world history 1500 to present - henry county public schools
TRANSCRIPT
World History 1500 to Present
SOL Review
1-3
• Ottoman Empire
• Persia
• China
• Mughal
• Songhai Empire
• Japan
• Inca
• Aztec
By 1500, major states and empires had developed around the world.
European empires 1500
• England
• France
• Spain
• Russia
• Ottoman Empire
The Renaissance • Intellectual and artistic ideas from the Renaissance
marked the beginning of the modern world.
• Renaissance
– “Rebirth” of classical knowledge, “birth” of the modern world
– Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city-states to northern Europe
Contributions of the Renaissance – Visual Arts
Michelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci
Contributions of the Renaissance • Literature (sonnets, plays, essays):
Shakespeare
• Intellectual ideas:
– Humanism: Focuses on secular human concerns instead of the church
– Erasmus: The Praise of Folly. Criticized the Church and wanted to reform it.
Spread of Major Religions
1500:
• Judaism—Europe and the Middle East
• Christianity—Europe and the Middle East
• Islam—Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe
• Hinduism—India and part of Southeast Asia
• Buddhism—East and Southeast Asia
1500: Regional Trade linking Europe, Asia, and Africa
• Silk roads across Asia to Mediterranean basin
• Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean
• Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
• Northern European links with the Black Sea
• Western European sea and river trade
• South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia
• Why were the regional trading patterns important?
– Exchange of products and ideas
Eastern inventions • Major technological and scientific exchanges
in the Eastern Hemisphere.
– Advancements exchanged along trade routes
• Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China)
• Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East)
• Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics
Reformation: Early Reformers • Dissenters prior to Luther
– Huss: Priest, spoke against the Church, burned at the stake
– Wycliffe: Wanted Bible written in vernacular
Causes of Protestant Reformation: • Merchant wealth challenged Church’s view of usury
(loaning $ w/ interest) • German and English nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church • Catholic Church had great political power and wealth
• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences (buying forgiveness for sins) were widespread
Important People of the Reformation:
• Martin Luther: Lutheranism
• Views—Salvation by faith, Bible is ultimate authority, all humans equal before God
• Actions—95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church
• John Calvin: Calvinism
• Views—Predestination, show faith by living righteously & good works
Reformation in England - Anglican • Queen Elizabeth I:
• Tolerance for dissenters
• Expansion and colonialism
• Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588) – Tried to invade England
• King Henry VIII:
• Divorced
• Broke with Roman Catholic Church and started national church in England (Anglican Church)
• Took lands and $$ from Catholic Church in England
Reformation in Germany - 30 Years War
• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire remained Roman Catholic.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France – Huguenots/Edict of Nantes
• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots (French Calvinists) freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict – Switched focus of the war
from Catholic v. Protestant to nationalism v. Hapsburg empire
Counter/Catholic Reformation • Counter Reformation, period of Catholic revival
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practice.
• The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
• Inquisition: courts to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Changing values, traditions & philosophies during Reformation:
• Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch
• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism: individual relationships w/ God and individual interpretations of belief
• At first the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance
– Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Printing Press spreads new ideas: • Growth of literacy was stimulated by the
Gutenberg printing press.
• Bible was printed in English, French, & German.
• Spread the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.