WING DESIGN

By Kudzai Mutasa, Victor Oluyede, Patrick Palmer and Andre Nicholson

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How do wings work?

• Wing shape enables air to travel at different speeds

• Different speeds create a pressure differential

• Differential pushes wing up and we have flight!

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Aspects of Wing Design

Plan form Number of wings Wing Vertical Position Aspect Ratio Airfoils and flattening Flaps and Other High Lift Devices

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Planform

This is the wing shape as seen from above

Primary purpose is to increase maximum speed of aircraft

Greater sweep leads to air reaching wings at a slower time

Hence aircraft can reach greater top speeds

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Planform

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Aspect Ratio•Its is the ratio of the wing span(S) to the wing mean aerodynamic chord(C)•A high aspect ratio indicates long, narrow wings, whereas a low aspect ratio indicates short, stubby wings.[1]

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Aspect Ratio

Air escapes at wing tips creating ”vortices.”

Lower pressure at wing tips reduces overall lift

Greater aspect ratio= greater high pressure to low pressure ratio

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Number of wings

3 types : Monoplane (One wing),Biplane (Two wings) and Tri-plane (Three wings)

Disadvantages of having more than one wing -higher weight, lower lift and limited pilot visibility

A single wing usually has a longer wing span than two wings with the same total area.

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Wing vertical position

4 types: High wing Low wing Mid wing and Parasol wing Wing vertical location enables the

design of other aircraft components including aircraft tail and landing gear designs and the centre of gravity.

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Wing vertical position

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Airfoils

Airfoil-the shape of a wing as seen in cross-section.

Aerofoil designs differ depending on their purpose

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Airfoils(continued)

An airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluid produces two aerodynamic forces when thrust is applied

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Airfoils(continued)

Lift is produced primarily through deflection

Cambered aerofoils can produce lift at a zero angle of attack based on Bernoulli’s principle

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Flattening

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Flattening

Also known as arc The more you arc you apply the worse

performance you get. The advantages are indirect: more arc

stiffens and smoothens the wing by causing the tips to fly apart, stretching the fabric.

With a more stable wing designers can increase the aspect ratio

Positives outweigh negatives

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Flattening- examples

Example of high arc next to normal arc glider

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High Lift Devices

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The Equation Of Lift

L = Lift, which must equal the airplane's weight in Newton's

d = density of the air. This will change due to altitude.

v = velocity in metres per second s = the wing area in square metres CL = Coefficient of lift , determined by the type of

airfoil and angle of attack. Increasing the area (S) and lift coefficient (CL) allows

a similar amount of lift to be generated at a lower airspeed (V).

Flaps•Most common high-lift devices used on aircraft. •Attached to the trailing edge of the wing and increase both lift and induced drag for any given AOA.• Allow for a compromise between high cruising speed and low landing speed•May be extended when needed, and retracted into the wing’ s structure when not needed.

•The Fowler flap is the type of airplane flap found on most jet aircraft. Fowler flaps are embedded in the wing, allowing for a minimal amount of drag while the aircraft is in cruise flight, a critical feature for a high-speed jet.

Leading edge slats•Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings of fixed-wing aircraftWhen deployed, they allow the wing to operate at a higher AOA. A higher coefficient of lift is produced as a result of the AOA and speed, • By deploying slats an aircraft can fly at slower speeds, or take off and land in shorter distances.• They are usually used while landing or performing manoeuvres which take the aircraft close to the stall, but are usually retracted in normal flight to minimize drag.

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Conclusion

The primary function of a wing is to generate lift

Wing design focuses on generating maximum lift with minimum drag

Engineers have come up with various ways of modifying wing capabilities

Aircraft wings can be fine-tuned for different purposes

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References

http://www.stockcarscience.com/blog/index.php/talladega_f09

http://rewston-stock.deviantart.com/art/Wing-stock-14-55600948

http://publicola.com/2009/09/22/it-was-the-strangest-thing-id-ever-heard/

http://weblab.open.ac.uk/firstflight/forces/

http://www.wainfan.com/wingdes.pdf http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co

mmons/thumb/c/c9/Wing_profile_nomenclature.svg/500px-Wing_profile_nomenclature.svg.png

 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Aeroforces.svg/220px-Aeroforces.svg.png