WINGS!

Designed by: Julia Cheng

long & narrow rectangular shape

long p

rimari

es

large wing slots

long p

rimari

es

this wing is halfopen so it looks

triangular

tiny, paddle-like

LIFT:

LIFT > GRAVITY

GRAVITY:

low pressure

AIRFOIL:

high pressure

THRUST > DRAG

THRUST: DRAG:

1. Active Soaring

super light & thin

ACTIVE SOARING specialized for: Sea Birds

wing tip area smallerthan wing length

PASSIVE SOARING specialized for: Birds of Prey

broad & widerectangular shape

2. Passive SoaringHIGH SPEED

specialized for: Migrating Birds

small & slendertriangular shape

feels very thin

caves inwards

pointy wing tips

wing attachedto back

3. High SpeedELLIPTICAL

specialized for: Forest + Scrub Dwelling Birds

4. Elliptical

point

ed tip

s

narrow wing

tip

broad here

HOVERINGspecialized for: Open Air Hunters

ex

V-shaped

5. Hovering 6. Lift + Gravity

drag

thrust

UPSTROKE:

DOWNSTROKE:

7. Thrust + Drag

Table of Contents:

wing slots similarto passive soaring

short wing spanroundedwing tips

super light weight

small & round egg shape

circling behavior helps birds find

food

long & narrow rectangular shape

OCEAN BREEZE:

long p

rimari

es

Soaring birds havewings that cut

through wind easliy.

super light & thin

ACTIVE SOARING specialized for: Sea Birds

wing tip area smaller than winglength

flight pattern:

large wing slots

THERMALS: Columns of hot, risingair created by unevenheating from the Sun.

long p

rimari

es

this wing is halfopen so it looks

triangular

PASSIVE SOARING specialized for: Birds of Prey broad & wide

rectangular shape

flight pattern:

Turkey vultures have aspecial dihedral wing

shape.

wing slots similarto passive soaring

RAPID TAKE-OFF:

short wing span

A short wing span allowsthese birds to lift off quickly.This wing type is great for

moving through trees.

roundedwing tips

super light weight

the "songbird rollercoaster"

ELLIPTICALspecialized for: Forest + Scrub Dwelling Birds small & round

egg shape flight

pattern:

BUSH HOPPING:

caves inwards

pointy wing tips

NEED FOR SPEED:Triangular wings allowsbirds fly fast for long

distances. This isperfect for migratingspecies. These birdshave adapted to eat

and drink on the wing!!

HIGH SPEEDspecialized for: Migrating Birds small & slendertriangular shape

feels very thinwing attachedto back

flight pattern:

Ducks and pigeonsflap constantly to fly

fast and straight.

tiny, paddle-like

Headwind meanswind blowing in

opposite direction

Certain birds canhover for a short

period of time usingheadwind.

Hummingbirds are the only birdsthat can fly forward, backward,

sideways, and straight up.

HOVERINGspecialized for: Open Air Hunters

Raptors

HUMMINGBIRDs:

Hummingbirdsbeat their wings in

a figure eightpattern.

point

ed tip

s

narrow wing

tip

broad here

HEADWIND:

ex

flight pattern:

flight pattern:

V-shaped

AIR ACROBATS:

They can beattheir wingsfrom 8-200times persecond!!!

With just a twistof their wing, they

can changedirection mid-

flight.

Hoveringmakes it easier

to see preyhiding in tall

grasses.

4 FORCES OF FLIGHT

Air slows down under thecurved area of the wing.This creates an upward

force called lift.

LIFT:

LIFT > GRAVITY

a teardropshape that is

veryaerodynamic

GRAVITY:

HOW DO WINGSWORK?

Wings are an airfoil. Their uniqueshape creates lift by increasing theair pressure beneath their wings.

low pressure

AIRFOIL:

high pressure

Lift pushes upagainst gravityallowing a bird

to fly.

Gravity is a downwardforce that pulls

everything towards thecenter of Earth.

*Lift must be greater than gravity for flight*

*side-view of wing cut-out*

THRUST > DRAG

THRUST: DRAG:

A bird'sstreamlined

body reducesdrag.

Friction from the airthat slows the bird

down.

HOW DOES FLAPPING WORK?

Force createdwhen air from

flapping ispushed down

and back.Thrust propels

the birdforward

4 FORCES OF FLIGHT

drag

thrust

*Lift must be greater than gravity for forwardflight*

UPSTROKE: DOWNSTROKE: Wings are partially

folded. Primaryfeathers are twisted

back to minimize drag.

Wings are fully open.The front part of thewing is twisted down

to create thrust.