World War II (1939-1945)Chapter 28 (3 or 4)

Totalitarian Governments

Nazi Germany

Imperial Japan

Fascist ItalyAxis Powers

Germany Violates Versailles Treaty

• Stopped Reparation Payments

• Re-Built Military

• Began to Expand

• Other totalitarian regimes act aggressively

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

• Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force

• 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed

Ethiopia and King Haile Selassie • Ethiopia one of few independent

nations in Africa

• 1935 - Italy invaded Ethiopia

• Ethiopian king, Haile Selassie I, appealed to League of Nations for help (did little – oil boycott of Italy which most didn’t follow anyway)

• Ethiopians tried to fight but weapons were no for armored vehicles, planes and poison gas of Italians

• In spring of 1936, Mussolini announced Ethiopia was part of Italian Empire

Emperor Haile Selassie during his famous speech to the League of Nations

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

LeftistsRepublicans

Loyal to democratically

elected government

Preferred by Britain and France, though

gave very little assistance

Right WingNationalists

Loyal to General Francisco Franco

Aided by Germany and Italy

Germany Occupied the Rhineland (1936)

Supposed to remain

demilitarized zone as per

the Versailles Treaty

Anchluss (1938)

• Hitler announces union with Austria• Austrians do not resist

1938 - Sudetenland

• Germany took over the Sudetenland (Sept, 1938)

• Hitler claimed it’s the last territory he would take

Appeasement• Appeasement = The policy of giving in to

someone to avoid a conflict

• League of Nations, specifically Britain and France, used appeasement against Hitler

Munich Pact - The Failure of Appeasement

• Munich Conference = meeting between British and French leaders and Hitler

• Hitler promised not to take more land in return for being allowed to keep land he already took

The Munich Pact (1938)

The Height of Appeasement

The Munich Pact (1938)

The Height of Appeasement

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do

business with.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

Germans Take Czechoslovakia (March, 1939)

• Violation of Munich Pact

• British leaders again do nothing

Nazi-Soviet Pact (August, 1939)

• Hitler makes peace agreement with Soviet Union

• Allows Germany to attack Poland without fear of fighting war on eastern front

Germany Invades Poland (Sept 1, 1939) and WW2 Begins

Blitzkrieg = German style of attack,

“Lightning Warfare”

German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland in October 1939.

Meanwhile In Asia…

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japanese Aggression

• When Japan invaded Manchuria, the League of Nations condemned the action, which led to Japan’s withdrawal from the group.

• League took little action – did not recognize Japan’s postage stamps

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

Japanese occupy Beijing and Chinese fight back. A stalemate occurred for the next 8 years

The War In Asia

• When WW2 broke out in Europe in 1939, Japan joined the Axis powers (called Tripartite Agreement)

• In the early stages of war Japan continued to expand

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy!

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

• As Japan expanded in the Pacific, they knew the one nation in their way would be U.S.

• Japan thought they could wipe out U.S. with one swift sneak attack

• Over 2400 American military were killed in the attack on December 7, 1941

• In response, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan

The American battleships West Virginia and Tennessee under attack at Pearl Harbor.

From 1939 to 1942, the Axis

Powers Dominated

France Fell Within Weeks in 1940

• WW1 was 2nd time in less than 50 years Germany had invaded France

• After WW1, France was determined to ensure this never happened again

• France constructed a series of steel and concrete fortifications along its Eastern border, stretching nearly 200 miles long.

• This was immensely expensive and further weakened the French economy.

The Maginot Line

The Maginot Line

The Maginot Line

Charles de Gaulle • By June of 1940, the Germans entered Paris

• France agreed to armistice and was split in half:

– Northern France = Occupied by Germany

– Southern France = Vichy France, technically independent, but really under control of Germans

• Charles de Gaulle set up the Free French government, with its base in Great Britain

• The Free French fought against Germans, often using guerrilla tactics such as blowing up bridges, wrecking trains and cutting telephone and telegraph wires

France SurrendersJune, 1940

France SurrendersJune, 1940

A Divided FranceA Divided France

Henri Petain

The French ResistanceThe French Resistance

The Free French

General Charles DeGaulleThe Maquis

The Battle of Britain, July to October, 1940

Winston Churchill • In May of 1940, Winston

Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as the prime minister of Britain

• Churchill had earned himself a reputation of speaking out against the policy of appeasement all throughout the 1930s

• Hitler offered a peace negotiation which Churchill refused

• In response, Hitler ordered his air force, the Luftwaffe to soften up Britain for invasion

The Battle of Britain - 1940

The Battle of Britain is the attempt by the German

Luftwaffe to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF), before a planned sea and airborne invasion of Britain during World War II.

• Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe

• Commonly called “The Blitz”

• 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids, especially in London

• Royal Air Force prevents Germans from invading, and Hitler turns toward USSR

The Battle of Britain

40

Turning Points in World War II

Hitler Turns to Russia

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

The Battle of Stalingrad• After failing to capture

Moscow & Leningrad, Hitler tried one last attack on the city of Stalingrad in the south.

• After six long months, again, the harsh winter not only drove the Germans out, but had the Soviets advancing towards Germany.

Assault at Stalingrad

Red Army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the Reichstag in Berlin, Germany.

Battle of Midway (June, 1942)

• U.S. defeated Japan

• Beginning of U.S. drive to get Japanese out of the islands they had taken in the Pacific

The Japanese cruiser Mikuma shortly before sinking.

The Italian Campaign - “Operation Torch”

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

The Italian Campaign - “Operation Torch”

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”• Allies plan

assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943

The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944

The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944

Italy Surrenders

• Upon the Allied invasion, Mussolini was forced to resign. His successor’s first act was to dissolve the Fascist Party.

Clara Petacci (left) and Benito Mussolini (right) hung by their feet after death.

D-Day (June 6, 1944)D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation

Overlord”]

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation

Overlord”]

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Higgins Landing Crafts

German Prisoners

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

The Führer’s Bunker

Cyanide & Pistols

Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

V-E Day = April, 1945

The War Ends in the Pacific

Tinian Island, 1945Tinian Island, 1945

Little Boy Fat Man

Enola Gay Crew

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

© 70,000 killed immediately.

© 48,000 buildings.

destroyed.© 100,000s died of

radiation poisoning & cancer later.

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

©40,000 killed immediately.

©60,000 injured.©100,000s died of

radiation poisoning& cancer later.

Hiroshima after the Bomb60

The War’s Devastation

35 million deaths

The Rape of Nanking

Concentration Camps

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

Postwar Europe

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20th Century

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20th Century

The Yalta Conference (February, 1945)

• Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at a Soviet resort called Yalta

• Made agreement for Soviets to enter war against Japan once Germany was defeated

The "Big Three" at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin.

The Potsdam Conference (July, 1945)• Germany already

surrendered, Japan would soon

• Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed plans for postwar Europe with much disagreement

The "Big Three" at the Potsdam Conference: Joseph Stalin, Harry Truman, and Winston Churchill.

The Creation of the U. N.

The Creation of the U. N.

Postwar Asia

• Japan was occupied by the U.S.

• U.S. wrote new constitution making Japan a democracy

• Korea was split into 2: North Korea (communist) and South Korea (non-communist)• China regained

land it lost to Japan, but had a civil war and became communist

• Colonies returned to prewar owners throughout Asia (and the world)