Workshop on ConnectorsFind the appropriate connector for the following Biography: Claude ShannonClaude Elwood Shannon(April 30, 1916 February 24, 2001) was an Americanmathematician,electronic engineer, andcryptographerknown as "the father ofinformation theory". Shannon is famous for having founded information theory with a landmark paper that he published in 1948. (Both ..and, However, Besides) he is also credited with founding bothdigital computeranddigital circuitdesign theory in 1937, when, as a 21-year-oldmaster's degreestudent at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), he wrote histhesisdemonstrating that electrical applications ofboolean algebracould construct and resolve any logical, numerical relationship.Shannon contributed to the field ofcryptanalysis for national defense duringWorld War II, including his basic work on codebreaking and securetelecommunications.Postwar contributionsIn 1948, the promised memorandum appeared as "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", an article in two parts in the July and October issues of theBell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the informationa sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed byNorbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropyas a measure for the uncertainty in a message (e.g., i.e., while) essentially inventing the field ofinformation theory.The book, co-authored withWarren Weaver,The Mathematical Theory of Communication, reprints Shannon's 1948 article and Weaver's popularization of it, which is accessible to the non-specialist. Warren Weaver pointed out that the word informationin communication theory is not related to what you do say, but to what you could say. (That is, Furthermore, For instance) information is a measure of one's freedom of choice when one selects a message. Shannon's concepts were also popularized, subject to his own proofreading, inJohn Robinson Pierce'sSymbols, Signals, and Noise.Information theory's fundamental contribution tonatural language processingandcomputational linguisticswas further established in 1951, in his article "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English", showing upper and lower bounds of entropy on the statistics of English giving a statistical foundation to language analysis. In addition, he proved that treating whitespaceas the 27th letter of the alphabet actually lowers uncertainty in written language, providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition.Another notable paper published in 1949 is "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", a declassified version of his wartime work on the mathematical theory ofcryptography, in which he proved that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as theone-time pad. He is also credited with the introduction ofsampling theory, which is concerned with representing a continuous-time signal from a (uniform) discrete set of samples. This theory was essential in enabling telecommunications to move from analog to digital transmissions systems in the 1960s and later.He returned to MIT to hold an endowed chair in 1956.Hobbies and inventionsOutside of his academic pursuits, Shannon was interested injuggling,unicycling, andchess. He also invented many devices, including rocket-poweredflying discs, a motorizedpogo stick, and a flame-throwing trumpet for a science exhibition. One of his more humorous devices was a box kept on his desk called the "Ultimate Machine", based on an idea byMarvin Minsky. Otherwise featureless, the box possessed a single switch on its side. When the switch was flipped, the lid of the box opened and a mechanical hand reached out, flipped off the switch, then retracted back inside the box. Renewed interest in the "Ultimate Machine" has emerged onYouTubeandThingiverse. (In addition, In addition to, yet) he built a device that could solve theRubik's Cubepuzzle. Shannon designed theMinivac 601, a digital computer trainer to teach business people about how computers functioned. It was sold by the Scientific Development Corp starting in 1961.He is also considered the co-inventor of the firstwearable computeralong withEdward O. Thorp.[24]The device was used to improve the odds when playingroulette.Legacy and tributesShannon came to MIT in 1956 to join its faculty and to conduct work in theResearch Laboratory of Electronics(RLE). He continued to serve on the MIT faculty until 1978. (To, in order to, for) commemorate his achievements, there were celebrations of his work in 2001, and there are currently six statues of Shannon sculpted byEugene L. Daub: one at theUniversity of Michigan; one at MIT in theLaboratory for Information and Decision Systems; one in Gaylord, Michigan; one at theUniversity of California at San Diego; one atBell Labs; and another atAT&T Shannon Labs.(Before, After, At the same time) thebreakupof the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs that remained withAT&T Corporationwas named Shannon Labs in his honor.According toNeil Sloane, an AT&T Fellow who co-edited Shannon's large collection of papers in 1993, the perspective introduced by Shannon'scommunication theory(now calledinformation theory) is the foundation of the digital revolution, and every device containing amicroprocessorormicrocontrolleris a conceptual descendant of Shannon's publication in 1948: "He's one of the great men of the century. Without him, none of the things we know today would exist. The whole digital revolutionstarted with him."The unitshannonis named after Claude Shannon.Shannon had three children, Robert James Shannon, Andrew Moore Shannon, and Margarita Shannon. His oldest son, Robert Shannon, died when he was 45 years old in 1998. Shannon developedAlzheimer's disease, and spent his last years in a nursing home inMassachusettsoblivious to the marvels of the digital revolution he had helped create. He was survived by his wife, Mary Elizabeth Moore Shannon, his son, Andrew Moore Shannon, his daughter, Margarita Shannon, his sister, Catherine Shannon Kay, and his two granddaughters.His wife stated in his obituary that, had it not been for Alzheimer's disease, "He would have been bemused" by it all. Other workThe Las Vegas connection: information theory and its applications to game theoryShannon and his wife Betty also used to go on weekends toLas VegaswithMITmathematicianEd Thorp,and made very successful forays inblackjackusinggame theorytype methods co-developed with fellow Bell Labs associate, physicist John L. Kelly Jr.based on principles of information theory. His method, known as the High-Low method, a level 1 count methodology, works (to, by, by means of) adding 1, 0, or -1 depending on the cards that appear.Shannon and Thorp also invented a small, concealable computer to help them calculate odds while gambling.[34]They made a fortune, as detailed in the book Fortune's FormulabyWilliam Poundstoneand corroborated by the writings ofElwyn Berlekamp, Kelly's research assistant in 1960 and 1962.Shannon and Thorp also applied the same theory, later known (like, as, and so forth) theKelly criterion, to the stock market with even better results.Claude Shannon's card count techniques were explained inBringing Down the House, the best-selling book published in 2003 about theMIT Blackjack TeambyBen Mezrich. In 2008, the book was adapted into adrama filmtitled21.Shannon's maximShannon formulated a version ofKerckhoffs' principleas "The enemy knows the system". In this form it is known as "Shannon's maxim".