jif 104_lesson 4.pptx
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Siri e-Kuliah PPPJJ, USM
JIF 104Physics II
Introduction to Basic Material
ScienceDr. Nor Zakiah Binti Yahaya
Lesson 4
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What is materialsscience?
structures Properties of Materials
i)Electrical
ii)Magneticiii)Thermaliv)Opticalv)Mechanical
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Outlines Properties of Materials
i)Electrical
ii)Magneticiii)Thermal
iv)Optical
v)Mechanical
Classification of materials
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PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Unit 4.
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Properties are the way the material responds to the
environment and external forces
!esponse to mechanical forces"strength" etc.Mechanical
!esponse electrical an# magneticfiel#s" con#uctivit$" etc.Electrical an#Magnetic
!elate# to transmission of heat an#heat capacit$.Thermal
%nclu#e to a&sorption" transmission an#scattering of light.Optical
%n contact 'ith environment ( corrosionresistanceChemical
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OPT%CLP!OPE!T%E*
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W e l e a d Material ( Light
interaction%nteraction of photons 'ith the electronic
or cr$stal structure of a material lea#s to
a num&er of phenomena.
The photons ma$ givetheir energ$ to the
material +a&sorption),
photons give their energ$"&ut photons of i#enticalenerg$ are imme#iatel$emitte# &$ the material
+reflection),
photons ma$ notinteract 'ith the materialstructure +transmission),
Or #uring transmissionphotons are changes in
velocit$ +refraction).
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%ntensit$ of the inci#ent lightt an$ instance of light interaction 'ith a
material" the total intensit$ of the inci#ent
light stri-ing a surface is eual to sum ofthe a&sor&e#" reflecte#" an# transmitte#
intensitiesi.e.
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W e l e a d Optical materials
Materialsare
classifie#on the &asisof their
interaction'ith visi&lelight into
three
categories.
transparent
Materials that are capa&le of transmitting
light 'ith relativel$ little a&sorption an#reflection
i.e. 'e can see through them
Translucent
i.e. o&/ects are not clearl$#istinguisha&le 'hen vie'e# through.
Translucent materials are thosethrough 'hich light is transmitte#
#iffusel$
opaue
Those materials that are impervious tothe transmission of visi&le light
These materials a&sor& all the energ$from the light photons.
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W e l e a d Optical properties 0 Metals
Metals consist partiall$ fille# high0energ$con#uction &an#s.
When photons are #irecte# at metals" their
energ$ is use# to e1cite electrons intounoccupie# states. Thus metals are
opaue to the visi&le light.
Metals are" ho'ever" transparent to high
en# freuencies i.e. 10ra$s an# 20ra$s.
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W e l e a d Optical properties 0 Metals
&sorption of ta-es place in ver$ thin outer
la$er. Thus" metallic films thinner than 3.
m can transmit the light.
The a&sor&e# ra#iation is emitte# from the
metallic surface in the form of visi&le light
of the same 'avelength as reflecte# light.The reflectivit$ of metals is a&out 3.56.
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Optical properties of metals
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Optical properties ( 7on0metals
7on0metallic materials consist of variousenerg$ &an# structures. Thus" all four
optical phenomena are important.
a&sorption reflection
transmission refraction
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Properties are the way the material responds to the
environment and external forces
!esponse to mechanical forces"strength" etc.Mechanical
!esponse electrical an# magneticfiel#s" con#uctivit$" etc.Electrical an#Magnetic
!elate# to transmission of heat an#heat capacit$.Thermal
%nclu#e to a&sorption" transmission an#scattering of light.Optical
%n contact 'ith environment ( corrosionresistanceChemical
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M87ET%CP!OPE!T%E*
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magnetism
iama!netism
Parama!netism
ferroma!netism
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iama!netism
ver$ 'ea- form of magnetism that is nonpermanent an# persists onl$ 'hile
an e1ternal fiel# is &eing applie#.
%t is in#uce# &$ a change in the or&ital motion of electrons #ue to an applie#magnetic fiel#.
9iamagnetism is foun# in all materials, &ut &ecause it is so 'ea-" it can &e
o&serve# onl$ 'hen other t$pes of magnetism are totall$ a&sent. This form
of magnetism is of no practical importance
Fi!"re #$%& +a) The atomic
#ipole configuration for a#iamagnetic material 'ith an#
'ithout a magnetic fiel#. %n the
a&sence of an e1ternal fiel#" no
#ipoles e1ist,
in the presence of a fiel#" #ipoles
are in#uce# that are aligne#
opposite to the fiel#
#irection.
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Parama!netism
:or some soli# materials" each atom possesses a permanent #ipole
moment &$ virtue of incomplete cancellation of electron spin an#;or
or&ital magnetic moments. %n the a&sence of an e1ternal magnetic fiel#" the orientations of these
atomic magnetic moments are ran#om" such that a piece of material
possesses no net macroscopic magneti
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W e l e a d ferroma!netism
Certain metallic materials possess a permanent magnetic moment in
the a&sence of an e1ternal fiel#" an# manifest ver$ large an#
permanent magneti
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ferroma!netism Permanent magnetic moments in ferromagnetic materials result
from atomic magnetic moments #ue to electron spin>uncancelle#
electron spins as a conseuence of the electron structure. There is
also an or&ital magnetic moment contri&ution thatis small in comparison to the spin moment. :urthermore" in a
ferromagnetic material" coupling interactions cause net spin
magnetic moments of a#/acent atoms to align 'ith one another"
even in the a&sence of an e1ternal fiel#.
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Properties are the way the material responds to the
environment and external forces
!esponse to mechanical forces"strength" etc.Mechanical
!esponse electrical an# magneticfiel#s" con#uctivit$" etc.Electrical an#Magnetic
!elate# to transmission of heat an#heat capacit$.Thermal
%nclu#e to a&sorption" transmission an#scattering of light.Optical
%n contact 'ith environment ( corrosionresistanceChemical
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MEC7%CLP!OPE!T%E*
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Tensile stren!th( measures
the force reuire# to pull
something such as rope"'ireor a structural &eam to the
point 'here it &rea-s
"ctility( a measure of ho'
much strain a material can
ta-e &efore rupturing
Mechanical properties
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Mallea(ility( the propert$ of
a material that can &e 'or-e#
or hammere# or shape#'ithout &rea-ing
)rittleness(&rea-ing orshattering of a material 'hen
su&/ecte# to stress +'hen
force is applie# to it)
Mechanical properties
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Elasticity( the propert$ of a
material that returns to its original
shape after stress +e.g. e1ternalforces) that ma#e it #eform or
#istort is remove#
Plasticity0 the #eformation of amaterial un#ergoing non0
reversi&le changes of shape in
response to applie# forces
Mechanical properties
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Machina(ility( the propert$ of a material
that can &e shape# &$ hammering"
pressing" rolling
Mechanical properties
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To"!hness( the a&ilit$ of a
material to a&sor& energ$ an#
plasticall$ #eform 'ithoutfracturing
*ardness( the propert$ of&eing rigi# an# resistant to
pressure, not easil$ scratche#
Mechanical properties
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ELECT!%CL 79M87ET%C
P!OPE!T%E*
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Relative permittivity( its #ielectric
permittivit$ e1presse# as a ratio relative to
the permittivit$ of vacuum.
ielectric Stren!th( #epen#ent on the
configuration of the material or theelectro#es 'ith 'hich the fiel# is applie#.
Electrical Properties
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Electrical resistivity0 an intrinsic
propert$ that uantifies ho'
strongl$ a given material opposesthe flo' of electric current.
Electrical cond"ctivity0 thereciprocal of electrical resistivit$"
an# measures a material@s a&ilit$
to con#uct an electric current.
Electrical Properties
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Pie+oelectricity0 the electric charge that
accumulates in certain soli# materials
+such as cr$stals" ceramics" an# &iologicalmatter such as &one)in response to
applie# mechanical stress.
Electrical Properties
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,"rie temperat"re+Tc) 0 the temperature
'here a material@s permanent magnetism
changes to in#uce# magnetism.
iama!netic 0 create an in#uce#
magnetic fiel# in a #irection opposite to an
e1ternall$ applie# magnetic fiel#" an# are
repelle# &$ the applie# magnetic fiel#.
Magnetic Properties
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*ysteresis0 the #epen#ence of the
output of a s$stem not onl$ on its current
input" &ut also on its histor$ of past inputs.
Permea(ility0is the measure of the a&ilit$
of a material to support the formation ofa magnetic fiel# 'ithin itself.
Magnetic Properties
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TE!MLP!OPE!T%E*
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Specific heat( the heat reuire# to raise
the temperature of one gram of a
su&stance &$ one #egree centigra#e +A;-gB)
Thermal cond"ctivity(rate at 'hich heatflo's through a given material +W;m B)
Thermal Properties
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Meltin! point( a temperature at 'hich a
soli# &egins to liuif$
,oefficient of thermal expansion(
#egree of e1pansion #ivi#e# &$ the
change in temperature +m;C)
Thermal Properties
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OPT%CLP!OPE!T%E*
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,olo"r0 the visual perceptual
propert$ correspon#ing in humans to the
categories calle# red" blue" yellow" an#others.
Photosensitivity0the amount to 'hich ano&/ect reacts upon receiving photons"
especiall$ visi&le light.
Optical Properties
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Reflectivity0 the fraction of inci#ent
electromagnetic po'er that is reflecte# at
an interface" in contrast to the reflectioncoefficient" 'hich is the ratio of the
reflecte# to inci#ent electric fiel#.
Refractive index 0 #escri&es ho' light" or
an$ other ra#iation" propagates through
that me#ium.
Optical Properties
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Transmittance0 the fraction of inci#ent
light +electromagnetic ra#iation) at a
specifie# 'avelength that passes througha sample
Optical Properties
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CEM%CLP!OPE!T%E*
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,orrosion resistance - a material@s a&ilit$
to resist #eterioration cause# &$ e1posure
to an environment
S"rface ener!y0 uantifies the #isruption
of intermolecular &on#s that occur 'hen asurface is create#.
Chemical Properties
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,LASSIFI,ATIO. OFMATERIALS
Unit .D
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Metals Ceramics Pol$mers Composites
Classification of materials
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Metals valence electrons
are #etache# fromatoms" an#sprea# in an
electron seaF thatgluesF the ionstogether. Metalsare usuall$ strong"con#uct electricit$an# heat 'ell an#are opaue tolight +shin$ of
polishe#). E1amplesGaluminium" steel"&rass" gol#.
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Metals
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Ceramicstoms &ehave
mostl$ li-e eitherHve or (ve ions"an# are &oun# &$Coulom& forces
&et'een them.The$ are usuall$com&inations ofmetals orsemicon#uctors'ith o1$gen"nitrogen" orcar&on +o1i#es"nitri#es an#
car&i#es). E1amplesG glass"
porcelain" man$minerals.
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Pol$mers
re &oun# &$covalent forcesan# also &$ 'ea-van #er Waals
forces" an#usuall$ &ase# on" C an# othernon0metallicelements. The$#ecompose atmo#eratetemperatures +33C 400 C), and
are lightweight.therproperties var!greatl!.
"xamples#plastics $n!lon,
%e&on,pol!ester) and
rubber.
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Composites 7ot &ase# on
&on#ing. Thecomposites ma#eof #ifferentmaterials an#
intimate contact. E1amplesG
fi&erglass"concrete" 'oo#) toachieve specificproperties.
f i l
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W e l e a d Types of Materials
Metals:
Strong, ductile High thermal & electrical conductivity
Opaque, reflective.
Polymersplastics: !ovalent "onding sharing of electrons Soft, ductile, lo# strength, lo# density
Thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.
!eramics: ionic "onding $refractory% compounds of metallic& non'metallic elements $o(ides, car"ides, nitrides, sulfides% )rittle, glassy, elastic
*on'conducting $insulators%
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*ourceG httpG;;'''.livetra#ingne's.com;lme0&ase0metals0close0higher0as0mar-et0
e1pects0ec&0stimulus0action0IJD4I.htmK.-NNtBU#u
Metals
:errous metalsan# allo$s +irons"car&on steels"allo$ steels"stainless steels"tool an# #iesteels)
7onferrousmetals an# allo$s+aluminium"copper"magnesium"nic-el" titanium"precious metals"refractor$ metals"
super allo$s)
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httpG;;'''.4csla&orator$.com;gem0info;#iamon#;
Ceramics
8lasses 8lass ceramics 8raphite 9iamon#
8lasses 8raphite
9iamon# 8lass ceramics0 coo-top
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Pol$mers
Thermoplasticsplastics
Thermosetplastics
elastomers
Elastomers
*ourceGhttpG;;'''.a#hesivean#glue.com;elastomer.html
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Composites
!einforce#plastics
Metal0matri1composites
Ceramic0matri1composites
*an#'ich
structures concrete
9ifferent materials can
&e com&ine# to create a
composite material.
Composite materials are
groupe# &$ the t$pes of
materials com&ine# or
the 'a$ the materials are
arrange# together.
Metal0matri1 composites
concrete
!einforce# plastics
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*ummar$
Classification of materials
Metals
Strong, ductile
High thermal &electrical
conductivity
Opaque,reflective.
Ceramics
)rittle, glassy,
elastic*on'
conducting$insulators%
Pol$mers
Soft, ductile, lo#
strength, lo# densityThermal & electrical
insulators
Optically translucent ortransparent.
Composites
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Than- $ou