blem
s
•E.
G.T
ype
2 di
abet
es a
nd s
troke
s.
unsa
tura
ted
fats
: com
e m
ainl
y fro
m p
lant
sou
rces
such
as
nuts
and
oils
.
•Th
ey a
relo
wer
in c
hole
ster
ol, w
hich
mak
es it
a
heal
thie
r cho
ice.
•W
e sh
ould
aim
to e
at m
ainl
y un
satu
rate
d fa
ts fr
om
sour
ces
such
as
nuts
and
oils
•W
e ne
ed c
arbo
hydr
ates
for e
nerg
y.
•Th
ere
are
two
type
s:si
mpl
e an
d co
mpl
ex.
sim
ple
carb
ohyd
rate
s:m
ainl
y su
gars
whi
ch c
an le
ad
to lo
ng-te
rm p
robl
ems
such
as
toot
h de
cay,
obe
sity
and
type
2 d
iabe
tes.
com
plex
car
bohy
drat
es:s
tarc
hy fo
ods
such
as
brea
d,
rice,
pas
ta a
nd p
otat
oes
•Th
ese
give
us
mor
e fib
re a
nd o
ur b
odie
s fin
d th
em
hard
er to
bre
ak d
own.
•Th
e en
ergy
last
s lo
nger
, kee
ping
us
feel
ing
fulle
r for
long
er
diet
ary
fibre
:kee
ps o
ur d
iges
tive
syst
em w
orki
ng a
nd
prev
ents
com
plic
atio
ns s
uch
as c
onst
ipat
ion
or m
ore
serio
usly
can
cer o
f the
bow
el.
E.G
.who
lem
eal b
read
and
fruit.
1 –
Prot
eins
Tech
nolo
gyYe
ar 8
Term
2Fo
od
2 –
Fats
3-C
arbo
hydr
ates
4 –
Vita
min
s an
d M
iner
als
Vita
min
A (f
at s
olub
le):
for n
orm
al g
row
th o
f chi
ldre
n.
Foun
d in
–oi
ly fi
sh, d
airy
food
s, c
arro
ts, g
reen
veg
etab
les.
Vita
min
B:t
o al
low
the
body
to g
et e
nerg
y fro
m fo
od.
Foun
d in
-who
lem
eal c
erea
ls, m
eat,
mar
mite
.
Vita
min
C: c
lear
ski
n, h
ealin
g of
wou
nds.
Hea
lthy
teet
h an
d gu
ms,
pre
vent
s
infe
ctio
nsE.
G. c
olds
.
Foun
d in
–to
mat
oes,
pot
atoe
s, g
reen
veg
etab
les,
frui
t E.G
. ber
ries
and
citru
s fru
it
Vita
min
D (f
at s
olub
le):
wor
ks w
ith c
alci
um to
form
stro
ng b
ones
and
teet
h.
Foun
d in
–oi
ly fi
sh, m
arga
rine,
egg
s, s
unsh
ine.
calc
ium
: wor
ks w
ith v
itam
in D
to m
ake
stro
ng b
ones
and
teet
h.
•It
isne
eded
for t
he c
lotti
ng o
f the
blo
od.
•Fo
und
in –
milk
, che
ese,
yog
hurts
, fis
h bo
nes
E.G
.tin
ned
salm
on.
•C
alci
um is
add
ed to
whi
te b
read
by
law
.
iron :
nee
ded
to fo
rm re
d bl
ood
cells
, whi
ch c
arry
oxy
gen
to a
ll pa
rts o
f the
bod
y.
Foun
d in
–re
d m
eat,
gree
n ve
geta
bles
.
Tech
nolo
gyFo
odYe
ar 8
Term
2
