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jif{ @* cª\s #!& @)&$ sflt{s

Vol. 28 Number 317 Oct./Nov 2017

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HAMRO KALPABRICHHA

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Managing High Altitude Forest: Silvicultural Needs and Values

Nav Raj BaralDhruba Acharya

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cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df jgIf]qsf] e"ldsf cxd\ x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/L ;fd'bflos tyf sj'lnotL jgsf] cjwf/f0ffn] :yfgLo ;d'bfo, cflbjf;L, dlxnf, hghftL, dw]zL / lk58f ju{sf] clwsf/ jgIf]qdf :yflkt u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . h;sf sf/0f jgIf]qsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf lglxt b]lvG5 . d'n'sdf ;+l3otf nfu" ePsf] xfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] st{Ao :yfgLo ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf;Fu ;dGjo u/L h+unsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] / lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgsf] df]8fln6Ldf h+unnfO{ n}hfg' xf] . h;sf nflu g]kfndf j}1flgs jg Aoj:yfkgsf] z'?jft e};s]sf] 5 . k"FhLsf] ljsf; gu/L ;dfhjfbsf] ljsf; x'Fb}g . To;}n] k"FhL pTkfbg ug{ ;fd'bflos jg dfkm{t pTkfbg a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ pTkfbgsf] >f]t agfpg ;s]sf] v08df k"FhLsf] j[l4 x'G5 . ctM cfhsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg k"FhL -Capital_ xf] . ;fd'bflos jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] k"FhL ;fdfGotM % k|sf/sf] x'g] ub{5 – h;df k|fs[lts k"FhL -Natural Capital_, dfgjLo k"FhL - Human Capital_, ;fdflhs k"FhL -Social Capital_, ;f+:s[lts k"FhL -Cultural Capital_ / jftfj/0fLo k"FhL -Environmental Capital_ kb{5g\ . k|fs[lts k"FhLn] ;fd'bflos jgsf pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 eg] dfgjLo k"FhLsf] ¿kdf g]t[Tj ljsf;, Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zlQms/0f cflb kb{5g\ . ;fdflhs k"FhLsf] ¿kdf hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf ljifo / k/Dk/fut xs clwsf/sf hu]gf{sf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z x'g ;Sb5g\ . To;}u/L ;fF:s[lts k"FhLsf] ¿kdf kof{j/0fsf sf/0f >[lht dfgj ;+:s[lt kb{5 eg] jftfj/0fLo k"FhLsf] ¿kdf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ tyf hLjx¿sf] jf;:yfg kb{5 . pTkfbgsf] kIfnfO{ xfdLn] k'g{ljt/0f u/L u/Lj hgtf ;dIf k'Ug ;Sof}+ eg] of] ;fdflhs Gofo -Social Justice_ sf] cfwf/ x'g hfG5 . ;fd'bflos jg dfkm{t k"FhLsf] ljsf; ug]{ Ps dfWodsf] ¿kdf kof{–ko{6gnfO{ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . h;af6 u/Lj / ljkGg hgtf nfeflGjt x'g ;Sb5g\ . :yfgLo hgtf;Fu :yfgLo k/Dk/fut tyf /}yfg] 1fgsf] klg e08f/0f b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ jgIf]qsf] k|fljlws 1fg;Fu ;dfof]hg u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] sfo{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 . kof{–ko{6gaf6 :yfgLo 1fg / ;Lksf] oyf]lrt k|jw{g x'g] klg b]lvG5 . ;fdfhjfbL cy{tGqdf g]t[Tj Ifdtf / dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;zlQms/0f csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . ;fd'bflos jgsf sf/0f cfh ;jn g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jg dfkm{t g} sltko /fhg}lts x:tLx¿ g]t[Tj ljsf; u/L b]zsf] gLlt lgdf{0f txdf k'Ug ;kmn x'g' ePsf] cj:yf 5 . dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, dw]zL / lk58f ju{sf] ;zlQms/0f ePsf] 5 . lxhf]sf x]lkPsf / lklN;Psf l;dfGts[t hgtf ;fd'bflos jgs} sf/0f cfkm\gf cfjfh /fVg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . ;dfhjfbL zf;g k4lt eg]s} cfjfh ljxLgx¿sf] cfjfh ;'Gg] ;fzg k|0ffnL xf] .

jg If]q /fi6«sf] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] . of] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo klg xf] . To;}n] bfz{lgsx¿ eGg] ub{5g\ æPp6f x's{bf] j[If k|ultzLn /fi6«sf] lrgf] xf] .Æ g]kfndf Pp6f k|frLg egfO 5– æxl/of] jg g]]kfnsf] wgÆ . of] egfO cfh klg plQs} ;fGble{s / ;do ;fk]lIfs 5 . c7f/f}+ ztfAbL tL/ /fi6«sf] s"n If]qkmnsf] sl/j &) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] jg If]]q ljutdf ljleGg sf/0fj; h:t} –hg;+Vofsf] lj:kmf]6g, /fhg}lts ptf/r9fj, a;fO{;/fO{, rf]/Llgsf;L, P]g sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cefj cflb ljljw sf/0fn] v'lDrg] l:yltdf k'u]sf] lyof] . xfnsf lbgdf hgtfdf cfPsf] r]tgf, ;+/If0fk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnf ju{df knfPsf] bfloTjjf]w / ;fd'bflos jg x:tfGt/0fsf sf/0f jg If]qdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] kl5Nnf] cfFs8f cg';f/ g]kfndf xfn $$=&$Ü jg If]q ljBdfg 5 . To;}u/L !( xhf/ eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ ;+/If0fsf] lbzfdf lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g\ . oL jgIf]qx¿ cfGtl/s / jfXo ko6{gsf cfwf/:tDe x'g\ . Ps ;/sf/L cfs8f cg';f/ cf=j=@)&#÷&$ df g]kfnn] ko6{g If]qaf6 %* cj{ %# s/f]8 cfDbfgL u/]sf] lyof] . pQm jif{ ;f9];ft nfv ljb]zL ko6{sn] g]kfn e|d0f u/]sf lyP . o;} kl/b[Zodf b]zdf cfhsn dWod ju{ / s"nLg ju{sf JolQmx¿af6 x'g] u/]sf] cfGtl/s ko6{gnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ h?/L 5 .


df}h'bf gLlt lgod / sfe]| lhNnfsf] ;Gbe{M;g @)!% ;]K6]Da/ @% df ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)!^ b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿ -Sustainable Development Goals / SDG) cg'df]bg ul/of] . lbuf] ljsf; nIodf g]kfnn] klg cfkm\gf] kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] !& j6f ljleGg nIo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . h;df hn dflysf] hLjg -Life on Land_ klg Ps xf] / o; cGtu{t g]kfnn] ;a} lsl;dsf] h+unsf] lbuf] Aoj:yfkg / jg ljgf; /f]Sg] nIo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . h+unsf] ljgf; /f]sL lbuf] Aoj:yfkg eof] eg] o; sfo{af6 ko{6g Aofj:ffosf] klg k|j{wgdf of]ubfg k'Ug] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ko6{g gLlt @)^% n] cfGtl/s ko6{gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s ko6{gnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ sfo{df ;fd'bflos jg Ps sf]z]9'Ëf -Milestone_ aGg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] cfk\mgf] If]q leqsf s'g} :yfgnfO{ ko{6sLo If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;Defjgf af]s]sf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljwfg sfo{of]hgfdf k|rlnt P]g lgod cg';f/ ;+zf]wg u/L ;fd'bflos jgsf pkef]Qmf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ ;s]df kof{–ko{6gaf6 :yfgLo lgsfon] ;d]t Pp6f ultnf] cfDbfgLsf] >f]t k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]] k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . t/ ;fd'bflos jgx¿sf] xsdf pkef]Qmf ju{ cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf ;+:yf ePsf] x'Fbf pQm ;+:yfsf] ;xdlt j]u/ ;fd'bflos jgsf] cfDbfgL :yfgLo lgsfosf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf eg] b]lvb}g . jg P]g @)$( -bf]>f] z+;f]wg @)&#_ sf] bkmf #) -v_ df ;fd'bflos jgdf kof{ko{6gsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ jg lgodfjnL / lgb]{lzsfx¿n] eg] kof{ko{6gsf] tf}/t/Lsf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvb}g . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] lhNnf jg sfof{nodf ;d"x btf{ u/L :jLs[t sfo{of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf kof{ko{6g sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf jg P]gn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf k|foM ;a}h;f] cfjlws of]hgfx¿n] ko{6g k|jw{gnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . g]kfnsf] rfn" rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–&%÷&^_ df lg/k]If ul/jLsf] lgjf/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;Da[l4sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof !& k|ltztdf Nofpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 eg] nIo k|flKtsf ljleGg sfo{gLltx¿dWo] ko{6g pBf]unfO{ ul/jL lgjf/0f pGd'v t'NofOg] 5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . sfe|] lhNnfnfO{ jgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] wgL lhNnfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . lhNnfsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] sl/j %%Ü jg If]q o; lhNnfdf /xg' lhNnfsf] zf}efUo dfGg' kb{5 . xfn ;Dd o; lhNnfdf %&@ j6f ;fd'bflos jgx¿ lqmoflzn 5g\ . clwsf+z ;fd'bflos jgx¿df kof{–ko{6gsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf ljz]ifu/L w'lnv]n jhf/, gu/sf]6 If]q, gdf]a'4 If]q, ltdfn If]q, 8/fpg]kf]v/L If]q jl/kl/sf ;fd'bflos tyf /fli6«o jgx¿df ko{6g Jofj;fosf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf 5 . cGo cfs{ifs ljifoj:t'sf cnfjf oL :yfgsf jgIf]qx¿df kfOg] xl/ofnL / r/fx¿sf] lr/lj/af6 dfq klg ko{6s cfs{if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . df}Vtf/ n'lj; eGg] k|s[lt ;DaGwL bfz{lgsn] r/fx¿sf] lr/lj/ ;'Gg g;lsg] eljiosf] sNkgf ug{ klg g;Sg] cleAolQm lbPsf lyP . h'g sfe]|sf ;fd'bflos jgx¿af6 rl/tfy{ x'G5 . lsgsL dfgj ;dfhsf] eljio oL hLjx¿;Fu ufl;Psf] 5 . k|s[ltsf k|To]s ;hLj k|f0fL jf jg:kltsf] Ps cfk;df kf/:kfl/s ;DaGw -Reciprocal Relationship_ 5 .

kof{–ko{6g ;Defjgfsf If]qx¿Msfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf s]xL :yfgx¿sf ;fd'bflos jg If]qdf a9\bf] jfg:klts 3gTj -Vegetation Density_ sf sf/0f jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfgdf ;'wf/ cfO{ logsf] ;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu gu/sf]6 tyf d08g b]pk'/ If]q, kfFrvfn If]q, dxfef/t blIf0fsf jg If]q / vf]kf;L Onfsf cGtu{tsf jg If]qx¿df jg]n, efn', b'D;L, afFb/, lrt'jf cflb jGohGt'sf] dfgj j;f]jf; If]q;Fu lbgx"F åGb b]lvg] u/]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf log} jGohGt'nfO{ nlIft u/L ko{6g Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . w'lnv]nsf] uf]v'/]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jg, gdf]a'4 If]qsf jg, gu/sf]6 If]qsf


jg / rf}/Lb]p/fnL If]qsf jgx¿df kfOg] jgsf] ;'Gb/tfn] ko{6sx¿nfO{ dGqd'Uw kfg{ ;lsG5 . uf]v'/]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jgdf ljbfsf lbgx¿df h+un zo/ u/L dfof lk|tL nufpg] o"un hf]8Laf6 dfq} klg Aojl:yt l6s6 k|0ffnLaf6 xhf/f}+ /fhZj hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 . lrtjgsf] jf3df/f ;fd'bflos jgn] j;fO{ ;g]{ r/fx¿ / u}+8f cjnf]sg u/fO{ nfvf}+ cfDbfgL u/]sf] 5 eg] xfdL lsg g;Sg] <

sfe|] lhNnfsf s]xL ;fd'bflos jg If]qx¿ ljz]ifu/L kfFrvfn / dxfef/t blIf0fsf jgIf]qdf ljZjdf cToGt} b'n{ek|foM cj:yfdf /x]sf rfOlgh ;fns kfOG5 . of] nf]kf]Gd'v k|hftL klg xf] . o;sf] ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfsf] l;h{gfTds / k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf h'6fpg ;s] ko{6sLo ultljlw ;+rfng ug{ ljb]zL ;xof]u ;d]t h'6fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . of] k|hftLsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu lhNnf jg sfof{no sfe|]n] ut jif{ ;+/If0f of]hgf ;d]t tof/ u/L ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]udf sltko ;fd'bflos tyf sj'lnotL jgx¿df hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf ultljlw ;+rfng eO{ /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu wg]Zj/ a}lsjf ;fd'bflos jg / lzl/if3f/L sa'lnotL jgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL jgx¿af6 hLljsf]kfh{gsf ultljlwx¿nfO{ klg ko{6g Jofj;fo;Fu hf]8\g ;lsG5 . To;}u/L wg]Zj/ a}lsjf ;fd'bflos jgdf ul/Psf] rfOlgh df];f]afF;sf] a[Iff/f]k0f nufot cGo cfod"ns lqmofsnfkx¿ / lzl/if3f/L sj'lnotL jgsf hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd sfe]| lhNnfsf uf}/j ug{ nfos jgIf]qsf lqmofsnfk x'g\ . gu/sf]6 If]qsf] lxn] hnhn] -v_ ;fd'bflos jgleq ut jif{ lhNnf jg sfof{no sfe]|n] ;+/If0fe/0f u/L ;+j[4 agfPsf] kf]v/Ldf ko{6snfO{ tfGg ;lsG5 . o; lhNnfsf] ltdfn If]qnfO{ k|l;4 jg:klt jf]lwlrQsf] pb\ud ynf]sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;sf] pTkfbg vl/bsf nflu jif]{gL ljz]if u/L ltAjtLog d"nsf dflg;x¿sf] o; If]qdf eL8 nfUg] ub{5 . o;nfO{ klg ko{6g Joj;fo;Fu hf8]/ cl3 a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L 9'ªvs{sf clwsf+z ;fd'bflos jgx¿df b"n{e jg:klt nf}7;Nnfsf] Jofj;flos v]tL k|f/De ePsf]n] o; If]qnfO{ nf}7;Nnf k|hfltsf] kof{j/0fLo ko{6g;Fu hf]8L cfocfh{g ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

ko{6g Jofj;fosf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf ;fd'bflos jg jl/kl/sf a:tLx¿df xf]d:6] ;~rfng u/L cfGtl/s / afX\o ko{6snfO{ tfGg ;lsG5 . jGohGt'n] b'v lbPsf u|fdL0f Onfsfdf h+un / cfjfbLsf l;dfGt If]qdf aGohGt'n] gvfg] vfnsf jg:klt h:t} l6d'/, xfltjf/, s]t'sL, l;p8L h:tf jg:klt /f]k0f u/L gub] jfnLnfO{ hgfj/af6 arfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf sf/0f jGohGt' klg cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgd} /dfpg] / logsf sf/0f a;f]af;} :yfgfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfaf6 :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ aRg / arfpg ;lsG5 . u|fdL0f Onfsfdf xf]d:6] ;+rfngsf xsdf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L tflnd / cTofjZos ;fdfg x:tfGt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sb5 . o;sf cltl/Qm sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf clwsf+z 7fpFx¿ hghfltx¿sf] a;f]af; ynf]sf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5g\ . tL If]qdf hghflt;Fu ufF;]/ ltgsf ;+:s[ltsf] ld>0f u/fO{ ;f+:s[lts ko{6g ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu afFs]sf] rL;fkfgLdf d'ufnL, h'DnL / yf? ;+:s[ltsf] ld>0f /x]sf] ;d'bfodf xf]d:6] ;~rfng ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h j/k/ yf? ;+:s[lt ;Da4 xf]d:6] ;~rfngdf cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . To;}u/L cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qdf u'?Ë ;+:s[ltnfO{ nlIft u/L xf]d:6] :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;sf sf/0f xhf/f}+ a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿n] /f]huf/L kfpg ;Sb5g\ . h;af6 xfn b]zdf 8/nfUbf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] a|]g8«]gsf] ;d:ofaf6 s]xL xbdf d'lQm kfpg ;lsG5 . xfn;fn} sfe]| lhNnfsf] kfTn]v]t If]qdf s]xL ;fd'bfodf cfwfl/t xf]d:6] ;+rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . of] ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . sfe]|sf jgIf]qx¿ wfld{s ko{6gsf nflu klg plts} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . uf];fO{s'08 ;fd'bflos jg, gdf]a'4 If]qsf] /fli6«o jg, uf]v'/]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jg, d'Qm]Zj/ dxfb]j / j]yfgrf]s gf/fo0f:yfg wfld{s jgx¿df rf8kj{df lty{ofqLx¿sf] eL8 nfUg] ub{5 . To;}u/L ;fd'bflos jgx¿df h+un xfOlsË sfo{qmdaf6 klg cyf]{kfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .


sfe|] lhNnfsf s]xL ;fd'bflos jgx¿af6 lg:sg] jGohGt'n] jfnLgfnL gf]S;fg ug]{, dflg; tyf kz' hLpwgsf] hf]lvd x'g] cflb cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL kz' wg ljdf tyf /fxtsf nflu cIfosf]ifsf] :yfkgf h:tf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos jgn] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ldn]/ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;S5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ko{6g Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu l6s6 sfp06/ , ;'/Iff kf]i6, kf]v/L lgdf{0f, xl/ofnL kfs{ Joj:yfkg, kfgLsf] >f]t ;+/If0f, ;Ld;f/ If]q Joj:yfkg, 3fF;] d}bfgsf] Joj:yfkg, jgky, drfg 3/ lgdf{0f cflb sfo{ ug{ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] lhNnf jg sfof{no / :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmd /fVg ;lsG5 . xfnsf] ;Gbe{df o; lsl;dsf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ jgIf]qsf] ah]6 ;d]t :yfgLo lgsfodf g} uPsf] cj:yf 5 .

efjL sfo{ lbzfMg]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ xfd|f] b]zdf & j6} ;+l3o /fHox¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos jgdfk{mt df}h'bf jg P]gsf] dd{ k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ko{6g Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L cfo cfh{gsf] ult lbg ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ju{sf] k|ltj4tfsf] h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L k|of; dfq kof{Kt x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf klg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5 . g]kfn /fi6«sf] cjsf] Ph]08f eg]sf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] d'2f xf] . ctM ljsf; / ;d[l4sf]af6f]df xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ hf]8g' cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df kl/jt{g / ljsf; ckl/xfo{ ljifo ePsf]n] lbuf] ljsf;sf] kIfnfO{ Vofn ug'{ cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf xf] . jg h+un;Fu xfd|f] k|f0fjfo'sf] ;DaGw ufl;Psf] 5 . o:tf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ j]jf:tf ub}{ ul/Psf] ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ jftfj/0f ljgf;sf] sf/0f aGg] cj:yf >[hgf x'g lbg' x'b}g . jg ljgf;sf sf/0f k|s[lt dflysf] cltqmd0fsf cltl/Qm xfdL efjL ljgf;sf] sf/s aGb}5f}+ . d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{, ko{6g Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{, ko{6ssf] cfudgdf a[l4 ug{ jg ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfgLo:t/af6 a9fjf lbb} g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLltnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;fd'bflos jgaf6 ko{6g k|j4{gsf ;Gbe{df sfe|] lhNnfn] cyfxf ;Defjgf jf]s]sf]n]] oxfFsf t]x| j6} :yfgLo lgsfosf If]q leq kg]{ ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿n] jg k|fljlws, :yfgLo pkef]Qmf / ;/f]sf/jfnf cGo lgsfo ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L Ps lehg k]k/ tof/ u/L sfo{of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ko{6g k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cj l9nf ug'{ x'Fb}g .

lgisif{Md'n's ;+l3otfdf uO;s]sf] / /fli6«o jgIf]qx¿ k|b]zsf] clwsf/ ePsf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x aLr klg ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo h?/L kb{5 . t/ o;sf nflu ko{6g k|j4{g cfrf/ ;+lxtf eg] agfpg' k5{ . jftfj/0f d}qL ljsf; cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . jftfj/0fnfO{ ljuf/]/ u/]sf] ljsf;n] lbuf] ?k wf/0f ug{ ;Sb}g . ctM cfjZostf g} gePsf :yfgdf ?vj[If sf6Laf6f] tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ agfpg] sfo{ /f]lsg' k5{ . h+undf Osf]l;:6d g} vNjlng] u/L kfgLsf nflu af]l/Ë ug]{, jg If]qdf WjgL k|b"if0f ug]{, jg If]qdf l;;f Knfli6s hGo gf; gx'g] kmf]xf]/ kbfy{ kmfNg], jg If]q cltqmd0f ug]{, h+un cfunfuL u/fpg], jg jGohGt' / jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfk /f]sL sf7df8f}F nufot b]zsf ljleGg efudf cfpg] u/]sf ko{6sx¿nfO{ pkef]Qmf tyf lhNnfsf] ;d[l4sf nflu sfe|] lhNnf;Dd NofO{ k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ju{sf] xf] . xfnsf lbgdf sltko :yfgLo lgsfox¿af6 hfgL jf ghfgL jgIf]qsf] clwsf/ P]g sfg"g k|lts"n x'g]u/L hyfefjL k|of]u u/]sf sf/0f obfsbf ;d:of b]lvg] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df xfnnfO{ k|b]z ;/sf/af6 jg ;DaGwL sfg"g th{'df geP;Dd df}h'bf jg P]g @)$( g} lqmofzLn /xg] ePsf]n] ;/f]sf/jfnf ju{ ;r]t /xg' kb{5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf pkef]Qmf ju{ klg cfkm\gf] xs / clwsf/ k|lt ;bfem} ;hu eP/ jg h+un arfpg' xfdL ;a}sf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] .


s]xL aif{ cl3sf] s'/f xf], d kl/jf/ ;lxt g'jfsf]6 lhNnf, efNr]sf] g'Kr]t If]qdf bz}+sf] ;do kf/]/ k}bn ofqfdf uPsf] lyPF . ToxfF xfdL h8La'6L ;DaGwL ljifodf w]/} cg'ejL ldq vf]ndfg tfdfªsf] 3/df s]xL lbg a:g] s|ddf crfgs 5f]/fnfO{ Hj/f] cfof] . cf}ifwL klg xtf/df 5'6]5 . vf]ndfghL cg'ejL ePsf] gftfn] w]/} h8La'6Lx¿ /fVg' x'GYof] / To;} s|ddf pxfFn] ;'sfP/ /flvPsf] lr/fOtf]sf kftx¿ kfgLdf pdfn]/ dgtftf] ePkl5 lbgsf] tLg k6s dfqf ldnfP/ lkpg nufpg' eof] . pQm h8La'6Lsf] k|of]uaf6 Hj/f] s|lds ?kdf cf]/fnf] nfu]/ lgsf] eof] / vfgfdf klg ?rL a9\of] . of] Pp6f ;fgf] k|;+u h8La'6Lsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] pknlAwsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ pbfx/0f xf] . o:tf w]/} g} k|;+u x'G5g\, h8La'6Lsf] k|of]un] lbPsf kmfObfx¿sf] . cgf}7f] nfU5, x]bf{ emf/kft, h/f g} x'g\ t/ oL k|s[ltsf pkxf/n] r]tgzLn k|f0fL dfgjnfO{ nfUg] /f]usf] pkrf/df cr"s cf}ifwLsf] sfd ub{5 . ljljw hftsf h8La'6Lx¿ /f]u lgbfgsf ;fy} /f]u;Fu n8\g] Ifdtf k|bfg ug]{ tTjsf ?kdf a/bfg h:tf] nfUb5 . a|Dxf08sf] >[li6 ;Fu} pld|Psf jg:kltsf] cf}ifwLo u'0f h/f / af]6df -kft, sf08, xfFuf, af]s|f, km"n, kmn cyf{t ;a}efu_ kfOg] x'Fbf h8La'6L egL gfdfs/0f eof] .

h8La'6L h+un, kfvf, vf]N;L, eL/kx/f, lxdfn–kxf8sf sGb/fx¿df o;} pld|Psf x'ls{Psf 5g eg] o;n] lbg] cf}ifwLo kmfObf ;Fu} jftfj/0fLo ;+Gt'ng, h}ljs ljljwtfdf of]ubfg / cfly{s dxTj ct'ngLo 5 . cfly{s ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ljZje/df h8La'6L÷u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/sf] laqmLaf6 dfq !! ca{ cd]l/sL 8n/ -aflif{s ?kdf_ a/fa/ cfly{s nfe x'g] u/]sf] 5 . laZj a}+ssf] Ps k|If]k0f cg'?k ;g\ @)%) ;Dddf %) va{ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] h8La'6L tyf ;DalGwt t]n o'Qm ag:klt vl/b lals| x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .

h8La'6L hfg]/ k|of]u slxn]b]lv <jg:kltsf] cf}ifwLo k|of]u cyf{t h8La'6Lsf] ?kdf s:n] slxn] b]lv k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf] xf]

eGg] s'/f 7\ofSs} eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t/ klg log} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ dfgj ;Eotfsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] k|frLg u|Gy CUj]bnfO{ h8La'6L pkrf/ k¢tLsf] hglg dflgG5 . o; u|Gydf h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u s'g /f]usf nflu s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] s'/f kl5Nnf cWoogaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L k|frLg sfndf rLg, OlhK6, ef/tLo dxfl4kdf h8La'6Lx¿ klxnf] k6s cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf k|of]udf NofPsf] Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . k|flrg ljj/0fx¿af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ ;'d]l/og, OlhK6l;og / u|Lsx¿n] Ozfk"j{ !@%) eGbf cufl8 b]lvg} ljleGg jg:kltx¿ h8La'6Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ælxKkf]s|]6\;Æ h;nfO cfw'lgs cf}ifwL lj1fgsf] lktfsf] ?kdf dflgG5, pgn] Ozfk"j{ $^) lt/ g} h8La'6Laf6 cf}ifwL lj1fgsf] z'?jft u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(%! df æljlnod 6g{/Æ gfd u/]sf JolQmn] O+UNof08df h8La'6L ;DalGw klxnf] k':ts k|sfzgdf NofPsf lyP . xfd|f] lxGb'zf:q cWoog ubf{ klg 4fk/o'udf /fd– /fj0fsf] o'4sf] ;dodf nId0f nfO{ jf0f nflu 3fOt] x'Fbf xg'dfgn] lxdfno kj{taf6 ;lGhjgL a'6L ;lxtsf] kxf8} prfn]/ NofO{ -;lGhjgL lrGg g;s]sf]n] kxf8} af]sL NofPsf] eGg] pNn]v 5_ pkrf/ u/]sf] syf ;d]t k9\g kfOG5 .

g]kfndf h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u slxn] b]lv <g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df h8La'6Lsf] k|of]u JolQmut tyf Jofj;flos ?kdf cfh eGbf sl/a #))

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g]kfndf kfOg] h8La'6Lx¿af6 cf}ifwL agfpg] af/] s'g /f]udf s'g h8La'6Laf6 s;/L cf}ifwL agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ ljifodf lnlvt b:tfj]hx¿ Hofb} Go"g lyP . h8La'6Lsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] pkrf/ ljlwnfO{ k':tsdf pNn]v ljj/0f dfkm{t ;xh u/fpg jL/ zdz]/ /f0ffn] ;g\ !(*%–!()! sf] cjlwdf æjL/ lg306'Æ tof/ ug{ nufP . o; lg306'nfO{ cem a9L hfgsf/L d"ns agfpg rGb| zdz]/ /f0ffn] bz efudf ljeflht ub}{ yk hfgsf/L ;lxt ærGb| lg3'06'Æ tof/ kg]{ sfo{ u/]sf lyP . oL b'a} b:tfj]hnfO{ cem ;/nLs[t, kl/:s[t / JofVofTds ;lxt tof/ ul/Psf] b:tfj]hnfO{ æg]kfnL lg3'06'Æ gfdfs/0f ;lxt u/L lj=;+= @)@% ;fn sf]ifgfy b]jsf]6fn] g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fklti7fgaf6 k|sfzg u/]sf lyP .

l;+xb/af/ j}Bvfgfsf] :yfkgf, ljleGg h8La'6L ;DaGwL hfgsf/L d"ns k':ts k|sfzg ;Fu} lghL If]qaf6 klg h8La'6L af6 cf}ifwL tof/ u/L pkrf/df ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ k|f/De eof] . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfndf >Ls[i0f cf}ifwfno / lko"ifaifL{o cf}ifwfnox¿ vf]lnPsf] k|;+u k9\g kfOG5, h'g ;a}eGbf k'/fgf / k|l;4 cf}ifwfno dflgG5g\ . To;}u/L @)@* ;fndf h8La'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL :yfkgf eof], xfn lnld6]8sf] ?kdf ;+rflnt 5 . o;} ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf kZrft dfq g]kfndf ;'ulGwt ag:kltx¿sf] k|zf]wg sfo{ z'? eO{ ;'ulGwt t]nx¿ pTkfbg x'g yfn]sf] xf], h'g k|foM ;a} u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/ -Non Timber Forest Product_ af6 k|zf]wg / pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . g]kfndf xfn h8La'6Laf6 cf}ifwL pTkfbgsf If]qdf ;–;fgf 7"nf u/L w]/} g} ;+3;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf x'g yfn]sf 5g\ o;dWo] 8fa/ g]kfn, uf]vf{ cfo'j]{lbs h:tf ;+:yfx¿n] lxdfnb]lv t/fOsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfj4 u/fP/ h8La'6L pTkfbg sfo{df 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 eg] cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 h8La'6L nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L cf}ifwLx¿ agfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] x/]s lhNnfx¿df lhNnf cfo'j]{bfno / sf7df8f}df cfo'j]{lbs xl:k6n :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 eg] lghL cfo'j]{bfno / xl:k6nx¿ klg v'ln/x]sf 5g\ . oL k|;+ux¿n] /f]usf] pkrf/ / lgbfgsf nflu cfo'j]{lbs, h8La'6L cf}ifwLo k4tLaf6 zfl//Ls ?kdf cGo gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ / ;:tf] ;d]t x'Fbf dflg;x¿sf] rf;f] / ljZjf; a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . oBkL g]kfnsf 7"nf– ;fgf zx/x¿df pkrf/ ;]jf ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L c:ktfn, lSnlgsaf6 k|fKt u/] klg b]zsf s'gf sfKrfx¿df o:tf ;]jf ;'ljwf k'Ug ;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf cem} klg em08} *) k|ltzt hgtfn] :yfgLo pkrf/ k4lt cyf{t h8La'6Lsf] k|of]udf g} e/ k/]sf 5g\ .

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ljZjdf PSsfOzf}+ :yfg cf]u6\g] efUozfnL b]z ag]sf] 5 . ;d'b| ;txaf6 &@ ld6/ b]lv **$* ld6/ -;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf cUnf] efu ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f] cUnf] :yfg_ / pQ/– blIf0f sf] s]jn !%) b]lv @%) lsnf] ld6/sf] b'/Ldf ;+;f/el/ kfOg] pi0f -Tropical_ pkf]i0f -Sub- Tropical_, zdlztf]i0f -Sub- Alpine_ / afx|} dlxgf h:tf] lxpFn] 9flsg] lztf]i0f -Alpine_ h:tf xfjfkfgL kfOg] crDd nfUbf] /x:odo d'n'ssf] ?kdf lrgf/L kfPsf] 5 . o;}sf] k|efj :j?k g]kfndf km"n km'Ng] jg:kltsf] dfq} ())) eGbf a9L k|hflt kfOG5 eg] ^%)) k|hflt ;d]t ;"rLs/0f eO;s]sf] 5 . oLdWo] !%)) k|hfltsf] jg:kltx¿ k/Dk/fut cf}ifwL, d;nf, /ª\, / vfB kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf kfOg] em08} !%) k|hfltsf jg:kltx¿n] ljz]if cfly{s dxTj /fVb5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]


æh8La'6L gLlt @)^!Æ cg';f/ !@ j6f h8La'6LnfO{ -kfFrcf}n], s'6sL, lr/fOtf], h6fd;L, ;'uGwjfn, nf}7;Nnf, l6d'/, ;k{uGwf, ;tfj6L, ;'uGwsf]lsnf, / u'hf]{_ v]tL tyf cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|fyldstf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . T;;}u/L #) j6f k|hfltnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] egL k|fyldstfdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5, ljj/0f÷gfdfjnL o; k|sf/ 5M

!= clt; @= cdnf #= cf]v/ $= s'6\sL %= u'RrL Rofp ^= u'hf]{ &= lr/fOtf] *= h+unL ;okqL (= h6fd;L !)= em\ofp !!= l6d'/ !@= t]hkft !#= 3l;+u/] !$= gLd !%= kbdrfn !^= kfvgj]b !&= kfFrcf}+n] !*= lkknf !(= ljif @)= af]emf] @!= Eofs'/ @@= dlh7f] @#= of;f{u'Daf @$= l/7\7f @%= n3'kq @^= nf}7;Nnf @&= ;'uGwjfn @*= ;'uGwsf]lsnf @(= s'l/nf] #)= ;k{uGwf

dfly pNn]lvt cfly{s dxTj /fVg], v]tL cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;"rLs[t h8La'6Lsf] lgsfzL / laqmLaf6 dfq g]kfnnfO{ aif]{gL em08} ?= Ps ca{ a/fa/sf] cfDbfgL cyf{t cfly{s nfe x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL lhNnfdf kfOg] of;f{u'Daf, lr/fOtf], lg/dl;, h6fdl;, s'6\sL, ag n;'g cflbsf] lgsf;Laf6 aflif{s ?kdf Ps s/f]8 eGbf a9L /fhZj p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s]xL aif{b]lv k|of]udf cfpg yfn]sf] / cfly{s nfesf lx;fjn] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ æaf]lwlrQÆ af6 ;d]t aif]{gL Ps s/f]8 eGbf a9L /fhZj ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf lhNnf x¿ dWo] h'Dnf, bfr'{nf, 8f]Nkf, d'u', d':tfª, sflnsf]6 cflb h8La'6Lsf wgL lhNnf dflgG5g\ .

ljz]iftM g]kfnsf] sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf -;fljssf] ltdfn, kf]v/L gf/fo0f:yfg, 7"nf] k;]{n, rfkfvf]/L, d]R5], d+un6f/, af]Nb]km]lbr], sfgk'/, lzv/ cfDaf]6], vfkf{rf]s cflb :yfgx¿df_ kfOg] æaf]lwlrQÆ rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/of, yfONof08, ltAat, dsfp, tfOjfg, l;+ufk'/ cflb b]zx¿df hfg] u/]sf] / dfu a9\b} uPsf] 5 . /f]rs k|;+u t s] 5 eg] o; af6 a9L g} cfly{s nfe x'g] x'Fbf sfe|] s} lzv/ cfDaf]6] af6 !*! lsnf] a'4lrQsf] bfgf x]lnsK6/af6 g} rf6{/ u/L sf7df8f};Dd NofOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] v]tLdf xfn #$ hgf s[ifsn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g / pgLx¿sf]] af/Ldf # ;o &^ j6f af]6 5g\ . a'4lrQaf6 x'g] cfly{s nfesf ljifodf :yfgLo, /fli6«o :t/sf kq klqsfdf ;dfrf/ cfpg yfn]kl5 o;sf] v]tLk|lt s[ifsx¿ cfslif{t x'Fb}5g\ . o;sf] æaf]lwlrTtsf]Æ lj?jf s]xL aif{ cl3 Ps xhf/ ;Dd lsg]/ Nofpg] u/]sf] kfOof] eg] xfn $%)–^%) ?k}+ofFdf kfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] t/fO{, kxf8L, lxdfnsf lhNnfx¿df kfOg] ax'd"No h8La'6L u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfj/sf] Jojl:yt Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg g;s]sf] v08df cToGt cfly{s nfe x'g] b]lvG5 .

h8La'6Lsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg r} slxn]=== <;To–;Gbe{nfO{ pNn]v ug'{ kbf{ h8La'6L ;+sng ug]{ h] –hlt Joj;foL 5g\ tL ;a}n] lhNnf jg

sfof{noaf6 ;+sng Ohfht -k+raifL{o sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf h8La'6L dfq ;+sng ug{ kfpF5g\_ lnO{ ;+sng kZrft lgsfzf kq lnP/ n}hfg] s|d;Dd lgoldt cg'udg kof{Kt hgzlQmsf] cefj / ef}uf]lns sl7gfOsf sf/0f t'?Gt} ug{ sl7g 5 . o;sf] k|efj:j?k h8La'6L ;+sng ubf{ sltsf] Wofg lbPsf] 5 eGg] ljifo sl7g 5 . xfn g]kfndf s] slt kl/0ffddf h8La'6L kfOG5 eGg] Plsg ug{ klg sl7g 5 . t;y{ g]kfndf kfOg] h8La'6Lsf] >f]t ;j]{If0f -jg l:ylt >f]t cg';Gwfg sfo{ljlw @)&) cg'?k_ u/L lhNnfut ?kdf kfOg] h8La'6Lx¿sf] tYofª\s / aflif{s ?kdf slt uof] / slt 36\of] eGg] ljj/0f /fVg' ;fGble{s x'G5 xf]nf .

g]kfndf jg–ljsf;÷Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf w]/} cfof]hgf, kl/of]hgfx¿ ;+rfngdf cfpg] u/] klg h8La'6L s} Joj:yfkg eg]/ cfof]hgf cfPsf] eg] b]lvb}g . jf:tj}df eGg] xf] eg] aif{df em08} !=% ca{ -! ca{ %) s/f]8_ a/fa/sf] h8La'6L lgsfzL x'g] /fHodf h8La'6Ls} If]qdf ljz]if sfo{x¿ ;+rfng ePsf] v08df cem of] /sdsf] c+s lg/Gt/ a9\b} hfg] s'/fdf b'O{dt gxf]nf .

g]kfndf h8La'6Lsf] lbuf] ;+sng / Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of b]lvPsf sf/0fn] ubf{ / o;k|lt k"0f{?kdf sfo{s|d gx'Fbf klg h8La'6Lx¿sf] kl/0ffd 36\of] jf a9\of] eGg] t lglZrt 5}g t/ /fhZjsf] ptf/ r9fj x]bf{ eg] ;f]Rg' kg]{ ljifo eGg] xf] .


xfn;fn} cyf{t k';–$, @)&$ sf] /fli6«o b}lgs klqsf ægofF klqsfÆ df 5flkPsf] ;dfrf/ æh8La'6L lgof{t 36\b}Æ zLif{s df rf/ cfly{s aif{sf] lgsfzf b/ x]bf{ @)&)÷)&! df ! ca{ ^) s/f]8 @! nfv, @)&!÷)&@ df !~ ca{ ^@ s/f]8 ^! nfv, )&@÷)&# df ! ca{ @$ s/f]8 $) nfv b]lvG5 . o;/L )&@÷)&# df 36\bf] qmd b]lvPsf]n] o;nfO{ a9fpg kSs} klg h8La'6Lsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tkm{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ljz]if u/L g]kfndf h8La'6Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ xf] eg] ;+sngsf] qmddf k"0f{tM cg'udg ;+oGq cfjZos 5 eg] ;+sng stf{sf] sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t tflnd lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

To;}u/L h8La'6L ;+sng ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 M-s_ kl/kSs cj:yfdf ;+sng ug'{ -v_ plrt ;dodf ;+sng ug'{-u_ k'gM pTyfgdf -Regeneration_ c;/ gkg]{ u/L ;+sng ug]{-3_ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f / jfg:klts ;d'bfodf c;/ gkg]{ u/L ;+sng ug'{ -ª_ plrt kl/df0fdf ;+sng ug'{ . g]kfndf h8La'6Lsf] kl/0ffd 36\g' jf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfj/ ljgf; x'Fb} hfg'df ljljw ;d:of klg 5g\M -s_ jg h+undf cfuf] nufpFbf klg h8La'6LnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5,-v_ jgIf]qaf6 pTkfbg eGbf a9L ;+sng ul/g',-u_ kl/kSs ePsf] ;dodf ;+sng gx'g',-3_ h8La'6L ;+sng ubf{ nfk/jfxL tl/sfn] ;+sng ug'{,-ª_ sl7g e"–w/ftndf k'u]/ h8La'6Lx¿ ;a} ;+sng ug{ vf]Hg',-r_ cTolws rl/r/0faf6 klg h8La'6Lsf slnnf af]6 la?jf vfOlbbf kl/kSs x'g gkfpg], lj?jf

gfl;g] x'G5 .-5_ h8La'6Lsf] ;+sngdf j}1flgs tl/sf pkof]u gx'g',-h_ h8La'6L v]tLsf ljifodf cg';Gwfg tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ ;fd'bflos jgx¿n] k|fyldstf glbg'

-sfo{ of]hgfdf 5'6\6} of]hgf ;dfj]z gx'g'_-em_ h8La'6Lsf] 3/]n's/0f -Domestication_ ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg sfo{ gx'g' cyf{t b'n{e / cfly{s

dxTjsf h8La'6Lsf] lghL If]qdf v]tL ug]{ sfo{ gx'g'n] klg cfo–cfh{gaf6 alGrt 5f}+ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfndf ;+sng ul/g] h8La'6Lx¿sf] k|zf]wg ug]{ Nofj -k|of]uzfnf_ / pks/0f

gePsf sf/0f klg cjf}{sf] h8La'6Lx¿ v]/ hfg] jf To;af6 cfly{s nfe lng ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . cGTodf, g]kfndf jg ljefu nufot u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, lghL If]q, cGt/fli6«o ;+3 ;+:yf

u/L em08} !(–@) j6f ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] v]tL tyf ahf/ k|0ffnLdf sfo{ ub}{ cfP klg o;nfO{ k"0f{ k|fyldstf lbO{ æj[xt sfo{qmdÆ lgdf{0f u/L lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfndf kfOg] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ h8La'6Lx¿sf] ;+sng / Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L plrt kmfObf lng / cfˆg} b]zleq h8La'6Lx¿sf] k|zf]wg, e08f/0f÷plrt Joj:yfkg sfo{x¿ cfw'lgs ljlw÷pks/0faf6 ug{ ;d]t bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] æu'? of]hgfÆ tof/ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 / To;} cg'?k h;/L ;fd'bflos jg, r'/]sf] jg If]qdf a[xt sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf 5g\, To;}u/L h8La'6L tyf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfj/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg, lbuf] ljsf; / lg/Gt/ pknlAw xfl;n ug{ j[xt cfof]hgfx¿ dfkm{t sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug'{ /fi6«s} nflu pknlAwk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L!= afx| h8La'6Lx¿M jg ljefu, k|rf/ k|;f/ zfvf, aa/ dxn, sf7df8f}, @)&@@= h8La'6L v]tL, k|;f/ k'l:tsfM jg ljefu, aa/dxn, sf7df8f} h]i7, @)^$#= 8f= e6\6/fO{, v]d/fh l3ld/], dw'b]jLM g]kfnsf dxTjk"0f{ h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/x¿sf]

lbuf] ;+sng / v]tL k|ljlw, h]i7 @)^# $= æ/fli6«o b}lgs, gofF klqsfÆ, æh8La'6L lgof{t 36\b}Æ -zLif{s_, k]h @, )&$ k'if–$


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Proceedings of the First National Silviculture Workshop


Nav Raj Baral* and Dhruba Acharya

Abstract

High altitude areas are rich in forest, biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and practices of natural resource management. Government interventions to halt further degradation of the natural resources and transform these natural resources for the welfare of local people have always remained at minimal. Harsh climatic condition, inaccessibility, inadequate socio-political voices and other biophysical features of high altitude areas have caused for the less attention of the government. This paper discusses the existing status, issues, challenges and opportunities of managing high altitude forests from silviculture and sustainable forest management perspective. Various high altitude conducive and conservation friendly silviculture system to mitigate the prevailing constraints and problems of forest management and conservation have been discussed. Finally, several recommendations are made to expedite the management of high altitude forests and pasture resources.

Keywords: Community forestry, high altitude, indigenous practices, pastoralism, silviculture

1. IntroductionThe high altitude1 area wi i i e ea re o i c l y ical errai , i acce i ili y, peculiar sets of natural resources, and remarkable livelihoods and utilization patterns have made

e a a e e o i al i e ore ore co le a e re ely i c l aral, Messerschmidt and Rayamajhi, 1996; Acharya, 2003; Baral et al,, 2012). The high altitude area of Nepal covers about 43% of total land area (MSFP, 1988) with 37.46% of forests (including shrublands) and about 44% of total growing stock of Nepal (FRA/DFRS, 2015a). It also contains about 80% of total pasture land of Nepal. The forests in these areas consist of mosaic of dozens of forest types unique in composition, structures and biodiversity (Stainton, 1972; TISC, 2002). These forests and pastures are the sources of livelihoods of millions of people

1 High altitude areas encompass the area between northernmost part of Nepal generally between 2000 m to alpine pasture more than a l aral, A , . e e i io e e o e i e eci c c arac eri ic , w ile e er i olo ie o e e

i li era re are: Hi al i e , Hi Mo ai , Hi la , U er lo e , ek Ac arya, . Ge erally, eo le ro Middle Mountain call these areas Lekh, whereas the people from High Mountain call Kharka (temperate pasture) and also called Siddhi Kharka (summer pasture or the subalpine and alpine pasture) in the eastern and central region and Patans in Karanli region and west to it (Baral, 1996, 2005, 2015).

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

b:tfj]h

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Figure 1. Highh altitude areeas of Nepal ((above 2000 mm) (Baral et aal., 2012).

living across the mountain areas, they are the reservoirs of water sources, and contains the biodiversity of tremendous national and international values (Acharya, 2003; Baral et al., 2012). The high altitude forests exhibit all possible combinations of plants and animal interactions demonstrating multitudes of different succession pathways with distinct forest structures and compositions generally known as forest types and forest ecosystems. A number of natural factors (physiography, geography and climate) and anthropogenic factors (land use system, resource use patterns, lifestyles of the local population) have contributed to create and maintain the present stand of climax vegetation. These natural and anthropogenic attributes have also played a part in the processes important for maintaining these forests types and ecosystems and provide appropriate habitats for varieties of birds and wild animals.

The sustainable conservation and management of these forests, therefore, demands a better er a i o e e a ral roce e a ac or i e ci e a ral roce c a

environmental attributes, human interventions, resource use patterns and the life styles of the local population. Respecting the natural processes of vegetation formation and considering the societal and economic needs the art and science of forest development, known as silviculture, has been developed to produce a forest compositions and structures in a given area or region that can meet a wide varieties of management objectives. In this regard, this paper is based on the secondary information and the long experiences of the authors on the high altitude forest resources of Nepal. The paper has explored the unique features of high altitude forests and ac or a ec i e il ic l ral y e i e e ore , i e i e e i e a c alle e ,

and suggested critical areas of interventions in order to harness the potentials of managing and conserving the forestry resources in the high altitude areas.

Figure 1. High altitude areas of Nepal (above 2000 m) (Baral et al., 2012).


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Nav Raj Baral* and Dhruba Acharya

Abstract

High altitude areas are rich in forest, biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and practices of natural resource management. Government interventions to halt further degradation of the natural resources and transform these natural resources for the welfare of local people have always remained at minimal. Harsh climatic condition, inaccessibility, inadequate socio-political voices and other biophysical features of high altitude areas have caused for the less attention of the government. This paper discusses the existing status, issues, challenges and opportunities of managing high altitude forests from silviculture and sustainable forest management perspective. Various high altitude conducive and conservation friendly silviculture system to mitigate the prevailing constraints and problems of forest management and conservation have been discussed. Finally, several recommendations are made to expedite the management of high altitude forests and pasture resources.

Keywords: Community forestry, high altitude, indigenous practices, pastoralism, silviculture

1. IntroductionThe high altitude1 area wi i i e ea re o i c l y ical errai , i acce i ili y, peculiar sets of natural resources, and remarkable livelihoods and utilization patterns have made

e a a e e o i al i e ore ore co le a e re ely i c l aral, Messerschmidt and Rayamajhi, 1996; Acharya, 2003; Baral et al,, 2012). The high altitude area of Nepal covers about 43% of total land area (MSFP, 1988) with 37.46% of forests (including shrublands) and about 44% of total growing stock of Nepal (FRA/DFRS, 2015a). It also contains about 80% of total pasture land of Nepal. The forests in these areas consist of mosaic of dozens of forest types unique in composition, structures and biodiversity (Stainton, 1972; TISC, 2002). These forests and pastures are the sources of livelihoods of millions of people

1 High altitude areas encompass the area between northernmost part of Nepal generally between 2000 m to alpine pasture more than a l aral, A , . e e i io e e o e i e eci c c arac eri ic , w ile e er i olo ie o e e

i li era re are: Hi al i e , Hi Mo ai , Hi la , U er lo e , ek Ac arya, . Ge erally, eo le ro Middle Mountain call these areas Lekh, whereas the people from High Mountain call Kharka (temperate pasture) and also called Siddhi Kharka (summer pasture or the subalpine and alpine pasture) in the eastern and central region and Patans in Karanli region and west to it (Baral, 1996, 2005, 2015).

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

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Figure 1. Highh altitude areeas of Nepal ((above 2000 mm) (Baral et aal., 2012).

living across the mountain areas, they are the reservoirs of water sources, and contains the biodiversity of tremendous national and international values (Acharya, 2003; Baral et al., 2012). The high altitude forests exhibit all possible combinations of plants and animal interactions demonstrating multitudes of different succession pathways with distinct forest structures and compositions generally known as forest types and forest ecosystems. A number of natural factors (physiography, geography and climate) and anthropogenic factors (land use system, resource use patterns, lifestyles of the local population) have contributed to create and maintain the present stand of climax vegetation. These natural and anthropogenic attributes have also played a part in the processes important for maintaining these forests types and ecosystems and provide appropriate habitats for varieties of birds and wild animals.

The sustainable conservation and management of these forests, therefore, demands a better er a i o e e a ral roce e a ac or i e ci e a ral roce c a

environmental attributes, human interventions, resource use patterns and the life styles of the local population. Respecting the natural processes of vegetation formation and considering the societal and economic needs the art and science of forest development, known as silviculture, has been developed to produce a forest compositions and structures in a given area or region that can meet a wide varieties of management objectives. In this regard, this paper is based on the secondary information and the long experiences of the authors on the high altitude forest resources of Nepal. The paper has explored the unique features of high altitude forests and ac or a ec i e il ic l ral y e i e e ore , i e i e e i e a c alle e ,

and suggested critical areas of interventions in order to harness the potentials of managing and conserving the forestry resources in the high altitude areas.

Figure 1. High altitude areas of Nepal (above 2000 m) (Baral et al., 2012).


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2. Silviculture and High Altitude Forests

2.1 Silviculture

The root of silviculture lies on silvics, which is the science and art of controlling forest establishment and growth of forest crops to meet the needs of the forest owners (Baker, 1934; Smith, 1962; Smith et al., 1997). The concept of silviculture was originated in Europe during the Roman Empire and was developed and expanded across the world by various Colonial powers of the time. The intention in the beginning was to secure easy hunting and later to increase timber production and increase revenue. Now a days, silviculture is more holistic and is more a o l lli ario o ec i e c a ai i wil li e a i a , ai ai i y rolo ical processes, restoring ecosystems, conserving biodiversity, producing wood products, meeting the diverse needs of the forest depended people and community and improving their livelihoods (Toumey, 1928; Baker, 1934; Hawley, 1937; Smith, 1962; Nyland, 1996; Angelstam, 2010; Baral and Stern, 2010).

2.2 Silvicultural System

Silvicultural system is a planned program of treatments during the whole life of a stand designed o ac ie e eci c a r c ral o ec i e . i ro ra e o rea e i e ra e eci c ar e i , re e era io , a a e i e o o ac ie e a re ic a le yiel o e e

from the stand over time. The intent of silvicultutural system fundamentally is based on the theory of Ecology or Ecosystem conservation, and generally guided by two basic principles: Sustained supply of yields of goods and services from a stand without comprising their future availability and sustainability and the conservation of individual stand, trees and forest ecosystem to impart their goods and services. Conceptually, a unique silvicultural system is developed for each forest stand. Yet all silvicultural systems include three basic component treatments or functions: regeneration; stand tending; and harvesting (Nyland, 1996).

A number of silvicultural systems have been developed and implemented in managing the ore . eir roa cla i ca io are a e o e a re o ore , a a er o re e era io

and methods of harvesting and removal of trees on the canopy. They are: clear feeling system, shelterwood system, selection system and coppice system. Generally, clear felling system and shelterrwood systems are applied in even aged forest with one or two canopy strata, while selection system is applied in uneven forests having three or more canopy strata. Coppice system is generally applied in forests stand with trees having coppicing charatersitics. Of these various systems, the most appropriate and widely used silvicultural system in the temperate zone of the world is selection system. Selection system implies regenerating a forest stand and maintaining an uneven aged structure, by removing some tress in all size classes either singly, in small groups, or in steps. Based on the nature of removing trees and manipulating forest

r c re , ore er a e i e i e a o al o r y e o elec io y e a ely i le ree selection system; group selection system, group selection with reserves; and overtopped trees of varying levels of vigour that have their crowns completely covered by the crowns of one or more neighbouring trees.

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FFigure 2. Thrree importantt elements afffecting silvicuultural decisions.

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2.3 Silviculture for the 21st Century

The conventional silvicultural system that focuses merely at maximizing the revenue and income has become inappropriate for the changed social, economic, political and environmental context of the 21st century. The change in such context of the world in general and Nepal in particular,

e a re e i io o e co e io il ic l ral y e a o o ly ai o i crea e eco o ic e e al o e a ce ocial wel are a li eli oo i ro e e o e ore dependent people and maintain the forest dynamics and biodiversity values of the forests. The selection of silviculture system should be guided by the three attributes of ecology/environment, social factors and economic aspects (see Figure 2). Silviculture being the art and science of managing a forest, the science part of it is becoming successful in enhancing productivity and addressing the risks and uncertainties associated with the natural ecosystems while the art part it is constructing new norms and values that best address the social and economic aspects of forests.

Figure 2. Three important elements affecting silvicultural decisions.

Finns (1993) advocates for the silvicultural practices of the 21st century to be fundamentally guided by the following belief systems:

• Ecosystems are inherently stable if people would simply leave them alone.

• Diversity and stability are closely linked.

• ol io a ely e eco y e , wi e o y e er ec ly a c e o eir i e o origin so all genetic diversity is important and should be preserved.

• Any manipulation of the forest results to the severe loss of diversity.

• Na ral i alway e e .


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Of the various silvilculture systems in practice (as discussed earlier) the selection system and i ario o i ca io i e e e i e i e ocial, eco o ic a ecolo ical ea re o the high altitude areas. Such silvicultural system must also:

• Ensure the access and active participation of the local people to get fair and equitable share o e e e era e ro ore re o rce a a e e a co er a io ,

• Recognize indigenous people as the stewards and custodians of high altitude forests and biodiversity, respect their customary practices and ensure their rights,

• Recognize and respect the indigenous system of forest management of local people,

• Support the livelihoods systems of the local people (agriculture and pastoralism) and diversifying livelihoods options and income sources; and

• Harness the comparative advantages of biophysical features (natural landscape, forests, biodiversity and genetic resources (including medicinal and aromatic plants; MAPS/non-timber forest products; NTFPS ) applying low intensive efforts to commercial wood production.

. ctors n uencing i icu tur ste in igh A titu e Are s3.1 Forest and Biodiversity

High altitude areas are rich in vegetation, forests and biodiversity, and are reservoirs of enormous i er e e e ic re o rce e e ic o Ne al. o Ne al , recor e oweri la

species; 246 species are endemic to Nepal. Of 246 endemic plants, 131 are known to occur in sub-alpine and alpine areas. High altitude area rich in high value MAPS such as Bikh (Aconitum spp), arsa gumba ( phiocordyceps sinensis), Jatamansi (Nardosstachys grandi ora) and

anchaunle (Dactylorhi a hatagirea) (TISC, 2002) and provide habitat for mammals such as Snow Leopard, Musk Deer and Red Panda (DNPWC, 2015). Over 840 species of birds are known to occur in Nepal, of them 413 bird species are reported to occur above 3,000 m altitude (Inskipp, 1989).

o al i e i e e e a io y e , eco y e a ore y e S ai o , , 55 vegetation types, 38 forest ecosystems and 30 forest types are found in high altitude areas (TISC, 2002). Forests in the high altitude areas can be broadly grouped into four broad types: montane/Himalayan moist temperate forest, Himalayan dry temperate forest, sub-alpine forest, and alpine scrub. These forests are mainly dominated by broadleaved species (45%) followed by Conifers (31%) and mixed species (24%) (FRA/DFRS, 2015a).

Forests in the high altitude areas are climax forests and fall under the category of old growth forests, uneven aged mixed forests with distinct layers of canopy. And age gradation consisting o i i ca er o a ree a i a ree a ea woo o e ore oor . e o canopy is covered by dominant species such as Oaks (mainly Kharsu) and Conifers (Tsuga, Bluepine Abies, Spruce, and Deodar etc.). The middle storey suppressed or growing young poles and trees of dominant and the understory or ground storey are covered with a variety of herbs such as Chiraito (Swertia spp), Satuwa ( aris polyphylla), Sugadhwal ( aleriana atamansi) and shrubs such as onicera spp, Cotoneaster spp, Barberies spp, iburnum spp,

Daphne spp and small trees of Angeri ( yonia ovalifolia), Pahenle (Dodecadenia grandi ora),Kholme (Symplocos spp), and Kharanes ( lex spp) (TISC, 2002). PR

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Of the various species Laligurans (Rhododendron arboretum) and its other varieties occurs in more than 42% area of high altitude, followed by Kharsu over 23%, Angeri ( yonia ovalifolia)23%, blue Pine 8.55% , Abies 9.4%, Hemlock 8.12%, and Betula 6.62%. Regeneration of Betula and Acer spp is very low with less than 2%. Overall stocking/density of trees looks satisfactory (986 stems/ha) but the share of dominant or principle species having higher ecological and economic value is less than one third (300 trees/ha) (FRA/DFRS, 2015a).

3.2 Locality/Ecological Factors

ore occ rri i i ere locali ie a ecolo ical re io i er i i ca ly ro eac other in composition and density. Forests and species found in the eastern Himalayas differ i i ca ly ro o e o Mi we er a ar we er Hi alaya . ey o o ly i er acro

the ecological region but also across the aspects of the same locality or place with similar elevation and slope. A number of topographical/geographical factors such as climate, topography, empathic (soil), in association with a number of natural or anthropogenic disturbances and lifestyles of the people surrounding the forests play simultaneously to shape the vegetation of a re io or locali y. ocal ac or i e ci ore e e a io ca e cla i e i o o r a or categories namely (i) Climatic factors; (ii) Topographic factors; (iii) Edaphic factors; and (iv) Biotic factors.

3.2.1 Climatic Factors

Climatic factors include rainfall/precipitation, temperature solar radiation, frost, wind, moisture, atmospheric humidity and evaporation. The climate, in the high altitude areas, ranges from warm temperate with mild wet summer, cool, and dry winters to cool temperate monsoon climate. High himal below the snow line have an alpine climate with cool summer and frosty wi er. e Hi i al a o e e owli e a a ra y e arc ic cli a e wi er e al snow and cold desert conditions.

Precipitation varies across the regions from east to west ranging from 2,188 mm (Eastern region) to 1,054 mm (Mid-western region). Other trans-Himalayan areas such as Mustang and Dolpa receive the lowest rainfall with 379 mm and 482 mm, respectively.

Temperature varies greatly ranging from 360C to -300C. The average annual maximum temperature is about 200C (ranging -120C to 360C) and the average annual minimum temperature is 7 0C (ranging from -80C to-300C). The difference between monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures on the south facing slope in Rara National Park ranges from 8.70C in July to 12.90C in January, while that on northern slope is from 7.6 0C in July to 6.60C in January. These data show that environmental conditions of the north-facing slope are milder than those of the southern slopes.

3.2.2 Geographical/Topographical Factors

The geographical factors (e.g., altitude, latitude, aspect and slope) have an important role in plant species distribution by their effects on the soil moisture and chemical characteristics. Altitude is one of the limiting and effective factors on plant species growth and dispersion. One of the common effects caused by altitude variation is the occurrence of different vegetative forms and forest types. Aspect effects on moisture contents of the slopes, variation in sunlight


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and wind blow be effective on soil moisture, fertility and depth and thus on plants growth and dispersion. In addition, slope is another physiographic factor, which can be effective on the plants dispersal, diversity, richness and growth, mainly because of its effects on soil drainage and depth (Sharma et al., 2014; Bharali et al., 2012).

The steep physical slope has made high altitude areas highly sensitive to glacier outburst and soil ero io , a , e a a e e o ore i ery co le a i c l . Ge erally, ore with maximum slope of 35% are considered suitable for intensive management (production o l i le ro c o l i le al e . e A S a a i e i e , a (13.26%) total areas of forest available for intensive management.

3.2.3 Edaphic Factors

General characteristics of soil such as soil types, soil characteristics, humus/organic matter, rie i ro e , o or a o a i a car o co e a e i i ca role i

forest growth. For an example, blue Pine occurs on mica schist and limestone while Deodar favors quartzite and fresh alluvium soil, Cupressus on limestone and so on.

The geology of high altitude areas consists of granites, gneiss, schist, limestone and shale of different ages (MPFS, 1988) favouring different conifers and broad leaved species to develop and grow. Less than 1% of the region has soil and climate suited to crop production (FRA/DFRS, 2015a). According to FRA/DFRS (2015a) soil of high altitude forests are mostly rich in organic matter; about 65% forests contain humus of different forms with thickness 10-30 cm. While humus is absent in 27% forests. The overall average organic carbon stock in the 0-30 cm topsoil is estimated to be 114.03 tonne/ha and ranges from 32 t/ha to 267 t/ha with median average 111 tonne/ha. High altitude areas forests have greater carbon pool than forests in the low altitudes. The total carbon stock is estimated to be 523.81 million tonnes (272.40 t/ha). Of the total carbon pool in the forest, tree component contributes 57.61%, contribution of litters and debris is 0.53% that of soil is 41.86% (FRA/DFRS, 2015a).

Because of these climatic topographical and edaphic factors and also the biotic factors discussed below, the extent of distribution of various forest types excessively varies across the slopes, aspects and regions. The distribution of forest types is quite different on different exposures of slopes and aspects irrespective of the elevation. Oak forests including Banseth ( uercus lamellosa), Banjh ( uercus incana), and Laligurans (Rhododendron arboratum) are found up to 2,400 m on southern aspects but the northern aspect is covered completely with different forests, temperate evergreen mixed broad leaved forests in which Lauraceous species like Litsea, Neolitsea spp, Machilus spp, Dedecadenia spp occur along with lex spp, and Symplocus sppetc. Just above these forests, the Kharsu ascends to 3,800 m (sub-alpine zone). While Phalant ( uercus dilatata), though not as common to other Oak spp, occurs at 2,300 m-2,900 m forming pure stand on the southern slope and mixes with Abies spectabilis (East to Kaligandaki) and

icea smithiana (West to Kaligandaki) on the north facing slope.

Above the temperate evergreen mixed broad-leaved forests Abies forest (Abies spectablis east of Kaligandaki and A. pindrow west to Kaligandaki) and Larix (in the EDR and Langtang valley) and Picea smithiana (West to Kaligandaki river) often mixed with Abies and Betula forests are seen at 3,800 m to 4,000 m and above the coniferous zone the alpine meadows occurs. Cedrus deodara forms pure stand mostly on the south facing slope and occurs mingled with icea smithiana and inus wallichiana on the north-facing slope in Karnali region. Pure PR

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stands of Cupressues and Junipers often mixed with Abies and Spruce in Karnali regions and different varieties of Rhododendron occur in the subalpine areas above 3,800 m and then alpine meadows occurs with sparse stands of alpine Juniper scrub (dhupi) and Rhododendron scrub (sunpati).

3.2.4 Biotic Factors

So e o e a or io ic ac or are ore ra i , re, la e c a e , ore ra e a io , drought and climate change.

High altitude forests and pasturelands are used by transhumance pastoralist for grazing and are well regulated by local customary institutions in accordance with their century old indigenous system of forests and pastureland management. However, with the expansion of community forests and protected areas systems in their territory and ban on Tibetan pasture during the winter season, some visible degradation are seen on the Oak forests of lower temperate regions where winter pasture of transhumance and summer pasture of dryland farmers overlaps (Baral et al., 2012).

Unlike forests in the other regions of the country high altitude forests are highly vulnerable to ore re, a ey are o i a e y co i ero ore a e a i y o ea woo , lea

li er, e ri a i ly i a a le io a i e o i e o a er ea e ore oor. A a re l , i al i e ore recei e a lar e er o re crow o re y e i ci e ce ri ry ea o o e year e royi ec are o ol row ore . e rea re e ca e ro i e i , ore re o a re i a e e e i e a a e o e ore a

biodiversity (Baral et al., 2012).

Forest fragmentation2 is quite common in high altitude areas as compared to other physiographic regions. The habitat fragmentation is considered to be the most serious threat to biological diversity. From management perspective, the DoF (2014) regards the forest patch of at least 200 ha is generally suitable for intensive forest management. The average size of forests in high altitude is 27.24 ha ranging from 44.5 ha in high mountain and 9.85 ha in high himal. The high altitude areas consists of 24,745 patches of forests less than 2 ha, 10,893 patches between 2-50 ha, 634 patches of 50-1000 ha. There are more than 100 patches of forests between 1,000-50,000 ha and only 3 patches more than 50,000 ha (FRA/DFRS, 2015a).

3.3 Socio-economic and Institutional factors

3.3.1 Social and Economic Factors

e i e e i c l errai , e i al i e area are i a i e y a i ea le o la io early 7% of total population of Nepal. Population are sparse and living in small communities widely dispersed across a vast, harsh terrain, and are either subsistence farmers or transhumance pastoralists (Baral, 1996). The diversity of ethnic groups and pastoralist groups in many high altitude areas is associated with a variety of different cultures, lifestyles and livelihood practices. People in each area or location are unique in the way they combine local environment in their livelihood.

Animal husbandry and agro-pastoralism are central to the economy of the high altitude people. Majority of people solely depend on pastoralism for their livelihood. Most of them

2 Fragmentation, the breaking up of large patches of native vegetation into smaller and increasingly isolated patches, is a process as old as civilization i.e. human are the major causes of forest fragmentation (Kramer et al, 2008).


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are transhumance pastoralism. Dry land farmers (farmers who do not practice transhumance pastoralism) keep livestock (cows, buffalos and hill goats) while transhumance pastoralists keep herds of yak and its hybrid (Chauri and Yaks), sheep and mountain goat (Chyangra). Being oo e ci area , ale o li e ock, ar er a ra e, N , wil e i le la a ea o al

migration are the evolved strategies of the mountain communities (FAO, 2010).

High altitude people have maintained a unique relationship with the natural environment they live in. Nature and its relationship with the human are intrinsic in all the systems and institutions governing the functioning of a particular community. Natural resources are looked upon as living entities interacting with the human and animal population. Rural people, particularly the indigenous people have unique ethics towards the natural environment, which makes them “the ro ec or o e a ral re o rce or e ewar o e a ral eco y e UN ,

Baral, 2015).

3.3.2 Institutional Factors

It includes existing policy and legal framework, institutions and organizations including customary institutions involved in forest resource utilization and management.

All forests, shrubland and pasturelands in high altitude areas are under the jurisdictions of two public land management agencies: Department of Forests (DoF) and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC). According to FRA/DFRS (2015a), the total area of forest in the high altitude areas is 19,22,909 ha of which 2,06,079 ha (69.96%) falls outside protected areas system and 30.04 % (5,77,578 ha) in various protected areas. Of total areas of protected areas, 23.8% is in core areas and 6.16% in the buffer zone. The protected areas comprise National Parks (NPs) and Wildlife Reserves, Buffer Zone (BZ), and Conservation Areas (CAs) with varied governance and institutional systems. The National Forests under the jurisdiction of DoF, Government Managed Forests (GMF), Community Forestry (CF) and Leasehold Forestry (LF) are the major forest regimes in the high altitude areas. By July 2011, 3,84,808 ha of forests areas (forests/shrublands including grassland and barren land) had been handed over to 4,910 Community Forests Users Groups (CFUGs) (DoF, 2012 cited in Baral etal., 2012). This is about 28% of total CFs of Nepal and 20.25 % of total national forest (forests and shrubland) of the high mountain region. Similarly, there are 859 Leasehold Forest Users Groups with an area of 10,470 ha of degraded or barren forest land (LFLP/DoF, 2014).

The high altitude resources (land, forest and pasture) are subject of various customary resource tenure systems. Such tenure systems consist of a set of rights in resources that are derived from customs or practices handed down from generation to generation. The rights to use forests and pasture resources mostly guided by the purpose of using the resources, resource availability and lifestyle of the dominant population. The rights are guarded by delimiting the forests/ra i area wi well e e ri o o e ol o a ar ic lar ore ra i area aral,

2015). Baral (2015) has documented about three dozens of indigenous land, forest and pasture management (IFMP), that are still in practice at local level. Of these IFMP more than 80% are from high altitude areas.

Although the high altitude areas are distinct with unique bio-physical, social, economic and institutional features, not many policies and legal frameworks have recognised such uniqueness. The recent Forestry Sector Strategy 2016 of the MFSC has, however, stressed the need of a e ara e i al i e eci c ore re o rce a a e e o el. PR

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4. Issues, Challenges and Opportunities of High Altitude Forests Management

4.1 Issues and Challenges

The remoteness, sparse population and other unique characteristics have made the forests of high altitude areas least attention of the politicians and the government. Thus, high altitude areas have remained out of mainstream of national development framework. A number of issues and challenges exist to stride for the management of high altitude forest resources.

4.1.1 Increasing Trend of Forest Degradation and Loss of Biodiversity

Forest degradation and loss of biodiversity3 are in increasing trend in the high altitude areas. The recent forest resource assessment (FRA) data (DFRS, 2015a) has shown an increase in forest cover in the high Mountain and high Himalaya, however the assessment didn’t focus in areas above 2,000 m but included areas ranging from 543 m to about 5,000 m covering many areas of CF of the middle mountain4. Howe er, a y i e eci c ie co c e y a er of researchers in the past (such as Hinrichsen et al., 1983; Jackson et al., 1998; Gerrard et al.,2016) have reported excessive deforestation and forest degradation, and increase in shrublands and grasslands in the high altitude areas.

Mixed and broad-leaved forests in the high altitude of Sindhupalchowk and Kavrepalanchowk had declined by about 54% and 65%, respectively, between 1978 and 1992, while shrubland increased by about 205% in Sindhupalchowk, and grassland by 85-214% over the same period (Messerschmidt and Rayamajhi, 1996). Baral et al. (2012) reported decrease in forest cover by 2.2% (@0.22%/year) and increase in shrubland and grassland by 21.8% (2.18%/year) and 3.8% (@0.38% /year) in between 1991/92 and 2001/2002 in the high altitude areas from 2,000 m to 5,000 m of 25 districts of Nepal. The similar pattern of increasing shrubland is reported in protected areas. Baral and Stern (2009) reported an increase in shrubland in Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) by 1.78% and decrease in grass land by 1.48% from 1986 to 1996. A more recent report however, reported decrease in forest, shrubland, grazing land but increase in settlement in Sagarmatha National Park (SNP). Gerrrad et al. (2016) reported that in SNP, forest, shrubland, and grazing land decreased at an annual rate of 1.25, 0.39 and 13.24%, respectively, while area under settlement increased by more than 250% (@8.17/year between 1992 and 2011. The forests in the lower temperate region mainly the Oak forests are highly degraded because of extreme grazing pressure as these areas fall into winter Yak/Chauri pastures overlapping with the summer water buffalo-common cattle pasture of upper Mid-hill farmers.

With regards to the loss of biodiversity, the number of threatened species of birds has increased over time. A total of 16 additional species are nationally threatened compared to 133 threatened species in 2004. The number of endangered species has increased from 32 to 38 in between 2004 and 2010 (DNPWC, 2015).

3 Forest degradation here refers change in species composition and crown coverage by dominant tress species or forest with crown converge between 10-20% and conversion of forests into shrublands and grasslands. Loss of biodiversity refers to the loss of niche plant species such as Lekh Champ, Banseth, Bhojpatra, Lothsalla and Juniperas/Cupressus, and Larix etc, decrease in the productiv-ity of MAPs/NTFPs and increase in the threatened species of wildlife and birds.

S a a re ar e Hi Mo ai a ele a io ra i ro i e ri er alley oor o ele a io i districts. It has also included data and information of hill Sal forests into the High mountain region.


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4.1.2 Community Forests Areas Beyond the Capacity of the Local People

The blanket approach of CF hand over in the high altitude areas without considering the indigenous practices of transhumance pastoralists and also beyond the capacity of the forests users has created several negative consequences. So is the case with formation of protection areas systems. Many studies (such as Baral, 2000; Bhatta, 2002; Acharya, 2003; Baral et al,,

: aral, re or e ri i co ic e wee ra a ce er er a UG a A authorities. Similarly, the expansion of protection areas in the high altitude areas has barred many transhumance pastoralists and traditional users to practice their traditional use rights.

e i e o area i a y ro ec io area are oo lar e eyo e ca aci y o e e ciary households. A total of 26 CF with an average are of 14619.67/ha are in KCA. Similarly a total of 22,067.6 ha of forest have been handed over to 804 households (HHs) united in nine CFUGs with an average size of about 2,452 ha/CF (DNPWC, 2015; Baral et al., 2012).

4.1.3 Loss of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices of Forest Resources Management and Conservation

High altitude people are rich on indigenous knowledge and practices of forest and pasture management. The expansion of CF and Protected areas system in the high altitude areas without their free and prior consent, ban or restriction of enjoying their customary rights of access to uses resources and pasture or grazing by both CF and protected area authorities and lack of recognition of rights of indigenous people and the forests and pasture management practices by existing forest sector policy and legislations most of the indigenous communities and local people have already abandoned their traditional life styles, some other have already been migrated from their territory and remaining are still struggling to survive. Thus, the vast wealth of knowledge of managing forests and pasture acquired and handed over from generation to generation is vanishing. Moreover, demonisation of youth to follow or adopt transhumance grazing system and their migration to urban and abroad in search of better life and income from the high altitude areas best illustrates the erosion of indigenous knowledge among indigenous communities of Nepal.

4.1.4 Capacity of the Government to Manage the High Altitude Forests

The existing knowledge and capacity of the DoF is not adequate to address the issues and challenges of managing high altitude forests. The focus of the DoF has remained largely in the Mid-hills, Chure and the Terai. So, the forests of high altitude areas are neglected in all policy, planning and programming. The existing knowledge and capacity of the DoF is not enough to deal with the environmental, technical and social uniqueness of the high altitude areas.

4.1.5 Institutional Gap

The government institutions that are responsible for the high altitude resource management are basically absent from these areas. The DoF, DNPWC, and the Department of Livestock Services (DLS), who are responsible for the management of high altitude natural resources lacks enough service centres to cover all the high altitude areas. Most of the service centres of these government institutions are located far away from the high altitude areas, which makes them unable to provide any kind of institutional services.

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4.1.6 Visitors Overload in Selected Protected Areas

Nepal receives more than a million tourists each year from all over the world out of which about 35% of them visit various protected areas. Their favored destinations in high mountain region include ACA, SNP and Langtang National Park (LNP). ACA receives about 0.81 million of tourists followed by SNP and LNP with about 0.3 million. While a small fraction of total tourists (0.03 to 1.95%) visit remaining protected areas (DNPWC, 2016). To meet the demands of o ri i e ro ec e area e er o o el a i a ee i crea e i i ca ly, a

e o i er a rewoo a rea ly i crea e . S e e re or e a i SN e e o rewoo a i crea e ro o year o o year a a o i er ro 3/structure (inn) to 24 m3/inn between 1979 and 2002. As a result, over harvesting of wood has occurred in the periphery of national parks and also in the nearby districts. This has caused the forests in many locations are heavily thinned and degraded. Species composition of many forest types is changed. The Juniper forest and shrub in the sub-alpine and alpine areas are heavily e ra e ro a y lace o ee e re ire e o i er a rewoo o e i o el

and herders, labour of trekking and expedition groups (Hinrichsen et al.,1983).

4.1.7 Haphazard and Unregulated Harvesting and Trade of MAPs/NTFPs

High altitude areas are rich in many NTFPs, mainly MAPs. More than 100 species are annually ra e o , a er o o e ial ecie i e i e or e e e ial oil e rac io

are 200 (Shrestha and Poudel, 1996). Many of these species are available in high altitude areas. However, the production of NTFPs is in decreasing trend as a result of degradation of forests, unregulated and untimely harvesting. Until 1990s more than 160 species of MAPS/NTFPs used to be in trade (Edward, 1996) and total quantity of annual trade was 10,000-15,000 MT. However, the volume of annual trade and number of species has been drastically reduced from 4,800 MT in 2003/04 to 3,100 MT in 2013/14 (DoF, 2015). In addition, the number of species in trade has been reduced from 154 to 53 over the same period (Baral, 2015).

4.1.8 Fragmentation of Forests/habitats due to Infrastructure Development

Many forests in the high altitude areas are fragmented due to many infrastructure constructions such as hydropower, transmission line, and highways. A total of 11,082 km of roads passes through high altitude (Baral et al., 2012) and the East-west mountain highway, which also passes through high altitude areas, is under construction. A number of hydropower projects are under construction or proposed in and around the protected areas. All these constructions are creating habitat fragmentation and ecosystem disturbances.

4.1.9 Lack of Research and Development

There is a knowledge gap in many aspects of natural resources in the high altitude areas. Very few researches are carried out in the high altitude areas. As a result, the policy and programmatic decisions for high altitude areas are based on the research and knowledge developed at other mountain areas not particularly of high altitude areas.


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4.2 Opportunities and Way Forward in Managing High Altitude Forests

Several options and opportunities exist to bring forests under the overall framework of silviculture systems and sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation. They are:

4.2.1 Enabling Policy Environment and Functional Customary Institutions of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices of Forest and Pasture Management (IFPM)

The unique biophysical and socioeconomic features are recognized by the Forest Policy 2015 and Forestry Sector Strategy 2016. The Forestry Sector Strategy has even stressed for a need of a separate forest management strategy and institutional arrangement in the high altitude areas. Similarly, the Rangeland Policy 2012 and Agriculture Development Strategy 2014 have emphasised for decentralised and community based forest and pasture management.

There are a number of functional customary institutions that are still practicing their indigenous system of pasture and forest management. The proposed REDD+ strategy has provisioned for the sustainable management of forests respecting and recognising the indigenous knowledge and practices of indigenous communities and local people. All these policy documents have created an enabling environment for the sustainable management of high altitude forests and pasture resources.

4.2.2 Intensive Management of Accessible Production Forests

A S a i e i e o e ial area o ro c io ore loca e elow lo e. Howe er, these areas of forest need further validation and delineation through participatory process of land use planning. This makes about 0.19 million ha suitable for intensive management. Rest of ore are ei er i acce i le, i c l errai or are wi e ro ec e area y e . S ai a le

management of these forests would produce 20.67 million cft of wood worth NRs. 4,133 million annually. In addition 12,000 full time job will be created and total direct income would be NRs. 3100 million (Table 1).

Production of wood from the intensive management would meet the growing wood demand of new market centres, towns and tourist centres of high altitude areas and the demands of other urban areas.

Table 1. A tentative estimate of direct wood supply from high altitude forests (Based on FRA/DFRS, 2015a).

Area of forest suitable for Mgt (forest in <20 degree slope) million ha 0.26

Area of forest outside NPs available for intensive management million ha 0.19

Stem volume/ha m3 232

MAI/ ha (taking safe side) m3 3

Total annual wood (0.19 million ha) m3 0.57

Total Standing dead trees (29.91/ha) million no 7.66

Standing dead trees outside PA (NP) 76% of total dead trees no.) million 5.82

Retaining 35% of total DD as habitat trees (no) million 2.04

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Available DT at 25% removal rate (no) million 0.51

Total annual dead wood (@0.031m3/tree) 0.02

Grand total of annual wood supply (standing trees and dead trees outside PA from forest lands A (0.19 million ha)

million m3 0.59

million cft 20.67

Total revenue @100/cft million Rs 3099.97


Annual Income to local labour (harvesting) @150/cft million Rs 3099.97

No of person days/year@ Rs 700/person person million 4.43

Yearly full time employment person 12132.97

4.2.3 Restoration of Degraded Forests /Fire Burnt Areas through Co-management of NTFPs and Forests

In most areas of high altitude, biophysical and socio-economic features do not allow for intensive forest management but a low intensive forest management that meets the overall objectives of transhumance pastoralists, local livelihoods and conservation needs. There is severe shortage of forage/fodder for transhumant herders during the winter season. Such shortage can be managed y i ro i e a a e e o ak ore a y al o i ro i e e ra e ore a re

burnt areas. In these areas, either natural regeneration needs to be promoted or co-management wi N a ora e ro c io ee o e i i ia e . Al o a ori y o re r area fall in the zone of conifers, where regeneration of Abies and Tsuga is satisfactory enough, these area, owe er, ee i le ro ec io ro illici c i a ro ore re. o a a e e with either NTFPs or forage production can be initiated in areas where regeneration is absent.

In the forests of temperate regions, there exists small gaps and openings scattered all over the areas, which are highly degraded due to grazing pressure. But these areas are conducive to a number of NTFP such as okta (Daphne spp), Ma hitho (Rubus spp) and Allo/nettle(Girardinia diversifolia). These species can also be easily introduced in Oak forests managed under various selection systems. Moreover, wide gaps and openings in other forest types (mixed uneven evergreen forests, mixed conifer broad-leaved forests and in confer forests) can also be managed with MAPs such as Chiraito, Sugandhwal in addition to okta, Ma hitho and Allo.The most appropriate species of NTFPs/MAPs and pasture species for co-management for each y e o ore ee o e i e i e i clo e co l a io wi e ra a ce a orali

considering the extent of grazing intensity.

4.2.4 Intensive Management of NTFPs/MAPs

High altitude areas are the storehouse of many high valued and low volume NTFPs and MAPs. arsagumba ( phiocordyceps sinensis), a very high valued herb, is found in large amount in the

high altitude pasture. Nepal is the second exporter of arsagumba after China and world market of arsagumba varies between US$ 5 billion to 11 billion/year (The Himalayan Times, 2016). According to FAHN (2015), Nepal exported a total of NRs. 363.47 million worth of Allo goodsa a a e Ne ali i e cal year . ere are a le o or i ie a co ci e environment in high altitude area to manage and improve the production of MAPs/NTFPs and export to international market.


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4.2 Opportunities and Way Forward in Managing High Altitude Forests

Several options and opportunities exist to bring forests under the overall framework of silviculture systems and sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation. They are:

4.2.1 Enabling Policy Environment and Functional Customary Institutions of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices of Forest and Pasture Management (IFPM)

The unique biophysical and socioeconomic features are recognized by the Forest Policy 2015 and Forestry Sector Strategy 2016. The Forestry Sector Strategy has even stressed for a need of a separate forest management strategy and institutional arrangement in the high altitude areas. Similarly, the Rangeland Policy 2012 and Agriculture Development Strategy 2014 have emphasised for decentralised and community based forest and pasture management.

There are a number of functional customary institutions that are still practicing their indigenous system of pasture and forest management. The proposed REDD+ strategy has provisioned for the sustainable management of forests respecting and recognising the indigenous knowledge and practices of indigenous communities and local people. All these policy documents have created an enabling environment for the sustainable management of high altitude forests and pasture resources.

4.2.2 Intensive Management of Accessible Production Forests

A S a i e i e o e ial area o ro c io ore loca e elow lo e. Howe er, these areas of forest need further validation and delineation through participatory process of land use planning. This makes about 0.19 million ha suitable for intensive management. Rest of ore are ei er i acce i le, i c l errai or are wi e ro ec e area y e . S ai a le

management of these forests would produce 20.67 million cft of wood worth NRs. 4,133 million annually. In addition 12,000 full time job will be created and total direct income would be NRs. 3100 million (Table 1).

Production of wood from the intensive management would meet the growing wood demand of new market centres, towns and tourist centres of high altitude areas and the demands of other urban areas.

Table 1. A tentative estimate of direct wood supply from high altitude forests (Based on FRA/DFRS, 2015a).

Area of forest suitable for Mgt (forest in <20 degree slope) million ha 0.26

Area of forest outside NPs available for intensive management million ha 0.19

Stem volume/ha m3 232

MAI/ ha (taking safe side) m3 3

Total annual wood (0.19 million ha) m3 0.57

Total Standing dead trees (29.91/ha) million no 7.66

Standing dead trees outside PA (NP) 76% of total dead trees no.) million 5.82

Retaining 35% of total DD as habitat trees (no) million 2.04

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Available DT at 25% removal rate (no) million 0.51

Total annual dead wood (@0.031m3/tree) 0.02

Grand total of annual wood supply (standing trees and dead trees outside PA from forest lands A (0.19 million ha)

million m3 0.59

million cft 20.67



Annual Income to local labour (harvesting) @150/cft million Rs 3099.97

No of person days/year@ Rs 700/person person million 4.43

Yearly full time employment person 12132.97

4.2.3 Restoration of Degraded Forests /Fire Burnt Areas through Co-management of NTFPs and Forests

In most areas of high altitude, biophysical and socio-economic features do not allow for intensive forest management but a low intensive forest management that meets the overall objectives of transhumance pastoralists, local livelihoods and conservation needs. There is severe shortage of forage/fodder for transhumant herders during the winter season. Such shortage can be managed y i ro i e a a e e o ak ore a y al o i ro i e e ra e ore a re

burnt areas. In these areas, either natural regeneration needs to be promoted or co-management wi N a ora e ro c io ee o e i i ia e . Al o a ori y o re r area fall in the zone of conifers, where regeneration of Abies and Tsuga is satisfactory enough, these area, owe er, ee i le ro ec io ro illici c i a ro ore re. o a a e e with either NTFPs or forage production can be initiated in areas where regeneration is absent.

In the forests of temperate regions, there exists small gaps and openings scattered all over the areas, which are highly degraded due to grazing pressure. But these areas are conducive to a number of NTFP such as okta (Daphne spp), Ma hitho (Rubus spp) and Allo/nettle(Girardinia diversifolia). These species can also be easily introduced in Oak forests managed under various selection systems. Moreover, wide gaps and openings in other forest types (mixed uneven evergreen forests, mixed conifer broad-leaved forests and in confer forests) can also be managed with MAPs such as Chiraito, Sugandhwal in addition to okta, Ma hitho and Allo.The most appropriate species of NTFPs/MAPs and pasture species for co-management for each y e o ore ee o e i e i e i clo e co l a io wi e ra a ce a orali

considering the extent of grazing intensity.

4.2.4 Intensive Management of NTFPs/MAPs

High altitude areas are the storehouse of many high valued and low volume NTFPs and MAPs. arsagumba ( phiocordyceps sinensis), a very high valued herb, is found in large amount in the

high altitude pasture. Nepal is the second exporter of arsagumba after China and world market of arsagumba varies between US$ 5 billion to 11 billion/year (The Himalayan Times, 2016). According to FAHN (2015), Nepal exported a total of NRs. 363.47 million worth of Allo goodsa a a e Ne ali i e cal year . ere are a le o or i ie a co ci e environment in high altitude area to manage and improve the production of MAPs/NTFPs and export to international market.


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4.2.5 Management of Oak Forests.

Oaks forests is one of the livelihood base of high altitude communities, particularly the transhumance grazers. harsu ( uercus semicarpifolia) forage is one of their basic feeds for livestock. The status of Oak forests in the high altitude areas varies in quality and distribution. Some Oak forests are over-matured and heavily degraded. While others are middle-aged, young and immature relatively in better condition. Oak trees are also scattered throughout the temperate regions.

In order to manage Oak forests, they can be grouped into four categories based on their quality, maturity and density. The general features and management prescription for each category is given in Table 2.

Table 2. Category of Oak Forests/trees their general features and management intervention.

Category General features Management intervention

Over matured Forests dominated mostly by over-matured, malformed, unproductive, and heavily lopped look like an electric pole.

Phased or groups selection coppicing. Opening o all area , clo re or ra i a re protection to allow for coppicing. Open areas can be regenerated through dibbling or broad casting of seeds or by introducing improved varieties of grasses after adequate soil work.

Matured Forests dominated by mature trees having moderately good crown foliage, productive and lopping regulated by local communities. Natural regeneration very poor.

Improvement on lopping technique and regulation systems. Cultivation of forage or NTFPs in open areas.

Immature Young and pole sized trees mostly dominated by gurans and angeri, a few scattered over-matured and matured trees, and lopping regulated by local communities. Natural regeneration fair.

Weeding and cleaning of under growth, coppicing of badly pollarded, stunt saplings, poles, or malformed and diseased trees.

Trees in other forests

Isolated of groups of over matured to young pole sized trees scattered all over temperate forests. Regeneration absent except in inaccessible areas and no lopping regulations exists.

As per the condition of tress apply the same treatment as discussed in the above three categories

4.2.6 Accruing the Co-benefits of REDD+High altitude forests contain biodiversity of immense ecological goods and services and with i i ca i er a io al al e . e car o ool i i er i i al i e ore a e ore

in the low altitudes. The total carbon stock is estimated to be 523.81 million tonnes i.e. about 45% of total carbon stock in forest of the (1157.37 million tonnes) country (FRA/DFRS, 2015a,

. i ake i al i e ore i o i io o accr e i crea e co e e o .

5. Conclusion and RecommendationsHigh altitude areas are rich in indigenous knowledge and practices of natural resource management and a number of customary institutions are active in the management of forests and pasture resources. High altitude areas are rich in forest resources as it contains about one third of total forest area of Nepal with more than 80% of total forests types. These forests are the home of majority of endemic plants and the habitat of a number of threatened wildlife and birds.

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Despite of a huge potential of managing forests and pastures and enhancing economic and e iro e al e e , o c e e a ee rea e . e ar cli a ic co i io , inaccessibility, less attention of the government and inadequate socio-political voices are some of the main causes for the absence of management. As a result, the forest and pasture areas are degrading at an alarming rate. Expansion of blanket approach of CF and expansion of protected area systems without considering the unique features and socio-economic context of the high altitude areas have adversely affected the century’s old indigenous system of forests and pasture management causing several socio-cultural and ecological consequences.

The issues, challenges and opportunities of managing high altitude forests demand multi-i ci li ary ol io a i e ra e re o rce a a e e e o i e eci cally o e e

loca io . He ce, ario co i y rie ly il ic l re y e o l e i e i e i best possible technical knowledge and the indigenous knowledge and practices of transhumant pastoralists and local people. An improved management of high altitude forests and pasture resources will not only improve the biodiversity and forest quality but will also bring ample of opportunities of local employment and income sources for improving the livelihood of local people and reduce out migration of youth.

In order to better manage the forests and pasture resources of the high altitude areas, the following recommendations are made:

• e elo e ara e e ra e Hi Al i e ore e o rce a o i y a e ore e o rce a a e e a co er a io o el a e e y e ore ry

Sector Strategy and implement,

• Recognise the rights of transhumant pastoralists to access over their ancestral pasture area a o a e er a ake a ecial ro i io o i o e e i i ore ac a regulations,

• Conduct inventory and documentation of customary forest and pasture management practices and customary institutions,

• Develop simple sivicultural systems for forest types of high altitude areas considering the indigenous practices of management,

• Identify, strengthen and capacitate community-based institutional arrangements and other relevant stakeholders,

• Enhance the awareness, knowledge and capacity of the forestry staff in managing the high altitude forests and pasture,

• Promote research, development and technological innovation covering ecological aspects of forestry and forest product harvesting and processing.

ReferencesAcharya, D. 2003. Natural Resource Management in High Altitude Areas in Nepal: A Review and Synthesis

of Information. Kathmandu: Livelihoods and Forestry Programmes, Nepal.

Angelstam, P.K. 2010. Forest management systems and landscape approach for ecological sustainability. In J. Diace (Ed.), th UFR nternational Conference on Uneven aged Silviculture, st Century forestry: ntegrating ecologically based, uneven aged silviculture with increased demands for forests.Ljubljana: Slovenia.


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Baker, F.S. 1934. Theory and practice of silviculture. New ork: McGraw−Hill, USA.

Baral, N.R. 1996. Ecologically and Economically Sustainable Forest Management of the High Altitude ore o Ne al. A e earc ro ec co le e i ar ial l ll e o e e ree o Ma er i

Environmental Management and Development. Canberra: The Australian National University.

Baral, N. and Stern, M.J. 2010. Looking back and looking ahead: local empowerment and governance in the Annaurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environmental Conservation: 37(1): 54-63.

Baral, N.R. 2000. Study of Exclusion and equity in the High Altitude Region as an Implication of Community Forestry:Experiences from Sindhupalchok and Dolakha. Kathmandu: Nepal.

Baral, N.R. 2015. Documentation and Assessing Customary Practices of Managing Forest Resources at Local level. Kathmandu: REDD+ Implementation Centre, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Babar Mahal, Nepal.

Baral, N.R., Acharya. D.P. and Rana, C. J. 2012. Study on Drivers of Deforestation and Degraded of Forests in High Mountain Regions of Nepal. Kathmandu: REDD-Forestry and Climate Change Cell, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Nepal.

Bhatta, B. 2002. Access and equity Issues in High Mountain region: Implication of Community Forestry Programme, Policy Analysis in Agricultural and related Resource Management (PAARRM) Programme. Kathmandu: Winrock International Nepal.

Bharali, S., Paul, A., Khan, L.M. and Singha, L.B. 2012. Impact of Altitude on Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Two Rhododendron Species in a Temperate Broad Leaved Forest of Arunachal Pradesh, India. nternational Journal of Ecosystem: 2(1):19-27.

DNPWC. 2015. Annual Report 2014/15. Kathmandu: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal.

DNPWC. 2016. Annual Report 2015/16. Kathmandu: Department of National Parks and Wild Life Conservation (DNWC), Nepal.

DoF. 2015. Forest Products Database. National and leasehold Forests Division. Kathmandu: Department of Forests Babar Mahal, Nepal.

FAHN. 2015. Handicraft Trade Directory 2015. Kathmandu: Federation of Handicraft Associations of Nepal (FHAN).

FAO. 2010. Developing Livestock Raising in High Altitude Areas. Pulchowk: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations UN Complex, Nepal.

FRA/DFRS. 2015a. High Mountains and High Himal Forests of Nepal. Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal. Kathmandu: Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS), Babar Mahal, Nepal.

FRA/DFRS. 2015b. State of Nepal’s Forests, Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal. Kathmandu: Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS), Babar Mahal, Nepal.

Gerrard, R., Kohler, T., Price, F., Byers, A.C., Sherpa A.R. and Maharjan, G.R. 2016. Land Use and Land Cover Change in Sagarmatha National Park, a World Heritage Site in the Himalayas of Eastern Nepal. Mountain Research and Development: 36(3): 299-310.

Hawley, R.C. 1937. The practice of silviculture with particular reference to its application in the United States of America. New York: John Wiley, USA.

Hinrichsen, D., Lucas, P., Coburn, B. and Upreti, B. N. 1983. Saving Sagarmatha. Ambio: 12(3-4): 203-205.

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Inskipp, C. 1989. Nepal’s forest birds: Their status and conservation. UK: International Council for Bird Conservation.

Jackson, W.J., Tamrakar, R.M., Hunt, S.M. and Shepherd, K.N. 1998. A comparative landuse study of two Middle Hills Districts of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development: 18(3): 193-212.

LFLP/DoF. 2014. National LF Database, Leasehold Forests and Livestock Development Programme (LFLP). Kathmandu: Deaprtment of Forests, Babar Mahal, Nepal.

Messerschmidt, D. A. and Rayamajhi, S. 1996. ‘Upper Slopes Forest Management in Kabre Palanchok and Sindhu Palchok Districts, Nepal: A study in Forest Resource Conditions and the Potential for People’s participation’, Final Report of the Upper Slopes Forest Management Consultancy. Kathmandu: Nepal Australian Community Forestry Project, Nepal.

MPFS, 1988. Forest Resource Information, Master Plan for Forestry Sector (MPFS). Kathmandu: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation and Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA), Nepal.

Nyland, R.D. 1996. Silviculture: concepts and applications. New york: McGraw−Hill, USA.

Sharma, P., Rana, J.C., Devi, U., Randhawa, S.S. and Kumar, R. 2014. Floristic Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Plant Communities along Altitudinal Gradient in Sangla Valley, Northwest Himalaya. TheScientific World Journal: 264878.

Shrestha, R.K. and Paudel. K.C. 1996. Oak forest under threat: An urgent concerns for the mountain environment. In P.K. Jha, G.P.S. Ghimere, S.B. Karmacharya, S.R. Baral and P. Lacoul (Eds.), Environment and Biodiversity: in the Context of South Asia (pp 114-119). Kathmandu, Nepal ECOs.

Smith, D. M. 1962. The practice of silviculture. New york: John Wiley, USA.

Smith, D. M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S. 1997. The practice of silviculture: applied forest ecology. New York: John Wiley, USA.

Stainton, J. D.A. 1972. Forests of Nepal. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.

Stevens, S. 2003. Tourism and deforestation in the Mt Everest region of Nepal. The Geographica: 169(3):255-277.

TISC. 2002. Forest and Vegetation Types of Nepal 2nd edition (2010). Kathmandu: Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component (TISC), Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Nepal.

Toumey, J. W. 1928. Foundations of silviculture upon an ecological basis. New York: John Wiley, USA.

UNFCC. 2008. Hand Book, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). Bonn: Climate Change Secretariat, Germany.


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Baker, F.S. 1934. Theory and practice of silviculture. New ork: McGraw−Hill, USA.

Baral, N.R. 1996. Ecologically and Economically Sustainable Forest Management of the High Altitude ore o Ne al. A e earc ro ec co le e i ar ial l ll e o e e ree o Ma er i

Environmental Management and Development. Canberra: The Australian National University.

Baral, N. and Stern, M.J. 2010. Looking back and looking ahead: local empowerment and governance in the Annaurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environmental Conservation: 37(1): 54-63.

Baral, N.R. 2000. Study of Exclusion and equity in the High Altitude Region as an Implication of Community Forestry:Experiences from Sindhupalchok and Dolakha. Kathmandu: Nepal.

Baral, N.R. 2015. Documentation and Assessing Customary Practices of Managing Forest Resources at Local level. Kathmandu: REDD+ Implementation Centre, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Babar Mahal, Nepal.

Baral, N.R., Acharya. D.P. and Rana, C. J. 2012. Study on Drivers of Deforestation and Degraded of Forests in High Mountain Regions of Nepal. Kathmandu: REDD-Forestry and Climate Change Cell, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Nepal.

Bhatta, B. 2002. Access and equity Issues in High Mountain region: Implication of Community Forestry Programme, Policy Analysis in Agricultural and related Resource Management (PAARRM) Programme. Kathmandu: Winrock International Nepal.

Bharali, S., Paul, A., Khan, L.M. and Singha, L.B. 2012. Impact of Altitude on Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Two Rhododendron Species in a Temperate Broad Leaved Forest of Arunachal Pradesh, India. nternational Journal of Ecosystem: 2(1):19-27.

DNPWC. 2015. Annual Report 2014/15. Kathmandu: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal.

DNPWC. 2016. Annual Report 2015/16. Kathmandu: Department of National Parks and Wild Life Conservation (DNWC), Nepal.

DoF. 2015. Forest Products Database. National and leasehold Forests Division. Kathmandu: Department of Forests Babar Mahal, Nepal.

FAHN. 2015. Handicraft Trade Directory 2015. Kathmandu: Federation of Handicraft Associations of Nepal (FHAN).

FAO. 2010. Developing Livestock Raising in High Altitude Areas. Pulchowk: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations UN Complex, Nepal.

FRA/DFRS. 2015a. High Mountains and High Himal Forests of Nepal. Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal. Kathmandu: Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS), Babar Mahal, Nepal.

FRA/DFRS. 2015b. State of Nepal’s Forests, Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal. Kathmandu: Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS), Babar Mahal, Nepal.

Gerrard, R., Kohler, T., Price, F., Byers, A.C., Sherpa A.R. and Maharjan, G.R. 2016. Land Use and Land Cover Change in Sagarmatha National Park, a World Heritage Site in the Himalayas of Eastern Nepal. Mountain Research and Development: 36(3): 299-310.

Hawley, R.C. 1937. The practice of silviculture with particular reference to its application in the United States of America. New York: John Wiley, USA.

Hinrichsen, D., Lucas, P., Coburn, B. and Upreti, B. N. 1983. Saving Sagarmatha. Ambio: 12(3-4): 203-205.

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Inskipp, C. 1989. Nepal’s forest birds: Their status and conservation. UK: International Council for Bird Conservation.

Jackson, W.J., Tamrakar, R.M., Hunt, S.M. and Shepherd, K.N. 1998. A comparative landuse study of two Middle Hills Districts of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development: 18(3): 193-212.

LFLP/DoF. 2014. National LF Database, Leasehold Forests and Livestock Development Programme (LFLP). Kathmandu: Deaprtment of Forests, Babar Mahal, Nepal.

Messerschmidt, D. A. and Rayamajhi, S. 1996. ‘Upper Slopes Forest Management in Kabre Palanchok and Sindhu Palchok Districts, Nepal: A study in Forest Resource Conditions and the Potential for People’s participation’, Final Report of the Upper Slopes Forest Management Consultancy. Kathmandu: Nepal Australian Community Forestry Project, Nepal.

MPFS, 1988. Forest Resource Information, Master Plan for Forestry Sector (MPFS). Kathmandu: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation and Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA), Nepal.

Nyland, R.D. 1996. Silviculture: concepts and applications. New york: McGraw−Hill, USA.

Sharma, P., Rana, J.C., Devi, U., Randhawa, S.S. and Kumar, R. 2014. Floristic Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Plant Communities along Altitudinal Gradient in Sangla Valley, Northwest Himalaya. TheScientific World Journal: 264878.

Shrestha, R.K. and Paudel. K.C. 1996. Oak forest under threat: An urgent concerns for the mountain environment. In P.K. Jha, G.P.S. Ghimere, S.B. Karmacharya, S.R. Baral and P. Lacoul (Eds.), Environment and Biodiversity: in the Context of South Asia (pp 114-119). Kathmandu, Nepal ECOs.

Smith, D. M. 1962. The practice of silviculture. New york: John Wiley, USA.

Smith, D. M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S. 1997. The practice of silviculture: applied forest ecology. New York: John Wiley, USA.

Stainton, J. D.A. 1972. Forests of Nepal. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.

Stevens, S. 2003. Tourism and deforestation in the Mt Everest region of Nepal. The Geographica: 169(3):255-277.

TISC. 2002. Forest and Vegetation Types of Nepal 2nd edition (2010). Kathmandu: Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component (TISC), Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Nepal.

Toumey, J. W. 1928. Foundations of silviculture upon an ecological basis. New York: John Wiley, USA.

UNFCC. 2008. Hand Book, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). Bonn: Climate Change Secretariat, Germany.

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$_ h}ljs ljljwtf tyf jg>f]tsf] cj:yfo; ;+/lIft jg If]qdf pi0f k|b]lzo jg kfOG5 . o; jgdf d'Vo u/L ;fn, c;gf, sdf{, l;;f}, vo/ cflb k|hfltsf] afx'Notf kfOG5 h;df ^%=#%Ü ;fnsf] jg /x]sf] 5 eg] !$=&#Ü ldl>t s8f rf}8fkft] jg, *=$(Ü vo/–l;;f} ldl>t jg / !!=$#Ü 3fF;] d}bfg tyf j[Iff/f]k0f If]q /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+/lIft jgdf lj?jf ;+Vof k|lt x]= #((!=## /x]sf] 5 eg] nfy|f ;+Vof k|lt x]= *@)=#! 5 . kf]n / ?v ;+Vof k|lt x]= qmdzM *#=!) / $*=#* /x]sf] 5 eg] ?v / kf]naf6 k|fKt x'g] s'n df}Hbft k|lt x]= !$$=$^ So'=dL= /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] lj?jf / nfy|fsf] t'ngfdf kf]n / ?vsf] ;+Vof lgs} sd 5 / k|fKt x'g] s'n df}Hbft klg lgs} sd 5 . o; If]q jl/kl/ /x]sf jg cltqmd0f, jg k}bfjf/ dflysf] cTolws rfk, clgolGqt rl/r/g, jg 89]nf] / rf]/L t:s/Lsf] sf/0fn] o; ;+/lIft If]qsf] jg lbg k|ltlbg ljgf; eO/x]sf] 5 . vftf ;+/lIft jgsf] #^#=*@ x]= If]qkmn cltqmd0fsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 . ctM o; jgnfO{ j}1flgs / lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ clt cfjZos b]lvG5 .

o; ;+/lIft jgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfo -;fd'bflos, wfld{s_ / ;/sf/åf/f jgsf] Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . vftf ;+/lIft jgdf %& j6f ;fd'bflos jgsf] ?kdf ;d'xnfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{ Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf]df hDdf ^,&^$ 3/w'/Lsf $),&)# hg;+Vof k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg eO{ nfeflGjt eO/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;+/lIft jgsf] clwsf+z jg ;fd'blos jgsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f eO;s]sf]df s]xL efudfq ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg tyf wfld{s jgsf] ?kdf /x]s]f 5 .

o; jgsf] blIf0fL If]qdf k|z:t j]nsf ?vx? 5g\ / cf]/fnL ahf/df j]nsf] h'; agfpg] pBf]u klg :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; If]qsf :yflgo u/Lj kl/jf/x?n] j]n ;+sng u/L] yk cfDbfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgaf6 vf; u/L l;sfsfO, lkknf, x/f]{, a/f]{, cdnf, af]emf] cflb ;+sng u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] ax'd'No h8La'6Lx?nfO{ ;fd'bflos jg, sa'lnotL jg / ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL jgx?df h8La'6L v]tL / pBdx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L :yfgLo :t/sf hgtfx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO{ cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] s0ff{nL gbLsf] e+Ëfnf]x? o; ;+/lIft jgsf] klZrd If]q eO{ aUg] ub{5 / gbLsf] e+Ëfnf]x?n] ubf{ oxfF y'k|} 6fk'x? lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ h'g jGohGt'x?sf] jf;:yfg / h}ljs dfu{sf] nflu clt pko'Qm 5 . s0ff{nL gbL b'n{e ;f]+; tyf uf]xLx?sf] k|d'v af;:yfg klg xf] . o; lhNnfsf] k|d'v tfnx? dWo]sf] Ps eu|}of tfn o; If]qsf] blIf0fL l;dfgfdf ef/t;+u hf]l8Psf] cj:yfdf 5 / of] tfn ljleGg hnr/x?sf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu pko'Qm / jGohGt'x?sf] nflu kfgLsf] >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

jg ;Dkbf, h}ljs ljljwtf, tfn–tn}of Pj+ 7"nf ax'd"No hLjhGt'x? h:t} u}+8f, af3 / xfQLsf] lx+88'n ug]{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ h}ljsdfu{ /x]sf] Ps cfkm\g} ljz]iftf af]s]sf] If]q xf] . vftf ;+/lIft jgn] pQ/df alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h / blIf0fdf ef/tsf] stlg{of3f6 jGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ hf]8\g] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . of] If]qdf g]kfnsf ;+/lIft ljleGg k|hfltsf jGohGt' / 3l;|g] hftsf hGt'x? h:t}M af3, u}+8f, xfQL,


vftf ;+/lIft jgM kfl/l:ysLo dxTjsf]

h}ljs dfu{ hgs kfWof

;ldtf >]i7

!_ kl/rovftf ;+/lIft jg alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg / ef/tsf] stlg{of3f6 jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] lardf cjl:yt 5 . o; jg If]qn] b'O{ b]zsf] kfl/l:ylso dxTj /fVg'sf]] ;fy} b'O{ b]zaLr 7"nf jGohGt'x? cfjt–hfjt ug]{ h}ljsdfu{sf] ?kdf ;d]t dxTj /fVb5 . g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf nfdf] s0ff{nL gbL o;} If]q x'Fb} aUg] ub{5 / of] hf]lvddf /x]sf ;f]+; -8lNkmg_, uf]xL tyf cGo hnr/x?sf] nflu klg clt g} pko'Qm af;:yfg xf] . k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cnfjf o; If]q tyf cf;kf;sf] If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ ;d'bfosf dflg;x? jg Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0fdf nflu k/]sf 5g\ . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ o; If]q kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pRr ;Defjgf ePsf] If]q dfGg ;lsG5 .

@_ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylto; ;+/lIft jgsf] s'n If]qkmn (@%)=#@ x]S6/ /x]s]f 5, h'g alb{of lhNnfsf] s'n jg If]qsf] *=! k|ltzt xf] . ;+/lIft jgsf] s"n If]qkmn dWo] %&$!=*( x]S6/ jgn] -s[lif tyf cfjfbL If]q afx]s_ 9fs]sf] 5 eg] of] ;+/lIft jg ;d'b|L ;txaf6 !#( dL= b]lv !&@ dL= ;Ddsf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . o; If]qdf pi0f k|b]lzo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 / o; If]qdf cf}ift jflif{s jiff{ !!!* ld=ln= x'g] ub{5 . oxfFsf] cf}ift clwstd tfkqmd #(=*) l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]6 / cf}ift Go'gtd tfkqmd (=^) l8= ;]= /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf kf+uf], anf}6], bf]d6 anf}6] / lrD6fO{nf] /ftf] df6f] kfO{G5 . o; ;+/lIft jgdf d'Vo u/L u]?jf÷s0ff{nL gbL / cf]/xL vf]nf /x]sf 5g\ .

#_ Ef"–pkof]lutfsf] cj:yfe"–pkof]udf hldgn] cf]u6]sf] ljj/0f, If]qkmn / k|ltzt b]xfosf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

;=j=c=, jg ljefu /]~h/, lh=j=sf df]/u+

23

e"–pkof]usf] lsl;d If]qkmn -x]=_ k|ltztjg $%)#=&@ $*=^(cfjfbL tyf s[lif If]q #%)*=$# #&=(#

3fF;] d}bfg, j[Iff/f]k0f %*!=#! ^=@*anf}6] If]q #%*=&! #=**gbL, Tffn / kf]v/L @(*=!% #=@@hDdf (@%)=#@ !))

$_ h}ljs ljljwtf tyf jg>f]tsf] cj:yfo; ;+/lIft jg If]qdf pi0f k|b]lzo jg kfOG5 . o; jgdf d'Vo u/L ;fn, c;gf, sdf{, l;;f}, vo/ cflb k|hfltsf] afx'Notf kfOG5 h;df ^%=#%Ü ;fnsf] jg /x]sf] 5 eg] !$=&#Ü ldl>t s8f rf}8fkft] jg, *=$(Ü vo/–l;;f} ldl>t jg / !!=$#Ü 3fF;] d}bfg tyf j[Iff/f]k0f If]q /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+/lIft jgdf lj?jf ;+Vof k|lt x]= #((!=## /x]sf] 5 eg] nfy|f ;+Vof k|lt x]= *@)=#! 5 . kf]n / ?v ;+Vof k|lt x]= qmdzM *#=!) / $*=#* /x]sf] 5 eg] ?v / kf]naf6 k|fKt x'g] s'n df}Hbft k|lt x]= !$$=$^ So'=dL= /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] lj?jf / nfy|fsf] t'ngfdf kf]n / ?vsf] ;+Vof lgs} sd 5 / k|fKt x'g] s'n df}Hbft klg lgs} sd 5 . o; If]q jl/kl/ /x]sf jg cltqmd0f, jg k}bfjf/ dflysf] cTolws rfk, clgolGqt rl/r/g, jg 89]nf] / rf]/L t:s/Lsf] sf/0fn] o; ;+/lIft If]qsf] jg lbg k|ltlbg ljgf; eO/x]sf] 5 . vftf ;+/lIft jgsf] #^#=*@ x]= If]qkmn cltqmd0fsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 . ctM o; jgnfO{ j}1flgs / lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ clt cfjZos b]lvG5 .

o; ;+/lIft jgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfo -;fd'bflos, wfld{s_ / ;/sf/åf/f jgsf] Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . vftf ;+/lIft jgdf %& j6f ;fd'bflos jgsf] ?kdf ;d'xnfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{ Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf]df hDdf ^,&^$ 3/w'/Lsf $),&)# hg;+Vof k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg eO{ nfeflGjt eO/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;+/lIft jgsf] clwsf+z jg ;fd'blos jgsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f eO;s]sf]df s]xL efudfq ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg tyf wfld{s jgsf] ?kdf /x]s]f 5 .

o; jgsf] blIf0fL If]qdf k|z:t j]nsf ?vx? 5g\ / cf]/fnL ahf/df j]nsf] h'; agfpg] pBf]u klg :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; If]qsf :yflgo u/Lj kl/jf/x?n] j]n ;+sng u/L] yk cfDbfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgaf6 vf; u/L l;sfsfO, lkknf, x/f]{, a/f]{, cdnf, af]emf] cflb ;+sng u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] ax'd'No h8La'6Lx?nfO{ ;fd'bflos jg, sa'lnotL jg / ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL jgx?df h8La'6L v]tL / pBdx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L :yfgLo :t/sf hgtfx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO{ cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] s0ff{nL gbLsf] e+Ëfnf]x? o; ;+/lIft jgsf] klZrd If]q eO{ aUg] ub{5 / gbLsf] e+Ëfnf]x?n] ubf{ oxfF y'k|} 6fk'x? lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ h'g jGohGt'x?sf] jf;:yfg / h}ljs dfu{sf] nflu clt pko'Qm 5 . s0ff{nL gbL b'n{e ;f]+; tyf uf]xLx?sf] k|d'v af;:yfg klg xf] . o; lhNnfsf] k|d'v tfnx? dWo]sf] Ps eu|}of tfn o; If]qsf] blIf0fL l;dfgfdf ef/t;+u hf]l8Psf] cj:yfdf 5 / of] tfn ljleGg hnr/x?sf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu pko'Qm / jGohGt'x?sf] nflu kfgLsf] >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

jg ;Dkbf, h}ljs ljljwtf, tfn–tn}of Pj+ 7"nf ax'd"No hLjhGt'x? h:t} u}+8f, af3 / xfQLsf] lx+88'n ug]{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ h}ljsdfu{ /x]sf] Ps cfkm\g} ljz]iftf af]s]sf] If]q xf] . vftf ;+/lIft jgn] pQ/df alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h / blIf0fdf ef/tsf] stlg{of3f6 jGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ hf]8\g] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . of] If]qdf g]kfnsf ;+/lIft ljleGg k|hfltsf jGohGt' / 3l;|g] hftsf hGt'x? h:t}M af3, u}+8f, xfQL,


af¥xl;Ë], ;f]+;, 3l8ofn uf]lx, clhË/, ;'g uf]xf]/f] cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o; jgdf aFb]n, lrt'jf, lrQn, gLnufO{, :ofn, v/fof], Gofp/L d';f, jg la/fnf], AffFb/ cflb klg kfOG5 . vftf ;+/lIft jgdf !&# k|hfltsf r/fx? kfOG5g\ ,h; dWo] !)! k|hfltsf r/fx? ;fn jgdf, *@ k|hfltsf r/fx? gbL t6Lo jgdf / ̂ % k|hfltsf r/fx? gbL tyf vf]nf lsgf/df kfOG5g\ . o; If]qdf b'n{e cj:yfdf /x]sf r/fx? lu4, v/ dh'/, wg]z, e'Fl8kmf]/, ;f/;, nufot y'k|} hf]lvdf k/]sf r/fx?n] a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;+/lIft jgdf ljljw k|hfltsf jg:kltx? kfO{G5g\ h; dWo] d'Vo ?kdf ;fn /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o; afx]s c;gf, sdf{, l;dn, l;l/; cflb k|hfltx? Kflg /x]sf 5g\ . vf]nfsf] lsgf/df vo/ / l;;f} k|hfltsf] jgsf] ;;fgf Pj+ rSnfsf] ?kdf klg 5g\ . o; If]qdf sl/j & j6f ;fgf 7"nf k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t tfn /x]sf 5g\, o;n] ubf{ oL tfnx? aflx/af6 cfpg] df};dL cfuGt's r/fx?sf] Ps c:yfO ?kdf a;f]jf; ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ynf] klg xf] .

%_ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljj/0f

alb{of lhNnfsf] ;fljssf #! j6f uf=lj=;=x? dWo] vftf ;+/lIft jgsf] l;dfgfn] & j6f uf=lj=;= x?sf] e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . oL ;ftj6f dWo] vftf ;+/lIft jgdf ;"o{k6'jf, 9f]9/L / augfxf uf=lj=;= x?n] w]/} If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] g]pnfk'/, 7fs'/åf/f, ;fgf]>L / v}/LrGbgk'/ uf=lj=;= x?n] s]xL e"–efu dfq cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; ;+/lIft jgsf] k|efljt uf=lj=;= x?df a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx? vf; u/L k/fDk/fut s[lif, kz'kfng, dT:okfng / jg;DaGwL k]zfx?df lge{/ /xb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

^_ b"/b[li6, nIo , p2]Zo tyf cfzfltt pknlJwx?

b"/b[li6 M æ;d[4 ;'/lIft h}ljs dfu{, :yflgo ;d'bfosf] ;d'Ggt hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/Æ

nIo M æ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;xeflutfd'ns ;+/If0fd'vL jg Joj:yfkgåf/f 7"nf / dxTjk"0f{ jGohGt'x?sf] h}ljs dfu{nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]Æ

p2]Zo tyf ck]lIft pknlAwx?M

p2]Zox? cfzfltt pknAwLx?

!= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;xeflutfd'ns ;+/If0fd'vL jg Joj:yfkgåf/f 7"nf jGohGt'x?sf] af;:yfg / h}ljsdfu{x?sf] k"g{:yfkgf u/L :jtGq ?kdf jGohGt'x? lx+88'n ug{ ;Sg] ;+/lIft jg sfod ug]{ .

•;xeflutfd"ns ;+/If0fd'vL jg Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;d'bfoåf/f h}ljs ljljwtf / h}ljs dfu{sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L 7"nf / dxTjk"0f{ jGohGt'x? ;'/lIft ;fy lx+88'n ug{ ;Sg] pko'Qm jgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] .

•;+/lIft jgdf /x]sf b'n{e tyf dxTjk'0f{ jg:kltx?nfO{ k|fs[lts jf;:yfgdf ;'wf/ u/L In-situ ;+/If0fsf] cfwf/df gd"gf k|b{zg Kn6x? :yfkgf u/L ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ePsf] .

•;+/lIft jgsf] jl/kl/ l;dfgf /]vfÍg u/L tf/af/ jf 6«]~rsf] ;fy sfF8fhGo tyf cGo pkof]uL lj?jf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L xl/t 5]saf/ lgdf{0f ePsf] .

•;+/lIft jgdf /x]sf tfn tn}ofx?sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] j[l4 ePsf] .

• :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / ;xsfo{df :yfgLo ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs / wfld{s :ynx?sf] wfld{s jg dfkm{t ;+/If0f u/L ;+:s[lt / k/fDk/fsf] hu]gf{ ePsf] .

•;+/lIft jgdf jGohGt' / :yfgLo afl;Gbf aLr /x]sf] ljjfbdf sdL eO{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf hg;xeflutf a9]sf] .

25

@= ;+/lIft jgsf k|efljt uf=lj=;=x?df s[lif jg tyf j}slNks phf{sf] Jofks lj:tf/ u/L jgdfly kl//x]sf] rfknfO{ sd u/fpg] .

• lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufx?df Jofks ?kdf hgrfxgf cg'?k l56f] a9\g] ax'pkof]uL k|hfltx?sf] j[Iff/f]k0f Pj+ s[lif jg k|0ffnLsf] cEof; eO{ :yfgLo ?kdf jg k}bfjf/sf] pknAwtfdf a9f]Q/L eO{ ;xh cfk'lt{ x'g'sf] ;fy} cfocfh{gdf j[l4 ePsf] .

•;+/lIft jg, lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs jgaf6 j}slNks phf{sf] ?kdf ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], rkL{ hl8t uf]j/UofF; / bfp/f ;xh pknAwtfn] jgdf lge{/ /x]sf] rfkdf sdL cfPsf] .

#= jg k}bfjf/sf] :yflgo cfk"l{t{ ;xh ub}{, ahf/d'vL xl/t pBd tyf cGo cfod'ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfocfh{gdf j[l4 u/L hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

• xl/t tyf u}/ xl/t n3' pBdx?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngåf/f xl/t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf eO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] cfocfh{gdf j[l4 eP/ hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ePsf] .

•;+/lIft jgsf k|efljt uf=lj=;= x?df ;d'bfox?sf] kxndf kof{ko{6gsf] ?kdf xf]d :6] tyf cGo cfocfh{gsf sfo{qmdx?af6 :yfgLo ;d'bfox?df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf eO{ cfocfh{gsf dfWodn] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ePsf] .

• ljkGg, blnt, lk5l8Psf 3/w'/Lx? ljkGgd'vL sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt ePsf] .•s[lif jg ;xsf/L dfk{mt 3'DtL ;]jfsf] kl/rfng u/L :yfgLo hgtfdf pBd

tyf cfocfh{g sfo{qmd ;/n / ;'ne ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf] .

&_ ;+/lIft jgsf] ;jfn tyf r'gf}ltx? o; ;+/lIft jgsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M–

h}ljsdfu{ ;+/If0fsf] nflu xfn;Dd s'g} 7f]; sfo{qmd gx'g',

h}ljsdfu{ Jojl:yt gx'gfn] jGohGt'åf/f cfqmd0f tyf jfnLgfnL gi6sf] ;d:of x'g',

xfQL, u}+8f tyf af3 h:tf 7"nf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ug{ uf¥xf] ePsf],

jiff{tsf] ;dodf xfQLx?n] afnL vfOlbg' / ef}lts ;+/rgfx? gi6 ug'{,

kof{Kt ?kdf ljB'lto tf/af/ gx'g' / Iflt Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag gx'g',

jg cltqmd0f u/]/ a;]sfx? jGohGt' cfqmd0faf6 a9L kLl8t ePsf],

jGohGt'af6 ePsf cfqmd0fsf] plrt Ifltk"lt{ ;dodf g} gkfpg',

Ifltk"lt{ s;/L / s–s;nfO{ lbg] k|i6 gx'g',

jGohGt' / dflg;aLrsf] åGb / a9\bf] b'/L sfod x'g',

hgtfsf] xs clwsf/ s;/L ;'lglZrt ug]{ eGg] af/] s;}n] g;f]Rg',

d'Qm sd}ofx? cfkm" v'zL jg cltqmd0f u/L a:g',

@÷# xKtfdf g} *÷!) j6f 3/x? jg cltqmd0f u/L agfpg',

jg glhs a:g] dflg;n] cfˆgf] hUuf a9fpFb} n}hfg' tyf gDa/L, P]nfgL hUufsf] jf:tljs Plsg gx'g',

;fj{hflgs hUufsf] plrt Aoj:yfkg gx'g',

jgIf]qaf6 df6f], 9'Ëf, lu§L, afn'jf tyf hl8a'6Lsf] ;+sng cJojl:yt 9+uaf6 ul/g',

afl9, gbL s6fg tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k x'g',

tfn–tn}of ;'Vvf x'g' tyf k'l/b} hfg',

/fhg}lts bnx? uDeL/ gx'g' tyf ;+/If0fdf k|lta4 gx'g' / e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg',

cfly{s nfe tyf 8/ / qf;sf sf/0f a9\bf] rf]/L lzsf/L -sf7 tyf jGohGt'_x'g',

kof{Kt jg x]/fn' gx'g' tyf >f]t–;fwgsf] sld x'g',

cfly{s cefj tyf a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L / o'jf hgzlQm ljb]z knfog x'g',

ef/ttkm{ uPsf jGohGt'x? xfn;fn} dfq ef/tåf/f vlgPsf vf8nsf sf/0f g]kfn kms{gdf sl7gfO x'g',


26

;+/lIft jgnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ?kdf cufl8 nfg] <, emf8L tyf ?vnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] nx/fx?nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ <, k|i6 /0flglt gx'g',

;f=j= leq x'g] cfunfuL s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <, k|i6 /0fgLlt gx'g',

e"–Ifosf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug]{ <, k|i6 /0fgLlt gx'g',

sfj{g dfkg s;/L ug]{ <, k|i6 /0flglt gx'g',

ko{6g ljsf;sf] nflu s'g} lsl;dsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ gx'g' tyf k|rf/–k|;f/ gx'g',

aGb x8tfn h:tf sfo{n] ko{6g If]q w/f;foL x'g',

zflGt ;'/Iff gx'g' / cltl/Qm s/ k|0ffnL nfu" x'g',

ky k|bz{s -ufO8_ kof{Kt gx'g',

lzIff, :yf:Yo, ljB't, vfg]kfgL / af6f]3f6f]sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gx'g',

ljsf; ah]6df /fhgLlts efuaG8f x'g' / /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] sfd x'g g;Sg',

l;+rfO{ tyf cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnLsf] sdL x'g',

pGgt hftsf] kz' tyf s[lif aLp pknAw gx'g',

pTkflbt s[ifL afnLsf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg gx'g' / plrt d"No gkfpg',

3fF;] d}bfg gx'g' / rl/r/0fsf] If]q gx'g',

:yfgLo hftsf kz'x? cToflws ;+Vofdf x'g' / aw'jf kz' kfNg] rng gx'g',

k|fljlws 1fg tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g',

pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgf j[l4 Pj+ k|b'if0fdf j[l4 / kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gx'g',

lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] nflu hg r]tgfd"ns Pj+ zLkd"ns sfo{qmd tyf tflnd gx'g',

jg k}bfjf/ lalqm ljt/0fdf 7]s]bf/L k|yf xflj x'g',

jg k}bfjf/sf] ;dfj]zL tl/sfn] afF8kmfF8 x'g g;Sg',

;/sf/L gLlt :yL/ gx'g',

:yfgLo d7–dlGb/ tyf nf]s ;+:s[lt hu]gf{ x'g] lsl;dsf] sfo{qmd nfu' gx'g',

;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 vftf ;+/If0f If]q Pj+ kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pknlAwd"ns sfd gx'g',

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 kof{Kt dfqfdf cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f x'g g;Sg',

:yfgLo hg;d'bfo;+u 5nkmn gu/L pgLx?sf] lrQ ga'em\g] lsl;dsf sfo{of]hgfx? ljutb]lv nfu' x'g' .

*_ pk;+xf/o; vftf ;+/lIft jg b]zs} Ps dxTjk"0f{ h}ljs ljljwtf P+j h}ljsdfu{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] jg xf] . o; ;+/lIft jgdf /x]sf] core area sf] jgnfO{ j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg u/L jg, h}ljs ljljwtf / h}ljs dfu{sf] lbuf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug'{ / fringe area s]f jgnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fd'bflos jg tyf ljkGgd'vL sj'lnotL jgsf] ?kdf jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g tyf ;b'kof]u u/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / 3fF;] d}bfgsf] plrt Aoj:yfkgsf ;fy} anf}6] tyf phf8 e"ldx?df ax'pkof]uL lj?jfx?sf] j[Iff/f]k0f u/L xl/ofnL a9fpg clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lghL cfjfbL hldgx?df klg s[lif jg k4ltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L vftf If]qsf jgdflysf] rfknfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos 5 . jg cltqmd0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lhNnf txsf :yfgLo k|zf;g, k|x/L, /fhg}lts bn, gful/s ;dfh, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x nufot jg k|zf;g / s]Gb|Lo txsf] ;d]t ;xof]u / ;dGjo ePsf] v08df o;nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L lhNnf jg sfof{no jlb{of, @)^* . vftf jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf, @)^* .

lhNnf jg sfof{no jlb{of k~r jlif{o sfo{of]hgf

->f]t M g]kfnsf ;+/lIft jgx?sf] k'l:tsfaf6 lnOPsf]_


26

;+/lIft jgnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ?kdf cufl8 nfg] <, emf8L tyf ?vnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] nx/fx?nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ <, k|i6 /0flglt gx'g',

;f=j= leq x'g] cfunfuL s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <, k|i6 /0fgLlt gx'g',

e"–Ifosf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug]{ <, k|i6 /0fgLlt gx'g',

sfj{g dfkg s;/L ug]{ <, k|i6 /0flglt gx'g',

ko{6g ljsf;sf] nflu s'g} lsl;dsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ gx'g' tyf k|rf/–k|;f/ gx'g',

aGb x8tfn h:tf sfo{n] ko{6g If]q w/f;foL x'g',

zflGt ;'/Iff gx'g' / cltl/Qm s/ k|0ffnL nfu" x'g',

ky k|bz{s -ufO8_ kof{Kt gx'g',

lzIff, :yf:Yo, ljB't, vfg]kfgL / af6f]3f6f]sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gx'g',

ljsf; ah]6df /fhgLlts efuaG8f x'g' / /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] sfd x'g g;Sg',

l;+rfO{ tyf cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnLsf] sdL x'g',

pGgt hftsf] kz' tyf s[lif aLp pknAw gx'g',

pTkflbt s[ifL afnLsf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg gx'g' / plrt d"No gkfpg',

3fF;] d}bfg gx'g' / rl/r/0fsf] If]q gx'g',

:yfgLo hftsf kz'x? cToflws ;+Vofdf x'g' / aw'jf kz' kfNg] rng gx'g',

k|fljlws 1fg tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g',

pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgf j[l4 Pj+ k|b'if0fdf j[l4 / kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gx'g',

lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] nflu hg r]tgfd"ns Pj+ zLkd"ns sfo{qmd tyf tflnd gx'g',

jg k}bfjf/ lalqm ljt/0fdf 7]s]bf/L k|yf xflj x'g',

jg k}bfjf/sf] ;dfj]zL tl/sfn] afF8kmfF8 x'g g;Sg',

;/sf/L gLlt :yL/ gx'g',

:yfgLo d7–dlGb/ tyf nf]s ;+:s[lt hu]gf{ x'g] lsl;dsf] sfo{qmd nfu' gx'g',

;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 vftf ;+/If0f If]q Pj+ kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pknlAwd"ns sfd gx'g',

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 kof{Kt dfqfdf cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f x'g g;Sg',

:yfgLo hg;d'bfo;+u 5nkmn gu/L pgLx?sf] lrQ ga'em\g] lsl;dsf sfo{of]hgfx? ljutb]lv nfu' x'g' .

*_ pk;+xf/o; vftf ;+/lIft jg b]zs} Ps dxTjk"0f{ h}ljs ljljwtf P+j h}ljsdfu{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] jg xf] . o; ;+/lIft jgdf /x]sf] core area sf] jgnfO{ j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg u/L jg, h}ljs ljljwtf / h}ljs dfu{sf] lbuf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug'{ / fringe area s]f jgnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fd'bflos jg tyf ljkGgd'vL sj'lnotL jgsf] ?kdf jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g tyf ;b'kof]u u/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / 3fF;] d}bfgsf] plrt Aoj:yfkgsf ;fy} anf}6] tyf phf8 e"ldx?df ax'pkof]uL lj?jfx?sf] j[Iff/f]k0f u/L xl/ofnL a9fpg clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lghL cfjfbL hldgx?df klg s[lif jg k4ltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L vftf If]qsf jgdflysf] rfknfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos 5 . jg cltqmd0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lhNnf txsf :yfgLo k|zf;g, k|x/L, /fhg}lts bn, gful/s ;dfh, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x nufot jg k|zf;g / s]Gb|Lo txsf] ;d]t ;xof]u / ;dGjo ePsf] v08df o;nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L lhNnf jg sfof{no jlb{of, @)^* . vftf jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf, @)^* .

lhNnf jg sfof{no jlb{of k~r jlif{o sfo{of]hgf

cGt/jftf{

/f/f/fli6«olgs'Ghsfof{nosf;xfos;+/If0fclws[t>Lnf]s]Gb|clwsf/L;Fuvu]Gb|k|;fbb'nfnn]:ynut

¿kdfug'{ePsf]s'/fsfgLsfcfwf/df

!= tkfO{sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro kfpg g < gd:sf/ d nf]s]G› clwsf/L d k'tnLahf/ !# :ofª\hfsf] :yfoL afl;Gbf xf] d}n] ag la1fg cWoog

;+:yfg kf]v/f SofDk; kf]v/faf6 @)&! ;fndf :gfts tx xfl;n u/L ljZj aGohGt' sf]if-WWF Nepal_ g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ;xfossf] ¿kdf sfd u/L @)&# ;fn sflt{s dlxgfb]lv g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ag ;]jf jfON8 nfOkm ;d"xdf ;xfos ;+/If0f clws[t sf] ¿kdf /f/f /fli6«o lgs'Gh sfof{nodf sfo{/t 5' .

@= xfn ;xfos ;+/If0f clws[tsf] ?kdf sfd ub}{ 5' eGg' eof], o;sf] k|fs[lts jf ef}uf]lns :j?ksf] jf/]df jtfO{ lbg' g <

/f/f /fli6«o lgs'Gh g]kfns} ;a}eGbf ;fgf] lgs'Gh , dWoklZrd g]kfnsf] d'u' / h'Dnf lhNnfdf kg]{ lxdfnL /fli6«o lgs'Gh xf] . of] /fli6«o lgs'Gh !)^ ju{ ls ld If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5\ eg] o;sf] dWojtL{ If]qn] sl/a !(* ju{ ls ld cf]u6]sf] 5 . g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] tfn /f/f tfn ;lxt cg'kd ;'Gb/tfn] el/k'0f{ of] /fli6«o lgs'Gh g]kfnsf] cu|0fL ;+/lIft If]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

#= o; lgs'Gh leq s] s:tf h}ljs -k|f0fL / jg:klt_ x¿ 5g\ ;DIf]kdf jtfO{ lbg'g < h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf] o; lgs'Ghdf pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL 5]qdf

kfOg] clwsf+z aGohGt' tyf ag:klt kfOG5g . #)))–$))) ld sf] prfOdf uf]a|];Nnf,lyGu'/];Nnf, w'kL, ef]hkq v:? / u'/f+;sf ljleGg k|hflt kfOG5g\ xfn;Dd lgs'Ghdf !)&) k|hfltsf ;DaxgL -ef:s'n/ KnfG6_ ag:klt /]s8{ ul/osf] 5 h;dWo] !^ g]kfnfdf dfq kfOg] -PG8lds_ k|hflt x'g\ hl8a'6Ltkm{ cltz, kfFrcf}n], 3'lRrRofp, h6fd;L, kfvga]b ;t'jf, lr/fOtf] agn;'g nufotsf cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ hl8a'6L kfOG5g\ o; lgs'Gh g]kfndf kfOg] :tgwf/L jGohGt' k|hfltdWo] %! k|hflt, @&@ k|hfltsf r/fx¿ / !& k|hfltsf df5fx¿sf] af;:yfg ynf]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . lgs'Gh /]8 kf08f -xfa|]_, s:t'/L d[u, lxdfnL sfnf] efn' h:tf ;+s6fkGg k|hflt, rL/ sflnh, 8fFkm], d'gfn h:tf ;+/lIft kG5L, lxdfnL c;nf df5f cflbsf] k|d'v af;:yfg xf] . o; lgs'Ghdf cjl:yt /f/f tfndf g]kfndf dfq kfOg] ltg k|hfltsf df5f dWo] sfnf] /f/f c;nf xfn;Dd /f/fdf dfq /]s8{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] Psk|hfltsf] Eofu'tf /f/fdf dfq kfOg'n] hnr/ tyf ynr/ b'j} lsl;dsf k|f0fLsf] Pj+ kl/l:ylso k|0ffnLdf /f/f cu|0fL :yfgdf /xFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

$= of] tfn jf of] lgs'Ghsf] gfd g} /f/f lsg /fv]sf], cs]f{ gfd lsg /x]g, o;sf] cfWolTds jf ef}lts j:t'sf] dxŒj 5 <

of] lgs'Ghsf] gfds/0f /f/f g} /xg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] o; lgs'Gh If]qdf kg]{ g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /f/f tfnsf] cjl:ylt xf] . o; If]qsf] cfWoflTds eGbfklg ef}lts tyf h}ljs dxŒj al9/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qn] d'u' lhNnfsf] dfq geP/ k|b]z ^ sf] ef]uf]lns k|ltlgwTj ;d]t ub{5 . of] lgs'Gh If]qnfO{ s0ff{nL gbLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ hnfwf/ If]q ;d]t dflgG5 .

%= o;nfO{ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] < k|fs[lts e";Dkbf tyf /f/f tfn ;lxt sf] lxdfnL e'b[iosf] ;+/If0f, jgh+un tyf jGohGt'sf] lbuf]

;+/If0f / Aoa:yfkg ub}{ h}ljs ljljwtf tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k|lts'n c;/ gkg]{ u/L :yfgLo


hgtfsf] jgk}bfj/sf] cfj:ostf kl/k"lt{ ug{' o; lgs'Ghsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} kl/l:yltlso sfo{ / k2lt sfod /fVgsf] nflu ;+s6fkGg jGohGt'sf] af;:yfg Aoa:yfkg / ;+/If0fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{ dWojtL{ If]qsf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL u/fpb} :yfgLosf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

^= of] /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] ;f+u7flgs jf k|;fzlgs :j?ksf] jf/]df atfO{ lbg' x'G5 ls < k|zf;lgs :j¿ksf] af/]df rrf{ ug{'kbf{ o; /fli6«o lgs'Gh k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t -/f=k=lå= k|fljlws_ sf]

dftxtdf sl/a %% hgfsf] :jLs[t b/aGbLdf ;+rflnt 5 . /f/f /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] s]G›Lo sfof{no x'6' d'u'df % zfvf 5g\ . h;dWo] dWojtL{ zfvfsf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf ;xfos ;+/If0f clws[t -/f=k= t[tLo k|fljlws_ /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . eg] of]hgf zfvfdf /]Gh/, d'4f zfvfdf /]Gh/, n]vfzfvfdf n]vfkfn / k|zf;g zfvfdf gfoa ;'Aaf k|d'v /xg]ul/ b/aGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} /fli6«o lgs'GhnfO{ yk Jojl:yt agfpg k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t cGtu{t /xg] u/L @ /]Ghkf]i6 sfod /fvL ;f]sf] k|d'vdf /]Gh/ -/f=k=cg=k|yd k|fljlws_ / /]Ghkf]i6 dftxtdf % kf]i6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . xfnsf] :jLs[t ;+u7lgs ;+/rgf cg';f/ %% hgfsf] b/aGbLdf n]vf / k|zf;g ;d"xsf * hgf sd{rf/L / $& hgf g]kfn ag ;]jf g]zgn kfs{\; P08 jfON8 nfOkm ;d"xsf k|flalws sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf 5 .

&= o;sf cfGtl/s ;+/If0f P+j Joj:yfkgsf sfd sfjf{losx¿ s] s;/L x'g] u/]sf 5 < cfGtl/s ;+/If0f Pj+ Aoa:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cGo /fli6«o lgs'Gh h:t} /f/f /fli6«o

lgs'GhnfO{ klg sf]/ If]q / dWojtL{ If]q u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] sf]/ If]qsf] Aoa:yfkgnfO{ r':t b'?:t agfpg k|d'v ;+/If0fclws[tnfO{ d"n lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] 5eg] dWojtL{ If]qnfO{ Aoal:yt ug{ dWojtL{If]q Aoa:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g u/L ;f]sf] ;b:o ;lradf k|= ;= c= /xg] / dWojtL{ If]qnfO{ ;xfos ;= c=sf] ;+of]hgdf /xg] dWojtL{ zfvf dfkm{t k|flalws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sf]/ If]qsf] ;'/Iff ;+a]bglzntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u'Nd-xfn >Lbn u'Nd_ t}gfy ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L ;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ g]kfnL ;]gf / /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] ;+o'Qm u:tL u/L k|efjsf/L ta/af6;+rfng ul/G5 . /fli6«o lgs'Ghdf kfOg] aGohGt' / ltgsf] af;:yfg Aoa:yfkg ug{ kGrjifL{o Aoa:yfkg of]hgf th{'df u/L of]hgfn] cBfjlws u/]sf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL /fli6«o lgs'Gh cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt aflif{s ah]6nfO{ sfo{Gjog ul/G5 . /fli6«o lgs'Gh ;+/If0f sfo{x¿ h:t} lgoldt u:tL ,k|hflt af;:yfg laz]if u:tL,;'/fsL kl/rfng, jg 89]nf] hf]lvd lgjf/0f, ;+/If0f :s'n lzIff ,Osf] Sna kl/rfng cflbnfO{ lgoldt ;+rfng ug]{ ul/G5 . Aoa:yfkgnfO{ aGohGt' tyf aftfa/0f d}qL agfpg 3fF;]d}bfg Aoa:yfkg,rl/r/0f Aoa:yfkg,dfga aGhGt' åGb Go"gLs/0f, 3fOt] tyf c;xfo aGohGt' Aoa:yfkg, l;d;f/ Aoa:yfkg cflb sfo{x¿ ;+rng ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f} . /fli6«o lgs'Gh If]qeGbf 7'nf] dWojlt{nfO{ yk Aoal:yt agfpg !) j6f PsO{sf] Aoa:yf u/L &* j6f pkef]Qmf ;d"x ;d]t u7g ul/Psfn] hg;xefuLtfd'ns h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f k4lt nfu' ug{ ;xh ePsf] 5 . ;+/If0f tyf Aoa:yfkg sfo{nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg cg'udg, cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;+rfng u/L cfjlws tYof+snfO{ cWofjlws ;d]t ul/G5 .

*= of] Pp6f jfo / cfGtl/s k|o{6sx¿sf] k|d'v ynf] klg dflgG5 o;nfO{ tkfO{ Ps k|fljlws ePsf] gftfn] s;/L lj:n]if0f ug'{ x'G5 <

cg'kd k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, k|r'/ h}las ljljwtf, ax';f+:s[lts d'ufnL ;+:s[ltn] el/k'0f{ o; lgs'Gh cGtl/s ko{6gsf] If]qdf pTs[i6 uGtJosf] ¿kdf laslzt x'b} u}/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg tyfkL /fli6«o lgs'Ghdf lab]zLko{6ssf] cfudg tYof+snfO{ ;'Id cWoog\ ubf{ aflif{s @))–@%) sf] ;+Vofdf ko{6s e|d0f u/]sf] b]lvG5eg] sl/a !&))) b]lv @)))) g]kfnLn] e|d0f u/]sf] tYof+s kfOG5=o;l/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; If]qnfO{ cfGtl/s ko{6ssf] k|d'v uGtJo:yn alg/x]sf] eGbf kf7s;dIf ;sf/fTds ;+b]z k|afx xf]nf= ko{6sLo /f/f alg/xfbf o; If]qsf ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ko{6ssf] ;'/Iff,;]jf ;'lawfsf] u'0ffTds :t/f]Gglt, k'a{wf/ ljsf; h:tf sfo{df oy]i6 Wofg k'Ug g;ls/x]sf] w/ftnLo oyft{ xf] =/f/fnfO{ cGtl/s jf afXo ko{6sLo ynf]sf] ¿kdf oxfF cfpg] ko{6sn] lasf; jf k|rf/ ul//xbf o; If]qsf]


h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f u'0f:t/Lo kof{ko{6g k|aw{g Wofgdf /fvL lasfz / ;+/If0faLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg lgs} r'gf}ltk"0f{ b]lvG5= lxdfnL /fli6«o lgs'Gh lgodfjnLdf g]kfnL ko{6ssf] lg;'Ns k|j]z Joj:yfn] ;d]t cfGtl/s ko{6g Aoa:yfkg r'gf}tLk"0f{ agfPsf] 5 . k|flalws ¿kdf ;d]t gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] lxdfnL /fli6«o lgs'Gh lgodfjnLnfO{ ;dofg's'n ;+;f]wg ub}{ cuf8L a9\g'kg]{ kl/l:yltsf] dx;'; ug{ yflnPsf] 5=

(= oxfF 3'Dg jf x]g{ cfpg] :jb]zL jf ljb]zL kfpgfx¿sf] nflu vfg] j:g]sf] Joj:yf s:tf] 5 < lgZrokgL ko{6ssf] nflu cfjf; / vfgkfgsf] plrt Aoa:yf ko{6g lasfzsf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf

dflgG5= tyfkL o; lgs'Ghsf] s'/f ubf{ /fli6«o lgs'Gh sf]/ If]qd /x]sf] /f/f tn If]qdf b'O j6f xf]6nx¿-sl/a ^) hgf ko{6s k|t lbg Ifdtfsf] _ ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] yndfu{ x'b} k|j]z ug]{ e'ne'n] h'Dnf gfsfdf ^-& j6f ;;gf xf]6]n x¿ 5geg] xjfOdfu{af6 cfpg] ko{6snfO{ nlIft\ u/L tfNrf ljdfg:yn If]qdf lghL nufgLdf *–!) j6f xf]6]nx¿ ;+rfndf 5G=o];/L x]bf{ /f/fdf sl/a $-% 3G6fsf] k}bn b'/Ldf ;;fgf xf]6]n x¿ dfkm{t ko{6snfO{ cfjf;sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] eoftfkgL xf]6]nx¿df cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;]jfx¿ ;d]t kfpg sl7g 5=;fy} cGo ko{6sLo kbdfu{df h:tf] /f/fdf aLraf6f]df xf]6]n ;]jf ;+rfng df g/x]sfn] tfNrfb]vL x'6'-/f/f tfn_ If]qsf] sl/a # 3G6fsf] k}bn / e'ne'n]af6 cfpg] ko{6sn] ;d]t ;Nn]/Laf6 x]8Sjf6{/ ;Ddsf] sl/a @ 3G6fsf] k}bn b'/Lsf] nflu ko{6sn] cfkm'nfO{ cfa:os kg]{ vfgkfgsf] nflu plrt Joj:yf :jPdn] ug{'kg]{ x'G5= /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] dxŒjk"0f{ uGtAo /f/f tfnb]lv sl/a @ b]lv # 3G6fsf] k}bn b'/Ldf cjfl:yt\ d'u' lhNnfsf];b/d'sfd udu8Ldf /x]sf xf]6]n tyf /]:6'/]G6nfO{ a}slNks cfj; If]qsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

!)= To; lgs'Ghsf] cfo / Joosf] cGt/ ;DjGw s:tf] 5 < g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] o; /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf cfosf >f]tx¿ klg lgs} sd 5g\ . /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] d'Vo

cfDbfgLsf] >f]tsf] ¿kdf lab]zL ko{6s k|j]z z'Ns, :yfgLo :t/df ag k}åf/ lalqm ljt/0faf6 k|fKt /fh:j / xf]6]n tyf c:yfoL lrof gf:tf k;naf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j dfq x'g . aflif{s /fh:j ;+sngsf] cfs8fnfO{ x]bf{ o; lgs'Ghsf] aflif{s cfDbfgL g]kfnL ?k}of kG„ nfv eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . Jootkm{ x]bf{ /fli6«o lgs'Ghdf t}gfy ;]gf / sd{rf/LnfO{ /fHoaf6 k|bfg ug]{ ;'ljwfnfO{ dfq x]bf{klg Joodf x'g] vr{sf] ;r]t kf7sn] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5= o;l/ k|tIo cfly{s nfenfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfg]/ eGbf o; /fli6«o lgs'Ghn] lbuf] cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq c+ufn]sf] b]lvGg .

!!= cGtdf xfdLn] dfly 5nkmn u/]sf] eGbf c? yk kf7sdf eGg' s]xL 5 < ;a{k|yd d /f/f e|d0f ug{ cfpg] ;j{;fwf/0f ko{6snfO{ lgs'Ghsf] ef}uf]lns e'agfj6, s0ff{nL c~rnsf]

ef}uf]lns b'u{dtf / lxdfnL If]qsf] l;3| kl/jt{g x'g] df};dL cj:yfsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf hfgsf/L lnP/ dfq cfˆgf e|d0f of]hgf x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' . ;fy} of] If]qdf e|d0f ug{'k'a{g} cGo ko{6sLo If]qdf kfOg] ;'lawfnfO{ t'ngf gu/Llbg / /fli6«o lgs'~h If]qleq dgfxL sfo{x¿sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf hfgsf/L lno/ dfq k|a]z ug{ ;lago cg'/f]w 5 . /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] ;Nn]/L gfsfb]vL s'g} klg ;jfl/ ;fwgx¿ k|a]zdf lgif]w ul/Psf], hyfefaL kmf]xf]/d}nf lgif]w ul/Psf], /f/f tfn / jl/kl/sf] gbLgfnfdf kf}8L v]Ng, g'xfpg lgif]w ul/Psf], ;'o{:t b]lv ;'of]{bo ;Dd lx88'n ug{ dgfxL ul/osf], aGohGt' / agfkl:tnfO{ xfgL x'g] s'g} klg ultlalw lgif]w cflb s'/fnfO{ dgg ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5'=;fy} gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ laz]w cg'/f]wsf ;fy lxdfnL /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] rl/r/0f ;DaGwL k|awfgn] aGohGt'sf] af:yfg df kg{ u}/x]sf] k|jfe k|lt ;dodfg} Wofg lbOsg oyfl;3| ;+;f]wg tkm{ kxnsbldsf nflu clkn ub{5'=cGTodf /f/f /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] lbuf] tyf cfTdlgj{/ Aoa:yfkgsf nflu cfly{s ;+la|bL cfj:os kg]{ x'bf ;f]sf] lasNksf] ¿kdf cfGtl/s ko{6snfO{ ;d]t Go'gtd k|j]z b:t'/ Aoa:yf ul/g'k5{ . o];f]ug{ ;s]df /fli6«o lgs'Ghsf] /fh:jdf dfq a[l4 geO{ dWojlt{sf] aflif{s sfo{qmddf ;d]t km/s kg{ hfg] / :yfgLo ;d'bfo ;d]t nfebfoL x'g] x'gfn] hg;xeflutfd'ns ;+/If0fdf yk 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .


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df]/ª÷Onfsf k|x/L /+u]nLn] vf]nfaf6 pTvgg ul/Psf] elgPsf] bz nfv d'No a/fj/sf] d"Nojfg ;v'jfsf] sf7 a/fdb u/]sf] 5 . /+u]nL gu/kflnsf @ l:yt rf]k|fxf glhs} /x]sf] aqmfxf vf]nfaf6 pTvgg u/]sf] atfpFb} b'O{ j6f 6«ofS6/df /fv]/ nfFb} u/]sf] sl/a bz nfv d"No a/fa/sf] ;v'jfsf] uf]lnof sf7 Ok|sf /+u]nLn] ;f]daf/ a/fdb u/]sf] xf] . sf7 cf];fg{ k|of]u ul/Psf] sf]=@ t= $*^^ / d]=! t=%#*^ g+=sf] 6\ofS6/ / df]/ª ;'gaifL{ % a:g] jif{ !* sf k+sh s'df/ d08n / !* jifL{o cldt s'df/ bf;nfO{ klg k|x/Ln] lgoGq0fdf lnP/ sf/afxLsf nflu lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt df]/ªdf a'emfPsf] 5 . Ps dlxgf klxn] klg nfvf} d'No a/fa/sf] pTvgg ul/Psf] sf7 atfOPsf] ;v'jf sf7 /+u]nLn] a/fdb u/]sf] lyof] .

nlntk'/÷dxfgu/kflnsf–* vl/jf]6af6 af=@ v *@!@ gDa/sf] dx]G› lgzfg uf8Ldf ca}w ¿kdf Nofpb} u/]sf] ;fnsf] sf7 %$ lk; ;lxt sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf l;tfkfOnf a:g] dsjfgk'/sf ;fg] Njf]g ;lxt % hgfnfO{ cfOtaf/ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/]sf] 5 .o; ;DaGwdf k|x/Ln] cfjZos cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] 5 .

dxf]Q/L u9Gtfsf] h+undf sf7 t:s/ / jg u:tL 6f]nLaLr ;f]daf/ em8k ePkl5 l:ylt lgoGq0fdf lng ;z:q jg /Ifsn] rf/ /fpG8 kmfo/ u/]sf] 5 . xjfO{ kmfo/kl5 t:s/ ltt/lat/ ePsf lyP . 3gf h+un / cFWof/f]sf] kmfObf p7fpFb} sf7 t:s/ efu]kl5 pgLx¿n] cj}w¿kdf sf6]sf] @) So'lkm6 a/fa/sf ;fv' hftsf # yfg uf]lnof u:tL 6f]nLn] a/fdb u/]sf] 5 . 36gfkl5 h+unL If]qdf clxn] u:tL / lgu/fgL tLj| kfg{'sf ;fy} 36gfsf] ;"Id cg';Gwfg yflnPsf] 5 . ut ;ftf alb{jf;–# l:yt kf6'sf] h+unaf6 ;fv'sf sl/a ^ So'lkm6 sf7;lxt kqmfp k/]sf % hgf sf7 t:s/sf] 36gf;Fu u9Gtfsf] 36gfnfO{ hf]8]/ jg sfof{non] cWoog yfn]sf] hgfPsf] 5 .

u'NdL÷lhNnfdf jGohGt'af6 Iflt ePsfx¿n] /fxt kfPsf 5g\ . lhNnf jg sfof{no u'NdLdf cfof]lht Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr lhNnfsf laleGg :yfgx¿df aGohGt'af6 dfgljo tyf rf}kfofx¿df ePsf $ hgfnfO{ IftLk"lt{ :j?k /fxt lat/0f ul/Psf] xf] . lhNnfd} klxnf] k6s jGohGt'sf] xflgaf6 IftLk"lt{ k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] .

emfkfdf lghL jg nufpg]sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 . sd d]xgtdf dgUo cfDbfgL / jg k}bfjf/sf] dfu a9\b} uPkl5 jif]{gL lghL jg nufpg]sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] xf] .lhNnfdf cfj @)&@÷&# df !#=$ x]S6/df !$ j6f lghL jg nufOPsf] lyof] . cfj @)&#÷&$ ;f] ;+Vofdf j[l4 eO{ !&=#% x]S6/df @# j6f lghL jg nufOPsf] lhNnf jg sfof{nosf ;xfos jg clws[t b]j]G› pk|]tLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .“kl5Nnf] ;do lghL jg nufpg]sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5, pxfFn] eGg'eof], “yf]/} d]xgt / sd nfutdf dgUo cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] klg cfsif{0f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . rfn" cfjdf xfn;Dd b'O{ j6f lghL jg nufOPsf] sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 .To:t}, lhNnfdf lghL jgaf6 cfj @)&@÷&# df Ps nfv &% xhf/ ^#! So' lkm6 sf7 pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . cfj @)&#÷&$ df @% xhf/ %*( So' lkm6 sf7 pTkfbg ePsf] sfof{nosf] tYof+sdf pNn]v 5 . lhNnfdf xfn;Dd #()=&# x]S6/df $)% j6f lghL jg nufOPsf] 5 .

jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqL ljqmd kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] /fli6«o jGohGt' ck/fw lgoGq0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7sn] jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/ lgoGq0f / lg/fs/0f ug{ s8fO ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5. xfQLsf] k'R5/sf] /f}+ k|of]u u/L agfOPsf] uxgf nufPsf] e]l6P tTsfn kqmfp u/L sf/afxL ul/g] ePsf] 5 . a}7sn] jGohGt'sf] c+u k|of]u u/L uxgf gnufpg ;a}nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg b]zaf6 hLljt ;+/lIft jGohGt' g]kfn lelqg] qmd a9]sf] eGb} dGqL kf08]n] o;sf] lgoGq0fdf s8fO ug{ ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg;d]t lbg' ePsf] 5 /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g @)@( sf] bkmf @^ sf] b08;hfo dxncGtu{t % xhf/b]lv ! nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf / % b]lv !% jif{;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g]5 . rf]/Ll;sf/ lgoGq0f ug{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f

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lgodfjnL @)#), ;+s6fkGg jGohGt' tyf jg:kltsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ lgodg tyf lgoGq0f ug{ ag]sf] P]gcGtu{t sf/afxL x'g]5 .

af/f÷lghu9 gu/kflnsf–$af6 sf7 t:s/L ub}{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nosf] k|x/L 6f]nLn] JolQm ;lxt uf8f / Ps xn uf]? a/fdb u/]sf] 5 .k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/]sf] uf]? / uf8f sf/afxLsf nflu ;]S6/ jg sfof{no tfdfu9Lsf] lhDdf nufPsf] 5 .o:t}, lhNnfsf] dw'jg ;]S6/af6 km8fgL u/]/ rf]/L t:s/L xF'b} u/]sf] cj:yfdf uGhejfgLk'/ k|x/L rf}sLsf] k|x/L 6f]nLn] s/}of ufpFkflnsf-$af6 sf7 ;lxt uf8f / Ps xn uf]? a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf a/fdb u/]sf] lyof] .;f]xL lbg ;]S6/ jg sfof{nosf] u:tL 6f]nLn] lhtk'/ l;d/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf–!& sf] /3'gfyk'/df klg afF;3f/Ldf n'sfO{ /fv]sf] cj:yfdf ;v'jfsf] $ yfg xl/of] 6'gf km]nf kf/]sf] lyof] .

cfufdL d+l;/ !$ ut]af6 g]kfnsf ;+/lIft If]qdf af3 u0fgf ul/g] ePsf] 5 . …Sofd/f 6\ofl{\kªÚ k4ltåf/f af3 u0fgf ul/g] ePsf] xf] . sl/a b'O{ xhf/ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf Sofd/f h8fg u/L Sofd/fn] s}b u/]sf tl:a/sf] cWoog u/]/ af3 u0fgf ul/g] 5 . k;f{ jGohGt' cf/Ifaf6 u0fgf z'? u/L lrtjg x'Fb} z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6«o lgs'~h;Dd k'u]/ sl/a tLg dlxgfsf] cjlwdf af3 u0fgf ;DkGg ul/g] 5 . af3 /x]sf g]kfnsf lgs'~h, cf/If, jg If]q / tL;Fu hf]l8Psf ef/tLo lgs'~h Pj+ jg If]qdf Pp6} k|lqmofaf6 Ps}k6s af3 u0fgf ul/g] ePsf] xf] . g]kfn / ef/tsf ;Ldf If]qdf /x]sf af3 gbf]xf]l/g] u/L u0fgf ul/g] 5 .

o;cl3 klg b'j} b]zdf Ps};fy af3sf] u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] t/ k|ljlw klg Pp6} k|of]u ug{ nfluPsf] of] klxnf] k6s xf] . b'j} b]zsf] lgs'~h, cf/If / jg If]qdf af3 cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ x'Fbf s] slt af3 cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ u5{g\ eGg] olsg ug{ klg o; k6s b'j}tkm{ Ps}k6s af3 u0fgf ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . u0fgf sfo{df ljZj jGohGt' sf]if, h]8 P; Pn, /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if, g]kfnL ;]gf, lgs'~h cGtu{tsf sd{rf/L, dWojtL{sf ;+/If0fsdL{ nufotsf] ;xeflutf /xg] 5 .

g]kfnu~h÷;z:q k|x/L /fhZj tyf eG;f/ ;'/Iff u0f g]kfnuGhn] cj}w sf7 a/fdb u/]sf] 5 . alb{ofsf] hd'gLaf6 g]kfnuGh NofpFb} u/]sf] Ps nfv $) xhf/ ?k}ofF d"No kg]{ @* bzdnj @! So"ljs km'6 sf7 ;z:q k|x/L /fhZj tyf eG;f/ ;'/Iff u0fn] a/fdt u/]sf] xf] .k|x/Ln] sf7 af]s]sf] e] ! t &&*) gDj/sf] 6\ofS6/ / rfnsnfO{ ;d]t lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 . a/fdb ePsf] sf7, 6\ofS6/ / rfnsnfO{ lhNnf ag sfof{no afFs]df a'emfOPsf] 5 .

;'v]{t÷af+u]l;dnaf6 jg sd{rf/L / k|x/Lsf] ;+o'Qm u:tL 6f]nLn] uf8Ldf lr/fg sf7 t:s/L ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf rf/ hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . kqmfp kg]{df ;jf/L rfnsåo jL/]G›gu/–@ u0f]z ;'gf/ / 8f]naxfb'/ ;'gf/ tyf ;xrfns jL/]G›gu/ !* sf ch'g a:ofn / nfn] /x]sf 5g\ . b'j} hLkaf6 !@) yfg ;fnsf] lr/fg sf7 a/fdb ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]t M k|ljlw ;Fufnf] n'Dn] If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / jg 8fo/L @)^%, ;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf, jg ljefu . -cWofjlws @)^&_

sflt{s dlxgfsf] jg Sofn]G8/

" sfOof], n]srfk, cf]v/, baba], kfË], dNnftf], l;dn, v/L, sfnf] l;l/;, w'kL ;Nnf, sbd, 9fNg] s6';, nK;L, uf]a|];Nnf, ufof], nfs'/L, 3Fuf?, sf7], sfpnf], ef]hkq, kfNn] s6';, d';'/] s6';, kmnf6, l;lN6d'/ cflbsf] aLp ;ª\sng ug]{ a]nf eof] .

" dWo tyf pRr kxf8L e]udf t'iff/f]n] slnnf la?jf dfg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf] x'Fbf g;{/L Jof8df 5fxf/L xfNg'xf];\ .

" g;{/Lsf Jof8 tof/L u/L la?jf pTkfbg sfo{ yfngL ug'{xf];\ .

" of] dlxgfdf 9fNg] s6';, d';'/] s6';, uf]a|] ;Nnf, ef]hkq, kmnf6, l/¶f, dNnftf], nfFs'/L, kfËf] sfFOof]n] aLp /f]k0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

" jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿n] jg ;Daw{g sfo{ ug{sf nflu 5nkmn ;'? ug'{xf];\ . :jLs[t sfo{ of]hgf adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] Ansdf sfF65f6 jf ttNofpg] jf PSNofpg] s] xf] < of]hgfa4 ta/af6 sfo{ ;~rfng, cg'udg / jg k}bfjf/ ljt/0f ug]{af/] sfo{;ldltdf 5nkmn ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

" aLp ;ª\sng ug{ dfp ?vsf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f u/f}+ .

" k|yd rf}dfl;s k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ tYofÍ÷k|ltj]bg ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .

" jg ;+/If0f aGbf]a:t sfod /fvf}+ .

" ;dfj]zL sfo{;ldltsf] lgdf{0f u/f}+ .

" n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0f tkm{ hf]8 lbcf}+ .


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jg ljefu, k|rf/ k|;f/ zfvfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] dfl;s klqsf æxfd|f] sNkj[IfÆ sf nflu n]v÷/rgf k7fpFbf lgDg Joxf]/f dgg u/L k7fO{ lbg'x'g n]vsx¿df cg'/f]w ul/G5 .w jg, jftfj/0f jGohGt', e"–;+/If0f h}ljs ljljwtf ljifodf n]lvPsf] jf tT;DaGwL

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