Honors World HistoryVocabulary Packet

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Honors World History Vocabulary PacketTable of Contents

Unit Packet page numbers

Renaissance, Reformation, & First Global Age1 - 4

Age of Absolutism5 - 7

Enlightenment & Revolution8 - 11

Industrial Revolution12 - 14

Imperialism vs. New Imperialism15 - 17

World War I18 - 20

Interwar Era21 - 23

World War II24 - 26

Gandhi: An Age of Global Nationalism & Decolonization

27 - 29

Cold War30 - 32

Modern World33 - 34

Honors World History Vocabulary:

Renaissance, Reformation, and First Global Age Unit

43 terms – page 1 of 4

Renaissance: “rebirth”; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; 1300 – 1650 CE.

Humanism: an intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study of worldly subjects, such as poetry and philosophy, and on human potential and achievements.

Humanities: study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome.

Florence: a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance.

Patron: a person who provides financial support for the arts.

Perspective: artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect.

Leonardo da Vinci: (1452 – 1519) Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist; his interests and talents spanned numerous disciplines; painted the Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo Buonarroti: (1475 – 1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Raphael: (1483 – 1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Donatello: (1386 – 1466) Master of sculpture in both marble and bronze; one of the greatest of all Renaissance artists.

Niccolo Machiavelli: (1469 – 1527) Italian political philosopher and statesman; he wrote The Prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics. He insisted that a ruler do whatever is necessary to succeed and that the ends would justify the means.

Johann Gutenberg: (c. 1397 – 1468) German inventor and printer; he invented movable type. His first printed publication was a 1,282-page Bible.

Renaissance, Reformation, First Global Age Unit Vocabulary: Page 2 of 4

Albrecht Durer: (1471 – 1528) German painter, engraver, and theoretician; he combined Italian Renaissance techniques of realism and perspective with elements unique to the northern Renaissance, such as the use of oils in his painting.

William Shakespeare: (1564 – 1616) English dramatist and poet; he is considered one of the greatest dramatists of all time and wrote such works as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

Vernacular: everyday language of ordinary people.

Martin Luther: (1483 – 1546) German monk whose protests against the Catholic Church in 1517 (the Ninety-Five Theses) led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation.

Heresy: an opinion that goes against the teachings of a church.

Heretic: a dissenter from established dogma.

Indulgences: pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul’s time in purgatory; from the 1100s to the 1500s, indulgences could be purchased, which led to corruption.

Protestant Reformation: a religious movement in the 1500s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.

Pope: title given to the head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Henry VIII: (1491 – 1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England ( aka the Anglican Church) in 1532.

Scientific Revolution: a transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions.

Scientific Method: a method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge.

Isaac Newton: (1642 – 1727) English mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects.

Renaissance, Reformation, First Global Age Unit Vocabulary: page 3 of 4

Galileo Galilei: (1564 – 1642) Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope; his discoveries put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.

Nicolaus Copernicus: (1473 – 1543) Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe.

Heliocentric theory: scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun

Jesuits: members of a Catholic religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534.

Inquisition: institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s.

Moluccas: a group of islands in eastern Indonesia; was the center of the spice trade in the 1500s and 1600s.

Cartographer: mapmaker

Circumnavigate: to proceed completely around.

Prince Henry aka Henry the Navigator: (1394 – 1460) Prince of Portugal and patron of exploration; he made no voyages himself but spent his life directing voyages of discovery along the African coast.

Christopher Columbus: (1451 – 1506) Italian explorer, sailing for Spain, who reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a western sea route from Europe to Asia.

Columbian Exchange: the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa beginning with the voyages of Columbus.

Diaspora: a scattering of people

Conquistador: Spanish explorer who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s.

Plantation: large estate run by an owner or overseer and worked by laborers who live there.

Renaissance, Reformation, First Global Age Unit Vocabulary: page 4 of 4

Peninsulares: members of the highest class in Spain’s colonies in the Americas; colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal.

Creole: person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendent of Spanish settlers.

Mestizo: person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was of Native American and European descent.

Mulatto: in Spain’s colonies in the Americas, a person who was of African and European descent.

Honors World History Vocabulary: The Age of Absolutism

28 terms – page 1 of 3

Absolute monarch: a ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people.

Limited monarchy: government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers

Divine Right of Kings: the belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.

Philip II: (1527 – 1598) King of Spain 1556 – 1598; he led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestantism; was defeated by England and the Netherlands.

Miguel de Cervantes: (1547-1616) Spanish novelist, dramatist, and poet; he wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha.

Spanish Armada: a great fleet (130 ships and 20,000 men) assembled by Spain in 1588 for an invasion of England.

Louis XIV: (1638 – 1715) King of France from 1643 to 1715; known as the Sun King, he built a palace at Versailles as a means to consolidate absolute power; a series of wars at the end of his long reign drained France’s wealth.

Versailles: royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV.

Levee: morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon King Louis XIV

Huguenot: a French Protestant

Bourgeoisie: the urban middle class; merchants, professionals, and manufacturers.

Terms continue on the next page … =>

The Age of Absolutism Unit: 28 terms – page 2 of 3

Henry VIII: (1491 – 1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England also known as the Anglican Church.

Elizabeth I: (1533 – 1603) Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England.

James I: first Stuart monarch; claimed absolute power and clashed repeatedly with Parliament over money and foreign policy; also clashed with dissenters, Protestants who differed with the Church of England; father of Charles I.

Charles I: inherited the throne from his father, James I, in 1625; behaved like an absolute monarch; ruled during the English Civil War; eventually Parliament set up a court, put him on trial, and condemned him to death; he was executed in 1649.

Cavaliers: supporters of Charles I during the English Civil War; many were wealthy nobles, proud of their plumed hats and fashionably long hair; were well trained in dueling and warfare.

Roundheads: those favoring Parliament during the English Civil War; composed of country gentry, town-dwelling manufacturers, and Puritan clergy; against absolutism; earned their name due to their hairstyle.

Oliver Cromwell: (1599-1658) in 1642, he led Parliament’s forces in deposing Charles I; he became ruler of England in 1653.

Restoration: the period of the reign of Charles II in England when the monarchy was restored after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell’s government; there was also a rebirth of English culture during this time.

Glorious Revolution: (1688) a nonviolent revolution in which leaders of Britain’s Parliament invited Mary, daughter of King James II and her husband, the Dutch ruler William of Orange, to replace King James II. =>

The Age of Absolutism Unit: 28 terms – page 3 of 3

English Bill of Rights: series of acts passed by the English Parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament.

Constitutional Monarchy: a monarchy limited by certain laws.

Thomas Hobbes: a seventeenth century English philosopher who lived through the English Civil War and who concluded that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; supported powerful government; outlined his views in Leviathan.

Maria Theresa: (1717-1780) Austrian archduchess, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary from 1740-1780; was one of the most beloved monarchs in the history of Austria.

Czar: “Caesar”; title taken by the male ruler of Russia; female rulers were known as czarinas.

Peter the Great: (1672-1725) Czar of Russia from 1682 to 1725; he transformed Russia into a modern state; was an absolute monarch who brought the ways of Western Europe to Russia and made various reforms.

Catherine the Great: (1729-1796) Czarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796; ruling with absolute power, she introduced a number of reforms that extended Peter the Great’s policy of “westernization.”

Westernization: the adoption of the culture and ideas of Western society,

namely Europe and America.

Honors World History Vocabulary:

From the Enlightenment to the Age of Revolution

36 terms page 1 of 4

Enlightenment: a time of optimism and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason.

Natural law: rules of conduct discoverable by reason; used by Enlightenment thinkers to better understand social, economic, and political problems; used to study human behavior and solve the problems of society.

Thomas Hobbes: a seventeenth century English philosopher who lived through the English Civil War and who concluded that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; supported powerful government; outlined his views in Leviathan. He believed that only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. For him such a government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and compel obedience.

Social contract: an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos.

John Locke: (1632-1704) English philosopher; he developed political and economic theories during the Enlightenment. He wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that do not protect their natural rights.

Natural right: right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property.

Philosophe: French for “philosopher”; French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment.

Baron de Montesquieu: (1689-1755) French jurist and political philosopher; he explored democratic theories of government. He proposed a government divided into three branches and greatly influenced the United States Constitution.

From the Enlightenment to Revolution – page 2 of 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (1712-1778) French political philosopher who believed that people in their natural state were basically good; felt this natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society, especially the unequal distribution of property; heavily influenced Thomas Paine and Marquis de Lafayette; wrote The Social Contract in 1762; felt that society placed too many limitations on people’s behavior – controls should be minimal and only by a freely elected government; put his faith in the “general will” of the people.

Voltaire: (1694-1778) French philosopher and author; known for his satire; was a supporter of Deism, the idea that God was no longer involved with the universe after creating it; advocated a tolerant approach to religion.

Laissez-faire: policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.

Adam Smith: (1723-1790) Scottish economist; he became the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics and is considered by some to be the “father of modern economics”; wrote the first true text on economics, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776.

Censorship: restriction on access to ideas and information

Enlightened despots: the absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment.

Salons: gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment.

Baroque: ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s.

Rococo: personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers.

Revolution: radical change, far-reaching effects.

*this unit’s terms continue on the next two pages… =>

From Enlightenment to Revolution – page 3 of 4

George III: King of England for 60 years, starting in 1760; ruled during the American Revolution.

Benjamin Franklin: (1706-1790) American statesman; he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster, and member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

George Washington: (1732-1799) First president of the United States; he commanded the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and served as a representative to the Continental Congress.

Thomas Jefferson: (1743-1826) American statesman; third president of the United States; he was a member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration’s main author and one of its signers.

James Madison: (1751-1836) American statesman; he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and the fourth president of the United States; he is known as “the father of the Constitution.”

Popular sovereignty: basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed.

Federal republic: government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states.

Estates General: legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-revolutionary France.

Tennis Court Oath: famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France

Bastille: fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it on July 14, 1789.

From Enlightenment to Revolution – page 4 of 4

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: basic principles of the French Revolution; served as a rally cry / slogan of the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: a document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Louis XVI: (1754-1793) King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution; deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by guillotine.

Marie-Antoinette: (1755-1793) Queen of France, wife of King Louis XVI; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked by many French citizens; was found guilty of treason and guillotined.

Guillotine: a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people.

Maximilien Robespierre: (1758-1794) leading figure of the French Revolution; known for his intense dedication to the Revolution; became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time.

Reign of Terror: a period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens.

Napoleon Bonaparte: (1769-1821) general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d’ etat in 1799; led French armies in conquering much of Europe and placed his relatives in positions of power; defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; was exiled on the island of Elba.

Honors World History Vocabulary: The Industrial Revolution

26 terms – page 1 of 3

Industrial Revolution: a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s.

Industrialization: developing industries for the production of goods.

Entrepreneur: a risk taker who starts a new business within the economic system of capitalism.

Capitalism: economic system in which most businesses are privately owned.

Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912) Wright: American pioneers of aviation; they went from experiments with kites and gliders to piloting the first successful gas-powered airplane flight.

Thomas Edison: (1847-1931) American inventor of over 1,000 patents, including the light bulb; he established a power plant that supplied electricity to parts of New York City.

Henry Ford: (1863-1947) American business leader; he revolutionized factory production through use of the assembly line and popularized the affordable automobile (Model T).

Assembly line: a mass-production process in which a product is moved forward through many work stations where workers perform specific tasks.

Interchangeable parts: identical machine-made parts that can be substituted for each other in manufacturing.

Urbanization: the migration of people from rural areas to cities.

*terms continue on the next page… ==============

The Industrial Revolution Vocabulary: page 2 of 3

Karl Marx: (1818-1883) German social philosopher and chief theorist of modern socialism and communism; he declared that as capitalism grew, more and more workers would become impoverished and miserable. He advocated for a state in which workers own the means of production and govern themselves. Along with Friedrich Engels, he wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848.

Louis Pasteur: (1822-1895) French chemist; his experiments with bacteria disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and led to the germ theory of infection. He also developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies.

Pasteurization: the process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation.

Germ theory: the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes.

Andrew Carnegie: (1835-1919) American industrialist and humanitarian; he led the expansion of the U.S. steel industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Standard of living: a measure of the quality of life

Temperance movement: campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Suffrage: the right to vote

Social gospel: movement of the 1800s that urged Christians to do social service.

Stock: shares in a company

Corporation: business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment

Proletariat: working class

Labor union: workers’ organization

Realism: nineteenth-century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is. =======================

The Industrial Revolution Vocabulary – page 3 of 3

Romanticism: nineteenth century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason.

Impressionism: school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions.

Honors World History Vocabulary: Imperialism vs. New Imperialism

30 terms – page 1 of 3

Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Mughal: a Muslim empire in India (1526 – 1761) founded by Babur; ruled most of northern India from the mid-1500s to the mid 1700s; also known as the Mogul.

Ming: Chinese empire; in 1368, a rebel Chinese army pushed the Mongols back beyond the Great Wall and established a new dynasty, the Ming meaning brilliant;

while European interest in China and other parts of East Asia continued to grow during the 1500s, the Ming had no interest in Europe –since, as a Ming document proclaimed, “our empire owns the world.” The Ming fell in the 1600s with the Manchu conquest.

Qing: dynasty established by the Manchus in the mid 1600s and lasted until the early 1900s; China’s last dynasty.

Ottoman: ruling dynasty of the Ottoman Empire (1293 – 1922); named for Osman I, the founder; at the Empire’s height, the Ottomans ruled a vast area that encompassed southwest Asia, northeast Africa, and southeast Europe.

Safavid: By the 1500s, the Safavids, a Turkish-speaking Muslim dynasty, had united a strong empire in present-day Iran; revived the glory of ancient Persia; became a center for the international silk trade; ruled until the 1700s.

Maya: early civilization in Central America

Aztecs: Several hundred years after the decline of the Maya civilization, the Aztecs conquered most of Mexico; by 1500, the Aztec empire numbered about 30 million people; would eventually be conquered by the Spanish.

Inca: South American empire stretching 2,500 miles down the Andes Mountains and along the Pacific coast; created one of the great road systems in history – even more extensive than that of ancient Rome; fell to the Spanish in the 1500s.

Imperialism vs. New Imperialism: 30 terms – page 2 of 3

New Imperialism: term historians use to describe the path of aggressive expansion taken by European powers…in just a few decades, beginning in the 1870s, Europeans brought much of the world under their influence and control.

Nationalism: a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.

Protectorate: country with its own government but under the control of an outside power.

Spheres of Influence: areas in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.

Berlin Conference: European conference in Germany in 1884 where Africa was carved by imperialist powers – a means to avoid European bloodshed.

Suez Canal: a canal linking the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, which also links Europe to Asia and East Africa.

Sepoy: Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies.

Sepoy Rebellion: (1857-1858) a rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India; also called the Sepoy Mutiny.

Viceroy: one who ruled India in the name of the monarch.

INC: Indian National Congress – a major political party in India; founded in 1885 to press for greater rights for Indians under British rule, it later became one of the main forces calling for Indian independence.

Muslim League: political group founded in 1906 to protect the rights of Indian Muslims; it later became one of the main forces calling for Indian independence and a separate nation for Indian Muslims.

30 terms – page 3 of 3 of Imperialism vs. New Imperialism Unit

Balance of Trade: difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports.

Trade surplus: situation in which a country exports more than it imports.

Trade deficit: situation in which a country imports more than it exports.

Opium War: (1839-1842) war fought between Great Britain and China over restrictions to foreign trade

Indemnity: compensation that is paid to a nation for the damage inflicted upon it in a war (payment for losses in a war)

Extraterritoriality: the right of citizens to be tried in the courts of their native country rather than in the courts of the country that they are living in

Taiping Rebellion: (1850-1864) revolt against the Qing dynasty in China led by Hong Xiuquan, a convert to Christianity; over 20 million Chinese died; eventually suppressed with British and French aid.

Open Door Policy: American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations.

Boxer Rebellion: (1900) a siege of a foreign settlement in Beijing by Chinese nationalists who were angry at foreign involvement in China.

Sino-Japanese War: (1894) war fought between China and Japan for influence over Korea; Japan’s victory symbolized its successful modernization.

Honors World History Vocabulary: World War I

40 terms – page 1 of 3

Militarism: glorification of the military; one of the “M.A.I.N.” causes of WW I.

Alliances: formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense; one of the “M.A.I.N.” causes of WW I.

Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region; one of the “M.A.I.N.” causes of WW I.

Nationalism: a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country; one of the “M.A.I.N.” causes of WW I.

Triple Alliance: an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the late 1800s.

Triple Entente: an alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain in the late 1800s.

Pacifism: opposition to all war.

Assassination: to murder by sudden or secret attack usually for impersonal reasons.

Archduke: a sovereign prince; a prince of the imperial family of Austria.

Franz Ferdinand: (1863-1914) Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination by a Serb nationalist started WW I.

Ultimatum: final set of demands.

Mobilize: prepare military forces for war.

Alsace and Lorraine: provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871; regained by France after WW I.

Neutrality: policy of supporting neither side in a war. =============

World War I Unit Vocabulary: page 2 of 3

Western Front: during World War I, the deadlocked region in northern France where German and Allied armies faced off.

Trench warfare: a form of combat in which soldiers dug trenches, or deep ditches, to seek protection from enemy fire and to defend their positions.

Stalemate: deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.

Poison gas: new weapon of war first used in 1915 by Germany followed by the Allies; blinded or choked its victims or caused agonizing burns and blisters; could be fatal; was one of the most dreaded hazards of war.

Flamethrower: weapon used during WW I; a device that expels from a nozzle a burning stream of liquid or semiliquid fuel under pressure.

U-boat: German submarine - nicknamed from the German word for submarine, Unterseeboot.

Zeppelin: large gas-filled balloon; in 1915, Germans used these to bomb the English coast.

Total war: channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort.

Atrocity: horrible act committed against innocent people.

Contraband: during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any belligerent.

Lusitania: British liner torpedoed by a German submarine in May 1915.

Zimmerman Note: a telegram sent to a German official in Mexico prior to U.S. entrance into World War I; proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico.

Conscription: “the draft,” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service. =============================

World War I Unit Vocabulary: page 3 of 3

Propaganda: spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.

Self-determination: right of people to choose their own form of government.

Bolshevik Revolution: aka the Russian Revolution; Bolsheviks were Soviet Marxists led by Vladimir Lenin who said, “We shall now occupy ourselves in Russia

in building up a proletarian socialist state”; this conflict brought the communists to power and resulted in Russia’s withdrawal from WW I.

Vladimir Lenin: (1870-1924) Russian revolutionary and founder of Bolshevism; he rose to power in Russia following the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Communism: economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning.

Woodrow Wilson: (1856-1924) Twenty-eighth president of the United States; he proposed the League of Nations after WW I as part of his Fourteen Points.

Fourteen Points: list of terms for resolving WW I and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918.

Armistice: agreement to end fighting in a war.

Treaty of Versailles: (1919) treaty ending WW I; required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations.

Reparation: payment for war damage, or damage caused by imprisonment.

League of Nations: an international body of nations formed after WW I to prevent future wars.

Collective security: system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.

Pandemic: spread of a disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world.

Honors World History Vocabulary: The Interwar Era

30 terms – page 1 of 3

Roaring Twenties: nickname given to the 1920s as experienced in the United States; began with the relief that WW I was over and was an age of optimism and excitement with new art forms such as jazz amongst other changes; ended with the stock market crash of 1929.

Harlem Renaissance: an African American cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem.

Prohibition: a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933.

Marie Curie: (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906): European chemists and physicists; they discovered radium and polonium in 1898.

Albert Einstein: (1879-1955) American theoretical physicist; he developed the theory of relativity among his many scientific theories and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.

Sigmund Freud: (1856-1939) Austrian psychiatrist and founder of psychoanalysis; he treated hysteria using hypnosis and believed that complexes of repressed and forgotten impressions underlie all abnormal mental states.

Maginot Line: massive fortifications built by the French along the French border with Germany in the 1930s to protect against future invasions.

Kellogg-Briand Pact: an international agreement, signed by almost every nation in 1928, to stop using war as a method of national policy.

Disarmament: reduction of armed forces and weapons.

Reparation: payment for war damage.

Overproduction: condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them.

The Interwar Era Unit: page 2 of 3

Depression: a period of low general economic activity marked especially by rising levels of unemployment.

Great Depression: (1929-1930s) a severe worldwide depression that followed the collapse of the United States stock market; prices and wages fell, business activity slowed, and unemployment rose.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt: (1882-1945) Thirty-second president of the United States; he was elected president four times. He led the United States during the major crises of the Great Depression and World War II.

New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan of economic relief, recovery, and reforms for the country during the Great Depression.

Joseph Stalin: (1879-1953) Led the U.S.S.R. after Vladimir Lenin’s death; Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union; he led the Soviet Union through WW II and created a powerful Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe after the war.

Socialist Republic: a type of republic in which there is no private property and the state owns and distributes all goods to people.

Socialist Realism: artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive life.

Propaganda: information such as posters and pamphlets created by governments in order to influence public opinion.

Totalitarianism: form of government in which the person or party in charge has absolute power/ control over all aspects of life.

Benito Mussolini: (1883-1945) Italian Fascist leader; he ruled as Italy’s dictator for more than 20 years beginning in 1922. His alliance with Hitler brought Italy into WW II.

The Interwar Era Unit: page 3 of 3

Fascism: a totalitarian system of government that focuses on the good of the state rather than on the good of the individual citizens.

Il Duce: “The Leader” - title taken by Benito Mussolini.

Adolf Hitler: (1889-1945) Totalitarian dictator of Germany; his invasion of European countries led to World War II. He espoused notions of racial superiority

and was responsible for the mass murder of millions of Jews and others in the Holocaust.

Nazi Party: National Socialist Party; fascist political party of Adolf Hitler governed on totalitarian lines and advocating German racial superiority.

Mein Kampf: “My Struggle” – book written by Adolf Hitler outlining Nazi ideals and ideology.

Charisma: a personal magic of leadership arousing special popular loyalty or enthusiasm for a public figure as a political leader or military commander; a special magnetic charm or appeal

Hirohito: (1901-1989) Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989; he led Japan during World War II and was forced into unconditional surrender following the atomic-bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Hideki Tojo: (1884-1948) Japanese nationalist and general; he took control of Japan during World War II. He was later tried and executed for war crimes.

Ultranationalist: extreme nationalist.

Honors World History Vocabulary: World War II

33 terms – page 1 of 3

Sanctions: economic or political penalties imposed by one country on another to try and force a change in policy.

Appeasement: giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war.

Pacifism: opposition to all war.

Neutrality Acts: a series of acts passed by the United States Congress from 1935 to 1939 that aimed to keep the United States from becoming involved in World War II.

Axis Powers: group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought the Allies in World War II.

Anschluss: union of Austria and Germany.

Sudetenland: a region of western Czechoslovakia.

Nazi-Soviet Pact: agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe.

Blitzkrieg: a German word meaning “lightning war”; a fast, forceful style of fighting used by Germans in World War II.

Luftwaffe: German Air Force.

Winston Churchill: (1874-1965) British prime minister; he opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II.

Vichy: a city in central France where the Germans set up a puppet state governing unoccupied France and the French colonies.

World War II Unit Vocabulary – page 2 of 3

General Erwin Rommel: (1891-1944) German general during WW II; he commanded the Afrika Korps and was nicknamed the Desert Fox due to his leadership.

Concentration camps: detention sites created for military or political purposes to confine, terrorize, and, in some cases, kill civilians.

Holocaust: the systematic genocide of about six million European Jews by the Nazis during World War II.

Lend-Lease Act: act passed by the United States Congress in 1941 that allowed the president (FDR) to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the United States.

Rosie the Riveter: popular name for women who worked in war industries during World War II.

Aircraft carrier: ship that accommodates the taking off and landing of airplanes, and transport aircraft.

Dwight Eisenhower: (1890-1969) General; thirty-fourth president of the United States; as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II, he led the Allied invasions of North Africa and of France (D-Day).

Stalingrad: now Volgograd, a city in southwestern Russia that was the site of a fierce battle during WW II.

Battle of Stalingrad: (1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad, a city on the Volga River; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany’s defeat marked a turning point in the war.

D-Day: code name for the day that Allied forces invaded France during World War II, June 6, 1944.

World War II Unit Vocabulary – page 3 of 3

Yalta Conference: meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in February 1945 where the three leaders made agreements regarding the end of WW II.

“Big Three”: Winston Churchill of Great Britain, Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union; the three key Allied leaders of WW II.

V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies won World War II in Europe.

Bataan Death March: during WW II, the forced march of Filipino and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military.

Douglas MacArthur: (1880-1964) American general, he commanded U.S. troops in the Southwest Pacific during World War II and administered Japan after the war ended. (He later commanded UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War, until he was removed by President Truman.)

Island-hopping: during World War II, Allied strategy of recapturing some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others.

Kamikaze: Japanese pilot who undertook a suicide mission.

Manhattan Project: code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during World War II.

Hiroshima: mid-sized city in Japan where the first atomic bomb was dropped in August, 1945.

Nagasaki: a coastal city in southern Japan on the island of Kyushu; city in Japan where the second atomic bomb was dropped in August, 1945.

Nuremberg: a city in southern Germany where Hitler staged Nazi rallies in the 1930s, and where Nazi war crimes trials were held after World War II.

Gandhi & An Age of Global Nationalism and Decolonization

26 terms – page 1 of 3

Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Sati: Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre.

Sepoy: Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies.

Viceroy: one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch; representative who ruled one of Spain’s provinces in the Americas in the king’s name.

Deforestation: the clearing of forests

INC: Indian National Congress; a major political party in India; founded in 1885 to press for greater rights for Indians under British rule, it later became one of the main forces calling for Indian independence.

Muslim League: political group founded in 1906 to protect the rights of Indian Muslims; it later became one of the main forces calling for Indian independence and a separate nation for Indian Muslims.

Mohandas Gandhi: (1869-1948) Leader of India’s struggle for independence from Great Britain; he organized the population for protest through the methods of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience.

Fasting: to abstain from food; to eat sparingly or abstain from some foods.

Civil Disobedience: the refusal to obey unjust laws.

Boycott: refuse to buy.

*terms continue… ============================================

Gandhi, Nationalism, and Decolonization Unit Vocabulary – page 2 of 3

Atlantic Charter: issued as the result of a secret meeting between FDR and Churchill on a warship in the Atlantic in 1941; set goals for WW II including “the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny”; pledged to support “the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live” and called for a “permanent system of general security.”

Jawaharlal Nehru: (1889-1964) Indian statesman; he was the first prime minister of an independent India at the end of British colonial rule.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah: (1876-1948) Indian politician and founder of Pakistan; as leader of the Muslim League, he believed that Indian Muslims needed a separate nation and called for a partition in 1940.

Indian Independence Act: (August 15, 1947) granted Indian independence on the condition of partition.

Partition: division.

Indira Gandhi: (1917-1984) Indian politician; daughter and mother of Indian prime ministers (Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajiv Gandhi respectively), she was India’s first female prime minister; her term was marred by sectarian violence involving India’s Sikh minority.

Kashmir: a former princely state in the Himalayas, claimed by both India and Pakistan, which have fought wars over its control.

Outsourcing: the practice of using workers from outside a company or country to cut costs or increase production.

Nuclear Arrogance: term used by South Asians toward the United States after the U.S. was critical of India’s and Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities in 1998; in South Asia, the view that the United States feels that it is acceptable for them to have nuclear weapons, but that somehow, it is not okay for South Asia – that this region is too unstable, too immature.

Terms continue on the next page ======================

Gandhi, Nationalism, and Decolonization Unit Vocabulary – page 3 of 3

Pan- Africanism: nationalist movement that began in the early 1900s and called for unifying all of Africa; “Africa for Africans.”

Kwame Nkrumah: (1909 – 1972) Ghanaian nationalist leader and statesman; he pushed for Ghanaian independence from Great Britain and was elected Ghana’s first president in 1957.

Apartheid: the South African government’s official policy of legalized racial segregation throughout the society

African National Congress: political organization in South Africa; founded in 1912, it developed into the main opposition to apartheid; aka ANC.

Nelson Mandela: (1918- ) Former guerrilla fighter; statesman; he helped end apartheid and became the first black president of South Africa – elected in 1994.

Pan-Arabism: mid-twentieth century movement to unite all Arabs based on their common language and culture.

Honors World History Vocabulary: The Cold War Unit

32 terms – page 1 of 3

Cold War: an era of high tension and bitter rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II.

Superpower: a nation stronger than other powerful nations.

Mao Zedong: Father of Chinese Communism; claimed Communist victory over Chiang Kai-shek in 1949.

Chiang Kai-shek: Chinese Nationalist leader; fled to Taiwan after the Communist victory.

Harry Truman: (1884-1972) Thirty-third president of the United States; he became president upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He led the United States through the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.

Truman Doctrine: (1947) U.S. president Truman’s pledge to provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism.

Containment: the United States policy adopted in the 1940s to stop the spread of communism by providing economic and military aid to countries opposing the Soviets.

Korean War: Cold War conflict on the Korean peninsula beginning in 1950 when the communist North invaded the noncommunist South; the United States and UN intervened; an armistice was signed in 1953.

38th Parallel: an imaginary line marking 38 degrees of latitude, particularly the line at 38 degrees of latitude north across the Korean Peninsula, dividing Soviet forces to the north and American forces to the south after World War II.

DMZ: a thin band of territory across the Korean peninsula separating North Korean forces from South Korean forces; established by the armistice of 1953.

USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics =============

The Cold War Unit Vocabulary – page 2 of 3

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a defensive military alliance of twelve Western nations formed in 1949.

Warsaw Pact: a military alliance of the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe, established in 1955.

Berlin airlift: (1948-1949) a program in which the United States and Britain shipped supplies by air to West Berlin during the Soviet blockade of all routes to the city.

John F. Kennedy: one of several U.S. presidents to rule during the Cold War; ruled during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis; was assassinated.

Fidel Castro: (1926 - ) Communist political leader of Cuba; he helped overthrow the Cuban government in 1959 and seized control of the country, exercising total control of the government and economy.

Bay of Pigs Invasion: (1961) the failed attempt of Cuban exiles backed by the U.S. to overthrow the Cuban socialist government by Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis: (1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Nikita Khrushchev: Communist leader of the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Ho Chi Minh: (1890-1969) Vietnamese nationalist and revolutionary leader; president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 1945 to 1969; he wanted to bring communism to South Vietnam.

Vietnam War: (1964-1973) Cold War conflict where the United States tried to stop Communism from spreading into South Vietnam; eventually more than 500,000 American troops were committed to the war; two years after American troops had withdrawn from the country, the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. (has been referred to as a quagmire for the U.S.)

The Cold War Unit Vocabulary – page 3 of 3

Vietcong: communist guerilla force allied with North Vietnam which fought to overthrow the government of South Vietnam from the 1950s to 1975.

Lydnon B. Johnson: (LBJ) U.S. President who ruled after the assassination of John F. Kennedy; President during the Vietnam War; known for his Civil Rights legislation.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Passed by Congress on August 7, 1964, this authorized the President (LBJ) to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression in

Southeast Asia; after this resolution passed, the United States began bombing targets in North Vietnam.

Quagmire: soft miry land that shakes or yields under the foot, swampy; a difficult or precarious position: predicament.

Domino Theory: the belief during the Cold War that the fall of one non-communist country to communism would cause neighboring non-communist countries also to fall to communists.

Mikhail Gorbachev: (1931- ) Russian politician; he was the last president of the Soviet Union before the country’s collapse in 1991.

Mujahedin: Muslim religious warriors; greatly resisted Soviet expansion into Afghanistan, “the Soviet Vietnam,” and was supported by the U.S.

Glasnost: “openness” in Russian; a Soviet policy of greater freedom of expression introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s.

Perestroika: “restructuring” in Russian; a Soviet policy of democratic and free-market reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s.

Tiananmen Square Massacre: violent suppression by the Chinese communist government of a large prodemocracy protest in Beijing’s central square in 1989.

Ronald Reagan: U.S. President during the Cold War; ruled during the 1980s; talked tough against Communism.

Honors World History Vocabulary: The Modern World

– Genocide, War, Disease, Friends and Foes…

17 terms – page 1 of 2

Genocide: the killing of an entire people; deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.

Armenian Genocide: (1915-1918) Resulted in 1,500,000 deaths; often overshadowed by WW I, the first genocide of the 20th century; occurred when two

million Armenians living in Turkey were eliminated from their historic homeland through forced deportations and massacres.

Ukrainian Genocide: (1932-1933) Resulted in 7,000,000 deaths; Joseph Stalin was responsible for setting in motion events designed to cause a famine in the Ukraine to destroy the people there seeking independence from his rule; people were deprived of the food they had grown with their own hands.

Nanking Massacre: (1937-1938) Resulted in 300,000 deaths; in December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China’s capital city of Nanking and proceeded to murder 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking.

Cambodian Genocide: (1975-1979) Resulted in 2,000,000 deaths; an attempt by Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot to form a Communist peasant farming society resulted in the deaths of 25% of the country’s population from starvation, overwork, and executions.

Bosnian Genocide: (1992-1995) Resulted in 200,000 deaths; a conflict between the three main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia.

Rwandan Genocide: (1994) Resulted in close to a million deaths – approximately 800,000, in about 100 days from April to July 1994; conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis where the Hutu majority were the perpetrators.

The Modern World Unit Vocabulary – page 2 of 2

Darfur: a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict causes instability, fear, violence, intimidation, and calls for action against genocide.

Global warming: the rise of the Earth’s surface temperature over time.

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; caused by the HIV virus.

Al-Qaeda: “the base” Islamic terrorist organization responsible for the September 11th (2001) attacks.

Osama bin Laden: (1957-2011 ) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks; killed by U.S. special forces on May 1, 2011.

Saddam Hussein: (1937-2006) President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003; he established a brutal dictatorship, suppressed all dissent, and led Iraq into wars with Iran (1980-1990) and Kuwait (1991). He was removed from power in 2003 by U.S.-led forces.

Kim Jong Il: (1941-2011) Dictatorial leader of North Korea; under his rule the North Korean economy has continued to deteriorate.

Kim Jon Un: (1983 - ) became the current supreme leader of North Korea after the death of his father, Kim Jong Il

Bashar al-Assad: (1965- ) became president of Syria after his father’s death in 2000; human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have detailed how Bashar’s regime torture, imprison, and kill political opponents; state of civil war in 2012

Globalization: the process in which trade and culture link together countries around the world.