Different words do different jobs in a sentence.

word class

Danial Mohammadzadeh

Different words do different jobs in a sentence.

noun adjectivepronoun

verb

preposition

These are calledword classes.

adverb

conjunctiondeterminer

Lexical categoriesFunctional categoriesMorphological properties of English verbs

1. Nouns2. Verbs3. Adjectives4. Adverbs5. Prepositions

a noun isthe name of

a person,place, animal

or thing

Nouns 1

girl

city

dog

day

Emma

Belfast

Fido

Monday

girl

city

fox

man

girls

cities

foxes

men

commonnoun

generalnames

propernoun

particularnames

singular

just one

plural

morethan one

Nouns 2

Nounscan be…

collectivenouns

abstractnouns

group team

crowdflock

herdclass

singular nounfor a plural group

justicehappinessgriefwisdom

idea

things you can’tsee, hear, touch, smell

A group of words builtround a noun is called a noun phrase..

It acts like a noun in a sentence.

The small boy with grubbyknees was laughing. We had an interesting discussion about life.

Verb 1The verb is

the word that tellsyou what’s

happening in a sentence

pasttense

future

present tense

e.g. ate

was eating

used to eat

had eaten

e.g. will eat

is going to eat

e.g. eats is eating

Where more than oneword is needed it’s called a verb chain.

Verb 2Verbs can

be…

imperative

negative

interrogative

conditional

active or passive

e.g. Stop! Mix the flour…

e.g. is not… cannot… don’t…

e.g. What is she doing? May I have a drink?

e.g. may be… might have… could be…

The monster ate the pie. The pie

was eaten by the

monster.

Nouns and Verbs Phrase(Art+N) eg. The books1.Complement(V+Art+N) borrow the books2.Subject eg. The rabbit ran.3.Argument(complement and subject)

Adjectives

Adjectivestell you

more abouta noun.

They can comebefore the noun…

e.g. The huge fluffy monster

or after it…

e.g. The monster was huge and fluffy.

They can be…comparative or superlative.

tallermore enormous

tallestmost enormous

rather talltallish

quite tallextremely tall

They can suggest degree…

Adverbshow? where?

when?

e.g. gently

sadly

happily

e.g.now then

afterwards

yesterday

e.g. inside

outside

here

there

everywherecomparative superlative

degree

morehappily

mosthappily

quite happilyextremely happily

Adverbs fill inbackgrounddetail about

what happens.

PrepositionsPrepositionscome at thebeginning of

a phrase.

inup

with

roundover

on

after

through

under

in the garden

with big teeth

over the rainbow

on his bestbehaviour

after lunch

under the arches

The phrasessometimes act like adjectives… and sometimes like adverbs.

The dog in the gardenwas barking.

telling us more

about the dog The dog was barking in the garden.

up the stairs

round the corner

through the years

adjectives adverbs

where was it barking?

1. Determiners2. Auxiliaries3. Pronouns4. Conjunctions5. Complementisers

Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc. are known as function words and they belong to functional categories.

They differed from nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions(content words)

They differ:1. In description of individual languages2. In study of acquisition of language3. In study of language disorders.

There is a relationship between content words and function words, that assigning words to lexical categories rely on specific types of function words.

Determinersan

a the

that this

an apple

the car

The articles the/a and the demonstratives belong to a class a function words called determiners

a book

This/that are

known as

demonstratives

Nouns can be preceded by a

definite or indefinite

article

that bag

Like your, his, her, its, our, their, the word my is half-way between apronoun and a determiner.

Auxiliary verbscan

willmust

be have

They differ with lexical verbs in terms of “moving”, that lexical verbs do not move in a sentence while these verbs move.

Verbs can be preceded by a type of function words which are known

as auxiliaries verbs

Also a sentence is negated by placing “not”( or n’t) after a n auxiliary.

PronounsSingular Plural

Firstperson

Apronounstands inplace of a noun

I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he/she/it

him/her/it

his/hers/its

his/hers/its

himself/herself/itself

Secondperson

Thirdperson

Firstperson

Secondperson

Thirdperson

Any word that stands in for a noun(or noun phrase) is a pronoun, e.g.

this, that, those, one

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

ConjunctionsConjunctionsmake linksbetweenwords or phrases

time links

when whilewhenever

before until

after

conditionallinks

although

if unless

as long as

and

causal links

place links

or

but

so

as sincebecause

in order that

so that

wherewherever

Index

complementisers

The subordinating conjunction “that”

in modern linguistics are

known as complementisers

Index

Tom wondered [if it will rain]Tom arranged [for Dick to leave early]

Each of the bracketed clauses is a complement clause, since it serves as the complement of the bold-face verb.

Verbs have a simple form which are called the base form.

There are special forms of verbs in a sentence, that is a base form plus an

ending –s. Eg. He plays baseball on Mondays.

Here the verb agrees with its subject.

1. Daniel presented a presentation.2. Daniel is presenting a presentation.3. Daniel has presented a presentation.

The verb “presented” in number 1 has indicated the Tense of the action.

In English we have regular verbs and irregular ones.

2. Daniel is presenting a presentation.ing-form is sometimes referred to as present

participle, but it is better to call them as progressive participle which is talking about an on-going action.

The auxiliary “be” is referred to as a “progressive auxiliary” when it’s used in progressive aspect sentences.

3. Daniel has presented a presentation.The “presented” in this sentence is wrongly called

“past participle” of the verb “present”, which is must be called as “perfect participle”.

The auxiliary “has” is referred to as a “perfect auxiliary” when it’s used in conjunction with a perfect participle.

When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence, we say that it inflects.

A category like Tense is therefore called an inflectional category.

The category of Tense has two forms, past and non-past in English.

Eg. Took(past form) and take/takes(non-past form)

the traditional term used to distinguish sentences in which the relations of subject and object are changed is voice.

1. Daniel took a picture of John.( active participle )2. A picture of John was taken by Daniel.( passive

participle )

End Show

The End

Skeleton Poster Booksfor GRAMMAR