www.codez.in basics of smarajit dasgupta

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HTML and CSSHTML and CSSBasics of

Smarajit Dasgupta

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What is CSS ?What is CSS ?Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, is the recommended way to control the presentation layer in a web document. Style declarations cascade down to elements from many origins.

Inline, embedded and External CSS

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History of CSSHistory of CSS

CSS1 – 1994CSS2 – 1998CSS2.1 came into being because some

parts of CSS2 was very difficult to implement

CSS3 is still being developed, but already in use (will discuss in detail later)


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Referencing external CSSReferencing external CSS

Using import

<style type="text/css">

@import url(/style.css);

</style>

Using link

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style.css” media="screen“ />

linked -> imported -> embedded -> inline


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Inline and block elementsInline and block elements

Those 2 words, ‘block’ and ‘inline’ are explicit enough by themselves..

block: an element which forms a separate block

<div>, <h1>…<h6>, <p>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <table>, <blockquote>, <form>

inline: an element which stays inline with the rest of the content

<span>, <a>, <strong>, <em>, <img />, <abbr>, <acronym>

Inline-block

CSS Box Model & CSS Box Model Hack The box model applies to block-level elements. 2 hacks : clear: both; and overflow : hidden;

Border and outline difference


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Introduction to CSSIntroduction to CSS

Eric Meyer’s CSS reset http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/index.html

ID v Class

Use class for any “label” that might show up more than once in a page, and id for anything that will appear only once.

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Padding, margin, units (em, px, %)

Positioning: absolute, relative, fixed

Techniques like : image replacement and CSS sprites

Inheritence - process by which properties are passed from parent to child elements even though those properties have not been explicitly defined by other

means.

http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/index.html





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ShorthandsShorthands

Some properties can be combined into shorthand notation margin: 1em 2em 3em 4em;

Tips to remember :

Top, Right, Bottom, Left (TRouBLe) OR

Read clockwise background: #fff url(bg.png) no-repeat fixed right top;

Is equivalent to:

background-color: #fff;

background-image: url(bg.png);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-attachment: fixed;

background-position: right top; Font & border shorthand


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Tips for advanced useTips for advanced use

Attributes (case-sensitive)input[type="submit"] {

declarations

}

a[href] {

declarations

}

div[class~="warning"] { attribute selection of class

declarations

}

div[class="warning"]

img[src="/img/2010/mainlogo.png"] You don’t need to class or ID it or anything else img[alt~="figure"] Any image whose alternate text contains the word “fi gure”

table[summary~="data"] Any table whose summary text contains the word “data”

*[title~="2009"] Any element whose title text contains the word “2009”

a[href="http://w3.org/"] and a[href*="w3.org"] {font-weight: bold;}


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If you want to select based on a substring at the beginning of an attribute value, use this

pattern: a[href^="http"]

In order to select based on a substring at the end of an attribute value, use this pattern:

a[href$=".pdf"]

Other ideas of using attributes a[href^="https"] Secure-server links a[href^="mailto"] E-mail contact links a[href^="aim"] AOL Instant Messenger service links a[href$=".doc"] Microsoft Word documents a[href$=".xls"] Microsoft Excel documents a[href$=".zip"] Zip archives


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Partial Child selection

div#main > div {border: 1px solid gray;}

SIBLING SELECTION

h2 + p {margin-top: 0;} remove the top margin from any paragraph that

immediately follows an h1

h1 ~ ul {list-style-type: lower-alpha;} Figure selection of elements that are following siblings, but not immediately adjacent following sibling


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IE9.js (a JS library to make Microsoft Internet Explorer behave like a standards-compliant

browser. It fixes many HTML and CSS issues and makes transparent PNG work correctly under IE5 and IE6. )

http://code.google.com/p/ie7-js/

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SpecificitySpecificitySpecificity is a numeric representation of the “specific-ness” of a selector.

Every element descriptor contributes 0,0,0,1.Every class, pseudo-class, or attribute descriptor contributes 0,0,1,0.Every ID descriptor contributes 0,1,0,0.

ul li {font-style: normal;}

html li {font-style: italic;}

If two selectors have same specificity, the one written later will get preference. The proximity to the element being selected does not matter


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UNIVERSAL SELECTION

* {color: blue;} /*specificity 0,0,0,0*/

div * {border: 1px solid red;} /*specificity 0,0,0,1*/

p#lead-in {font-weight: bold;}p[id="lead-in"] {font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;}

Stretch bg image

#img.source-image { width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; z-index:-1;

}


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Thank You!Thank You!

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