session 3_srijita dasgupta
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Fifth International Conference Fifth International Conference on Community Based Adaptation on Community Based Adaptation
to Climate Change to Climate Change 24-31 March 2011 24-31 March 2011
BangladeshBangladesh
Adaptation Capacity of Fishing Adaptation Capacity of Fishing Communities to Climate Communities to Climate
Vulnerabilities and Changes for Vulnerabilities and Changes for improving their Livelihoods- A Case improving their Livelihoods- A Case
Study Conducted in Cox’s Bazaar Study Conducted in Cox’s Bazaar District of BangladeshDistrict of Bangladesh
Srijita DasguptaSrijita Dasgupta
Mahidol University International College Mahidol University International College
Bangkok, ThailandBangkok, Thailand
Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation
IntroductionIntroduction MethodologyMethodology Demographic process and transformationDemographic process and transformation Effects of climate changeEffects of climate change IssuesIssues Adaptation mechanismsAdaptation mechanisms Trends in adaptation mechanismsTrends in adaptation mechanisms RecommendationsRecommendations
IntroductionIntroduction
About 40 000 traditional marine fishing households (HHs) in Cox’s Bazaar; About 40 000 traditional marine fishing households (HHs) in Cox’s Bazaar; 60- 70% HHs live in exposed areas 60- 70% HHs live in exposed areas
Majority of them belong to Hindu caste-based Majority of them belong to Hindu caste-based “Jaladas”“Jaladas” (Literally slaves of (Literally slaves of water) group water) group
Nearly 50 000 men are directly involved in active fishing Nearly 50 000 men are directly involved in active fishing
Fishers are integral parts of marine fisheries resource management Fishers are integral parts of marine fisheries resource management initiatives; fishing is the primary economic activity for livelihoodsinitiatives; fishing is the primary economic activity for livelihoods
Poorest of the poor and number of female-headed households are above the Poorest of the poor and number of female-headed households are above the national averagenational average
Indigenous knowledge and worldviews carry significant value in the Indigenous knowledge and worldviews carry significant value in the management and conservation of fisheries resourcesmanagement and conservation of fisheries resources
Most vulnerable to climate change impactsMost vulnerable to climate change impacts
Source of InformationSource of Information- Duration: November –December 2010Duration: November –December 2010
- Mixed research method covering both Mixed research method covering both quantitative and qualitative quantitative and qualitative paradigmsparadigms
- Quantitative tool: Rapid Roving Quantitative tool: Rapid Roving SurveySurvey
- Qualitative tools: Focused Group Qualitative tools: Focused Group Discussion; key informant interviews; Discussion; key informant interviews; Participant observationParticipant observation
- Interview with Government Fishery Interview with Government Fishery OfficialsOfficials
- Secondary information from ECFC Secondary information from ECFC projectproject
Demographic process and Demographic process and transformationtransformation
→ → Traditional caste-based marine Traditional caste-based marine fishers fishers
→ → Emergence of new fishing Emergence of new fishing communities communities
→ → Multiple layers of middlemen, Multiple layers of middlemen,
moneylenders and other exploiters moneylenders and other exploiters
Effects of Climate changeEffects of Climate change
Stress and perturbations on fishersStress and perturbations on fishers
Decline in Catch Per Unit Efforts (CPUE)Decline in Catch Per Unit Efforts (CPUE)
Perceived higher mortality of fish due to disturbances in aquatic ecosystemsPerceived higher mortality of fish due to disturbances in aquatic ecosystems
Colossal loss of fisheries due to fry fishingColossal loss of fisheries due to fry fishing
Spawning and breeding success perceived to decline Spawning and breeding success perceived to decline
Fishing rendered to seasonal activity instead of year round employmentFishing rendered to seasonal activity instead of year round employment
Increased frequency of natural calamities and higher death rates for sea-Increased frequency of natural calamities and higher death rates for sea-bound fishers, no on-boat safety measuresbound fishers, no on-boat safety measures
IssuesIssues Climate change causes displacement of traditional fishersClimate change causes displacement of traditional fishers
Limited resilience to cope with impacts of climate change Limited resilience to cope with impacts of climate change vulnerabilities vulnerabilities
Very limited physical resource base and susceptibility to loss of assets Very limited physical resource base and susceptibility to loss of assets due to calamitiesdue to calamities
Less harvestable fish and threatened animal protein base Less harvestable fish and threatened animal protein base
Increasing dependence of fishers on non-fisheries activities negates Increasing dependence of fishers on non-fisheries activities negates lifestyles and cultureslifestyles and cultures
Continued overexploitation of marine fish and hence declining Continued overexploitation of marine fish and hence declining productivityproductivity
100%Resource erosion
Period1971
2011
40%
Adaptation StrategyAdaptation Strategy Adaptation StrategyAdaptation Strategy• Inadequate food consumption; poor quality meals and
resultant malnutrition• Increased child labour (domestic help)• Women reveal enhanced social capital to draw
benefits• Early dropout from school• Off-farm activities (seasonal)• Living in housings that are dilapidated because of poor
construction and absence of repairs • Pattern of social marriage weakened
Trends in Adaptation MechanismsTrends in Adaptation Mechanisms
PastPast PresentPresent FutureFuture
● ● Abundance of Abundance of fish resourcesfish resources
● ● Higher CPUEHigher CPUE
● ● Stable marketStable market
● ● Dominance in Dominance in fishing profession fishing profession and wisdomand wisdom
● ● Indiscriminate Indiscriminate fishingfishing
● ● Involvement of Involvement of children in fishingchildren in fishing
● ● Livelihood Livelihood sources diversified; sources diversified; part-time jobs in part-time jobs in laundry/ barber laundry/ barber shops/rickshaw shops/rickshaw pullerpuller
● ● Weaving by Weaving by womenwomen
● ● Children educationChildren education
● ● Permanent land Permanent land settlement rightssettlement rights
● ● Designated fishing Designated fishing zone for small-scale zone for small-scale fishers and access rightsfishers and access rights
● ● Appropriate marketing Appropriate marketing outletsoutlets
● ● More involvement with More involvement with local institutions local institutions
RecommendationsRecommendations1.Empowering these communities through supportingcommunity-level institutional development – organizationsand cooperatives of poor and marginal fishers – thatincreases their voice and lends weight to their opinion indecision-making processes affecting their livelihoods 2.Supporting initiatives for sustainable fishing practicesincluding ban on fishing in over-exploited areas andincreasing efficiency of fishing through use of appropriatefishing gear and fuel-efficient fishing vehicles 3.Supporting risk reduction initiatives within fishingcommunities, including conservation of natural storm barriers(reefs, wetlands, mangroves); warning systems (weatherforecasts and severe weather warning via mobile phonemessages); preparation measures and recovery processes
Recommendation continued…Recommendation continued…4.Enhancing fishers’ access to markets and technical
informationby streamlining the live and dry fish marketing channels andlimiting the control and influence of urban-based fish traders
5.Increasing viability of small-scale coastal and marine fisheriesby recognizing this activity as a separate sector of the economyand establishing a separate bank in the public sector modelledon Bangladesh Krishi Bank to enhance fishers’ access to financeon easy terms
6.National-level planning in support of adaptation capacityshould consider risk assessment of future fish stock variationand likelihood of resource degradation and produce sectoralplans accordingly.
Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention