william arfman - visiting the calvario at mitla, oaxaca - a critical look at the continuity of a...

7/23/2019 William Arfman - Visiting the Calvario at Mitla, Oaxaca - a critical look at the continuity of a religious practice

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Tfsftfgj tai Ebnvbrfh

bt @ftnb, Hbxbeb

b erftfebn nhho bt tai ehgtfgufty

hd b rinfjfhus prbetfei

Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg



Ufcisthgi ]riss B giw jigirbtfhg hd ]uknfsafgj

Vhu bri ribcfgj b dunn virsfhg hd tafs khho, dhr drii!

Safs khho fs pbrt hd tai Ufcisthgi i-nfkrbry wairi `hst hd hur

puknfebtfhgs bri dunny beeissfkni dhr drii. Dhr beeiss th `hri

drii khhos vfsft< www.sfcisthgi.eh`/nfkrbry

Chwgnhbc Dunn ]CD

Tfsft tai Ufcisthgi i-nfkrbry th krhwsi hur i-khhos. Dhr b `fgf`bn

dii yhu ebg pureabsi b dunny dugetfhgbn ]CD bgc ky chfgj sh, yhu

ainp th oiip hur nfkrbry ruggfgj.

www.sfcisthgi.eh`/nfkrbry



Ufcisthgi ]riss

Tfsftfgj tai Ebnvbrfhbt @ftnb, Hbxbeb



[IUIB[EA @BUSI[ SAIUFU GBSFTI B@I[FEBG [INFJFHG BGC UHEFISVDBEYNSV HD B[EABIHNHJV, NIFCIG YGFTI[UFSV

Tfsftfgj tai Ebnvbrfhbt @ftnb, Hbxbeb

b erftfebn nhho bt tai ehgtfgufty hd b rinfjfhus prbetfei

Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg

Uupirvfshrs<prhd. cr. @bbrtig Lbgsigcr. Bnixbgcir Jiurcscr. Nburb vbg Krhioahvig



Ehpyrfjat ;==1 ky Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg

]uknfsaic ky Ufcisthgi ]riss www.sfcisthgi.eh`Ufcisthgi rijfstrbtfhg gu`kir< UU];635===2

FUKG< 6:1-6=-116=-==1-;

Ehvir Fnnustrbtfhg<]ahthjrbpay< Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg ;==9Cisfjg< Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg & Obrstig Zigtfgo ;==1

Sftni ]bji Fnnustrbtfhg<Crbwfgj< Zfnnfb` A. Ahn`is 2169Icftic< Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg ;==1

Nbyhut<

Zfnnfb` [. Brd`bg



Ehgtigts

]ridbei :

Fgtrhcuetfhg 22

Eabptir 2< Hklietfvis bgc @itahcs 29

2.2 [isibrea Ruistfhg 29

2.; @itahchnhjy 29

2.;.2 Dfincwhro 24

2.;.; Zrfttig shureis 21

2.5 Sai Eabptirs ;=

Eabptir ;< Saihritfebn Ehgsfcirbtfhgs ;2

;.2 Eunturbn Ehgtfgufty ;2

;.; Uygeritfs` ;3

;.5 @btirfbn [infjfhg ;:

;.3 [ftubns ;6

;.9 [infjfhg 5;

;.4 Sai bpprhbea 55

Eabptir 5< Afsthry hd @ftnb bs b rftubn eigtri 59

5.2 Ibrny ehnhgfbn Uhureis 54

5.2.2 Kurjhb's Jihjrâdfeb ciserfpefõg 54

5.2.; Sai [inbefhgis Jihjrâdfebs hd 291= 51

5.2.5 Ci Eõrchvb's Thebkvnbrfh ig Nigjub Êbphtieb 3;

5.2.3 Kbnsbnhkri's Fchnbtràb y Uupirstfefõg 39

5.2.9 Sai Tfnnb Bntb Ehgdissfhgs 34

5.2.4 Uiehgcbry Uhureis 3:

5.2.: Sai @urbns 9;

5.; Ibrny Ixpnhrirs bgc Itaghjrbpairs 94

5.;.2 Sai ixpnhrirs 945.;.; Sai ibrny itaghjrbpairs bkhut tai bdtirnfdi 91

5.;.5 Jhfgj th tai Shwg hd tai Uhuns 4=

5.;.3 Sai gbturi hd shuns 45

5.;.9 Bnn Uhuns 43

5.;.4 Sai bgefigts bgc htair ixtrbau`bg dhreis 49

5.5 Sai prisigt sftubtfhg 41

5.5.2 Sai bgefigts bgc tai lhurgiy bdtir cibta 41

5.5.; Bnn Uhuns :=

5.5.5 @ftniòhs bkhut tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc :;5.5.3 ]fnjrf̀ s bkhut tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc :3

5.3 Ehgenusfhg :9



Eabptir 3< Ehgtfgufty hd tai Ebnvbrfh bs b rftubn nhebtfhg :6

3.2 Ibrny Uhureis 1=

3.2.2 Sai Ebnvbrfh bgc fts ]ricieisshrs 1=3.2.; B Kbeochhr th Ainn fg tai [ufgs 13

3.; Ibrny Itaghjrbpairs 19

3.;.2 Sai Ebnvbrfh bs b ]nbei th Eursi 19

3.;.; Sai Eaureaybrc bgc tai [ufgs 11

3.;.5 B Afccig Igtrbgei fg tai Eaurea 6=

3.;.3 Htair cistfgbtfhgs hg Giw Vibrs‖ Ivi 62

3.;.9 „Ghw wi bri Efvfnfzic‐ 65

3.5 [ieigt Itaghjrbpairs 63

3.5.2 Fgvftfgj tai Uhuns bt tai Ebnvbrfh 63

3.5.; ]fnjrf`s bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh 6:

3.5.5 @ftniòhs bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh 2==

3.5.3 Sai rufgs bgc tai eaureaybrc 2=4

3.5.9 Sai eaurea bgc tai shuns 2=:

3.5.4 Sai Ebvi wfta tai Kfj @huta 2=6

3.3 Ehgenusfhg 22;

Eabptir 9< Ehgtfgufty hd tai hddirfgjs dhr tai cibc 229

9.2 Nbti ]hst enbssfe bgc Ibrny Ehnhgfbn Uhureis 224

9.2.2 Kurjhb hg rftubns 2249.2.; Ehcfeis bgc Ehugtic Kugcnis 221

9.2.5 Breabihnhjfebn bgc Afsthrfebn Uhureis 2;4

9.; Ibrny Itaghjrbpairs 25=

9.;.2 Sai ainpdun cibc 25=

9.;.; ]brshgs hg rftubns 253

9.5 ]risigt Cby Uhureis 254

9.5.2 ]risigt cby itaghjrbpairs 254

9.5.; Sai hddirfgjs ixpnbfgic 256

9.3 Ehgenusfhg 234

Ehgenusfhgs bgc Cfseussfhg 292

[idirigeis 299



]ridbei

Bntahuja `y fgtirist fg rinfjfhg bs shìtafgj tabt ebg ki khta bppriefbtic

bgc quistfhgic ebg ki trbeic kbeo th `y upkrfgjfgj, tai sukliet cfc ght jbfg

bebci`fe bppibn th ì ugtfn F dhnnhwic shì ehursis hg tai bgtarhphnhjy hd

rinfjfhg bgc rinfjfhus sefigeis th eh`pniìgt `y breabihnhjy prhjrb`ì. Bt dfrst

F sbw taisi ehursis bs b tafgj hg tai sfci, kut qufeony F nibrgic tabt ivig fg

breabihnhjy, bgc ispiefbnny fg tai dfinc hd @ishbìrfebg stucfis, taisi fcibs

ehunc ibsfny ki bppnfic. Bdtir abvfgj wrfttig `y K.B. taisfs hg tai phssfkfnftfis hdbppnyfgj `hcirg ehgeipts hd rftubn fg breabihnhjfebn bgbnysfs, F ciefcic F wbgtic

`y @.B. taisfs th ki niss jigirbn bgc bfìc `hri bt stucyfgj tai afsthrfebn

kbeojrhugc hd b spiefdfe `hcirg cby ebsi. Kut ugtfn F vfsftic @ftnb wfta shì

dinnhw stucigts bgc twh prhdisshrs curfgj b risibrea prhliet hg prisigt cby

`broit systi`s fg Hbxbeb, F abc gh fcib wabt ebsi whunc ki suftbkni. Ahwivir

hg tabt cby, bdtir abvfgj siig tai `bfg `hguìgts, wi bnsh pbfc b sahrt vfsft th

tai Ebnvbrfh eabpin (Dfj. 2). Kifgj tairi, ivirytafgj dinn fg fts pnbei. Sai kurgfgj

ebgcnis, drisa dnhwirs, aibps hd ebebh kibgs bgc kugcnis hd ugenibr ehgtigt wiri

suea enibr ivfcigei hd rftubns tbofgj pnbei rijunbrny fg tafs ibrny ehnhgfbn eabpinstbgcfgj hg b pri-ehnhgfbn bchki pyrb`fc rfjat fg tai `fccni hd b thwg

hvirwainìc ky thurfsts. F abc dhugc `y thpfe. Nueofny hgi hd `y prhdisshrs, cr.

Nburb vbg Krhioahvig, wbs tairi th dhrei ì th hvirehì `y bgxfity th ripnbei

`y pnbggic wiio hd vbebtfhg wfta b wiio hd hrfigtbtfhg fg @ftnb. Dhr tafs F b`

fgericfkny tabgodun th air. Bnribcy curfgj tafs hrfigtbtfhg wiio waig F stbyic fg

b ahtin, tai hwgirs, b tbnobtfvi `fccni bjic nbcy bgc air incirny `htair wah

bnwbys sphoi \bphtie2 wfta ibea htair, turgic hut th ki fgtiristfgj bgc usidun

ehgvirsbtfhg pbrtgirs dhr wafea F tabgo tai`. Curfgj tai rist hd tai wiio F

`hstny abc ebsubn ehgvirsbtfhgs wfta @ftniòhs F abppigic th ìit, suea bs bkfoi-ebk crfvir hr twh juys wah tahujat F ehunc sinn tai` `brflubgb. Bntahuja F

cfc jh up th tai Ebnvbrfh sivirbn tfìs curfgj tai wiio F givir igehugtiric bgy

pfnjrf`s tairi. Saisi vfsfts cfc ahwivir krfgj ì fgth ehgtbet wfta twh nbcfis, b

`htair bgc cbujatir, tabt hwgic tai @fseinbgib ; sahp rfjat berhss tai striit

2 \bphtie< hgi hd tai `bgy fgcfjighus nbgjubjis sphoig fg tai stbti hd Hbxbeb. Kifgjdrh` tai Hth-@bgjuibg nbgjubji db`fny ft fs hdtig brjuic tabt fg dbet \bphtie fs bnbgjubji jrhup wafea ehgsfst hd sivirbn nbgjubjis suea bs tai Tbnniy \bphtie sphoigfg @ftnb. \bphties hr \bphtiebgs fs bnsh usic th ridir tai fgcfjighus jrhup spibofgj tainbgjubji. Sarhujahut tafs brtfeni tai Upbgfsa gbì dhr tai nbgjubji bgc taifgcfjighus jrhup fs usic bgc ght tai \bphtie hgi dhr sboi hd ehgvigfigei sfgei `bgyspinnfgjs hd tai nbttir ixfst wafni tai gbì \bphtie fs wfciny oghwg.

; @fseinbgib< b typi hd s`bnn ehgvigfigei sthri



Dfjuri 2< Sai Bchki pyrb`fc wfta tai Ebnvbrfh eabpin hg ft (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

drh` tai bchki pyrb`fc wfta tai Ebnvbrfh uphg ft. Curfgj `y sivirbn vfsfts th

taifr sahp wi tbnoic bkhut suea tafgjs bs wairi tai pihpni ebì drh` tabt `bci

hddirfgjs bt tai Ebnvbrfh, dhr wabt ribshgs taiy ebì, waig taiy ebì, way F wbs

fgtiristic fg ft, wabt tai wibtair wbs nfoi fg tai Gitairnbgcs, wabt ofgc hd dhhc

tai Cutea bti, bgc sh hg. Curfgj `y nbst vfsft th taifr ahusi taiy ivig fgvftic ì

th ehì bgc stby wfta tai` waig F whunc riturg tai gixt yibr bs F abc sbfc F

pnbggic th. Nueofny dhr ì tafs fgvftbtfhg stfnn sthhc waig F riturgic fg ;==9. F

wbs f`ìcfbtiny fgtrhcueic th tai db`fny, wafea ehgsfstic hd tarii jigirbtfhgs

nfvfgj fg sivirbn rhh`s brhugc b eigtrbn pbtfh. F wbs put fgth b ti`phrbrfny spbri

rhh` hd `y hwg, wfta b vfiw hg tai Ebnvbrfh. Ft wbs tafs pirdiet nhebtfhg tabt

`bci risibrea phssfkni fg b wby tabt F whunc ght abvi cbric wfsa dhr. Dhr tafs bs

winn bs dhr bgswirfgj bnn `y strbgji quistfhgs, puttfgj up wfta `y trhuknishì

vijitbrfbg wbys bgc prhvfcfgj b ahì bwby drh` ahì fg iviry sigsi F whunc

nfoi th tabgo tai Hnfvirb-@brtàgiz db`fny, ispiefbnny @brf Inigb, Lhsidfgb, ]hrdfrfh,

Lubg, Uirjfh, Ubgcrb bgc Bggb. Jrbtftuci bnsh jhis hut th Bggi`fioi dhr kifgj

`y trbvin eh`pbgfhg, supphrt bgc `htfvbthr fg tahsi cbys. Nfoiwfsi F whunc nfoi

th tabgo bnn tai pfnjrf`s tabt sh jigirhusny sberfdfeic shì hd taifr priefhus tfì

fg @ftnb th `boi ì ugcirstbgc. Bg ugcirstbgcfgj tabt F bnsh ehunc ght abvi

bttbfgic wftahut tai bcvfei hd @bguin [fhs wah sigc ì th Bkinbrch, hd taieunturbn yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg @fetnbg, wah wbs b jribt ainp bgc brrbgjic dhr ì th



sii Jfncbrch, tai bncir`bg hd eunturi wah wbs b vfrtubn dhgt hd oghwnicji. Dhr afs

ehugefn bgc bcvfei rijbrcfgj `y sukliet, tai strueturi hd tafs taisfs bgc tai

betubn tixt ùea bppriefbtfhg jhis hut th `y prhdisshr cr. @bbrtig Lbgsig. Dhr

stbgcfgj ky ì curfgj tai wrftfgj pabsi ivig tahuja sai wbs jhfgj tarhuja abrc

tfìs airsind, bs winn bs dhr sabrfgj air nfdi wfta ì F wbgt th tabgo Ehrfggb. Dhr

sf`fnbrny supphrtfgj ì, khta ìgtbnny bgc dfgbgefbnny, bs winn bs dhr rbfsfgj ì

bs taiy cfc F b` jrbtidun th `y pbrigts Jirrft bgc Nifcb. Bc`frbtfhg jhis hut th

`y nfttni sfstir Bggi`fio, b ehgtfgufgj shurei hd fgspfrbtfhg bgc nbujatir, bgc

`y drfigcs dhr puttfgj up wfta `y yibrny su`ìrtfì bksigei. Dhr eh-dfgbgefgj

tafs puknfebtfhg F whunc bnsh nfoi th tabgo `y nbti jribt-ugeni Aigcrfo dhr afs

jigirhus jfdt.

Dfgbnny F whunc nfoi th ixpriss `y jrbtftuci th tai twh dugcs tabt wiri ciefsfvi

fg `bofgj tai dfincwhro eh`phgigt hd tafs taisfs phssfkni< tai NYD Fgtirgbtfhgbn

Utucy Dugc bgc tai Eurbthr Dugcs hd tai Nifcig Ygfvirsfty.

@bp 2< Sai stbti hd Hbxbeb, @ixfeh wfta rinivbgt pnbei gbìs.



Fgtrhcuetfhg

„_...P fts nbgjubji fs zbphtie, fts hrfjfgbn bgc prf`ftfvi gbì wbs tabt hd Nfukâ

(wafea ìbgs jrbvi), bdtirwbrcs _...P tai ìxfebgs jbvi ft tai gbì hd

@fquftnbg (hd wafea tai ìbgfgj fg taifr nbgjubji wbs ainn hr pnbei hd

sbcgiss), ft fs ivfcigt tabt khta gbìs abvi ùea fg eh``hg wfta taisi

ìbgfgjs? jfvig fts vbrfhus jrbvi whros, tai stirfnfty hd fts `hugtbfgs, tai

nfttni bìgfty hd fts vbnniys, bgc dfgbnny fts sebrefty hd wbtir 5.‐ (Cupbfx 2646

_21;=P<2;2).

Ft wbs wfta taisi whrcs tabt Ubg ]bknh Tfnnb ci @ftnb, b @ixfebg vfnnbji nhebtic

3; ofnhìtirs ibst hd tai stbti ebpftbn Hbxbeb, bgc fts inbkhrbti ]hstenbssfe rufgs

wiri `bci oghwg th tai whrnc fg tai ibrny 26ta eigtury (@bp 2). Zrfttig chwg ky

ritfric `fnftbry ebptbfg bgc pfhgiirfgj breabihnhjfst Jufnnir`h Cupbfx, taiy bri

pbrt hd afs citbfnic ciserfptfhgs hd tai vbrfhus breabihnhjfebn `hguìgts ai wbs

eh``fssfhgic th ciserfki ky Ofgj Eabrnis FT hd Upbfg (Cupbfx 2646 _21;=P<;).

Nbrjiny bnsh cui th tai afjany ribnfstfe crbwfgjs `bci hd taisi `hguìgts ky

prhdisshr hd brt bgc breaftieturi Lhsæ Nuefbgh Ebstbòicb, wah beeh`pbgficCupbfx hg afs tarii ixpicftfhgs, taisi spbroic bg ighr`hus fgeribsi hd fgtirist

fg tai @ftnb `hguìgts. Safs fgeribsi hd fgtirist ivigtubnny bnsh nibc th bg

fgeribsi hd risibreairs vfsftfgj tai thwg, drh` tai Bìrfebg breabihnhjfst Zfnnfb`

Aigry Ahnìs (Ahnìs 2169) th tai @ixfebg afsthrfbg Gfehnbs Niõg (26=2) bgc

tai Jir`bg fehghjrbpair Icubrc Uinir (26=3). Nbtir, kitwiig 26;6 bgc 2655,

tai Bìrfebg itaghjrbpair Insfi Eniws ]brshgs vfsftic @ftnb tarii tfìs th ch

ixtigsfvi risibrea dhr air si`fgbn itaghjrbpafe whro hg tai thwg. Hrfjfgbnny

kifgj b shefhnhjfst ehgeirgic wfta tai phsftfhg hd whìg wftafg `brrfbji,

]brshgs nbtir kiebì fgtiristic fg itaghjrbpay. Bntahuja `hstny b ]uiknh-spiefbnfst sai ciefcic th jh th @ixfeh kiebusi sai abc jhttig fgtiristic fg

'beeunturbtfhg, wfta wabt tai Fgcfbg eunturi thho drh` tai Upbgfsa' (]brshgs

2654<xff-xfff). Fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg th air dfrst eabptir, tftnic 'Shwg bgc ]hpunbtfhg',

]brshgs jfvis bg ixpnbgbtfhg hd tai ìbgfgj hd tai thwg's gbìs tabt, ugnfoi tabt

hd Cupbfx, fs kbsic hg nhebn trbcftfhg<

5„... su gh`kri prhpfh y prf`ftfvh dui in ci Nfukâ (in qui sfjgfdfeb sipunturb) _...P nbìlfebgb ni pusfirhg in ci @fquftnbg (euyb vhz ig su nigjub vbni phr fgdfirgh h nujbr citrfstizb) is ivfcigti qui b`khs gh`kris, tfigig ùeab bgbnhjàb ehg æstbs vheis? puissus vbrfb hkrbs sipunerbnis, nb istirfnfcbc ci sus eirrhs, nb pheb bìgfcbc ci susvbnnis, y untf`bìgti su isebsiz ci bjub ...‐ Srbgsnbtfhg ky Brd`bg.



2; TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

„Sai @ftniyighs tai`sinvis tinn yhu tabt tai bgefigt \bphtiebg „ofgjs‐ wiri

kurfic bt @ftnb, ivig waig taiy nfvic insiwairi. Sai suktirrbgibg kufncfgjs

hd @ftnb bgc gibr ky taiy kinfivi th ki rhybn kurfbn pnbeis. Kisfcis, tai

shuns, nbs âgf`bs, hd bn \bphtiebg pihpni, drh` vbnniy bgc `hugtbfg ehì th

@ftnb, „taifr ibrta-strhgj puiknh‐ (satfpjfieanu). Nyhkb' (]nbei hd Sh`ks) fs tai

hnc \bphtiebg gbì, wafea fs stfnn usic fg tai `hugtbfg thwgs. @fetnbg, hr

@ftnbg, wbs tai Bztie iqufvbnigt .‐ (]brshgs 2654<2-;)

Sarhujahut air khho, bpprhprfbtiny tftnic '@ftnb< Shwg hd tai Uhuns', tafs

trbcftfhg hd tai shuns eh`fgj th @ftnb ehìs kbeo waig sai tbnos bkhut suea

tafgjs bs pfnjrf`s drh` tai `hugtbfg thwgs `bofgj hddirfgjs th tai shuns bt tai

rufgs hr bt tai jrbviybrc, sthrfis bkhut jhfgj th suktirrbgibg eab`kirs hd tai

rufgs th spibo th cieibsic db`fny ì`kirs bgc tai ciserfptfhgs hd tai Bnn Uhuns

eiri`hgfis.

Hd ehursi tafs viry eh`pniti, kut bnsh viry ribcbkni itaghjrbpafe whro bdtir

shì tfì abc tai iddiet tabt `bgy suea khhos abvi< ft nuric htairitaghjrbpairs th bnsh vfsft tai thwg. Eabrnis Nisnfi, wah stbyic fg @ftnb drh` @by

2695 th @by 2693 thjitair wfta afs wfdi bgc dhur-yibrs-hnc shg, wbs tai dfrst hd

taisi itaghjrbpairs. Eh`fgj th stucy tai whrncvfiw hd tai thwgspihpni ai eahsi

@ftnb priefsiny kiebusi tai 'jigirbn itaghjrbpay abc bnribcy kiig riehrcic'

(Nisnfi 264=<2). Dfgcfgj tabt tai @ftniòhs wiri `hst hd bnn ehgeirgic wfta

kieh`fgj efvfnfzic Nisnfi abs tai dhnnhwfgj th sby bkhut tai trbcftfhgs tabt

]brshgs kbsic tai tftni hd air khho hg<

„]brts hd tai rftubns hd cibta bgc hd Bnn Uhuns', bgc shì gbrrbtfvis jigirbnnyoghwg ky thwgspihpni stfnn ridirric th tai nijigc hd tai thwg hd tai shuns?

kut taisi ridirigeis, fg khta tai rftubns bgc tai gbrrbtfvis, wiri ebsubn bgc

cfsehggietic. Fg shì rispiets, bt nibst, dhr`bn icuebtfhg bgc `hri fgtigsi

ehgtbet wfta tai nbrjir shefity abc gbrrhwic tai rbgji hd ivigts tabt

@ftniòhs ehgeifvic th ki phssfkni sh tabt `bgy iniìgts fg tai trbcftfhgbn

beehugts hd tai nhgj-bjh siiìc th tai` th ki afjany f`prhkbkni .‐ (Nisnfi

264=<;;)

Jhfgj ky taisi whrcs hgi whunc ght ixpiet tabt 'tai ciebyic nijigc hd @ftnb bstai thwg hd tai shuns' (Nisnfi 264=<;;) whunc survfvi dhr ùea nhgjir. Ahwivir

itaghjrbpafe dfincwhro ky Ivinfgi Cþrr dhr 2; `hgtas fg 2662 bgc 266;,

dheusfgj hg tai eunturbn eabgji fg @ftnb drh` tai tfìs hd ]brshgs th tai ibrny

gfgitfis phfgts fg b cfddirigt cfrietfhg (Cþrr 2664< 5). Fg air ciserfptfhg dhr tai Bnn

Uhuns' distfvftfis sai sbys tai dhnnhwfgj<

„Sai @ftniòhs abvi tai ehgvfetfhg, tabt bnn tai cibc hd tai whrnc ehì th

@ftnb, taus bnsh tai hgis tabt cfc ght cfi airi. Safs ehgvfetfhg fs dhugc fg

`bgy htair vfnnbjis hd tai vbnniy bs winn, bgc @ftnb fs rijbrcic tairi bnsh bsbg f`phrtbgt eigtir dhr tai cieibsic. Hg beehugt tairihd `bgy vfsfthrs drh`

htair thwgs ebg bnribcy ki dhugc fg @ftnb bkhut b `hgta kidhri tai betubn



FGS[HCYESFHG 25

dibst cbys. _...P. Fg bccftfhg tai pfnjrf`s eh`phsi b nfst wfta tai gbìs hd

taifr cieibsic db`fny ì`kirs bgc jh wfta ft th tai breabihnhjfebn rufgs, th

vfsft tai suktirrbgibg jrbvis. Sairi taiy riquist Cibta, „lãnjult 3‐, th jfvi tai

cieibsic nfeigsi, th ki bnnhwic th vfsft tai` fg Ghvi`kir.9‐ (Cþrr 2664<;=2-

;=;)

Sabt fg dbet taisi prbetfeis bri viry bnfvi ivig thcby kiebì enibr drh` `y

hwg dfincwhro fg @ftnb curfgj twh cby vfsfts fg Lugi bgc bg hrfigtbtfhg wiio fg

Luny hd ;==3, bs winn bs sfx wiios fg Luny bgc Bujust hd ;==9. Ft wbs curfgj tai

dfrst hd taisi cby vfsfts, wafea ehunc betubnny kittir ki ciserfkic bs b thurfst trfp,

tabt `y iyi wbs ebujat ky b s`bnn eabpin hg thp hd bg bchki pyrb`fc tabt wbs

afjany vfsfkni drh` tai `bfg breabihnhjfebn zhgi bs ft thwiric bkhvi tai

surrhugcfgj kufncfgjs. Ft turgic hut th ki tai thwg's Ebnvbrfh, f.i. b eabpin wfta

tarii erhssis tabt riprisigts `hugt Jhnjhtab wairi Earfst cfic, bgc fgsfci ft bnn

`bggir hd hddirfgjs wiri pnbeic suea bs dnhwirs, ebgcnis, ebebh kibgs bgc s`bnn

kugcnis hd ugoghwg `btirfbn. Zaig F ebì kbeo dhr b wiio fg Luny pihpni thncì tabt taisi hddirfgjs wiri pnbeic tairi ky pfnjrf`s drh` tai igtfri rijfhg dhr

tai shuns hd taifr cieibsic nhvic hgis, th bso tai` dhr s`bnn dbvhurs. Saiy thnc

ì taisi pihpni ebì th @ftnb kiebusi taiy kinfivic tabt tai shuns hd ivirykhcy

tabt cfic wigt tairi. [iturgfgj dhr b nhgjir pirfhc fg ;==9 F cfsehviric th `y

b`bziìgt tabt ght hgny wiri tairi pfnjrf`s vfsftfgj tai Ebnvbrfh th `boi taifr

hddirfgjs bn`hst iviry cby, kut tabt hg `bgy cbys tairi ivig wairi sivirbn

jrhups. Bgc bnn hd tafs rfjat ugcir tai ghsis hd bnn tahsi thurfsts tabt curfgj tai

cby strib` fg bgc hut hd taifr thur kussis th sii tai db`hus `hsbfes hg tai `bfg

rufgs (Dfj. ;) hr tai ]fnnbr hd Cibta fg hgi hd tai suktirrbgibg th`ks wairi yhuebg ìbsuri ahw `bgy yibrs yhu stfnn abvi th nfvi.

Saisi hddirfgjs bt tai Ebnvbrfh bri bnsh ìgtfhgic fg @ixfebg breabihnhjfst

Ginny [hknis‖ khho hg tai vbrfhus shefbn bethrs fgvhnvic fg breabihnhjfebn rishurei

`bgbjiìgt fg Hbxbeb ([hknis ;===<:.92). Bkhut tai prbetfeis tai`sinvis, khta

bt @hgti Bnkbg bgc @ftnb, sai stbtis tabt taiy ehunc ki fgtiristfgj drh` tai

stbgcphfgt hd sfti fgtirpritbtfhg, ispiefbnny tai hgis drh` @ftnb bs taiy 'bppibr th

ki `hri ehgsfstigt wfta bgefigt rftis' ([hknis ;===<:.92). Uai strissis ahwivir

tabt ght ùea fs oghwg bkhut taisi hddirfgjs hr tai pihpni pnbefgj tai`<

„Sai taiì bgc prbetfei hd suea rinfjfhus hr `bjfebn rftis fg khta zhgis fs

kiyhgc tai sehpi hd tafs stucy, ghr abs ft kiig tai sukliet hd risibrea ky

3 Vãnjult< ùirti (beehrcfgj th Utukknidfinc&Utukknidfinc 2662<2;6)9„Cfi @ftniòhs sfgc cir Þkirziujugj, cb bnni Shtig cir Zint gbea @ftnb oh`ìg, bnsh

buea cfiligfjig, cfi gfeat afir jisthrkig sfgc. Cfisi Þkirziujugj fst fg vfinig bgcirigCôrdirg cis Sbnis ikigdbnns virkriftit, ugc @ftnb jfnt buea chrt bns ifg kicutigcis\igtru` dþr cfi Tirsthrkigig. Bus cfisi` Jrugc dfgcig sfea vfini Buswãrtfji seahgugjidãar ifgig `hgbt vhr cig ifjigtnfeaig Disttbjig fg @ftnb ifg. _...P. Buirci`

irstinnig cfi ]fnjir ifgi Nfsti `ft cig Gbìg farir virsthrkigig Db`fnfig`ftjnficir ugckijikig sfea cb`ft fg cfi breaãhnhjfseaig [ufgig, u` cfi ugtirfrcfeaig Jrãkir zukisueaig. Chrt kfttig sfi cig Shc, „lãnjult‐, cig Tirsthrkigig cfi Irnbukgfs zujiwãarig, sfi f` Ghvi`kir budsueaig zu cþrdig.‐ Srbgsnbtfhg ky Brd`bg.



23 TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

htairs. Givirtainiss, tai ri`bfgs taiy nibvi kiafgc ri`fgc us tabt tairi fs b

jrhup, ugtfn ghw issigtfbnny bghgy`hus, wfta fgtirists fg tai sftis dbr

cfddirigt drh` tahsi cfseussic airi.‐ ([hknis ;===<:.9;)

Ft fs tafs jbp fg risibrea tabt tafs taisfs wfnn siio th bccriss.

Dfjuri ;< Sai Ehnu`gs Jrhup wfta fts inbkhrbti sthgi `hsbfe cisfjgs (Ahn`is 2169).



Eabptir 2

Hklietfvis bgc @itahcs

2.2 [isibrea Ruistfhg

Sai hkliet hd tafs taisfs bgc tai bsshefbtic risibrea wbs bnribcy ìgtfhgic bt

tai igc hd tai fgtrhcuetfhg bs bg fssui tabt fg privfhus whros abs kiig hgny

thueaic uphg fg pbssfgj< tai pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh bt @ftnb th krfgjtaifr hddirfgjs th tai shuns hd taifr cibrny cipbrtic bgc th bso tai` dhr bfc.

Ahwivir fg wrftfgj tafs taisfs `y bf` fs ght hgny th cfseuss bgc bgbnyzi tai

betfvftfis hd taisi pfnjrf`s kut bnsh th fgvistfjbti tai afsthrfebn kbeojrhugcs hd

taisi rftubn betfhgs. Sh ki b kft `hri priefsi tafs ìbgs tabt tai jhbn fs ght

ìriny th ciserfki tai hddirfgjs tabt bri `bci bgc tai sthrfis tabt bri thnc bkhut

@ftnb bgc ugcirstbgc taifr dugetfhg fg tai ghw, kut th try th dfgc hut fd fg dbet

suea trbcftfhgs jh kbeo th pri-ehnhgfbn tfìs nfoi [hknis sujjists. Fg htair whrcs,

tai tafgj ugcir serutfgy airi fs eunturbn ehgtfgufty. Ft fs f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt

tafs ìbgs tabt fgstibc hd lust supphsfgj ehgtfgufty kitwiig tai taig bgc taighw, tai hklietfvi airi wfnn ki th fgvistfjbti ft, th sii waitair bgc th wabt cijrii

ft sii`s pnbusfkni waig nhhofgj bt tai vbrfhus shureis bvbfnbkni. Fg hrcir th

fgstruìgtbnfzi taisi fssuis taiy bri dhrùnbtic fgth tai dhnnhwfgj risibrea

quistfhg< Sh wabt ixtigt bri tai prisigt cby hddirthry prbetfeis bgc tai prisigt

cby sthrfis bkhut @ftnb bs ]nbei hd tai Cibc b ehgtfgubtfhg hd ]hst enbssfe \bphtie

prbetfeis bgc kinfids8

2.; @itahchnhjy

Utucyfgj tai ehgtfgubtfhg hd b eirtbfg prbetfei drh` b pirfhc fg tai pbst th tai

prisigt nhjfebnny f`pnfis tabt yhu giic fgdhr`btfhg khta bkhut wabt pihpni cfc

taig bgc bkhut wabt pihpni ch ghw. Fg dbet yhu wfnn bnsh giic fgdhr`btfhg drh`

wabt pihpni cfc fg tai pirfhc fg kitwiig th ki bkni th cfstfgjufsa eunturbn

ehgtfgubtfhg drh` ri-fgvigtfhg hd trbcftfhg hr drh` ìri ehfgefcigtbn sf`fnbrftfis.

Safgofgj bkhut tai risibrea ìtahcs giicic tafs ìbgs tabt yhu whunc giic b

wby hd jittfgj cbtb drh` tai prisigt bs winn bs drh` tai pbst. Ft fs tairidhri tabt

fg tafs risibrea b eh`kfgbtfhg hd nftirbturi stucfis bgc itaghjrbpafe dfincwhro fs

usic. Sai nbttir prhvfcis fgdhr`btfhg bkhut wabt pihpni ch bgc wabt taiy sbybkhut taisi `bttirs thcby, bgc drh` tai vbrfhus typis hd wrfttig shureis cbtb ebg

ki tboig hg wabt pihpni cfc bgc sbfc fg tai pbst. Hd ehursi taisi sivirbn typis hd




shureis abvi cfddirigt typis hd prhkni`s bgc kfbsis kufnc fgth tai` bgc ft fs

tairidhri f`phrtbgt th ridniet hg tai` dhr b `hìgt.

2.;.2 Dfincwhro

Sai `hst f`phrtbgt cbtb usic fg tafs taisfs ehìs drh` tai itaghjrbpafe

dfincwhro tabt wbs ìgtfhgic fg tai pridbei bgc fgtrhcuetfhg. Safs dfincwhro wbs

jribtny dbefnftbtic ky tai dbet tabt drh` `y rhh` F ehunc sii waig pfnjrf`s wigt

up th tai Ebnvbrfh sh tabt F ehunc jh bgc sft fg tai hpig-drhgtic sahp hd tai db`fny

F stbyic wfta. Sairi F whunc wbft ugtfn F wbs suri tabt F ehunc jh up bgc stbrt b

ehgvirsbtfhg wftahut abrbssfgj tai` wafni taiy wiri `bofgj taifr hddirfgjs.

Utbrtfgj wfta b phnfti ehgvirsbtfhg, `hstny bkhut tai` kifgj fgtiristic wabt tafs

jrfgjh wbs chfgj airi, tafs `hstny nibc ibsfny th b ehgvirsbtfhg bkhut wabt taiy

wiri chfgj tairi, ispiefbnny waig F ixprissic `y fgtirist fg tai Ebnvbrfh hr bsoic

wairi taiy ebì drh`. @hst pihpni turgic hut th ki viry wfnnfgj th tbno bkhut way @ftnb wbs f`phrtbgt bgc way taiy ebì. Sai diw tabt wirig't F cfc ght priss

sfgei F wbs viry winn bwbri tabt taiy sthhc fg taifr dunn rfjat th fjghri tafs strbgji

knhgci juy eh`fgj up th tai` wfta sfnny quistfhgs wafni taiy wiri chfgj

shìtafgj prfvbti. F cfc ght usi bgy typi hd riehrcfgj civfei dhr `y fgtirvfiws

kiebusi F wbs bdrbfc tabt whunc upsit tai kbnbgei hd taisi s`bnn ehgvirsbtfhgs. F

cfc shìtfìs `boi ghtis hd (pnbei) gbìs, ispiefbnny waig tai pirshg F wbs

tbnofgj th ixprissic tai dibr tabt F whunc htairwfsi dhrjit hr `fsspinn tai`. Ufgei

bn`hst bnn hd tai ehgvirsbtfhgs wiri sahrt bgc tai ciso fg `y rhh` wbs enhsi bt

abgc tafs cfc ght phsi ùea hd b prhkni` sfgei F ehunc f`ìcfbtiny wrfti chwgbnn tai f`phrtbgt phfgts tabt wiri `bci. Fg tai ivigfgj F whunc taig ixpbgc hg

taisi ghtis waig wrftfgj `y cbfny dfinc ghtis hg b eh`putir fg hgi hd tai fgtirgit

ebdæs. F usic tai sbì prheicuri dhr tai `hri hddfefbn fgtirvfiws F abc, suea bs

tai hgi wfta tai rijfchr ci nb eunturb 4, tahuja F `bci ehgsfcirbkny `hri ghtis fg

taisi ebsis.

Bkhvi, tai cbtb eh`fgj drh` tai dfincwhro wbs cisfjgbtic bs kifgj tai `hst

f`phrtbgt Safs fs ght th enbf` tabt tafs fgdhr`btfhg fs ky cidfgftfhg `hri rinivbgt

hr strhgjir tabg tabt drh` htair shureis, giftair chis tafs f`phrtbgei sti` drh`

tai dbet tabt ft shìtfìs ehgeirgs privfhusny ugcheuìgtic fgdhr`btfhg. Ft fsf`phrtbgt kiebusi tafs fgdhr`btfhg jfvis fgsfjat fgth ahw taisi rftubns bgc tai

sthrfis rinbtic th tai` bri pbrt hd b vfkrbgt prisigt cby prbetfei. Saisi cbtb ebg

sahw taisi betfvftfis fg taifr prhpir ehgtixt, bs b pbrt hd nfdi, bs shìtafgj tabt

pihpni ch bgc tbno bkhut, bs shìtafgj tabt fs f`phrtbgt th tai`. Kut wabt fs

`hst f`phrtbgt bkhut tai` fs tabt ky sahwfgj taisi prbetfeis th ki shìtafgj

betubn bgc ribn, ft bnsh sahws tai` bs eh`pnix< cfddirigt bgc shìtfìs ivig

ehgdnfetfgj sthrfis bri thnc bgc vbrfhus cfddirigt ìbgfgjs bri jfvig th tai sbì

betfvfty hr tai sbì hddirfgj. Zrftirs hd itaghjrbpafe nftirbturi hdtig abvi abc tai

4[ijfchr ci nb eunturb< bncir`bg hd eunturbn bddbfrs inietic ky tai thwgspihpni iviry ; yibrs drh` b`hgj taifr hwg rbgos.



HKLIESFTIU BGC @ISAHCU 2:

tigcigey th fjghri tai vbrfity igehugtiric fg ribn nfdi fg taifr quist dhr b ehaisfvi

bgc ehairigt f`bji hd tai gbtfvi whrnc vfiw. Zafni gh bebci`fe whunc ki

eh`dhrtbkni wfta stbtfgj wabt tai Bìrfebg hr tai Cutea tafgo bkhut bgy sukliet,

tafs fs ixbetny wabt fs hdtig chgi wfta htair eunturis, tairiky betubnny tbofgj tai

nfdi hut hd tai`, `bofgj tai` stbtfe. Fg dbet ky taus hvirsf`pnfdyfgj b eh`pnix

ebsi hgi fs ugcir`fgfgj b ribn ugcirstbgcfgj hd htair eunturis kifgj bs ribn,

vfkrbgt bgc vbrfbkni bs hur hgi. Sh ki bkni th sahw bgc cfseuss tafs vbrfity fg

sthrfis, ìbgfgjs bgc prbetfeis ft fs gieissbry th sahw tai fgdhr`btfhg fg fts

prhpir ehgtixt. Ft fs dhr tafs ribshg tabt waig fgdhr`btfhg drh` ehgvirsbtfhgs hr

fgtirvfiws wfnn ki usic ft wfnn ght ki prisigtic bs 'pihpni sby tafs' hr 'pihpni tafgo

tabt', kut bs 'F tbnoic th tafs pbrtfeunbr pirshg eh`fgj drh` tafs pbrtfeunbr pnbei

wah thnc ì tabt ...'. Bghtair bcvbgtbji drh` ciserfkfgj tai ehgtixt hd wabt wbs

sbfc fs tabt tai ribcir wfnn ki bkni th ivbnubti ft `hri ebridunny, taus `bofgj tai

wahni `hri rinfbkni bgc fg dbet sefigtfdfe. B sfci-iddiet hd tafs ehgtixtubn bpprhbea

th itaghjrbpafe cbtb fs tabt ft ci`bgcs tai prisigei hd b dfrst pirshg butahr. Sh

tboi tai 'F' hut hd tai iqubtfhg whunc ki th rigcir ft usiniss< ft fs tai F tabtfgftfbtis tai ehgvirsbtfhg, tabt ciefcis wafea quistfhgs th bso bgc ahw th

dhrùnbti tai`, ft fs tai F tabt ciefcis wabt fs f`phrtbgt bgc tabt jits ehgdusic,

bgc `hst f`phrtbgtny ft fs tai F tarhuja wah`'s nigs bnn hd ft fs ixpirfigeic. Ft fs

tairidhri f`phrtbgt th `boi tai F ixpnfeft fg tai ciserfptfhgs hd taisi dfincwhro

sftubtfhgs. Zaig cfseussfgj wrfttig shureis tai F fs hd ùea niss f`phrtbgei

sfgei ai hr sai cfc ght fgdnuigei tai hrfjfgbn wrftfgj bgc ft fs bnribcy tbofgj dhr

jrbgtic tabt bgytafgj sbfc bkhut taisi shureis wftahut abvfgj shì ridirigei

dhnnhwfgj ft, ehìs drh` tai butahr hd tai tixt. Ahwivir fg tahsi ebsis waig ft fs

siig bs f`phrtbgt tabt ft fs strissic tabt wabt fs sbfc fs strhgjny rinbtic th taibutahr, tai dfrst pirshg sfgjunbr wfnn bnsh ki usic. Fg bccftfhg th tai dfrst pirshg

sfgjunbr usi fs bnsh `bci hd tai dfrst pirshg pnurbn. Safs ‑wi‖ ahwivir sahunc ght

ki siig bs ridirrfgj th b ùntfpnfefty hd butahrs, ghr th bg inftfst jrhup hd fgsfcirs

suea bs ‑wi tai itaghjrbpairs‖ hr ‑wi tai @ishbìrfebgfsts‖. [btair ft ridirs th b

eh`kfgbtfhg hd tai wrftir bgc tai ribcir, bgc fs usic th fgenuci tai ribcir fgth

tai tahujat prheiss hd tai butahr suea bs fg ‑fg eabptir dfvi wi sbw tabt‖.

Kisfcis fgtirvfiws bgc ehgvirsbtfhgs tai dfincwhro bnsh ehgsfstic hd `bofgj

hksirvbtfhgs. Ufgei tai rftubns bt tai Ebnvbrfh wiri pirdhrìc ky pfnjrf`s tabt

vfsftic @ftnb hgny dhr hgi hr twh cbys, tairi wbs ght gibrny ighuja tfì th eribtitai ofgc hd khgcs hd trust tabt bri `bgcbthry dhr usfgj pbrtfefpbgt hksirvbtfhg bs

b risibrea ìtahc. Sairidhri hgny pbrts hd tai rftubns wiri wftgissic bgc hgny

wafni stbgcfgj hutsfci, ebteafgj shì jnf`psis drh` wabt wbs jhfgj hg fgsfci

wafni ehgvirsfgj wfta hgi hd tai pfnjrf`s wah wbs ìriny stbgcfgj ky. Zaig ft

wbs phssfkni th jh fgth tai Ebnvbrfh wftahut bgy pfnjrf`s hr thurfsts prisigt,

pahthjrbpas wiri `bci hd tai hddirfgjs fg b systi`btfe wby. Dhur pfeturis wiri

tboig drh` tai dnhhr hg ibea sfci hd tai kbsi hd b erhss bgc dhur drh` wabt wbs

nyfgj hg thp hd ibea sfci hd tai kbsi, tafs wbs ripibtic dhr bnn tarii erhssis

dhnnhwfgj b dfxic rhuti. Fg bccftfhg pfeturis wiri tboig drh` hddirfgjs tabt wirinhebtic shìwairi insi fgsfci hr hutsfci tai kufncfgj. Krfid ghtis wiri `bci

waig tafgjs `fjat turg hut ugenibr hg b pahthjrbpa hr waig htair hksirvbtfhgs




wiri `bci suea bs f`phrtbgt eabgjis drh` tai nbst vfsft hr giw hr spiefbn

dibturis tabt ebujat `y iyi. Safs ìtahc wbs eahsig hvir citbfnic ciserfptfhgs

bgc `bofgj crbwfgjs sfgei tabt whunc tboi thh ùea tfì bgc ignbrji tai

eabgei tabt F whunc cfsturk bgy pfnjrf`s. Jfvig tabt taisi pfeturis wiri tboig

drh` hddirfgjs ky pihpni tabt F ehunc ght bso pir`fssfhg th F fgftfbnny abc shì

chukts bkhut usfgj tai` airi. Hg tai htair abgc b `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn, b

`hugtbfg vfnnbji enhsi th ]heautnb, thnc ì curfgj b viry pnibsbgt ehgvirsbtfhg

wafni afs dbtair wbs kusy wfta afs hddirfgjs tabt taiy cfcg't ivig `fgc tai

thurfsts eh`fgj up tairi bgc tbofgj pfeturis bs nhgj bs taiy cfcg't cfsturk

bgykhcy. Ft wbs bdtir bnn b puknfe bgc pibeidun pnbei. Fg bccftfhg bg brtfeni abs

sfgei kiig puknfsaic fg @ixfeh hg bn`hst fcigtfebn hddirfgjs fg b gibrky bgc

ùea niss puknfe ebvi sahwfgj sivirbn citbfnic pfeturis (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9).

Sairidhri F ciefcic th usi shì pfeturis fg eabptir dfvi bs taiy whunc jribtny

inuefcbti tai tixt.

2.;.; Zrfttig Uhureis

Sai `btirfbn usic fg tai nftirbturi stucfis sijìgt hd tai risibrea ebg rhujany

ki cfvfcic fgth twh ebtijhrfis< prf`bry bgc siehgcbry nftirbturi. Sai cfddirigei

kitwiig tai twh kifgj tabt tai prf`bry shureis wiri wrfttig fg tai pirfhc kifgj

cfseussic fg tai` bgc tabt tai siehgcbry bri ght. Fg tai dhnnhwfgj shì jigirbn

eh`ìgts bgc hksirvbtfhgs wfnn ki `bci bkhut tai prhkni`s tabt brfsi waig

usfgj prf`bry shureis bgc wafea hgis yhu wfnn abvi th cibn wfta waig usfgj

siehgcbry shureis. Sai dfrst hksirvbtfhg wi ebg `boi bkhut prf`bry wrfttig shureis fs tabt

jigirbnny spibofgj taiy abvi hgny hgi stbgcphfgt, gbìny tabt hd tai butahr.

Zaig wi ribc b ciserfptfhg hd bg ivigt wi sii tabt ivigt tarhuja air iyis, waig

wi ribc bkhut wabt shìtafgj ìbgs wi fg dbet hgny sii wabt ft ìbgs th air hr

`by ki wabt sai tafgos ft ìbgs th shìkhcy insi. Fg bccftfhg tai butahr

prhkbkny cfc ght lust wrfti dhr tai dug hd ft kut abc b spiefdfe ribshg fg `fgc bs

winn bs b eirtbfg bucfigei tabt sai wbgtic th ribc tai tixt. Bghtair tafgj th

ehgsfcir fs wairi tai butahr stbgcs rinbtfvi th wabt sai wrftis bkhut, fs sai bg

hutsfcir hr bg fgsfcir8 Fgsfcirs hd ehursi abvi b ùea kittir ugcirstbgcfgj hd wabt shìtafgj fs bkhut kut ebg ki i`htfhgbnny `hri eh``fttic th ft, gbrrhwfgj

taifr vfiws. Hutsfcirs hg tai htair abgc `fjat nbeo fgsfci oghwnicji bgc bri

eirtbfgny `hri prhgi th `fsugcirstbgcfgjs ahwivir taiy `fjat spht shìtafgj

tabt bg fgsfcir whunc hvirnhho kiebusi ft fs sh hkvfhus th af`. Bgc tahuja hgi

`fjat tafgo tabt bg hutsfcir wfnn ki kittir bkni th nhho bt shìtafgj `hri

hklietfviny, hgi sahunc ght hvirnhho tabt `hstny hutsfcirs bnsh `boi vbnui-nbcig

lucjiìgts bkhut wabt taiy sii tahsi htairs ch, wafea `bois tai` lust bs

suklietfvi. Bnn hd tafs cfsthrts tai fgdhr`btfhg tabt fs ehgtbfgic fg b shurei bgc

waig yhu usi hgi yhu abvi th ki bwbri hd tafs. B dfgbn ghti ebg ki `bci bkhutprf`bry shureis waig eh`pbric th wabt wbs cfseussic bkhvi bkhut ericftfgj

vbrfity. B prf`bry shurei ebg sinch`ny sahw tai eh`pnixfty hd cfddirigt hpfgfhgs



HKLIESFTIU BGC @ISAHCU 26

bkhut bgc vfiws hg tai whrnc bs ft abs hgny hgi vhfei, tabt hd tai butahr. Zaig

hgi wbgts th abvi ùntfpni vfiws hg bg fssui hgi whunc giic sivirbn cfddirigt

prf`bry shureis bgc eh`pbri tai`, ght th dfgc tai kist hgi kut th nhho bt ahw

cfddirigt pihpni tahujat bkhut shìtafgj. Zaig yhu ch ght abvi cfddirigt

prf`bry shureis drh` tai sbì tfì pirfhc, bs wfnn hdtig ki tai ebsi fg tafs

taisfs, tafs ìbgs tabt yhu sahunc ki bwbri tabt yhu bri whrofgj wfta kut hgi

vfiw b`hgjst ùntfpni. Safs ìbgs tabt ivig tahuja tairi wbs b eh`pnix vbrfity

hd hpfgfhgs hg wabt tafgjs bri dhr, wabt taiy ìbg, bgc wabt fs f`phrtbgt, yhu

abvi th `boi ch wfta hgny hgi.

Fg tafs taisfs tarii typis hd prf`bry shureis wfnn ki usic< afsthrfebn tixts,

itaghjrbpafe whros bgc twh prh`htfhgbn pb`panits. Bntahuja bnn bri prf`bry

shureis, f.i. taiy ehì drh` tai pirfhc taiy cibn wfta, taiy ch cibn wfta cfddirigt

pirfhcs. Sai afsthrfebn shureis bri ibrny th `fccni ehnhgfbn, tai itaghjrbpafe

whros bri drh` tai 265='s, 269='s bgc tai 266='s bgc tai pb`panits bri dhr b

eunturbn distfvbn curfgj Nhs Càbs ci nhs @uirths fg ;==5 bgc ;==3.

Uiehgcbry shureis, suea bs bebci`fe khhos bgc brtfenis, usi prf`bry shureis.Ufgei taiy bri ght tai`sinvis drh` tai pirfhc taiy cibn wfta taiy usi tai shureis

tabt bri, th `boi b phfgt hr th ugcirstbgc wabt abppigic. Fg bccftfhg siehgcbry

shureis ebg usi htair siehgcbry shureis, kufncfgj dhrta hg wabt wbs sbfc bkhut

tai prf`bry shureis fg tai`. Ufgei siehgcbry shureis usi prf`bry shureis taiy

bnsh fgairft `bgy hd taifr dnbws, suea bs tahsi cfseussic bkhvi. Fcibnny tai

wrftirs hd siehgcbry shureis bri bwbri bgc kiwbri hd tai kfbsis fgairigt fg taifr

prf`bry shureis, fg prbetfei tafs fs ahwivir hdtig iftair ght phssfkni hr ght chgi.

Fg suea b ebsi b wrftir ehunc hvir riny hg b shurei tabt fs wrhgj hr `hri prhkbkny

jfvis hgny hgi hd `bgy virsfhgs hd tai wahni pfeturi kiebusi ai cfsrijbrcs htairshureis hg tai `bttir, kiebusi ai fs ght bwbri hd taifr ixfstigei hr sf`pny

kiebusi taiy ch ght ixfst. Kisfcis fgairftfgj prhkni`s drh` tai prf`bry shureis

siehgcbry shureis bri bnsh wrfttig ky b pirshg. Bgc ehgtrbry th phpunbr kinfid

bebci`fes bnsh abvi ghg-bntrufstfe ribshgs th wrfti shìtafgj, taiy thh abvi bg

bucfigei fg `fgc, taiy thh ebg stbgc fg- hr hutsfci taifr sukliet `bttir bgc taiy

thh abvi hpfgfhgs bgc kfbsis ehgeirgfgj tai tafgjs taiy wrfti bkhut. Zrftirs hd

siehgcbry shureis abvi `bgy ciefsfhgs th `boi bkhut wabt taihritfebn

drbìwhro th usi bgc hd ehursi wafea prf`bry shureis th usi hr ght usi bgc fg

wafea wby th usi tai`. Saisi ciefsfhgs bri ght ìriny kbsic hg bg ugdbfnfgjquist dhr truta kut bnsh hg suea tafgjs bs tai bebci`fe seahhn sai fs pbrt hd, tai

dfgbgeirs hd air risibrea, tai jufcinfgis dhr tai lhurgbn wairi tai brtfeni wfnn ki

put fg bgc tai ofgc hd ribcirs tabt lhurgbn bttrbets. Ehgeirgfgj ùntfpnfefty hd

vhfei bs cfseussic bkhvi tai b`hugt hd hpphrtugftfis bvbfnbkni th tai wrftir hd b

siehgcbry shurei fs strhgjny tfic fg wfta tai gu`kir hd cfddirigt prf`bry shureis

bvbfnbkni hg tai thpfe bt abgc bgc tai vbrfity kitwiig tai`. Hpphrtugftfis hd

ehursi bnsh abvi th ki tboig bgc tairidhri ft fs pirdietny phssfkni bgc fg dbet hdtig

siig, tabt ivig tahuja `bgy cfddirigt ofgcs hd shureis ixfst stfnn hgny hgi typi fs

usic. Fg taisi ebsis tafs ebg hdtig ki ehrrinbtic wfta tai butahr's `htfvbtfhgs,fgtigcic bucfigei, ite.



;= TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

Dhur typis hd siehgcbry shureis bri `bci usi hd fg tafs taisfs< fehghjrbpafebn

(sfgei F abvi hgny kbsfe oghwnicji hd fgtirpritfgj fehghjrbpay, tai whros hd

htairs bri giicic), afsthrfhjrbpafebn (fg htair whrcs tahsi usfgj prf`bry

afsthrfebn shureis), breabihnhjfebn bgc tahsi cibnfgj wfta pri-ehnhgfbn rinfjfhg.

Dfgbnny ft abs th ki ìgtfhgic tabt cfvfcfgj tai nftirbturi kitwiig prf`bry bgc

siehgcbry shureis fs fg betubnfty hgny usidun bs bg bgbnytfebn thhn. Fg ribnfty

sivirbn hd tai shureis abvi sijìgts tabt bri prf`bry bgc sijìgts tabt bri

siehgcbry fg gbturi. Dhr ixb`pni `hst hd tai ibrny afsthrfhjrbpafebn butahrs bnsh

jbvi dfrst abgc ciserfptfhgs hd wabt tai thwg nhhoic nfoi bgc wabt wigt hg fg ft

waig taiy abc vfsftic ft.

2.5 Sai Eabptirs

Ghw tai thpfe abs kiig fgtrhcueic, tai risibrea quistfhg abs kiig phsic bgc

tai ìtahchnhjy bgc vbrfhus shureis abvi kiig cfseussic tafs lust nibvis b sahrthvirvfiw hd tai `bggir fg wafea tai thpfe wfnn ki bccrissic bgc tai bgswirs th

tai quistfhgs wfnn ki nhhoic dhr. Dfrst hd bnn, fg Eabptir ;, shì hd tai taihritfebn

ugcirpfggfgjs hd tai ehgeipts i`pnhyic fg tafs taisfs wfnn ki cfseussic usfgj b

sinietfhg hd rinivbgt rieigt nftirbturi hg taisi `bttirs fg hrcir ght hgny th jit

drh` tai nftirbturi cidfgftfhgs sh bs th inuefcbti tai taihritfebn vfiwphfgt kut bnsh

th cfstfn drh` shì enibr fcibs tabt ebg ki usic bs bgbnytfebn thhns fg tai prheiss

hd bgswirfgj tai quistfhgs. Fg tai dhnnhwfgj tarii eabptirs tai betubn cbtb wfnn

taig ki cfseussic bgc fgtirpritic. Safs stbrts hd fg Eabptir 5 wfta b jigirbn nhho

bt tai afsthry hd @ftnb bs b rftubn eigtri, krfgjfgj cfddirigt shureis drh` sivirbntfì pirfhcs (suea bs tai ibrny ehnhgfbn bgc ;=ta eigtury) thjitair th try th

bgswir tai dhnnhwfgj quistfhg< wabt wbs tai nbti phst enbssfe/ibrny ehnhgfbn

ribshg dhr pihpni th ehgsfcir @ftnb tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc bgc vfsft ft bgc wabt fs

tai prisigt hgi8 Saig fg Eabptir 3 tai dheus kiehìs shìwabt `hri spiefdfe

waig tai afsthry hd tai Ebnvbrfh eabpin ftsind wfnn ki fgvistfjbtic bgc b ayphtaisfs

wfnn ki prhphsic hg ahw tai nhebtfhg dhr tai rftubn hddirfgjs th tai shuns safdtic

tarhuja tfì drh` tai rufgs bgc tai jrbviybrc th tai Ebnvbrfh. Eabptir 9 taig

abs tai gbrrhwist dheus kiebusi fg ft tai cfddirigt ebtijhrfis hd hddirfgjs thcby

wfnn ki cfseussic bgc eh`pbric th wabt ebg ki dhugc fg tai itaghjrbpafebn,afsthrfebn bgc fehghjrbpafebn shureis. Dfgbnny fg tai ehgenusfhg tai `hst

f`phrtbgt phfgts drh` tai tarii `bfg sijìgts hd tai risibrea wfnn ki krhujat

thjitair, riehgsfciric bs th wabt taiy ìbg fg nfjat hd tai hvirbreafgj quistfhg

bgc dfgbnny eh`kfgic th ehì th bg bgswir th tai prf`bry risibrea quistfhg. Bt

tai sbì tfì ft wfnn bnsh nfgo kbeo th tai eabptir hg taihritfebn ehgsfcirbtfhgs fg

hrcir th khta prhvfci bgc ehgtrfkuti th tai tafgofgj bkhut taisi ehgeipts.



Eabptir ;

Saihritfebn Ehgsfcirbtfhgs

Ft abs bnribcy kiig stbtic bkhvi tabt tai jhbn hd tafs eabptir fs twhdhnc. Sai

dfrst fs tabt ft siios th prisigt cidfgftfhgs dhr shì hd tai ehgeipts bgc tir`s

i`pnhyic fg tafs taisfs. Airi ft giics th ki phfgtic hut tabt taisi cidfgftfhgs bri

ght prisigtic bs tai `hst usic, `hst bciqubti hr `hst eh`pniti hd bnn tai

cidfgftfhgs tabt bri hut tairi. Fgstibc taiy sirvi `bfgny th ignfjatig taitaihritfebn bgc bebci`febn phfgt hd vfiw tabt fs kiafgc taisi wrftfgjs, tafs fs th

sby tabt taiy ridniet wabt F tafgo bkhut taisi `bttirs bgc wafea butahrs F

ehgsfcir `ysind fgciktic th. Bgc kiebusi taisi taihritfebn ugcirpfggfgjs bri sh

ciefsfvi dhr tai wby tabt cbtb bri pireifvic, usic bgc prisigtic ft fs f`phrtbgt

tabt tai ribcir fs bwbri hd tai`. Sai siehgc purphsi hd cfseussfgj tai ehgeipts

tabt bri f`phrtbgt th tafs wrftfgj fs th tboi drh` tai nftirbturi shì fcibs, phfgts

hr ehgeipts tabt ebg taig ki usic bs bgbnytfebn thhns waig cibnfgj wfta tai cbtb.

Kiebusi fd taihry bgc bebci`fe hrfigtbtfhg wfnn fgdnuigei cbtb tribtìgt bgy wby

ft fs prhkbkny kist th `boi tai` ch sh fg b ehgsefhus bgc strbfjat dhrwbrc`bggir.

;.2 Eunturbn Ehgtfgufty

Sai dfrst ehgeipt th ki cfseussic fs tai hgi tabt kidhri abs kiig ebnnic tai 'tai

tafgj ugcir serutfgy airi', gbìny eunturbn ehgtfgufty, bgc ft ebg fgciic ki siig

bs tabt wafea nfis bt tai kbsfs hd bnn tabt fs wrfttig airi. Ft sirvis bs khta tai

ugcirnyfgj bssu`ptfhg bgc bs tabt wafea wfnn ki fgvistfjbtic. Sh ki b kft enibrir

ft fs tai ixfstigei hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty bs b paighìghg fg tai @ishbìrfebg

rijfhg tabt fs beeiptic airi, wafni tai eunturbn ehgtfgufty hd tai prbetfeis bgc

sthrfis tabt tafs taisfs cibns wfta fs shìtafgj tabt giics th ki tahrhujany

stucfic. Kut taig wabt fs tafs paighìghg bkhut, ahw th cidfgi tafs eunturbn

ehgtfgufty8 Dhr ghw ft ebg ki sbfc tabt wi bri cibnfgj wfta eunturbn ehgtfgufty

waig bg bspiet hd b eunturi's whrncvfiw ri`bfgs prisigt tarhuja tfì. Zhrncvfiw

fs usic airi fg fts `hst kbsfe sigsi, sf`pny th ridir th ahw pihpni vfiw taifr

whrnc. Bgc bntahuja tairi bri auji cfddirigeis kitwiig cfddirigt pirshgs wftafg b

eunturi fg ahw taiy pireifvi taifr whrnc, tairi bri bnsh `bgy ehrrisphgcigeis.

Sai tir` eunturi ftsind abs hd ehursi kiehì shìwabt prhkni`btfe, ispiefbnnysfgei wi ghw ribnfzi tabt hur fcibs hd enibrny cidfgic eunturbn zhgis bri kbsic thh

ùea hg hur prisigt cby, strfetny khrciric, gbtfhg-stbtis. Kut fs ft ght priefsiny



;; TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

kiebusi `bgy hd fts ì`kirs sabri eirtbfg fcibs bgc pireiptfhgs tabt wi ebg

tbno bkhut eunturis fg tai dfrst pnbei8 Ft fs bnsh f`phrtbgt th i`pabsfzi tabt wi

bri tbnofgj bkhut bspiets hd whrncvfiw pirsfstfgj hvir tfì, ght b eunturi's

whrncvfiw bs b wahni, sfgei fg prbetfei gh eunturi fs stbtfe fg suea wby. Bghtair

phfgt tabt abs th ki `bci fs tabt whrncvfiw ebg ght ki siig bpbrt drh` fts

hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhgs suea bs gbrrbtfvis, eunturbn prbetfeis bgc `btirfbn

eunturi. Saisi `bgfdistbtfhgs bri ght hgny prhcuets hd b whrncvfiw, taiy bri wabt

`boi ft ribn bgc bkni th ki ixpirfigeic.

]rhkbkny tai `hst enbssfe bpprhbea th eunturbn ehgtfgufty fs wabt fs ebnnic tai

'Cfriet Afsthrfe Bpprhbea' wafea wbs i`pnhyic ky tai breabihnhjfsts Zfnnfb`

Cugebg Utrhgj bgc Zbnch [uchnpa Zicin th usi fgdhr`btfhg drh` oghwg

afsthrfebn sftis th fcigtfdy prhth-afsthrfebn hgis (Digthg 269:<26-;=). Fg afs

cfseussfhg hd tai riqufriìgts, purphsis bgc ìtahcs dhr b prhphsic

eh`kfgbtfhg hd itaghjrbpafe, nfgjufstfe bgc afsthrfebn stucfis fgth b ìtahc

ebnnic itagh-afsthry, Zfnnfb` G. Digthg, af`sind b winn oghwg Frhquhfs spiefbnfst,

riwhroic tai cfriet afsthrfe bpprhbea fgth wabt ai ebnnic 'upstrib`fgj'<

'_SafsP phfgt hd vfiw bgc ìtahc _...P rists hg tarii bssu`ptfhgs< 2) tabt `blhr

pbttirgs hd eunturi ri`bfg stbkni hvir nhgjir pirfhcs hd tfì, prhcuefgj

ripibtic ugfdhr`ftfis? ;) taisi pbttirgs ebg kist ki siig ky prheiicfgj drh`

tai oghwg itaghnhjfebn prisigt th tai ugoghwg pbst, usfgj rieigt shureis

dfrst bgc taig ibrnfir shureis? 5) tahsi shureis wafea rfgj trui bt khta igcs

hd tai tfì spbg ìrft ehgdfcigei‖ ( Digthg 269:<;=-;2)

Safs ìtahc taig abc tarii riqufriìgts< b cheuìgtic riehrc hd tai pirfhc,ixtigsfvi itaghjrbpafe bgc afsthrfebn nftirbturi bgc seahnbrs trbfgic fg iftair hr

pridirbkny khta dfincs (Digthg 269:<26). Ai bnsh ìgtfhgs dhur purphsis hd itagh-

afsthrfe stucfis< usfgj tai itaghnhjfebn prisigt th jbfg fgsfjat fgth tai

breabihnhjfebn pbst, usfgj itaghnhjfebn bgc nfgjufstfe dfgcfgjs th tarhw nfjat hg

afsthrfebn prhkni`s, ehgtrfkutfgj th tai fcibs hg eunturbn taihry, ispiefbnny

prhkni`s hd eunturbn stbkfnfty bgc eabgji bgc dfgbnny stucyfgj nfgjufstfe eabgji th

ugcirstbgc eunturbn eabgji (Digthg 269:<26-;2). Digthg bnsh wbrgs bjbfgst b

'kufnt-fg dbnnbey' hd tai up-strib`fgj ìtahc, gbìny tabt hd ugfdhr`ftbrfbgfs`,

wairi tai pbst fs fgdirric eh`pnitiny drh` tai prisigt (269:<;;). Sai dfrst prhkni` waig usfgj Digthg's ìtahc hd upstrib`fgj fs tabt fg hrcir

th stucy eunturbn ehgtfgufty fg b spiefdfe fgstbgei wi ùst dfrst bssuì tabt

`blhr pbttirgs hd tabt eunturi abvi ri`bfgic stbkni hvir tfì. Kut ebg wi ribnny

bssuì tafs dhr tai @ishbìrfebg eunturbn spairi fg wafea hur ebsi fs sftubtic8

Beehrcfgj th ]itir N. Tbg cir Nhh wi ebg. Fg afs ixeinnigt khho ' Ehcfeis

Ehstu`kris Ehgtfgufcbc< ug istucfh ci nb rinfjfõg ìshbìrfebgb' ai ght hgny

cibnt wfta bnn tai f`phrtbgt hklietfhgs tabt abc kiig `bci bjbfgst tai ixfstigei

hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty fg @ishbìrfebg rinfjfhg, kut bnsh krhujat th nfjat `bgy

fgstbgeis hd tafs eunturbn ehgtfgufty ky stucyfgj fehghjrbpafebn bgc afsthrfebnshureis fg ehglugetfhg wfta itaghjrbpafebn dfincwhro (Nhh 261:). Ehugtirfgj tai

dfrst brjuìgt bjbfgst eunturbn ehgtfgufty vbg cir Nhh sahws ahw Jihrji Ouknir,



SAIH[ISFEBN EHGUFCI[BSFHGU ;5

bg brt afsthrfbg, wrhgjny bppnfic Irwfg ]bghdsoy's tir` cfslugetfhg (Nhh 261:<

22-23). ]bghdsoy abc ci`hgstrbtic ahw sy`khns fg vfsubn brt cfc ght gieissbrfny

oiip taifr ìbgfgj hvir tfì, kiebusi ivig tahuja shìtafgj `fjat ki cipfetic

fg twh cfddirigt pirfhcs taifr ìbgfgjs ebg ki viry cfddirigt kiebusi ibea fs

f`kiccic fg bghtair ehgtixt. Ivig tahuja vbg cir Nhh bjriic eh`pnitiny tabt

tafs wbs b prhkni` th ki cibnt wfta, ai bnsh phfgtic hut tabt tafs wbs ght bg

brjuìgt bjbfgst tai usi hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty. Ispiefbnny sfgei Ouknir's hwg

usi hd tai tir`, f.i. th cfsqubnfdy tai usi hd shureis nfoi Ubabjüg hg ùea hncir

@ixfebg shefitfis, abc ghtafgj th ch wfta cfslugetfhg sfgei tairi tai prhkni` wbs

ght hd cfddirfgj ehgtixts kut hd eh`pniti nbeo hd eh`pbrbkni ehgtixt fg tai

breabihnhjfebn ebsi (Nhh 261:<2;-25). Bghtair brjuìgt `bci ky Ouknir wbs afs

enbf` tabt tai fgcfjighus eunturis abc kiig ixtir`fgbtic eh`pnitiny curfgj tai

ehgquist. Tbg cir Nhh quhtis b nfgi ky Ouknir tabt fg ridirigei th b prbetfei tabt

fs afjany rinivbgt th hur ebsi, gbìny tai kufncfgj hd eaureais hg tai ri`bfgs hd

hnc ti`pni pnbtdhr`s, enibrny sahws afs stbgcphfgt hg taisi `bttirs<

'Sai Earfstfbg eaureais irietic uphg taifr su``fts sy`khnfzi tai ehgquist

hd pbjbg hksirvbgei ky Earfstfbg rftubn , _...P' (Ouknir 2642< 29)

Tbg cir Nhh ehugtirs tabt wafni fgciic tafs `fjat abvi kiig tai fgtigtfhg hd

tai drbfnis : , tafs chis ght ìbg tabt taiy eh`pnitiny sueeiicic. Kiebusi, bs vbg

cir Nhh phfgts hut, ivig tahuja taiy eabgjic `bgy tafgjs, hgi giics hgny b

sfgjni vfsft th b Earfstfbg eaurea fg bg fgcfjighus vfnnbji th ribnfzi tabt `bgy hd

tai rinfjfhus hksirvbgeis bgc rftubns givir dinn ugcir tai Ebtahnfe runis (Nhh

261:<29). Bghtair brjuìgt usic th supphrt tafs fcib hd tai cibc @ixfebgeunturi wbs tai enbf` ky @bcsig tabt tai hnc eunturi abc kiig ciebpftbtic waig

tai hnc infti tabt hvirsbw rinfjfhus nfdi jht ixtfget. Sai `blhr dnbw kiafgc tafs

ribshgfgj, bs vbg cir Nhh phfgts hut, fs tai bssu`ptfhg tabt tairi wbs b `blhr

cfddirigei fg kinfids kitwiig tai infti bgc tai eh``hgirs wafni fg dbet taiy abc b

eh``hg kbsi. Ixprissfhgs `fjat cfddir kitwiig enbssis bgc shì `hri ishtirfe

oghwnicji `fjat abvi kiig ixenusfvi th pbrtfeunbr jrhups kut `hst hd tai fcibs

bgc ehgeipts wiri dhugc fg bnn shefbn enbssis (Nhh 261:<2:). Bg ixeinnigt ixb`pni

hd tafs ebg ki dhugc fg tai tribtfsi ky prfist bgc ieenisfbstfebn lucji Airgbgch

[ufz ci Bnbreõg, wrfttig fg 24;6 bs b jufci th fcigtfdy aibtaig rftubn prbetfeis fgtai Gbaubtn nbgjubji (Bgcriws & Abssfj 2613). Sahuja afs tribtfsi cibns shniny

wfta 2:ta eigtury eusth`s fg rurbn Juirrirh, ridirigeis ebg ki dhugc fg ft th

gibrny bnn f`phrtbgt rinfjfhus ehgeipts bgc sy`khns tabt wi oghw drh` tai

hddfefbn Bztie stbti rinfjfhg. Safs prhvis ght hgny tabt tai infti bgc eh``hgirs

whrncvfiw wiri viry sf`fnbr, kut bnsh tabt taisi fcibs wiri stfnn brhugc b eigtury

bdtir tai ehgquist kijbg (Nhh 261:<21).

Zafni taisi phfgts jh b nhgj wby fg cfsericftfgj tai `blhr brjuìgts bjbfgst

tai ixfstigei hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty fg @ishbìrfeb tairi stfnn ri`bfgs b sirfhus

prhkni` wfta stucyfgj ft. Kiebusi tai prhkni` hd cfslugetfhg bs ft wbs ciserfkic

: Drbfni< drfbr



;3 TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

ky ]bghdsoy, tabt hd twh sf`fnbr nhhofgj seigis drh` twh pirfhcs abvfgj viry

cfddirigt ìbgfgjs kiebusi hd taifr cfddirfgj ehgtixts, stfnn abs th ki cibnt wfta. Ft

fs priefsiny ky `bofgj usi hd tai ugcirnyfgj prhkni` hd cfslugetfhg, f.i. ehgtixt,

tabt vbg cir Nhh dhugc b shnutfhg th tafs prhkni`. Fgspfric hg tai ehgeipt hd

'sfjgfdfebgt bsshefbtfhgs' ky Gfeahnshg (quhtic fg Nhh 261:<;=:) bgc tabt hd 'kbsfe

taiì' ky Chggbg (quhtic fg Nhh 261:<;=:) ai civfsic bg bgbnytfebn thhn ai

ebnnic 'tai`btfebn ugfts'. Fgstibc hd dheusfgj hg b sfgjni citbfn hd tai hutwbrc

`bgfdistbtfhg hd b whrncvfiw, wafea fs prhgi th cfddir fg ìbgfgj cipigcfgj hg fts

ehgtixt, hgi sahunc dheus hg jrhups hd iniìgts tabt bri hdtig dhugc thjitair, fg

taifr prhpir ehgtixt (Nhh 261:< ;=-;4). Sabt hgi hd taisi iniìgts ebg bnsh ki

dhugc fg cfddirigt tai`btfebn ugfts bt tai sbì tfì hgny prhvis ahw f`phrtbgt ft

fs th dheus hg tai jrhup bgc ght hg tai citbfns (Nhh 261:< ;3). @bgy cfddirigt

typis hd iniìgts ebg ki fgenucic fg b tai`btfebn ugft suea bs jhcs, pirshgs,

gbrrbtfvis, hkliets bgc bgf`bns (Nhh 261:<;5). Ft abs th ki ghtic tabt ft heeurs

hgny sinch`ny tabt bnn tai iniìgts `bofgj up b tai`btfebn ugft wfnn ki dhugc fg

hgi sfgjni seigi, ciserfptfhg hr sftubtfhg bs pihpni ebg `boi bn`hst igcnissvbrfbtfhgs hd wafea iniìgts hd b tai`btfebn ugft th fgenuci hr ixenuci (Nhh

261:<;;). Sh cfsehvir wafea iniìgts b tai`btfebn ugft ehgsfsts hd, bs winn bs th

ugcirstbgc tai rinivbgei bgc ìbgfgj hd bgc tai rinbtfhgsafps kitwiig taisi

iniìgts, ft fs gieissbry th abvi wrfttig hr sphoig ixpnbgbtfhgs drh` tai ixpirts

hg taisi jrhupfgjs hd ìbgfgj< tai fgcfjighus pihpnis (Nhh 261:<;5). Safs bnsh

ìbgs tabt tafs ìtahc ebg ght ki i`pnhyic th fgvistfjbti eunturbn ehgtfgufty

drh` pirfhcs kidhri tai phst enbssfe, sfgei suea ixpnbgbthry shureis ch ght ixfst

dhr taisi pirfhcs (Nhh 261:<;9). Zaig dfgbnny b tai`btfebn ugft abs taus kiig

cfsehviric bgc prhvig th ixfst tarhuja cfddirigt pirfhcs hd tfì tafs ebg taig kisiig bs prhvi hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty dhr tafs eh`pnix hd iniìgts. Zabt tafs fg

iddiet ìbgs fs tabt fgdhr`btfhg drh` hgi pirfhc ebg taig ki usic th kittir

ugcirstbgc tai dugetfhg bgc ìbgfgj hd tabt tai`btfebn ugft fg bghtair hd tai

fgvistfjbtic pirfhcs (Nhh 261:<;5).

Uu``brfzfgj wi ebg sby tabt wi bri cibnfgj wfta eunturbn ehgtfgufty waig b

eirtbfg bspiet hd b eunturi's whrncvfiw ri`bfgs prisigt tarhuja tfì bgc tabt

taisi bspiets sahunc ki stucfic tarhuja tai ehgstftutfvi iniìgts hd taifr

hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg wftafg taifr prhpir ehgtixts, f.i. taifr tai`btfebn ugfts.

;.; Uygeritfs`

Hg dfrst jnbgei tai ehgeipt hd sygeritfs`, f.i. tai sygtaisfs hd cfddirigt

rinfjfhus dhr`s (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663), sii`s cfrietny hpphsic th tabt hd eunturbn

ehgtfgufty. Zairi tai nbttir spibos bkhut tafgjs stbyfgj tai sbì hvir tfì, tai

dhrìr cibns priefsiny wfta tai `fxfgj hd eunturbn bspiets. Tbg cir Nhh dhr

ixb`pni ridutis enbf`s tabt @ishbìrfebg rinfjfhg fs sygeritfe bs abvfgj nfttni

vbnui, bs tafs ehunc ki enbfìc dhr bn`hst bnn rinfjfhgs fg tai whrnc, sfgei bnnkhrrhwic iniìgts drh` htair rinfjfhgs. Ai ehgtfguis stbtfgj tabt prisigt cby

@ishbìrfebg rinfjfhg abs fts pri-Ehnu`kfbg rhhts, wafea jfvi ft fts cfstfget dhr`




bgc cfstfgjufsais ft drh` htair rinfjfhgs. Fg bccftfhg ft fgehrphrbtic iniìgts hd

htair rinfjfhgs, `hst ghtbkny Ebtahnfefs`. Safs @ishbìrfebg rinfjfhg sahunc ki

stucfic fg fts hwg rfjats, wftahut ft kifgj gieissbry th ivbnubti hr civbnubti

eirtbfg iniìgts dhr kifgj pri-Ehnu`kfbg hr ght (Nhh 261:<26).

Ft ebg enibrny ki siig airi tabt vbg cir Nhh diins tabt nbkinfgj @ishbìrfebg

rinfjfhg bs sygeritfe fs b wby hd cf`fgfsafgj fts rfjats th ki stucfic bs b rinfjfhg hd

fts hwg. Ft fs priefsiny tafs bsshefbtfhg hd sygeritfs` wfta f`purfty bgc fg-

butaigtfefty tabt fs tahrhujany cfseussic fg Eabrnis Utiwbrt's bgc [hsbnfgc

Uabw's fgtrhcuetfhg th tai khho 'Uygeritfs`/Bgtf-sygeritfs`, tai phnftfes hd

rinfjfhus sygtaisfs' hd wafea taiy bri bnsh tai icfthrs (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663).

Saiy sahw ahw sygeritfs` abs ehì th ki siig bs b gijbtfvi tir` ght sh ùea

tarhuja fts ìbgfgj kut tarhuja ahw ft wbs usic fg tai pbst (Utiwbrt & Uabw

2663<5). Safs ahncs ispiefbnny trui dhr tai siehgc abnd hd tai 26 ta eigtury waig

seahnbrs hd eh`pbrbtfvi rinfjfhg usic tai tir` th eabrbetirfzi tai rinfjfhus nfdi fg

bgefigt [hì bgc Jriiei bs cfshrcirny bgc ehgdusic, waig taiy cfseussic

sygeritfs` bs bg f`pirfbn strbtijy hd tai [h`bg i`pirhrs hr waig taiy put ft fgbg ivhnutfhgbry seaiì f`ìcfbtiny prfhr th Earfstfbg `hghtaifs`. Bdtir tafs

pirfhc ft ehgtfguic th ki usic hdtig bgc oipt ùea hd fts gijbtfvi ehgghtbtfhgs

(Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<3-9). Fg cfseussfgj tai bnribcy ìgtfhgic bsshefbtfhg

kitwiig sygeritfe bgc fgbutaigtfe, Utiwbrt bgc Uabw ebì up wfta tai ehgeipt

hd bgtf-sygeritfs`, kifgj bg 'bgtbjhgfs` th rinfjfhus sygtaisfs sahwg ky bjigts

ehgeirgic wfta tai cidigsi hd rinfjfhus khugcbrfis' (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<:) bgc

sahw tabt 'sygeritfs` bgc bgtf-sygeritfs` ebg khta ki pbtas th tai ehgstruetfhg

hd 'butaigtfefty' (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<6). Dhr butaigtfefty fs ght shìtafgj

fgairigt th b rinfjfhg kut b enbf` `bci bkhut ft ky phnftfebnny `htfvbtic bethrs.Uuea b enbf` fs fg dbet ght bkhut purfty, kut bkhut ugfquigiss, wafea khta puri

bgc `fxic rinfjfhgs ebg ki (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<:). Bghtair prhkni` wfta tai

usi hd sygeritfs` fs tabt fs hdtig bsshefbtic wfta tai prheiss hd beeunturbtfhg, b

prhkni`btfe tir` sfgei ft ehgluris up f`bjis hd b pirshg fg b giw eunturbn sittfgj

ìeabgfebnny kifgj bssfjgic tai bpprhprfbti eunturbn trbfts ugtfn eh`pnitic. Fg

ribnfty hd ehursi taisi prheissis bri bkhut pihpni betfgj bgc ciefcfgj, kbsic hg

ahw taiy fgtirprit wabt fs jhfgj hg. B prheiss tabt ehunc abvi ùntfpni hutehìs

bgc fs dbr drh` frrivirsfkni (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<4). B sf`fnbr prhkni` ebg ki

siig waig bjigey fs ght bserfkic th rinfjfhus pbrtfefpbgts kut th tai rinfjfhgftsind, `bofgj ft sii` nfoi tai rinfjfhgs tai`sinvis bri chfgj tai sygeritfzfgj

(Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<24). Airi ft fs f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt ft fs ght suddfefigt

tabt twh rinfjfhgs abvi eirtbfg sf`fnbrftfis hr ehrrisphgcigeis tabt ehunc dbefnftbti

sygtaisfs, kiebusi taisi sf`fnbrftfis ùst dfrst ki pireifvic bs suea ky bethrs

bgc taig bnsh betic uphg (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<24). Uuea betfhgs hd ehursi giic

ght bnwbys ki fgtigtfhgbn, bgc ivig fgtigcic betfhgs `by abvi eh`pnitiny

ugfgtigcic ehgsiquigeis (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<26). Ft fs hdtig tahujat tabt

fgtigtfhgbn bgc ehgsefhus sygeritfs` fs b tbetfe hgny i`pnhyic ky tai infti, wafni

fg dbet `bgy sukjrhups hd b shefity strbtijfebnny usi sygtaisfs, ispiefbnny fd ftkigidfts taifr jrhup (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<2:). Kifgj bg brigb dhr istbknfsafgj

phwir rinbtfhgs sygeritfs` ebg, pbrbchxfebnny, ki usic khta th bpprhprfbti bgc




sukvirt ch`fgbgei, shìtfìs ivig bt tai sbì tfì (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<;2).

Fg tafs ebpbefty sygeritfs` ebg ki siig bs bg fgtijrbn pbrt hd gijhtfbtfgj

fcigtftfis fg sftubtfhgs wairi twh rinfjfhgs ìit (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<26). Sai

cfddirigei kitwiig sygeritfs` 'drh` bkhvi' bgc sygeritfs` 'drh` kinhw' fs b

rinivbgt hgi tahuja, bs tairi bri cfddirigt phwir rinbtfhgs fgvhnvic. Ft fs

f`phrtbgt ahwivir th ugcirstbgc tabt taiy bri ìriny tai twh phnis hd b

ehgtfguu`, ght cfddirigt typis hd sygeritfs` (Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<;2-;;).

Ahw taig ebg bnn taisi cfddirigt fcibs ki bppnfic th tai @ishbìrfebg

sftubtfhg8 Fg tai ipfnhjui th bg ixtigsfvi itaghjrbpafe whro hg tai rinfjfhg hd tai

Shthgbes, bg fgcfjighus jrhup drh` ghrtairg ]uiknb, Bnbfg Feahg jfvis us shì

hd afs fcibs hg sygeritfs` fg taisi rijfhgs tabt bri qufti usidun (Feahg 26:5).

Dfrst ai ciserfkis tarii phssfkni bttftucis thwbrcs rinfjfhus sygeritfs` fg

@ishbìrfeb< 2) th ehgsfcir tai 'pbjbg' iniìgts fg fgcfjighus Ebtahnfefs` bs

ìri supirstftfhus ri`gbgts drh` kyjhgi cbys? ;) `boi b cfstfgetfhg kitwiig

tai `hugtbfghus rijfhgs wairi ft wbs cfddfeunt th ivbgjinfzi bgc tai htair pbrts

wairi tairi wbs niss cfddfeunty? 5) beoghwnicji tai ixfstigei hd b `fxic rinfjfhg,tabt hrfjfgbtis drh` tai twh rinfjfhgs eh`kfgic (Feahg 26:5<394). Ai af`sind,

kbsic hg afs hwg dfincwhro, eahhsis tai tafrc hptfhg, kut strissis tabt wftafg

tafs `fxic rinfjfhg ft wbs tai hrfjfgbn fgcfjighus rinfjfhg tabt ri`bfgic ch`fgbgt

(Feahg 26:5<391). Ivig tahuja ai airi sii`s th ehgeur wfta vbg cir Nhh bkhut

tai eunturbn ehgtfgufty wftafg @ishbìrfebg rinfjfhg, tairi fs ahwivir hgi `byhr

cfddirigei. Zairi vbg cir Nhh kbsis tafs ehgtfgufty hg tai`btfebn ugfts hd

eunturbn iniìgts tabt ai dhugc th ki prisigt tarhuja tfì Feahg sbys tabt wafni

taisi hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhgs `fjat abvi kiig eabgjic hr suppnbgtic tarhuja

ebtahnfe fgdnuigeis ft fs tai whrncvfiw tabt fs kiafgc taisi tafgjs bgc jisturistabt abs pirsiviric (Feahg 26:5<39:). Zaig hgi nhhos enhsir bt tai ciserfptfhg

tabt Feahg jfvis hd tafs prheiss hd sygtaisfs ft kiehìs bppbrigt tabt Feahg's

cidfgftfhg hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty fs krhbcir tabg vbg cir Nhh's. Ai phsis tabt shì

iniìgts hd tai trbcftfhgbn rinfjfhg wiri ehgsirvic wfta taifr dhr` bgc ìbgfgj

fgtbet, htair iniìgts wiri rifgtirpritic fg b `hri hr niss ebtahnfe wby bgc

htairs wiri bkbgchgic hr sukstftutic eh`pnitiny. Uf`fnbrny shì iniìgts hd tai

ebtahnfe rinfjfhg wiri bchptic wftahut `hcfdfebtfhg, shì iniìgts wiri

rifgtirpritic bgc shì wiri ght bchptic bt bnn. Dfgbnny wftafg tai risuntfgj giw

`fxic rinfjfhg tafs ìbgs tabt shì iniìgts hd tai twh rinfjfhgs wiri eh`kfgic,shì iniìgts wiri sukstftutic ky tabt hd tai htair rinfjfhg bgc hd `bgy

iniìgts tai ìbgfgjs wiri rifgtirpritic (Feahg 26:5<396-342). Fd hgi whunc

beeipt tafs `hcin, wafea sii`s th ki qufti pnbusfkni, tabg tafs ìbgs tabt

nhhofgj bt tai`btfebn ugfts bnhgi `fjat ìbg tabt yhu `fss hut hg tai eunturbn

ehgtfgufty hd eirtbfg whrncvfiws hd wafea tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg, tai iniìgts

`bofgj up tai tai`btfebn ugft, abvi eabgjic cui th sygeritfs`. Fg bccftfhg ft

wbrgs us tabt ivig waig bg hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg ri`bfgs tai sbì tafs ebg

stfnn ìbg tabt tai ugcirnyfgj whrncvfiw abs eabgjic fg wafea ebsi yhu ebg ght

spibo hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty. Dfgbnny khta hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg bgc whrncvfiwehunc eabgji, tafs fs hd ehursi tai enibrist ebsi hd cfsehgtfgufty.



SAIH[ISFEBN EHGUFCI[BSFHGU ;:

Sh su` up, wi abvi siig tabt sygeritfs`, kifgj tai sygtaisfs hd cfddirigt

rinfjfhus dhr`s, abs ghtafgj th ch wfta purfty bgc butaigtfefty. Fgstibc ft fs bg

fgairigt bspiet hd twh rinfjfhgs eh`fgj fgth enhsi ehgtbet. Safs ahwivir fs ght bt

bnn bg buth`btfe prheiss, kut tbois pnbei tarhuja pihpni pireifvfgj bgc betfgj

uphg sf`fnbrftfis. Kiebusi hd taisi betfhgs shì iniìgts hd khta rinfjfhgs wfnn ki

bchptic, shì wfnn ki rifgtirpritic bgc shì wfnn bkbgchgic. Hg tai hgi abgc

taisi sygeritfe betfhgs ebg ki cinfkirbtiny bgc strbtijfebnny usic th gijhtfbti

fcigtftfis bgc phwir rinbtfhgs, hg tai htair abgc shì betfhgs wfnn ki

ugfgtigtfhgbn hr abvi ugfgtigcic ehgsiquigeis. Bs b ehgsiquigei hd sygeritfs`

tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg hd bg bspiet hd b whrncvfiw `fjat ki bntiric tahuja ft

ftsind ri`bfgs wafea ìbgs tabt tairi fs stfnn eunturbn ehgtfgufty.

;.5 @btirfbn rinfjfhg

Fg tai bkhvi sijìgts hg eunturbn ehgtfgufty bgc sygeritfs` wi abvi tbnoicsivirbn tfìs bkhut iniìgts `bofgj up tai`btfebn ugfts bgc hutwbrc

`bgfdistbtfhgs hd whrnc vfiws. Hgi hd tai typis hd iniìgts ìgtfhgic wiri

hkliets bgc fg dbet waig tbnofgj hd htairs suea bs gbrrbtfvis, bgf`bns bgc

pirshgs taisi hdtig ehì th us fg `btirfbn dhr`s suea bs stbtuis hr cipfetfhgs fg

ehcfeis. Fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg vbrfhus hddirfgjs wiri bnsh ìgtfhgic bs winn bs b

eabpin bgc b pyrb`fc. Ft taus sii`s th ki tabt waig stucyfgj eunturbn ehgtfgufty

bgc/hr sygeritfs` tai `btirfbn cfìgsfhg fs b rinivbgt hgi. Ahwivir waig hgi

stbrts nhhofgj dhr taihrfis hg tai `btirfbn bspiet hd rinfjfhgs hgi dfgcs tabt tairi

fs rinbtfviny nfttni wrfttig bkhut ft. Fg air khho tftnic '@btirfbn Earfstfbgfty' Ehnniig@eCbgginn ixpnbfgs way tafs bspiet hd rinfjfhus ixpirfigei abs hdtig kiig fjghric

ky tahsi stucyfgj rinfjfhgs (@eCbgginn 2669). Bt tai kbsfs hd tafs bppbrigt

bksigei hd fgtirist nfis tai wby fg wafea tai nfois hd I`fni Curoaif`, @bx Zikir

bgc @freib Infbci cidfgic tai viry gbturi hd rinfjfhg. Bs @eCbgginn puts ft

(@eCbgginn 2669<3)<

'B cfeahth`y abs kiig istbknfsaic kitwiig tai sberic bgc tai prhdbgi,

spfrft bgc `bttir, pfity bgc eh`ìrei tabt ehgstrbfgs hur bkfnfty th

ugcirstbgc ahw rinfjfhg whros fg tai ribn whrnc'

Safs cfeahth`y ebg ki trbeic kbeo th tai tafgofgj hd ]nbth, Liwfsa tafgofgj

bkhut Jhc bs b cfsi`khcfic vhfei bgc ùea hd tai ]rhtistbgt chetrfgi

(@eCbgginn 2669<9). Fg taisi trbcftfhgs tai ch`bfg hd tai sberic fs tabt fcibn bgc

trbgseigcigtbn whrnc tabt fs eh`pnitiny sit bpbrt drh` hrcfgbry bgc ivirycby nfdi,

fg htair whrcs tai prhdbgi. Ft fs hg tafs cfeahth`y taig tabt `hst hd bebci`fe

taihrfis hg stucyfgj rinfjfhg wiri kufnc, wafni fg dbet tafs ']urftbg `hcin' bs Lhg

Kutnir ebnns ft (quhtic fg @eCbgginn 2669<4) sahws th ki prhkni`btfe ght hgny

waig bppnfic th htair rinfjfhgs suea bs Ebtahnfefs` bgc Gbtfvi Bìrfebgrinfjfhgs kut fg dbet bnsh waig bppnfic th `bgy prhtistbgts. Ufgei tai `btirfbn

whrnc wbs siig bs kinhgjfgj th tai ch`bfg hd tai prhdbgi ft jht nbrjiny fjghric ky




`hst seahnbrs stucyfgj rinfjfhg, wah wiri dheusfgj hg suea trbgseigcigtbn tafgjs

bs whrcs, fcibs bgc whrnc vfsfhgs fgstibc. Bgc ivig waig ft wbs stucfic wi

fgairftic tai prilucfeis tabt taisi rinfjfhus trbcftfhgs abc bkhut tai `btirfbn

bspiet hd rinfjfhg, `hst ghtbkny tabt taiy wiri ghtafgj `hri tabg bfcs dhr tai

wibo kinfivirs, suea bs whìg bgc eafncrig, wafni tai strhgj kinfivirs ehunc

jrbsp tai sberic cfrietny (@eCbgginn 2669<1-25). Ahwivir waig hgi riehgsfcirs

tai `btirfbn cfìgsfhg hd rinfjfhg hgi ebg sii tabt ft

'sauttnis kbeo bgc dhrta sh driquigtny kitwiig wabt seahnbrs ebnn tai sberic

bgc tai prhdbgi tabt tai usidungiss hd tai ebtijhrfis fs cfsputic' (@eCbgginn

2669<1)

Ky nhhofgj bt wabt pihpni 'ch rbtair tabg bt wabt taiy tafgo' (@eCbgginn

2669<3) ft ebg ki siig tabt `btirfbn eunturi chis ùea `hri tabg sf`pny

ridnietfgj bg ixfstfgj ribnfty, kiebusi ixpirfigefgj tai paysfebn cfìgsfhg hd

rinfjfhg betubnny ainps 'krfgj bkhut rinfjfhus vbnuis, ghr`s, kiabvfhrs bgcbttftucis' (@eCbgginn 2669<;). [infjfhus brtfdbets, nbgcsebpis, breaftieturi bgc

brt i`khcy bs winn bs sy`khnfzi taisi pbttirgs hd kinfid (@eCbgginn 2669<;).

@btirfbn eunturi hd ehursi abs gh fgairigt ìbgfgj fg bgc hd ftsind, fgstibc

hkliets bgc pnbeis kiehì ìbgfgjdun waig taiy bri ignfvigic ky pihpni tarhuja

usi (@eCbgginn 2669<5-3). Ft fs tarhuja tafs rinfjfhus prbetfei tabt khcy bgc

`fgc ehì thjitair fg wabt @eCbgginn ebnns b ùntfìcfb ivigt 'wairi spiiea,

vfsfhg, jisturi, thuea bgc shugc eh`kfgi' (@eCbgginn 2669<23). Sarhuja

betfvbtfgj hkliets fg rinfjfhus prbetfei pihpni f`kui tai` wfta b eirtbfg 'bddietfgj

prisigei' bs bgtarhphnhjfst [hkirt Br`strhgj ebnns ft (quhtic fg @eCbgginn2669<21). @eCbgginn ciserfkis dfvi phssfkni wbys fg wafea rinfjfhus hkliets ebg

bttbfg tafs bddietfgj prisigei< 'ky pbrtfefpbtfgj fg tai butahrfty hd fgstftutfhgbn

trbcftfhgs bgc hrjbgfzbtfhgs' (p.21)? ky kifgj usic th `bfgtbfg bgc eribti

rinbtfhgsafps wfta supirgbturbn phwirs (p.;9)? ky i`khcyfgj ì`hrfis (p.56)? ky

`brofgj eh`ùgfty bgc kfgcfgj ì`kirs th ibea htair (p.33)? hr ky kifgj b pbrt

hd b dbsafhg bistaitfe (p.9:). Hd ehursi ghgi hd taisi bri ixenusfvi bgc fg prbetfei

hkliets ebg ght hgny ki usic fg cfddirigt ehgtixts bgc taus abvi cfddirigt

ìbgfgjs, taiy ebg bnsh abvi sivirbn ìbgfgjs wftafg hgi ehgtixt. Ft fs tafs

bkfnfty th eh`kfgi hpphsfgj iniìgts tabt `bois rinfjfhus hkliets suea bdugcbìgtbn pbrt hd b rinfjfhg (@eCbgginn 2669<44). Zaig stucyfgj `btirfbn

rinfjfhg ft fs f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt, kiebusi `btirfbn riprisigtbtfhgs ebg ght ki

siig bpbrt drh` tai au`bg whrnc hd ìbgfgj tabt surrhugcs ft bgc tabt `bois ft

phssfkni dhr ft th ehì bnfvi, tafs fcihnhjy hr whrncvfiw sahunc ki tboig fgth

beehugt (@eCbgginn 2669<29).

Bkhvi tafs viry sbì phfgt hd nhhofgj bt khta whrncvfiw bgc fts hutwbrc

`bgfdistbtfhg abs bnsh kiig `bci waig cfseussfgj eunturbn ehgtfgufty bgc

sygeritfs`, kut wabt ebg ki bccic th wabt wbs sbfc tairi ghw tai `btirfbn

cfìgsfhg abs kiig `hri tahrhujany nhhoic bt8 Sh put ft sf`pny, tabt tahuja`btirfbn eunturi abs gh ìbgfgj hr phwir hd fts hwg, ft ebg jbfg suea bg

'bddietfgj prisigei' ky kifgj usic ky pihpni fg sivirbn cfddirigt wbys tabt ebg




eh`pniìgt ibea htair. Bs wi abvi th fgvistfjbti ahw paysfebn iniìgts tabt bri

pbrt hd b tai`btfebn ugft wiri bccic, rifgtirpritic hr bkbgchgic tarhuja tfì ft

`fjat ki viry usidun th ehgsfcir tai vbrfhus ofgcs hd bddietfgj prisigeis taisi

iniìgts abc th ugcirstbgc taifr ìbgfgj bgc dugetfhg.

;.3 [ftubns

Uh dbr wi abvi tbnoic sivirbn tfìs bkhut tai f`phrtbgei hd pihpni tbofgj

betfhgs, dhr ixb`pni tabt sygeritfs` fs tai risunt hd pihpni betfgj uphg pireifvic

sf`fnbrftfis bgc tabt hkliets bgc pnbeis bri f`kuic wfta bddietfgj prisigei

tarhuja rinfjfhus prbetfei. Sai `hst db`hus typi hd rinfjfhus prbetfei fs hd ehursi

rftubn, bgc sfgei curfgj tai nbst ciebci hr sh bg fgeribsic fgtirist fg rftubns bgc

taifr dugetfhg bgc rhni wftafg bgc hutsfci hd tai rinfjfhus ehgtixt abs nic th b

jribtir bgc `hri gubgeic ugcirstbgcfgj hd tai paighìghg ft `fjat prhvi

whrtawafni th ehgsfcir ft airi. Kinhw dhur jigirbn bspiets hd rftubn bri cfseussicbs taiy ebg ki jbtairic drh` tai eurrigt nftirbturi. Hd ehursi tairi bri `bgy

cfddirigeis bgc cfsbjriiìgts wftafg tafs nfviny dfinc hd stucy, bs tairi bri iviry

wairi, kut tafs chis ght tboi bwby tabt shì jigirbn trigcs fg tafgofgj ebg ki

riehjgfzic.

Sai dfrst bgc prhkbkny bnsh tai `hst bjriic uphg hd taisi bspiets fs tfì-

cipta. Bnribcy fg tai nbti 26ta bgc ibrny ;=ta eigtury tai twh hpphsfgj eb`ps hd

seahnbrs, f.i. tai `yta bgc tai rftubn seahhn bntahuja cfsbjriifgj hg wafea wbs

tai ibrnfist dhr` hd rinfjfhus ixprissfhg, bjriic uphg tai f`phrtbgei hd tai bspiet

hd ripitftfhg (cfseussic fg Kinn 266:<9-1). ]ut `hst sf`pny, ripitftfhg ìbgs tabt wabt fs chgi fg rftubn fs givir b eh`pnitiny giw bgc hgi-tfì bet. Ft fs shìtafgj

tabt fs ripibtic hvir tfì fg „`hri hr niss fgvbrfbgt siquigeis‐ ([bppbphrt

2666<54-5:). Ebtairfgi Kinn bnsh strissis tafs waig tbnofgj bkhut tai rhni hd

fgvbrfbgei, sahwfgj tabt tafs fgvbrfbgei fs hdtig jhvirgic ky runis (Kinn

266:<295-299). Bghtair hd Kinn‖s eabrbetirfstfes tabt fs f`phrtbgt th ghti airi fs

trbcftfhgbnfs`, tai fcib tabt rftubns bri hdtig vfiwic bs pirpitubtfgj drh` tai

pbst fgth tai prisigt (Kinn 266:<239-29=). Airi ft fs f`phrtbgt th striss tai whrc

‑vfiwic‖. B rftubn chis ght betubnny abvi th abvi b nhgj pbst, ft ùst hgny ki

fgtirpritic bs suea. Saus b rftubn ùst bt nibst sii` th ki b ripitftfhg hdshìtafgj viry ùea nfoi ft th ki beeiptic. Ft ùst ki siig bs tai gbturbn wby hd

chfgj tafgjs, ght shì strbgji giw fgvigtfhg. Drh` tafs diinfgj hd jribt tfì-

cipta ehìs b kfj pbrt hd b rftubn's phwir, ft `bois ft hncir bgc kfjjir tabg tai

pbrtfefpbgts tai`sinvis bgc taus niss ehgtistbkni.

Sai siehgc f`phrtbgt iniìgt hd rftubn fs sy`khnfs`. Ehgeirgfgj rftubn

sy`khns ebg ki cfseussic hg twh nivins< ugfvirsbn bgc spiefdfe. Sai ugfvirsbnny

prisigt bspiet hd sy`khnfs` fg rftubn fs wabt [bppbphrt ìbgs waig ai sbys tabt

rftubns bri „ght igtfriny igehcic ky tai pirdhrìrs‐ ([bppbphrt 2666<5;-55).

[ftubns bri `hstny ght pirshgbn hg tai spht fgvigtfhgs kut taiy ebrry wfta tai`tai eunturbn ebtijhrfis igehcic fg tai sy`khns usic. Saiy ridir th spiefdfe shefbn

bgc ehs`fe hrcirs bgc bri sfùntbgihusny, bs Enfddhrc Jiirtz ciserfkis ft, `hcins



5= TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

hd tai wby tafgjs betubnny bri bgc `hcins dhr tai wby taiy sahunc ki (Jiirtz 26:5

cfseussic fg Kinn 266:). Uy`khns ebg `boi tafgjs tabt bri dbfrny ugsukstbgtfbn

suea bs spfrftubn, supirgbturbn hr afjair kifgjs fgth shìtafgj ehgeriti bgc

tairidhri ùea ibsfir ugcirstbgcbkni. Ivig tahuja cfddirigt pbrtfefpbgts `by

igtir tai rftubn wfta cfddirigt ixpietbtfhgs, taiy bnn kiehì eabgginnic tarhuja

tai sbì sy`khnfe dheus (Surgir 26:3). Ky usfgj sy`khns rftubns ebg ivhoi

diinfgjs bgc jfvi ixpnbgbtfhgs hd wabt fs jhfgj hg wftahut jhfgj fgth tai

ehgdnfetfgj bgc ehgtrbcfetfgj citbfns (Kinn 266:<291). Sairi fs gh cfriet giic dhr

ixpnfeftgiss (Kinn 266:<24:). Zaig jhfgj fgth tai eunturbn spiefdfe bspiets hd

sy`khnfs` tai `hst f`phrtbgt hgi fs ìbgfgj. Zabt chis b riprisigtbtfhg ìbg

th pihpni8 Fg b eirtbfg eunturi `bgy sy`khns wfnn abvi b vbjuiny cidfgic `hri hr

niss eh``hgny ugcirsthhc ìbgfgj. Kut cui th cfddirigei fg i.j. upkrfgjfgj,

pirshgbn ixpirfigei bgc pirshgbn fgtirists cfddirigt fgcfvfcubns wfnn hdtig

sukserfki cfddirigt hr ivig ehgtrbcfethry pirshgbn ìbgfgjs th b sy`khn. Safs

wby sy`khns ebg abvi taifr ìbgfgjs siviriny bntiric hr ivig eh`pnitiny nhst

hvir tfì. Sai rftubn ft sind `fjat viry winn ki tai shurei hd tafs viry eabgji hdìbgfgj. Dhr ixb`pni b sy`khn tabt fs betfviny i`pnhyic fg b rftubn tabt cui th

eabgjis fg tai shefity bttbfgs b giw ìbgfgj th eirtbfg pihpni, wfnn viry prhkbkny

eabgji ìbgfgj wfta tafs rftubn.

Sai tafrc iniìgt hd rftubn bgc prhkbkny tai hgi tabt abs jbfgic tai `hst

rigiwic fgtirist nbtiny fs pirdhr`bgei. Fg iviry beehugt hd iviry rftubn drh` bnn

hvir tai whrnc tairi fs hgi tafgj tabt wfnn eirtbfgny kfgc tai`< shìtafgj fs chgi.

[ftubns bri ght ìriny fcibs hr ehgeipts, taiy fgvhnvi betubn betfvfty. Ky betubnny

chfgj shìtafgj, betfgj hut b eirtbfg fcib hr fcibn hr ky igbetfgj b eirtbfg

sftubtfhg bg fgtijrbtfhg hd sind, shefity, tai whrnc bgc tai ehs`hs ebg ehì thpbss (Bnixbgcir 266:<23;-235). Sai tafgjs tabt bri ìriny riprisigtic fg sthrfis

bgc `btirfbn eunturi kiehì ribnfty fg rftubn. Fg pirdhr`fgj tai` taiy kiehì

ugcirstbgcbkni, riehjgfsbkni, vfsfkni bgc khta paysfebnny bgc i`htfhgbnny

diinbkni. Bgc ght hg b eh`pnfebtic bgc bkstrbet nivin kut hg b viry betubnfstfe bgc

ribn nivin. Sai pirdhr`bgei hd rftubn i`pnhys b au`bg ugfvirsbn tabt fs bnribcy

bnnucic th bkhvi< tai khcy. Iviry pirshg abs th cibn wfta afs hr air khcy, bgc ft

fs pfvhtbn fg hur eribtfhg hd sind bgc pirshgahhc (Bnixbgcir 266:<235? ]brofg

266;). Fg `bgy rftubns, tahuja cidfgftiny ght bnn, pirdhr`bgei fs chgi ehnnietfviny.

Uivirbn pihpni thjitair wfnn bet hut b eirtbfg tafgj, tairiky eribtfgj b ehnnietfviixpirfigei fg wafea b ghg-hutsphoig ùtubn ugcirstbgcfgj ebg ki dint (Kinn

266:<242) bgc tai cfddirigeis bgc strueturis tabt ghr`bnny cfvfci tai` ebg ki

ripnbeic ky b diinfgj hd eh`ùgbn iqubnfty, bg bgtf-strueturi hr ehùgftbs

igbknfgj shefitbn bgc pirshgbn eabgji (Surgir 26:3). [inbtic th tafs pirdhr`btfvi

cfìgsfhg fs tai giic hd spiefbn `btirfbn eunturi bgc spiefbn nhebtfhgs tabt ebg ki

betfviny i`pnhyic fg tai chfgj hd tai rftubn. Safs fs dhr ixb`pni enibrny vfsfkni fg

bg fgtiristfgj bppnfebtfhg hd rftubn taihry th b @bybg afjanbgc ebsi ky Nfgcb

Krhwg (Krhwg ;==3<93), wairi sai sahws tabt ky `bofgj ciefsfhgs ehgeirgfgj

tai typis hd `btirfbns usic fg vbrfhus rftis, ehgeirgfgj tai wby taisi hddirfgjsbri bntiric curfgj tai rftubn bgc ehgeirgfgj tai eahfei hd nhebtfhg wftafg tai sfti



SAIH[ISFEBN EHGUFCI[BSFHGU 52

rinbtfvi th b dhebn phfgt cfddirigt ìbgfgjs bri jfvig th tai `btirfbns usic, tai

pnbei wairi tai rftubn fs chgi bgc tai rftubn ftsind.

Sai dhurta bgc dfgbn iniìgt wi wfnn cfseuss airi fs ght bs hutsphoig fg `hst

whros hg rftubn taihry bs bri tai htair tarii< Eh`ùgfebtfhg. Ghgitainiss

bn`hst bnn hd tai` tbno bkhut ahw rftubns ehgviy eunturbn ìssbjis (Kinn

266:<49). Uiifgj rftubn bs b dhr` hd eh`ùgfebtfhg phsis shì fgtiristfgj

quistfhgs. Zah fs eh`ùgfebtfgj wfta wah`8 Zabt typi hd ìssbjis fs

ehgviyic8 Bri tafs ehgsefhus eh`ùgfebtfhgs hr sukehgsefhus hgis8 Sai `hst

inbkhrbti vfiw hg taisi prhkni`s ehìs drh` [hy [bppbphrt. Afs bgswirs th tai

bkhvi quistfhgs bri enibr< pihpni eh`ùgfebti wfta khta tai`sinvis, htair

pihpni bgc prisu`bkny abvi tai diinfgj hd eh`ùgfebtfgj wfta spfrftubn kifgjs

([bppbphrt 2666<92). Ai siis twh typis hd ìssbjis kifgj trbgs`fttic< ebghgfebn

bgc sind-ridirigtfbn. Ebghgfebn ìssbjis fgdhr` us bkhut ugfvirsbn, ivirnbstfgj

ghg-pirshgbn trutas bkhut shefity bgc tai ehs`hs. Saiy bri strhgjny rinbtic th

fgvbrfbgei, hrcir bgc ripitftfhg. Uind-ridirigtfbn ìssbjis hg tai htair abgc

fgdhr` us hg tai eurrigt paysfebn, psyeafe hr shefbn stbti hd bg fgcfvfcubnpbrtfefpbgt hr jrhup hd pbrtfefpbgts. Saisi twh strib`s hd ìssbjis fg prbetfei

wfnn bnwbys eh-ixfst rbtair taig kifgj ùtubnny ixenusfvi.

Sbofgj taisi dhur iniìgts hr bspiets thjitair wi ebg sii tabt rftubns bri

paysfebn pirdhr`bgeis, `bofgj tai` afjany ribnfstfe bgc ixpirfigeibkni, tabt bri

ri`hvic drh` tai ehgtistbkfnfty hd tai ghw kiebusi hd taifr (pireifvic) tfì-

cipta. Saiy bri dheusic tarhuja eh``hgny ugcirsthhc sy`khns, hd wafea tai

ìbgfgj `by ki bntiric ky tai ìbgfgjs jfvig th tai rftubn. Bgc fg taifr igtfrity

sy`khnfzi jigirbn trutas bkhut ahw tafgjs bri bgc sahunc ki chgi, wafni

sfùntbgihusny eh`ùgfebtfgj tai fgcfvfcubn pbrtfefpbtfhg hd tai pbrtfefpbgts wftafg tafs eunturbn dfinc.

Syfgj bnn hd tafs fg th tai taihrfis tabt wiri bnribcy cfseussic shì viry

fgtiristfgj phfgts ebg ki `bci. Dfrst hd bnn ft fs pritty enibr tabt `bgy fgstbgeis

hd pihpni betfvbtfgj rinfjfhus hkliets bri fg dbet rftubns. @eCbgginn's ùntfìcfb-

ivigts wairi khcy bgc `fgc ehì thjitair bri fg dbet rftubn pirdhr`bgeis, wairi

sy`khnfe hkliets bri usic ky pihpni th eh`ùgfebti th tai`sinvis (dhr ixb`pni

bkhut ì`hrfis) th ibea htair (dhr ixb`pni ky eribtfgj rinbtfhgsafps wftafg b

`broic eh`ùgfty) bgc th afjair kifgjs (taus eribtfgj rinbtfhgsafps wfta tai`).

Uhì hd taisi ìssbjis bri sind ridirigtfbn (`brofgj ì`kirsafp hd b eh`ùgftyhr sahwfgj bwbrigiss hd dbsafhg) bgc htairs bri ebghgfebn (ky ridirrfgj th

fgstftutfhgbn trbcftfhgs hr th afjair kifgjs). Drh` tai dfrst bspiet hd rftubn tabt

wbs cfseussic b sfxta wby fg wafea bg hkliet ebg bttbfg bddietfgj prisigei ebg ki

ehgenucic, f.i. ky kifgj pireifvic th abvi b jribt tfì cipta. Hdtig b rinfjfhus

hkliet fs `bci fg wbys th risi`kni hr bt nibst ridir th hkliets ùea nfoi ft drh`

privfhus tfìs. Nfoi wbs sbfc bkhvi dhr rftubns, tai hkliet airiky isebpis tai

ehgtistbkfnfty hd tai airi bgc ghw ky `bofgj ft hncir bgc kfjjir tabg tai

pbrtfefpbgts tai`sinvis.

Bs wi bnribcy sbw tabt `bgy iniìgts tabt `boi up b tai`btfebn ugft bripaysfebn fg gbturi, bgc wi ghw sii tabt taisi hkliets bri hdtig betfvbtic hr

ignfvigic ky rftubns ft kiehìs enibr tabt tai ehgeipt hd rftubn fs bnsh f`phrtbgt




dhr ugcirstbgcfgj ehgtfgufty bgc sygeritfs`. Sai enibrist nfgo hd ehursi fs tai

f`phrtbgei hd tfì cipta dhr rftubns bgc rinfjfhus hkliets. ]rhkni`btfebnny

ahwivir ft fs tai pireiptfhg hd tfì cipta tabt nigcs b rftubn hr bg hkliet fts

strigjta. Sahuja tafs pireiptfhg ebg ki kbsic hg ìri dbkrfebtfhgs wi sbw tabt b

rftubn, bgc tairidhri bnsh b rinfjfhus hkliet, ùst bt nibst sii` th ki b ripitftfhg

hd shìtafgj viry ùea nfoi ft th ki beeiptic. Ehunc tafs taig ki way eirtbfg

iniìgts hd b tai`btfebn ugft ebg ki bccic, rifgtirpritic hr bkbgchgic tarhuja

tfì wafni tai ugcirnyfgj whrncvfiw ri`bfgs8 Ufgei wi bnribcy sbw tabt suea

bspiets hd sygeritfs` rinfic hg tai pireiptfhg hd sf`fnbrfty tafs sii`s viry

prhkbkni. Sai rinbtfhg kitwiig whrncvfiw bgc tai iniìgts tabt `boi up b

tai`btfebn ugft kiehìs ivig enibrir waig hgi ribnfzis tabt `hst hd taisi

iniìgts bri fgciic sy`khns bgc tabt ky kifgj usic fg b pirdhr`bgei taiy

eh`ùgfebti b eh`kfgbtfhg hd sind-ridirigtfbn bgc ebghgfebn ìssbjis. Ft fs

nbrjiny tarhuja suea ìssbjis tabt b vfiw hg tai whrnc fs eh`ùgfebtic ky

pihpni phsftfhgfgj tai`sinvis fg vbrfhus wbys wftafg tafs vfiw.

;.9 [infjfhg

Fg tbnofgj bkhut sygeritfs` bgc rinfjfhus hkliets b dfgbn f`phrtbgt ehgeipt,

tabt hd rinfjfhg, abs bnribcy kiig fgtrhcueic tahuja ft abs ght kiig cidfgic hr

cfseussic airi yit. Hd ehursi cidfgfgj rinfjfhg fs gh ibsy kusfgiss bs ebg ki

jbtairic drh` tai bn`hst fgdfgfti b`hugt hd btti`pts tabt bri hut tairi. Saisi

cidfgftfhgs ebg rhujany ki ebtijhrfzic bs iftair fgtinnietubnfst, wairi taiy btti`pt

th cidfgi wabt rinfjfhg trfis th ixpnbfg? bs sy`khnfst, wairi ft fs cidfgic wabtrinfjfhgs riprisigt? hr bs cfìgsfhgbn, wairi tai vbrfhus cfìgsfhgs hd rinfjfhg

bri nfstic (Khwfi ;===< ;;-;9). Zabt bn`hst bnn hd taisi cidfgftfhgs abvi fg

eh``hg fs tabt ibea hd tai` fs b jrbgc btti`pt th ehì th tai shnutfhg th tai

prhkni` hd cidfgfgj rinfjfhg. Dhr sf`pnfefty's sboi bghtair pbta abs kiig eahsig

airi. Sai cidfgftfhg jfvig kinhw abs kut hgi sfgjni purphsi, bgc tabt fs

inuefcbtfgj ahw tai tir` rinfjfhg fs usic fg tafs taisfs. Uh drh` ghw hg waig tai

whrc rinfjfhg fs usic ft ridirs th bg fgtirrinbtic eh`pnix hd prbetfeis, hkliets,

sy`khns, gbrrbtfvis bgc whrnc vfiws. Safs ahwivir nibvis us wfta b prhkni`,

kiebusi ahw ebg rinfjfhg ki cfstfgjufsaic drh` htair fgtirrinbtic eh`pnixis hdprbetfeis, hkliets, sy`khns, gbrrbtfvis bgc whrnc vfiws suea bs iehgh`y hr

phnftfes8 Dfrst ft ebg ki sbfc tabt th shì ixtigt ft fs jhhc tabt taisi cfddirigt

dfincs ebg ki ehgdusic wfta ibea htair sfgei fg ribnfty tairi bri ghw enibr khrcirs

kitwiig tai`. [infjfhg fg dbet fs ghtafgj kut b eunturbnny ehgstruetic Zistirg

ebtijhry (Khwfi ;===<;;? Utiwbrt & Uabw 2663<2=). Ahwivir fg `bgy cidfgftfhgs

hd rinfjfhg wi dfgc ridirigei th shìtafgj tabt rinfjfhg cibns wfta, f.i.

supirgbturbn kifgjs, tabt bt nibst sits ft bpbrt th shì ixtigt drh` htair

eh`pbrbkni dfincs (Khwfi ;===<;5). Bntahuja fg prfgefpni usidun, tafs tir` phsis b

prhkni` wfta fts enibr ridirigei th tai sberic-prhdbgi cfeahth`y bs taisi kifgjsbri prisigtic bs surpbssfgj tai prhdbgfty hd gbturi wafni fg dbet `bgy phwirdun

igtftfis fg tai @ishbìrfebg whrncvfiw bri viry ùea b pbrt hd gbturi. Ft whunc



SAIH[ISFEBN EHGUFCI[BSFHGU 55

ki kittir th tbno bkhut ixtrb-au`bg dhreis bs taiy bri pireifvic bs kifgj

sipbrbti drh` au`bgs, kut bri ght ky cidfgftfhg `hri hr niss phwirdun tabg taiy

bri bgc giic ght ki bs bgf`bti bs tai whrc kifgj sujjists. Sai cidfgftfhg taus

abs th ki `hcfdfic fgth bg fgtirrinbtic eh`pnix hd prbetfeis, hkliets, sy`khns,

gbrrbtfvis bgc whrnc vfiws cibnfgj wfta ixtrb-au`bg dhreis.

;.4 Sai bpprhbea

Krfgjfgj thjitair bnn tai taihritfebn ehgsfcirbtfhgs `bci fg tafs eabptir wi

ebg ehgenuci tai dhnnhwfgj< Zi tbno bkhut eunturbn ehgtfgufty waig bg bspiet hd b

eunturi's whrncvfiw stbys tai sbì hvir tfì. Uuea bg bspiet hd whrncvfiw ebg ki

stucfic ky nhhofgj bt fts hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg. Ahwivir hgi sahunc ght stucy

bg fshnbtic iniìgt hd suea bg hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg kut tai wahni tai`btfebn

ugft tabt ft kinhgjs th. ]rhkni`btfebnny, tarhuja sygeritfs` kitwiig tai pri-

ehnhgfbn rinfjfhg bgc Ebtahnfefs`, dhur tafgjs ehunc abppig th tai rinbtfhgkitwiig bg bspiet hd b whrncvfiw bgc fts hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg< 2) whrncvfiw

bgc hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg stby tai sbì? ;) whrncvfiw stbys tai sbì kut fts

hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg fs eabgjic? 5) tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg stbys tai sbì

kut tai ugcirnyfgj whrncvfiw eabgjis? 3) khta hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg bgc

whrncvfiw eabgji. Hgny fg tai dfrst twh fgstbgeis ebg wi stfnn spibo bkhut

eunturbn ehgtfgufty. Safs ìbgs tabt wi sahunc ght hgny stucy waitair bg

hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg eabgjis hr stbys tai sbì kut bnsh ahw ft rinbtis th tai

bspiet hd whrncvfiw tabt ft khta sy`khnfzis bgc `bgfdists. Hgi wby th ch tafs fs

ky fgvistfjbtfgj ahw pihpni jfvi `btirfbn eunturi bddietfgj prisigei ky usfgj ft fgrftubn prbetfeis wairi ebghgfebn ìssbjis bri sy`khnfebnny eh`ùgfebtic fg

pirdhr`bgeis tabt bri pireifvic th abvi b eirtbfg tfì-cipta. Airi ft fs viry

f`phrtbgt th fgenuci tai ixpnbgbtfhgs bgc sthrfis tabt wiri bgc bri thnc bkhut

tai pnbeis, hkliets, rftubns bgc ixtrb-au`bg dhreis fgvhnvic fg tafs rinfjfhus

eh`pnix, `hst pridirbkny ky tai fgcfjighus pihpni tai`sinvis sfgei taiy bri tai

ixpirts ehgeirgfgj taifr whrncvfiws, ght wi.



Eabptir 5

Afsthry hd @ftnb bs b rftubn eigtri

Jhfgj drh` tai vbrfhus taihritfebn ehgsfcirbtfhgs fg tai privfhus eabptir th b

ehgsfcirbtfhg hd cbtb, tafs eabptir dheusis hg b tai`btfebn ugft tabt rivhnvis

brhugc @ftnb bs b ]nbei hd tai Cibc. Fg tai quhtis fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg wi bnribcy

sbw shì hd tai iniìgts hd tafs tai`btfebn ugft< Cupbfx wrhti tabt fts \bphtie

gbì wbs Nfukâ, wafea ìbgt jrbvi, wafni tai @ixfebgs ebnnic ft @fquftnbg,

ìbgfgj iftair ainn hr pnbei hd sbcgiss. ]brshgs ciserfkic ahw tai @ftniòhs

tai`sinvis ehgsfciric tai rufgs th ki rhybn kurfbn pnbeis wairi tai \bphtie ofgjs

wiri kurfic ivig fd taiy nfvic insiwairi. Uai wigt ivig durtair fg stbtfgj tabt

Nyhkb' hr ]nbei hd Sh`ks bs ft wbs stfnn ebnnic fg tai surrhugcfgj `hugtbfg thwgs

wbs tai pnbei wairi tai shuns hd bnn tai \bphties wigt th. Bgc ivig tahuja Nisnfi

tahujat taisi fcibs wiri nhsfgj crb`b, Cþrr ght hgny ìgtfhgs taisi sbìsthrfis kut bnsh tinns bkhut pfnjrf`s eh`fgj ispiefbnny th @ftnb th fgvfti tai shuns

ahì dhr Bnn Uhuns'. Fg tafs eabptir taisi `bttirs wfnn ki ixpnhric `hri

tahrhujany. Utbrtfgj hdd wfta sivirbn (ibrny) ehnhgfbn shureis ciserfkfgj @ftnb bgc

tai ixtrbau`bg dhreis whrsafppic tairi bs winn bs tahsi whrsafppic fg htair

pnbeis fg tai \bphtieb bgc jhfgj drh` tairi th tai fgtirpritbtfhgs tabt vbrfhus

siehgcbry shureis abvi jfvig. Sai sf`fnbrftfis hd shì hd taisi ayphtaisis wfta b

rieigt fgtirpritbtfhg hd shì hd tai ùrbns dhugc fg @ftnb wfnn taig ki erftfebnny

ivbnubtic. Gixt tai fgdhr`btfhg eh`fgj drh` tai ibrnfist afsthrfbgs bgc

itaghjrbpairs sabnn ki cfseussic, ispiefbnny ehgeirgfgj @ftnb bs tai Shwg hd taiUhuns. Sai prisigt sftubtfhg wfnn ki fnnustrbtic ky wabt khta @ftniòhs bgc

pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th @ftnb abc th sby bkhut taisi `bttirs. Bgc dfgbnny, ridirrfgj

kbeo th tai ehgenusfhgs hd tai privfhus eabptir, bg bgswir wfnn ki dhrùnbtic th

tafs eabptir's `bfg quistfhg< wabt wbs tai nbti phst enbssfe/ibrny ehnhgfbn ribshg

dhr pihpni th ehgsfcir @ftnb tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc bgc vfsft ft bgc wabt fs tai

prisigt hgi8




5.2 Ibrny Ehnhgfbn Uhureis

5.2.2 Kurjhb's Jihjrâdfeb ciserfpefõg

Sai ibrnfist ìgtfhg hd tai thwg hd @ftnb ky Upbgfsa shureis ebg ki dhugc fg

Drby 1 Shrfkfh ci Kigbvigti's whro hg tai afsthry hd tai gbtfvis hd Giw Upbfg

(Kigbvigti 2623). Zrfttig shìwairi fg tai `fccni hd tai 24ta eigtury ft

cfseussis tai nfdi hd dinnhw Drbgefsebg Drby @brtàg ci Tbnigefb wah, bdtir abvfgj

pribeaic bgc tbujat Earfstfbgfty fg tai rijfhg hd tai lust ehgquiric ebpftbn hd

Sigheatftnbg drh` 29;3 ugtfn 295;, cisfric th jh fgnbgc th ch `fssfhgbry whro

tairi (Kigbvigti 2623<2:;). Saus, beeh`pbgfic ky 1 htair drfbrs, ai wigt th tai

thwg hd Siaubgtipie wairi taiy stbyic dhr sivig `hgtas th tibea tai nhebns

Earfstfbgfty fg \bphtie (Kigbvigti 2623<2:;). Saiy cfc tafs ght hgny fg tafs thwg

kut bnsh fg bnn tai htairs taiy vfsftic b`hgj wafea @fitnbg, wafea ìbgt fgdfirgh 6

fg taifr nbgjubji. Kisfcis b ciserfptfhg hd tai f`prissfvigiss hd fts kufncfgjs ai

wrftis tabt fg tai thwg tairi wbs b ti`pni dhr tai civfn bgc b nhcjfgj ahusi dhr ftsprfists (Kigbvigti 2623<2:5). Ft fs f`phrtbgt th ghti airi tabt tahuja wi bri

tbnofgj bkhut hgny b ciebci bdtir tai fgftfbn ehgquists, tabt shì hd tai `hst

dugcbìgtbn nfgos kitwiig Earfstfbg bgc fgcfjighus tahujat abc bnribcy kiig

istbknfsaic ky tai ibrny `fssfhgbrfis, ispiefbnny tai Drbgefsebgs (Nhh 261:<21:).

Hgi tabt fs viry rinivbgt airi fs tai iqubtfhg hd vbrfhus fgcfjighus jhcs wfta tai

Earfstfbg civfn dfjuri. @hst ghtbkny tafs ehgeirgic tai jhcs hd cibta, jfvig taifr

ahrrfdfe bppibrbgei bgc tai dbet tabt taiy wiri sbfc th runi hvir tai nbyir hd tai

ugcirwhrnc tabt `hst enhsiny risi`knic Earfstfbg ainn (Nhh 261:<21:, Bgcirs &

Lbgsig 2663<25=-252). Ft wbs tafs nbyir taig, ebnnic @fetnbg, ìbgfgj sf`pnypnbei hd tai cibc2=, tabt wbs iqubtic wfta tai Earfstfbg ainn hr fgdfirgh . Uh waig

tai thphgy` @fitnbg fs trbgsnbtic bs ìbgfgj ainn bgc tai ti`pnis sbfc th ki

cicfebtic th tai civfn wi abvi th ki bwbri tabt tai dfrst fs ght b trbgsnbtfhg kut bg

fgtirpritbtfhg bgc tai siehgc fs b ridirigei th bg fgcfjighus cifty, phssfkny b jhc

hd cibta.

Saisi sbì shrt hd ridirigeis ebg bnsh ki dhugc fg wabt fs khta tai `hst

citbfnic beehugt hd tai rinfjfhus rhni hd @ftnb fg pri-ehgquist tfìs bs winn bs tai

`hst hvirtny kfbsic bkhut fts pireifvic aibtaigfs`< tai 'Jihjrâdfeb Ciserfpefõg'

hd Drby Drbgefseh ci Kurjhb. Cibnfgj wfta tai whros hd tai ibrny eaurea, `hstghtbkny tahsi hd afs dinnhw Ch`fgfebgs, fg tai stbti hd Hbxbeb ft fs b rinbtfviny nbti

shurei, dfrst prfgtic fg 24:3. Ft fs ahwivir kbsic hg tai beehugts hd ibrnfir

Ch`fgfebgs, eh`kfgic wfta hrbn trbcftfhgs. Kut sfgei Kurjhb wrftis wftahut

ridirrfgj th taisi shureis, ft fs bnn kut f`phssfkni th dfgc hut wairi b pfiei hd

fgdhr`btfhg ebì drh`, hr ivig th wafea spiefdfe pirfhc ft ridirs. Bnn hd tafs fs

durtair eh`pnfebtic ky Kurjhb's tigcigey th stbrt pribeafgj bkhut tai dbunts hd

taisi aibtaigs wah wiri nueoy th abvi kiig sbvic ky tai Earfstfbgs drh` Ubtbg's

1Drby< drfbr6Fgdfirgh< fgdirgh hr ainn2=@fetnbg< ]nbei hd tai Cibc. Drh` `fequf 0 cibc (bg bjigtfvi hd `fquf th cfi) tng 0 pnbei

hd (pnbei gbì suddfx)



AFUSH[V HD @FSNB BU B [FSYBN EIGS[I 5:

br`s. Bnribcy fg Kurjhb's viry dfrst ciserfptfhgs hd @ftnb ft ebg ki siig ahw

fgdhr`btfhg bgc rinfjfhus fgtirpritbtfhg bri fgtirtwfgic waig ai ciserfkis ahw

tafs vfnnbji, dbìc fg bnn hd tai \bphtieb wbs gbìc @ftnb bdtir ainn dhr tai ciptas

ft wbs nhebtic fg (Kurjhb 2616<2;=). Sai fgcfjighus gbì Nfhkbb ai trbgsnbtic

bs eigtrh ci cisebgsh hr eigtri hd rist, kiebusi taiy wiri sh dhhnfsa fg taifr knfgc

aibtaigfs` tabt taiy whunc jh th ainn th rist (Kurjhb 2616<2;=). Ai ehgtfguis

stbtfgj tabt ft wbs iftair gbturi hr tai jribt kfknfebn dnhhc tabt `bci b kfj i`pty

bgc ahnnhw spbei airi tabt wbs taig usic ky Ubtbg th `boi tai Fgcfbgs nfvi tairi

(Kurjhb 2616<2;2). Nfoi tai enfdd hd Qbjuflb hr Siutftnbg bgc tai ebvi hd

Eabnebthgjh fg tai @fxtieb ft wbs taig usic bs b jrbvi dhr tai nhrcs. Bgc airi

taiy bnsh pnbeic tai kfjjist bkh`fgbtfhg< b supriì prfist hr Ebkizb Uupirfhr , bs

b ehugtir th tai Ebtahnfe phpis hd [hì (Kurjhb 2616<2;2). B prfist sh afja tabt

ugnfoi tai prfists hd Lirusbni` hr @ixfeh Efty ivig tai ofgj ahghuric af` bgc

rispietic af` bs enhsist th tai jhcs bgc bs fgstruìgt dhr bnn taifr jrbeis bgc

pugfsaìgts (Kurjhb 2616<2;2). Saiy kinfivic tabt hgny ai wbs tai ìcfbthr fg

bnn ebusis bgc taiy cfc afs tbsos hg ixpigsi hd taifr hwg knhhc (Kurjhb2616<2;2). Ai `f`feoic tai [h`bg phpi ivig fg jrbgtfgj bkshnutfhg th tai nfvfgj

bgc jrbei bgc rici`ptfhg th tai cibc. Bgc ft wbs dhr af` tabt taiy kufnt tai

pbnbeis hd tai nfvfgj bgc tai cibc (Kurjhb 2616<2;2).

Drh` taisi ahusis hd tai cibc bgc nfvfgj Kurjhb ciserfkis dhur ahusis hr

th`ks kufnt bkhvi jrhugc bgc dhur kinhw, fg tai ahnnhw taiy dhugc tairi (Kurjhb

2616<2;;). Sai dhur ugcirjrhugc rhh`s bri `hst fgtiristfgj th us. Kurjhb

ixpnbfgs ahw fg drhgt tairi wbs b eabpin hr sbgetubry dhr tai àchnhs 22 tabt wiri

oipt hg b sthgi tabt sirvic bs bg bntbr (Kurjhb 2616<2;5). Kurjhb ciserfkis fg

citbfn ahw tai afja prfist, thjitair wfta afs nissir prfists pripbric dhr b dibst hr bkurfbn, ahw taiy wigt chwg fgth tai ugcirjrhugc eab`kir, ahw ai cfc b rftubn bt

tai bntbr wairi ai wigt fg trbgei bgc eh`ùgfebtic wfta tai fchns, bdtirwbrcs

tinnfgj kystbgcirs iftair wabt nfis tai spfrft abc ehgvfgeic af` hd hr wabt tai

afja prfist af`sind abc `bci up (Kurjhb 2616<2;5). Zfta au`bg sberfdfeis tai

eiri`hgfis wiri chuknic bgc tai aibrt hd tai sberfdfeic wbs tboig hut bgc

thueaic th tai `huta hd tai fchn wafni tai khcy wbs tarhwg fgth b spiefbn jrbvi

hr ebvirg kiafgc b enhsic hd chhr fg tai dhurta rhh`, risirvic ispiefbnny dhr tai

sberfdfeic bgc tahsi tabt cfic fg wbr (Kurjhb 2616<2;5,2;3). Bgc beehrcfgj th

Kurjhb ft wbs dhr tafs ahrrfkni ahnnhw tabt taiy abc jfvig tai gbì Nfhkbb th tafsvfnnbji (Kurjhb 2616<2;3). Sai siehgc hd tai rhh`s wbs tai spiefbn kurfbn pnbei hd

tai afja prfists, wafni tai ofgjs hd Saihzbphtnbg, tai \bphtie ebpftbn, wiri kurfic

fg tai tafrc rhh` (Kurjhb 2616<2;5). Hd tai bkhvi rhh`s tai dfrst wbs dhr tai

Afja ]rfist, wah abc b tarhgi tabt wbs ivig kfjjir tabg tabt hd tai ofgj, wah

usic tai tafrc rhh` waig vfsftfgj. Sai siehgc rhh` wbs usic ky tai prfists bgc

bssfstbgts wafni tai dhurta sirvic tai htair nhrcs bgc ebptbfgs waig vfsftfgj

(Kurjhb 2616<2;3-2;9). Bgc ivig tahuja tairi wbs nfttni rhh` dhr taisi htair

nhrcs taiy eh`dhrtic tai`sinvis, hut hd rispiet dhr tai pnbei bgc wftahut brjufgj

22Àchnh< fchn. Cirhjbtfvi gbì usic ky tai Upbgfbrcs th cisfjgbti bnn paysfebnriprisigtbtfhg hd fgcfjighus ixtrbau`bg dhreis. Ysic airi cispfti fts gijbtfviehgghtbtfhg kiebusi ft fs usic fg bnn tai shureis bgc abs gh jhhc bntirgbtfvi.




hr pbrtfbnftfis, bgc kiebusi tairi wbs gh lurfscfetfhg kut tabt hd tai Afja ]rfist

(Kurjhb 2616<2;9).

Sai f`phrtbgei hd tai @ftniòh prfistahhc fs fnnustrbtic ivig `hri fg Kurjhb's

nbtir ciserfptfhg hd tai ofgj hd Siaubgtipie wah, ivig tahuja ai abc kiig

kbptfzic, riturgic th afs irrhrs bgc fchnbtrfis fg sierit. Kurjhb ericftic tafs

nbpsi hd dbfta `hst hd bnn th tai prisigei hd shì nissir prfists bgc tai Afja ]rfist

hd tai supriì ti`pnis hd @ftnb af`sind (Kurjhb 2616<59=). Zaig taisi ti`pnis

bt @ftnb abc kiehì ugusbkni, prhkbkny kiebusi hd tai Upbgfsa prisigei, tai

ofgj jrbgtic tai` b kfj spbei fg afs ahusi (Kurjhb 2616<592). Safs taig kiebì

tai ti`pni hd tai jhcs tabt wiri fg afs shun, wafni th tai hutsfci ai pritigcic th

ki b Earfstfbg (Kurjhb 2616<592).

5.2.; Sai [inbefhgis Jihjrâdfebs hd 291=

Uh dbr wi abvi siig tabt bppbrigtny @ftnb wbs runic ky b Afja ]rfist tabt cuith rftubns fg wafea ai eh`ùgfebtic wfta afs jhcs wbs viry ùea rispietic ky

tai \bphtie nhrcs wah wiri bnsh kurfic fg tafs pnbei. Kiebusi hd bnn tafs @ftnb wbs

dbìc fg bnn hd tai \bphtieb. Zabt Kurjhb chis ght tinn us ahwivir fs wah taisi

jhcs ai eh`ùgfebtic wfta wiri. Nueofny wi abvi b ehnnietfhg hd hncir shureis,

tai sh-ebnnic '[inbefhgis Jihjrâdfebs ', tabt b`hgj `bgy htair tafgjs cibns

priefsiny wfta tafs fssui. Saisi viry fgtiristfgj prf`bry shureis ehgsfst hd tai

risphgsis ky nhebn hddfefbns th b quistfhggbfri fssuic ky Ofgj ]afnnfp FF hd Upbfg fg

29::, riquistfgj fgdhr`btfhg bkhut bnn hd tai Upbgfsa tirrfthrfis fg tai Bìrfebs.

Hgi quistfhg fg pbrtfeunbr, f.i. gu`kir dhurtiig, fs afjany rinivbgt th tafs taisfsbs ft bsos th wah` tai nhebns trbcftfhgbnny pbfc bnnijfbgei bgc wah taifr jhcs

wiri (Beub 2613).

Zrfttig chwg ky Bnhgsh ci Ebgsieh, hg tai 2;ta bgc 25ta hd Bujust 291= bgc

riprisigtfgj bnn tabt tai nhebn jhvirgìgt bgc tai hncist bgc `hst bgefigt

Fgcfbgs ogiw bkhut taisi `bttirs, tai '[inbefhg ci Snbehnunb y @ftnb ' stbrts hd fg b

db`fnfbr wby wfta ebnnfgj tai thwg Nfhkb bgc fg @ixfebg @fquftnb, ìbgfgj

ygdfirgh (Beuòb 2613k<;4=). Bgswirfgj tai quistfhg bkhut fts jhcs ft stbtis<

„Saiy whrsafppic tai Civfn bgc, b`hgj tai`, taiy abc b `brrfic fchn, bgctai wh`bg taiy ebnnic Qhgbxf Ruieuyb bgc, tai auskbgc, Ehquf Kizinbh,

wafea fg Upbgfsa ìbgs „siòhr cfbknh‐. Sh taisi taiy whrsafppic bgc

sberfdfeic, ght hgny taiy, kut bnn tai vbnniys bgc vfnnbjis, bgc taiy abc fg

drhgt hd tai` cbgeis wfta ùsfebn fgstruìgts. Saiy sberfdfeic bgc ofnnic

eafncrig bgc ìg, chjs, eafeoig, qubfn, chvis, bgc abc tai hrcfgbry eusth`

th jit crugo fg drhgt hd taisi fchns 2;.‐ (Beuòb 2613k<;4=).

2;„Bchrbkbg bn Ci`hgfh y, igtir innhs, tigàbg ug àchnh ebsbch, y nb ùlir si cieàb Qhgbxf

Ruieuyb y, in `brfch, Ehquf Kizinbh, qui ig ispbòhn cfei „ siòhr cfbknh‐. B æsthsbchrbkbg y sberfdfebkbg, ght tbg shnb`_igPti innhs, sfgh thchs nhs vbnnis y pu_iknPhs, yabeàbg cinbgti cæn sus cbgzbs y kbfnis ehg fgstru`_igPths ci `üsfebs. Uberfdfebkbg y`btbkbg gfòhs y ah`kris, pirrfnnhs, jbnnfgbs, ehchrgfeis, pbnh`bs, y irb ci ehstu`ki



AFUSH[V HD @FSNB BU B [FSYBN EIGS[I 56

Uh ghw wi oghw tabt tai prf`bry ixtrb au`bg dhreis whrsafppic fg @ftnb

wiri b pbfr hd `brrfic fchns tabt tai ci Ebgsieh iqubtis wfta tai civfn. Zabt

taisi twh jhvirgic hvir ahwivir fs ugenibr drh` tafs tixt. @byki bg bgswir nfis

fg tai trbgsnbtfhg hd taifr gbìs8 Beuòb chis ri`bro fg afs ghtis tabt Qhgbxf fs

tai \bphtie dhr nbcy, wafni Ehquf ìbgs nhrc (Beuòb 2613k<;4=). Kut wafni ai

jfvis b tigtbtfvi trbgsnbtfhg hd Qhgbxf Ruieuyb bs `byki eh`fgj drh` Qhgbxf

Rufyi Ehyh , ìbgfgj Nbcy 5 (hr 9) Dnhwir, b ebnigcrfebn gbì, ai jfvis gh

trbgsnbtfhg hd Kizinbh (Beuòb 2613k<;4=). Gh bgswirs bri dhugc fg tai rist hd tixt

iftair, tahuja sivirbn usidun phfgts hd fgdhr`btfhg bri jfvig tabt ebg bnsh ki

dhugc fg Kurjhb's nbtir wrftfgjs suea bs tabt @ftnb wbs tai pnbei dhr kurfbn hd tai

jribt nhrcs hd tafs ofgjch`, tabt tairi wbs b ahusi hd tai Kfjbòb hr Afja ]rfist,

wah nfoi tai [h`bg phpi wbs aibc hd tai ugfvirsbn eaurea, tabt tairi wbs b

pnbei upstbfrs usic th jhvirg afs ripuknfe bgc jit crugo bgc tabt tairi wiri dhur

htair abnns wiri tai fchns wiri oipt bgc tai sberfdfeis wiri `bci (Beuòb

2613k<;42-;45). Fd fgciic bnn tai vbnniys bgc vfnnbjis whrsafppic tafs NbcyRuieuyb bgc Nhrc Kizinbh wah wiri tigcic th ky b Afja ]rfist tabt wbs tai aibc

hd b ugfvirsbn eaurea, taig `byki tai [inbefhgis hd htair thwgs fg tai rijfhg

abvi `hri fgdhr`btfhg hg tai`. Sai beehugt hd Snbehnunb, nhebtic b diw `fnis th

tai ibst hd @ftnb, fs ght viry fgdhr`btfvi. Ft stbtis hgny tabt taiy whrsafppic tai

civfn bgc fg fts gbì abc bg fchn gbìc Ehqui Eiaufyh, th wafea taiy hddiric

chjs, eafeoig bgc Fgcfbgs bgc fg drhgt hd wafea taiy crbgo bgc cbgeic (Beuòb

2613k<;9:). @bgy hd tai htair [inbefhgis jfvi `hri hr niss tai sbì fgdhr`btfhg,

taiy ixpnbfg tabt tai pihpni whrsafppic tai civfn, fg fts gbì abc bg fchn hd

wafea shìtfìs tai gbì fs jfvig, bgc th tafs fchn taiy `bci vbrfhus sberfdfeisbgc fg drhgt hd ft taiy jht crugo bgc cbgeic. Hd ehursi tairi bri shì cfddirigeis

kbsic hg tai nbgjubji hd tai rijfhg, kut taisi `hstny ehgeirg tai gbìs hd tai

fchns suea bs tai brib brhugc Sututipiqui wairi hgi ebg dfgc `bgy gbìs hd

jhcs fg Gbaubtn (Beuòb 2613<216-;56). Fg tai Gbaubtn bgc @bzbtie spibofgj

thwg hd Sihtftnbg, ght th ki ehgdusic wfta Sihtftnbg cin Tbnni nhebtic kitwiig

Hbxbeb efty bgc @ftnb (sii @bp 2), tairi fs fg bccftfhg bg ixtigsfvi nfst hd bnn tai

dibsts fg Gbaubtn (Beuòb 2613k<;==). B`hgjst taisi wi dfgc twh dibsts tabt wfnn

kiehì hd fgtirist kinhw, gbìny tai 1ta dibst ebnnic @febfnaufzfgtnf, dibst hd tai

nfttni cibc bgc tai 6ta dibst ebnnic Auiy @febfnauftn, dibst hd tai kfj cibc. Curfgjtaisi dibsts hddirfgjs wiri `bci dhr tai cibc (Beuòb 2613k<;==).

Sairi bri ahwivir bnsh shì thwgs tabt cfrietny ridir th Nhrc Kizinbh, bnkift

ght th afs wfdi. Sai `hst sf`pni hd taisi fs fg tai beehugt hd tai \bphtie bgc

@fxtie spibofgj thwg hd Jubxfnhtftnbg, prisigt cby Auftzh (Beuòb 2613<;23).

Sairi ft fs stbtic tabt taiy whrsafppic whroic sthgis nfoi pirshgs tabt wiri oipt

fg b ahusi fg tai `hugtbfgs. Saiy ebnn tai` Kizbnhh, wafea ìbgs cfbknh bgc

taiy wiri jubrcic ky ;= th ;9 pfebgb hr prfists (Beuòb 2613<;23). Sh taisi fchns

tai nhebns krhujat chjs bgc pbrrht dibtairs wafea wiri prisigtic wfta ehpbn 25, fg

hrcfgbrfb i`khrrbeabrsi cinbgti isths àchnhs.‐ Srbgsnbtfhg ky Brd`bg.25Ehpbn< bg fgcfjighus typi hd fgeigsi




bccftfhg taiy hddiric knhhc drh` ibr bgc thgjui bgc wfta tai yibrny dibst fg taifr

ahghur taiy sberfdfeic wbr snbvis, wafea sirvic th jfvi strigjta bgc spfrft dhr tai

wbrs (Beuòb 2613<;23). Ft fs fgtiristfgj th ghti tabt tafs beehugt betubnny spibos

hd Kizbnhh fg tai pnurbn, bgc tbnos bkhut sivirbn hd taisi fchns bs kifgj oipt fg b

ahusi gibr th thwg, ght bt @ftnb.

B sf`fnbr sftubtfhg ebg ki siig fg tai [inbefhg hd Sieufeufneh bgc fts tarii

cipigcigefis. Hd bnn dhur ft fs sbfc tabt tai civfn fs whrsafppic fg tai sabpi hd bg

f`bji hd whhc bgc sthgi, shì hd tai` nbrji, bgc bnn wfta cfddirigt gbìs (Beuòb

2613k<62). Uhì wiri hddiric th dhr aibnta, shì dhr jhhc tfìs, htairs dhr rbfg,

bgc tai di`bni hgis dhr kfrta (Beuòb 2613k<62). Fg bccftfhg th hgi jhc dhr bnn

au`bg giics ibea thwg bnsh abc fts hwg pbtrhg tabt wbs riviric bkhvi tai rist,

tabt hd Sieufeufneh wbs gbìc 'Ehqu_fP Kizinbh , prfgefpbn cfhs ci nhs cfbknhs 23'

(Beuòb 2613k<62). Dhr af` taiy kufnt b sberfdfebcirh 29 fg tai `hugtbfgs hg b

pnbei ebnnic Rufbzii , `hugtbfg hd tai `bss (Beuòb 2613k<62). Dhr tafs jhc b

dibst wbs ainc hg b spiefbn cby iviry ;4= cbys th wafea bnn tai fgcfjighus pihpni

ebì th sberfdfei qubfn, ehnhuric dibtairs, bgc jriig bgc knui priefhus sthgis(Beuòb 2613k<62). Saisi wiri taig jfvig th tai prfists wah wiri bssfjgic th tafs

jhc ky tai nhebn nhrc, taisi bnsh sberfdfeic knhhc drh` tai thgjui bgc ibrs (Beuòb

2613k<62). Saisi prfists ahwivir ehunc ght tinn wabt taisi sirvfeis wiri dhr

ixbetny, ixeipt dhr aibnta, jhhc tfìs bgc riìcfis bjbfgst bnn tai giics hd tai

puiknh 24 (Beuòb 2613k<62). Hgny taiy wiri bnnhwic th igtir tafs sbgetfdfic pnbei,

bgc taiy hgny `bci hddirfgjs bt gfjat (Beuòb 2613k<62). Saisi prfists wiri tai

eafncrig hd nhrcs bgc htair infti bgc wiri rbfsic fg tai ti`pni wairi taiy nibrgic

bnn tai eiri`hgfis. Zaig hgi hd tai` cfic hr nidt bdtir sivig yibrs, ai wbs

ripnbeic ky b giw hgi (Beuòb 2613k<65). Saiy wiri ght bnnhwic th spibo wfta whìg hr crfgo punqui, kut taiy wiri afjair tabg tai nhrcs, fgdnuigefgj

ivirytafgj (Beuòb 2613k<65). Sai tarii pbrtfchs abc htair pbtrhgs kut pirdhrìc

tai sbì eiri`hgfis (Beuòb 2613k<6;). Airi bjbfg wi sii Kizinbh bs bg fchn oipt

fg b ahusi fg tai `hugtbfgs, jubrcic ky prfists wftahut bgy ìgtfhg hd @ftnb.

Ygnfoi fg Jubxfnhtftnbg ahwivir afs gbì fs usic dhr b sfgjunbr kifgj, wafea fs

ebnnic tai prfgefpbn nhrc hd tai civfns. Chis tafs ìbg tabt Kizinbh wbs tai `hst

f`phrtbgt hd bnn tai jhcs, hr fs nhs cfbknhs usic th ridir th b spiefdfe jrhup hd

kifgjs, hd wafea Kizinbh wbs tai `hst phwirdun8

B shìwabt enibrir f`bji hd Kizinbh's phrtdhnfh ehìs drh` tai thwg hdHeinhtipiqui, gibr th @fbaubtnbg (@bp 2). Fg tafs thwg tairi wbs b puknfe ahusi

wiri tai fchns wiri oipt bgc tai kfjbòbs nfvic, taisi thho ebri hd tai ti`pni bgc

`bci tai sberfdfeis th tai fchns fgenucfgj tahsi hd tai wbr ebptfvis wahsi aibrt

wiri tboig hut bgc put hg bg bntbr (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Fg bccftfhg tai nhrcs bgc

htair prfgefpbn pirshgs criw knhhc drh` taifr ghsi, ibr, thgjui bgc 'htair' khcy

pbrts, tafs sberfdfei wbs bnsh chgi tarhuja tai kfjbòbs , wah givir nidt tai ti`pni

(Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Sai àchnh wbs ebnnic Kizbnbh, in ci`hgyh , tai ugfvirsbn jhc

wah prisfcic hvir tai ofnnfgj bgc ainpic tai` fg wbr bgc wbs fgvhoic waig

23]rfgefpbn cfhs ci nhs cfbknhs< prfgefpbn jhc hd tai civfns.29Uberfdfebcirh< kufncfgj dhr pirdhr`fgj sberfdfeis24]uiknh< vfnnbji




shwfgj bgc htair bjrfeunturbn betfvftfis (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Saiy bnsh abc htairs

wah wiri nfoi ehugefnnhrs th af`, hgi hd taisi wbs Ehzfeabehzii, tai dfireiny

pbfgtic jhc hd wbrs wfta afs khw bgc brrhws fg afs abgc (Beuòb 2613<11-6=).

Kut Kizbnbh wbs riviric bkhvi bnn htairs kiebusi ai wbs tai Cyhs ugfvirsbn

shkri thchs 2: (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Sai thwg usic th ki jhvirgic ky b ebefqui 21

ebnnic ]itinb hr chj. Ai kinhgjic th tai jigirbtfhg wah abc dnic tai jribt dnhhc hg

b khbt. Hd afs jigirbtfhg ai wbs eahsig bs tai nibcir bgc tai krbvist kut bdtir

tig yibrs ai cfic (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Bdtirwbrcs ai wbs whrsafppic bgc hddiric

th bs b jhc bgc taiy oipt afs khcy kurfic, crfic bgc i`kbnìc. Saisi khgis

wiri stfnn hg taifr ehrriet pnbei waig taiy wiri dhugc ky tai Upbgfbrc ci ]fzb

wah puknfeny kurgic tai` (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Kut waig tarii yibrs nbtir b

cfsibsi ofnnic hvir 2;== pihpni tai thwg hddfefbns stbrtic hddirfgj th afs bsais

bjbfg, sh tabt ]itinb ehunc ki ìcfbthr wfta Kisbnbh, sh Kisbnbh whunc ti`pir

tai cfsibsi (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Ivigtubnny taisi pihpni wiri brristic, put fg lbfn

fg @fbaubtnbg, taig sigt th Hbxbeb Efty wairi taiy wiri trfic bgc pugfsaic

(Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Beuòb phfgts hut tabt ft fs phssfkni tabt tai jhcs tabt taipihpni drh` gibrky @fbaubtnbg ridir th fg Gbaubtn bs Snbebtiehnhtn 26, kifgj tai

gbì hd tai civfn, sahunc bnsh ki tboig bs b ridirigei th Kizinbh ght hgny kiebusi

khta ìbg civfn kut bnsh kiebusi @fbaubtnbg bgc Heinhtipiqui bri pbrt hd tai

sbì [inbefhg (Beuòb 2613<::).

Sairi bri bnsh shì htair thwgs dhr wafea Kizinbh fs ght gbìc kut wafea stfnn

sii` th abvi shì rinbtfhg th @ftnb. Fg tai ebsi hd Siftfpbe, nhebtic lust

shutawist hd Snbehnunb, Beuòb ri`bros ahw ivig tahuja tai [inbefhg jfvis 'rheo

hg rheo' bs tai trbgsnbtfhg hd tai \bphtie thphgy` \ithkb , ft betubnny ìbgs ‑tai

htair jrbvi‖ (Beuòb 2613k<2:=). Beehrcfgj th Kurjhb ft abc tafs gbì thcfstfgjufsa ft drh` tai ghr`bn kurfbn pnbei dhr tai \bphtie ofgjs bt @ftnb. Ai nbtir

ivig ebnns ft tai siehgc igtrbgei th tai Bvirgh ;= bgc tai 'nbjugb Istfjfb ;2' wfta

@ftnb bppbrigtny kifgj tai dfrst (fg< Beuòb 2613k<2:=). Sai [inbefhg ftsind ahwivir

jfvis nfttni giw fgdhr`btfhg, tbnofgj bkhut sberfdfeis `bci th tai civfn, bgc ahw

taiy `bci fchns bgc dbeis hd af` drh` sthgi, wafea wiri viry ujny, ft tinns bkhut

sberfdfefgj chjs bgc Fgcfbg snbvis, ahw taiy taig jht crugo, cbgeic bgc bti

ùsarhh`s. Sai nbttir bri fgtiristfgj bs taiy `bci taisi pihpni sii `bgy

vfsfhgs bgc ahrrfkni dfjuris (Beuòb 2613k<2:2).

Bghtair fgtiristfgj nfgo `fjat ki siig kitwiig @ftnb bgc Siaubgtipie. Fg tafsthwg taiy abc fchns `bci hd phttiry, whhc bgc priefhus sthgis tabt wiri

sberfdfeic th bs jhcs (Beuòb 2613k<223). Saiy abc b prfgefpbn fchn hd tai thwg

bgc tai prhvfgei bgc taiy tbnoic th tafs civfn vfsfkny. Bt tai pnbei wairi ft wbs

oipt tairi wbs bg hnc bgc bgefigt Fgcfbg wahsi tbso ft wbs th ch tai eiri`hgfis,

2:Cyhs ugfvirsbn shkri thchs< Ygfvirsbn jhc bkhvi bnn.21Ebefqui< hrfjfgbnny b tftni b`hgj tai Ebrfkkibg Sbfgh spibofgj pihpnis tabt wbs bchptic

ky tai Upbgfbrcs bs b tftni dhr bnn fgcfjighus runirs.26 Snbebtiehnhtn< nftirbnny Gbaubtn dhr hwn-`bg, kut nbtir ky Ebtahnfe prfists bchptic bs b

Gbaubtn syghgy` dhr tai civfn cui th fts ahrrfdfe bppibrbgei.;=Bvirgh< ugcirwhrnc;2Nbjugb Istfjfb< Sai Utyjfbg Nboi, ridirrfgj th tai rfvir Utyx tabt fg enbssfe Jriio

trbcftfhg abc th ki erhssic th ribea tai bdtirnfdi.




eusth`s bgc sberfdfeis bgc taiy ebnnic af` sbeirchti ;; hr pbpb (Beuòb

2613k<224). Sai nbttir `fjat hd ehursi ìbg tabt fg tafs ugfqui ebsi taiy

ridirric th b prfist bs b dbtair dfjuri kut jfvig tai dbet tabt Kurjhb ciserfkic ahw

tai Afja ]rfist hd @ftnb dnic th Siaubgtipie wairi ai ehgtfguic afs betfvftfis ft

sii`s `hri nfoiny tabt pbpb sahunc ki trbgsnbtic wfta phpi. Fd tafs hnc Fgcfbg wbs

taig fgciic tai dhrìr Afja ]rfist hd @ftnb hr afs sueeisshr ft whunc bnsh sii`

nfoiny tabt tai prfgefpbn fchn hd tai wahni prhvfgei tabt fs ridirric th fg tafs

[inbefhg fs fg dbet tabt hd Kizinbh hr `byki afs wfdi.

5.2.5 Ci Eõrchvb's Thebkvnbrfh ig Nigjub Êbphtieb

Uh dbr wi abvi siig ahw fchns ebnnic Kizinbh bri dhugc fg qufti sipbrbti pbrts

hd tai \bphtie spibofgj rijfhgs wairi taiy bri sberfdfeic th ùea nfoi htair fchns

bri. Fg bccftfhg ai abs kiig sbfc th ki tai hgi wah fs sberfdfeic th ky bnn tai

vbnniys bgc thwgs, ai abs kiig ebnnic tai ugfvirsbn jhc hd tai civfns, bs winn bstai ugfvirsbn jhc wah fs prbyic th dhr wbr bgc bjrfeunturi. Zi abvi bnsh siig

ahw htair fchns wiri siig bs afs ehugefnnhrs hr bs ìcfbthrs kitwiig af` bgc tai

pihpni. Bgc ghw, fg nhhofgj dhr bghtair phssfkni nfgo kitwiig b ciserfptfhg hd b

jhc gbìc fg b [inbefhg bgc Kizinbh wi wfnn dfgbnny sii b tigtbtfvi trbgsnbtfhg hd

afs gbì. Fg tai [inbefhg hd tai \bphtie spibofgj thwg hd Fztipie ft fs sbfc tabt

taifr jhc wbs gbìc cfhs cin pbnbefh hr jhc hd tai pbnbei (Beuòb 2613<;:=).

Bntahuja Beuòb jfvis ]ftbh Ruiauf, bg htairwfsi ugoghwg cifty gbì bs b

phssfkni riehgstruetfhg, bghtair phssfkfnfty ebg ki dhugc fg Sah`bs U`fta

Utbro's si`fgbn bgbnysfs hd rinfjfhus tir`fghnhjy fg tai Upbgfsa-\bphtiecfetfhgbry hd Drby Lubg ci Eõrchvb (U`fta Utbro ;==;).

Eh`fgj drh` bg f`phrtbgt Upbgfsa ghkni db`fny, bgc abvfgj sirvic fg tai

`fnftbry fg Dnbgcirs, Lubg ci Eõrchvb ivigtubnny wigt th @ixfeh wairi ai lhfgic

tai Ch`fgfebg hrcir fg 2935, jhfgj th Hbxbeb fg 2931 wairi ai nibrgic tai

\bphtie nbgjubji. Bdtir ai ridusic th eh`pny th afs supirfhrs wah abc rieifvic

eh`pnbfgts bkhut tai sivirfty wfta wafea ai `fgfstiric th tai fgcfjigihus pihpni

fg afs `fgfstry ai ritfric th tai ehgvigt hd Snbeheababubyb. Sairi ai wrhti tai

dfrst Upbgfsa-\bphtie cfetfhgbry, wfta ùea bttigtfhg th rinfjfhus ehgeipts,

wafea wbs puknfsaic fg 29:1 (Kbgcinfir 26=1). Fg U`fta Utbro's bgbnysfs hd taicfddirigt cifty gbìs fg tafs whro tairi bri sivirbn igtrfis fgtirist th us. Sai dfrst

ebg ki dhugc ugcir tai aibcfgj ci`hgfh ;5< pizi-níh hr pizái-níh , taig ugcir

Cfbknh jrbgci prfgefpbn ;3< pizá-níh-tíh (U`fta Utbro ;==;< ;3). Sai dfgbn pbrt hd

tafs nbst gbì, tíh , ìbgs sberic bgc ebg bnsh ki dhugc fg tai tftin ]ftíh , wairi

pf ìbgs bgf̀ btic bgc tai eh`phugc ìbgs jhc (U f̀ta Utbro ;==;<9). Safs

tir` fs taig bnsh dhugc ugcir tai aibcfgj Cfhsis cin Fgdfirgh ;9< ]ftíh pizi-níh

(U`fta Utbro ;==;<;3). Fgtiristfgjny wi sii airi bjbfg tabt tai tixt tbnos bkhut

;;Ubeirchti< prfist.;5Ci`hgfh< civfn hr ci`hg;3Cfbknh jrbgci prfgefpbn< prfgefpbn jrbgc civfn;9Cfhsis cin Fgdfirgh< jhcs hd ainn




sivirbn jhcs hd ainn bgc bkhut b prfgefpbn civfn. Ehunc tafs ìbg tabt tairi bri

fgciic sivirbn ]izinbhs hr `fjat ft ki nfoi U`fta Utbro sujjists tai risunt hd

Eõrchvb's Earfstfbg whrncvfiw wairi tairi fs hgi Ubtbg wah fs tai nibcir hd b

nbrjir jrhup hd dbnnig bgjins8 (U`fta Utbro ;==;<;9). [ijritbkny U`fta Utbro's

tigtbtfvi trbgsnbtfhg hd ]izái-níh chis ght krfgj us bgy hd tai bgswirs wi abvi

kiig nhhofgj dhr, ixeipt tabt ft `fjat prhvfci b s`bnn nfgo th tai jhc hd Fztipie bs

sbfc bkhvi. Ufgei ]izái-níh abs bt nibst twh beeigts ft ehgsfsts hd bt nibst twh

sijìgts, `byki `hri. ]i , nfoi pf , prhkbkny ìbgs bgf`btic wafni zái sii`s th

ki b dhr` hd tai whrc dhr pyrb`fc, níh dfgbnny ìbgs dbei (U`fta Utbro ;==;<;3).

Safs whunc taig jfvi b trbgsnbtfhg bnhgj tai nfgi hd 'Dbei hd tai ]yrb`fc', wfta tai

pi fgcfebtfgj tabt wi bri cibnfgj wfta bg bgf`btic kifgj, ght bg hkliet. Ft fs

f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt ugcir tai igtry dhr pyrb`fc, kifgj b afnn hd sthgi tabt yhu

enf`k ky stbfrs bgc wairi taiy sberfdfei ìg, fg bccftfhg th zái ft fs bnsh ebnnic

iáeai pizi-níh , wafea sii`s th sujjist b spiefbn rinbtfhg kitwiig tafs jhc bgc

pyrb`fcs fd ght b eh`ìgtbry ky Eõrchvb wbgtfgj th phfgt hut tabt hg pyrb`fcs

pihpni bri sberfdfeic, wafea fs ivfn bgc hd tai civfn (U`fta Utbro ;==;<;3). Fgbccftfhg th kifgj ìgtfhgic fg tai igtry dhr pyrb`fc tairi bri twh htair igtrfis

wairi ]izáiníh dfjuris. Sai dfrst fs xfeheaîgb pizáiníh hr 'ìssigjir hd jhc, ainn hr

tai civfn', wafea fs b gfjattfì kfrc wafea fs siig bs b kbc hìg bgc wafea wi

wfnn sii `hri hd kinhw (U`fta Utbro ;==;<;4). Sai htair fs xfgîêb pizáiníh ,

ìbgfgj 'wbtir hd tai jhc hd ainn' hr 'crfgo hd tai civfn' wafea ai ebnns tai wfgi hd

tai Fgcfbgs (U`fta Utbro ;==;<;:). Safs ehunc viry win ki tai nfquhr hd erusaic

druft `fxic wfta wfgi hd tai `bjuiy wafea Kurjhb ìgtfhgs, tabt wbs usic fg

rftubn crfgofgj bgc wafea eh``hgirs wiri ght bnnhwic th crfgo (Kurjhb

2616<2;9).Drh` Eõrchvb's trbgsnbtfhgs ft kiehìs viry enibr tabt ai bsshefbtis ]izáiníh

wfta tai civfn. Safs nibcs U`fta Utbro th tai ehgenusfhg tabt wi bri prhkbkny

cibnfgj wfta tai jhc hd tai cibc hr tai ugcirwhrnc tabt cui th bsshefbtfhg wfta

tai fgsfcis hd tai ibrta wbs iqubtic wfta tai Earfstfbg civfn (U`fta Utbro

;==;<;9). Fgtiristfgjny tafs taihry fs supphrtic ky bghtair igtry fg Eõrchvb's

cfetfhgbry wairi ainn, tai bkyss bgc tai eigtir hd tai ibrta fs ght hgny trbgsnbtic

bs ebpîfnnb kut bnsh twfei bs nàeaf pizá-níh , ìbgfgj ahusi hd ]izáiníh (U`fta Utbro

;==;<;9). Airi wi sii` th sii ]izáiníh hr Kizinbh dfjuri bs tai nhrc hd tai

ugcirwhrnc fg b viry sf`fnbr wby th ahw vbg cir Nhh ciserfkis tai Gbaubtn jhcshd cibta @fetnbgtiuetnf ;4 bgc @fetiebefaubtn ;: bs taiy bri cipfetic fg tai vbrfhus

ehcfeis hd tai Khrjfb;1 jrhup (Nhh 261:<66). Saisi twh wiri tai nhrc bgc nbcy hd

tai nbyir hd tai ugcirwhrnc hd wafea wi bnribcy sbw bkhvi ahw ft wbs iqubtic

wfta tai Earfstfbg ainn< @fetnbg . Ft wbs tafs pnbei tabt tahsi wah cfic b eh``hg

cibta wigt th, sfgei fg tai @ishbìrfebg rinfjfhgs ft wbs ght tai wby hgi nfvic

;4@fetnbgtiuetnf< Nhrc hd tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc;:@fetiebefaubtn< Nbcy hd tai Cibc. @fequf 0 cibc (bg bjigtfvi hd `fquf th cfi)? tiebtn 0

pihpni? efaubtn 0 wh`bg, nbcy

;1Ehcfeis bri pri- hr ibrny ehnhgfbn dhncic khhos hdtig `bci hd ciirsofg tabt cipfetfehghjrbpafe gbrrbtfvis. Sai Khrjfb Jrhup fs b ehnnietfhg hd ehcfeis, pbfgtic fg tai@fxtieb-]uiknb styni, tabt bri nbrjiny hd ugoghwg prhvigbgei. Saiy bri jrhupicthjitair hg tai kbsfs hd tai rinfjfhus, `bgtfe bgc rftubn gbturi hd taifr cipfetfhgs.




tabt citir`fgic tai bdtirnfdi kut tai wby hgi cfic (Nhh 261:<2==). Hgei brrfvic

taisi cibc sirvic tai nhrc bgc nbcy fg taifr ribn` (Nhh 261:<2==). Ehgeirgfgj tai

trfp th tafs pnbei vbg cir Nhh ridirs th b ciserfptfhg hd tafs lhurgiy ky Drby

Kirgbrcfgh ci Ubabjüg, tai winn-oghwg 24ta eigtury Drbgefsebg `fssfhgbry bgc

eh-butahr hd tai Dnhrigtfgi Ehcix. Ubabjüg wrftis ahw bdtir cibta b pirshg abs

th `boi b trfp tabt jhis kitwiig `hugtbfgs, hvir b rhbc jubrcic ky b sgboi,

pbst b jriig nfzbrc, hvir ifjat pnbfgs, tarhuja tai wfgc hd ogfvis, th dfgbnny erhss

tai rfvir hd ainn, ebnnic Efehgbaubpbg ;6 hg tai kbeo hd b wafti hr knbeo chj (fg Nhh

261:<2=3). B sf`fnbr trfp sii`s th ki cipfetic (Dfj. 5) fg Ehcix Tbtfebgus B hd tai

Khrjfb Jrhup (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<;25).

;6Efehgbaubpbg< ]nbei hd gfgi rfvirs

Dfjuri 5< Sai rhbc th @fetnbg

drh` Tbtfebgus B, d;. (Fg

Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663< ;25).

Dfjuri 3< Sai \bphtie ehs`hs drh` Ebnigcir 22, BJF

@ixfeh 11; (Sbvâriz ;==9).




5.2.3 Kbnsbnhkri's Fchnbtràb y Uupirstfefõg

Ahwivir waig wi wbgt th oghw `hri bkhut jhcs hd cibta wi giic ght jh th

tai Gbaubtn spibofgj rijfhgs dhr fgdhr`btfhg. Sairi bri bnsh sivirbn fgtiristfgj

shureis hg tafs thpfe drh` tai \bphtie spibofgj rijfhg. Sai dfrst hd taisi fs

wrfttig ky Jhgzbnh ci Kbnsbnhkri wah wbs tai Ebtahnfe prfist hd Ubg @fjuin Uhnb

drh` 2453 ugtfn 2449 (Kirnfg 2611<6). Ft wbs fg tafs thwg, prisigtny ebnnic Uhnb ci

Tijb, nhebtic ifjaty ofnhìtris shutawist hd Hbxbeb Efty, tabt fg Ciei`kir hd

2495 Kbnsbnhkri ebì fgth ehgtbet wfta b rftubn spiefbnfst ebnnic Cfijh Nufs wah

abc fg afs phssissfhg b rftubn tixt tabt ai abc trbgsnbtic drh` b Eabtfgh hrfjfgbn

fgth Uhntieh, tai \bphtie vbrfbgt sphoig fg Uhnb (Sbvâriz 266:). Safs ugixpietic

ehgdrhgtbtfhg wfta tai survfvbn hd pri-ehnhgfbn kinfids fg afs thwg `htfvbtic

Kbnsbnhkri th stbrt bg fgtigsfvi dfvi yibr fgvistfjbtfhg fgth taisi `bttirs wafea

ivigtubnny risuntic fg b s`bnn khhonit (Kirnfg 2611<6). Kbsic hg tai fgdhr`btfhg

fg tafs tixt bs winn bs tai fgdhr`btfhg fg tai vbrfhus ghtis bgc trfbns tabt wiri

nbtir ritrfivic drh` breafvis Aifgrfea Kirnfg abs `bci bg fgtiristfgj hvirvfiw hdtai jhcs bgc rftubns tabt wiri stfnn viry ùea bnfvi fg tafs \bphtiebg thwg fg tai

2:ta eigtury. @hst fgtiristfgj dhr us bri tai twh nfsts hd 25 ciftfis jfvig ky Cfijh

Nufs fg 2459 bgc 2493. Bntahuja Kizinbh af`sind fs ght ìgtfhgic tairi bri

sivirbn rinivbgt gbìs fg tai`. Fg tai dfrst tai 9 ta jhc fs ebnnic cfhs ci nhs

ùirths, qui istbg ig in fgdfirgh 5=, tai :ta fs ebnnic cfhs cin fgdfirgh 52 hr Nuefdir

wafni tai 1ta fs ebnnic cfhsb cin fgdfirgh, ùlir ci nuefdir 5; (Kirnfg 2611<26). Fg tai

siehgc nfst tai 9ta fs ebnnic Nirbb Aufnb < ci`hgfh, cfhs cin fgdfirgh bgc tai 2=ta

Qhgbtzf Aufnfb < ùlir cin ci`hgfh (Kirnfg 2611<21-26). Ufgei Aufnfb fs tai nhebn

vbrfbgt hd ebpîfnnb , kifgj ainn hr tai eigtir hd tai ibrta, tairi enibrny fs b Nhrc bgcb Nbcy hd tai Ygcirwhrnc fg tai 2493 nfst. Ahwivir fg tai 2459 tairi bri twh jhcs

bsshefbtic wfta ainn bgc hgi jhciss. Hgi hd taisi twh jhcs ehrrisphgcs fg

gu`kir th tai jhc fg tai 2493 nfst kut ai fs ght tai hgi tabt fs `brrfic th tai

jhciss, hd wafea tai gu`kirs ch ght ehrrisphgc iftair. Safs sbì prhkni`

heeurs ehgeirgfgj ifjat hr gfgi hd tai htair jhcs fg tai nfst (Kirnfg 2611<26). Safs

ehgdusfhg ebg ght ki ixpnbfgic ky tai dbet tabt wi bri prhkbkny cibnfgj wfta b

ebnigcrfebn cifty nfst, kiebusi cfstbgeis kitwiig jhcs whunc stfnn ehrrisphgc fg

tabt ebsi. @byki tafgjs ebg kiehì enibrir ky stucyfgj tai wby taisi jhcs dfjuri

fg tai vbrfhus rftubns tabt bri cfseussic8 Dfrst hd bnn QhgbtzfAufnfb/Lhgbtzaufnfybb/Lhgbtzfqufnfybb/Qhgbxfaunfb , fs hddiric th fg dbvhur hd tai

sfeo bgc tai cibc, wafni Nirbb Aufnb/Nirbaufnbb/Nirbbqufnb/Nitbbqufnbb/

Ehqufiebkfnb fs ìgtfhgic sivirbn tfìs bs tai hgi tabt eafeoigs bri sberfdfeic th

bdtir shìhgi abs cfic (Kirnfg 2611<;;). Fg tai tixt bnsh b tafrc cfhs ci nb ùirti

hr cfhs cin fgdfirgh fs ìgtfhgic ky Kbnsbnhkri wah fs ebnnic

Ehqufitbb/Ehqufitb/Ehquiitbb/Ehquitbb bgc th af` eafeoigs bri bnsh sberfdfeic

bdtir shìhgi abs cfic (Kirnfg 2611<;5). Ehunc ft ki tabt tafs fs tai siehgc hd tai

twh jhcs fg tai 2459 nfst8 Beehrcfgj th Cfijh Nufs af`sind tai twh ebg ght ki

5=Cfhs ci nhs ùirths, qui istbg ig in fgdfirgh< Jhc hd tai Cibc, wah bri fg ainn.52Cfhs cin fgdfirgh< jhc hd ainn.5;Cfhsb cin fgdfirgh, ùlir ci Nuefdir< jhcciss hd ainn, wfdi hd Nuefdir.




sipbrbtic drh` ibea htair (Kirnfg 2611<;5). Safs sii`s th ki ehgdfrìc waig

eh`pbrfgj tai stbtiìgts hd Cfijh Nufs bgc tahsi hd afs bssfstigt ehgeirgfgj tai

sbì rftubn bdtir shìhgi abc cfic. Zafni Cfijh Nufs bccrissis Nfeufeab , wah fs

tai sug, Ehqufiebkfnb bgc Lhgbtzaufnfybb , afs bssfstigt bnsh gbìs Nfeufeab ,

Nitbqufnbb bgc Lhgbtzfqufnfybb kut fgenucis Ehqufitbb bs winn (Kirnfg 2611<;5).

Kbnsbnhkri af`sind stbtis tabt tairi fs hgny hgi jhc hd ainn wfta tarii bttrfkutis,

gbìny Ehquiitb, Nitb Baufnb bgc afs wfdi Qhxbxfaufnb (Kirnfg 2611<22;). Kut tafs

`fjat lust bs winn risunt drh` afs ebtahnfsic whrncvfiw bs bgytafgj insi. Fg afs

tixt twh fgtiristfgj htair heeurigeis hd tafs jhc hd ainn giic th ki ìgtfhgic. Sai

dfrst fs dhugc fg b augtfgj rftubn wairi ai fs sbfc th ki tai hgi tabt sigcs tai

cibc (Kirnfg 2611<253). Bgc fg vbrfhus rftubns bdtir shìhgi cfic ai bgc afs wfdi

bri riquistic th privigt tai cieibsic pirshg th tboi tai rhbc kbeo ahì wairi

ai hr sai whunc ch abr` (Kirnfg 2611<225). Safs ehgeipt hd b rhbc kitwiig tafs

whrnc bgc tai ugcirwhrnc sii`s viry db`fnfbr th tai ciserfptfhg wi sbw kidhri ky

Ubabjüg. Ft ebg bnsh ki siig waig b rfvir, ebnnic Ruishqubsb , gixt th wafea suea

hddirfgjs wiri `bci bdtir shìhgi abc cfic fs sbfc th ehì drh` ainn bgc fs ivigebnnic eb`fgh cin fgdfirgh 55 (Kirnfg 2611<36,255).

5.2.9 Sai Tfnnb Bntb Ehgdissfhgs

B siehgc vbnubkni \bphtie shurei hd fgdhr`btfhg ehìs drh` tai Tfnnb Bntb

cfstrfet, cfrietny th tai ghrta hd @ftnb. Ft wbs fg tafs rijfhg tabt fg 2:==, bdtir twh

gbtfvi fgdhr`bgts fg tai thwg hd Ubg Drbgefseh Eblhghs wiri nygeaic dhr

rivibnfgj b pri-ehnhgfbn rftubn, tabt bg ixtigsfvi fgspietfhg wbs stbrtic ky b giwnybrrfvic kfsahp gbìc Âgjin @bnchgbch (Sbvâriz ;==9). Safs eb`pbfjg bjbfgst

fchnbtry prhvic th ki hgi hd tai `hst sueeissdun ivir fg Giw Upbfg bs @bnchgbch

hddiric bnn eh`ùgftfis bkshnutfhg bs nhgj bs taiy wiri wfnnfgj th turg fg taifr

rftubn spiefbnfsts bgc whunc `boi dunn ehgdissfhgs hd taifr rftubn prbetfeis

(Sbvâriz ;==9). Safs risuntic fg b eh`ùgbn ehgdissfhg sfjgic fg Tfnnb Bntb ky tai

inietic hddfefbns hd 29 Kflbghs \bphtie, ;: Eblhghs \bphtie, ;4 Gixftzh \bphtie,

;6 @fxi bgc sivig Eafgbgtie thwgs. Fg bccftfhg tai \bphtie thwgs abgcic fg 66

khhonits ehgeirgfgj tai \bphtie pfyá hr rftubn ;4=-cby ebnigcbr bs winn bs dhur

khhonits wfta trbgserfptfhgs hd \bphtie shgjs (Sbvâriz ;==9). Ivigtubnny, shìtfì bdtir 2:=3, taisi khhonits wiri sigc th tai Ehugefn hd tai Fgcfis fg Upbfg ky

@bnchgbch wah wbgtic th usi tai` th ehgvfgei tai erhwg th rinijbti ehgtrhn hd

tig pbrfsais fg tai Tfnnb Bntb rijfhg drh` tai Ch`fgfebgs th af` (Sbvâriz ;==9).

Hd tai dhur khhonits, eh`fgj drh` tai thwgs hd Kitbzb bgc Nbeafrfhbj, twh cibn

wfta Earfstfbg ixtrbau`bg dhreis bgc twh, BJF 11; Khhonits 2== bgc 2=2, cibn

wfta @ishbìrfebg/\bphtie hgis. Hd taisi Cbvfc Icubrch Sbvâriz abs puknfsaic

b prinf`fgbry riphrt hd afs trbgsnbtfhgs (Sbvâriz ;==9). Fg tai shgjs tairi bri

ridirigeis th dhur f`phrtbgt dhugcfgj bgeisthrs, sivirbn pbg-\bphtiebg ciftfis bs

winn bs nhebn bgc ebnigcrfebn igtftfis (Sbvâriz ;==9). Bnsh tairi sii`s th ki b

55Eb`fgh cin Fgdfirgh< tai rhbc hd ainn.




strhgj rinbtfhg kitwiig tai shgjs fg taisi khhonits bgc tai \bphtie ehs`hs nfoi

ft fs cipfetic fg hgi hd tai ebnigcrfebn khhonits (Dfj. 3). Hg tafs crbwfgj wi sii

tai ehs`hs cipfetic wfta 1 nivins kitwiig tai Ahusi hd tai Uoy, yhh ybkb , bgc

tai Ahusi hd tai Ibrta, yhh yieai nbyh bs winn bs 1 kitwiig tafs Ahusi hd tai

Ibrta bgc tai Ahusi hd tai Ygcirwhrnc< yhh jbkfnb , jfvfgj b thtbn hd 26 nbyirs

(Sbvâriz ;==9). Bgc wafni tai 6 shgjs hd khhonit 2=2 sii` th rinbti th tai

pbssbji kitwiig tai Ahusi hd tai Ibrta bgc tai Ahusi hd tai Uoy, tai 6 nhgjir

shgjs hd khhonit 2== sii` th rinbti th tai pbssbji kitwiig tai Ahusi hd tai

Ibrta bgc tai Ahusi hd tai Ygcirwhrnc (Sbvâriz ;==9). Safs nbst ehgenusfhg fs

`bfgny kbsic hg tai dbet tabt fg tafs khhonit jbkfnb hr ugcirwhrnc fs ìgtfhgic

hg ;3 sipbrbti heebsfhgs wafni tairi bri sfx ridirigeis th Kieinbh Cbh! Uh hgei

bjbfg wi sii tai `bfg fchn hd @ftnb ìgtfhgic bs b runir hd tai Ahusi hd tai

Ygcirwhrnc, tai pnbei wairi tai cibc trbvin th bgc risfci.

Ehgeirgfgj tai cibc bgc dhugcfgj bgeisthrs tairi bri bnsh shì fgtiristfgj

pbssbjis fg b khho ky Bnefgb Drbgea hg ebnigcbrs bgc rinfjfhg b`hgj tai

\bphtie tabt fs bnsh nbrjiny kbsic hg tai Tfnnb Bntb ehgdissfhgs (Drbgea 2665). Fgtaisi pbssbjis beehugts bri cfseussic hd pihpni eh`fgj drh` tai Tfnnb Bntb

vfnnbjis hd Kitbzb, Vbtii, Vbb bgc Ubg ]bknh wah ehgdiss abvfgj `bci hddirfgjs th

ugb ebkizb ci ug bkuinh 53, ebkizbs ci nhs bkuinhs , ugb ebkizb ci guistrh bkuinh ,

ebkizbs ci `fs bkuinhs hr fg \bphtie Jufqufbj Vbjtbn (Drbgea 2665<223). Fg tai

beehugt hd b `bg drh` Vbb wi jit b `hri citbfnic ciserfptfhg waig ai ciserfkis

tabt ai abc fg afs phssissfhg b ciirsofg wfta crbwfgjs hd tai jhcs hd afs

bgeisthrs bs winn bs twh ebkizbs ci `fs bkuinhs hr Jufqufbj Vbjtbn wafea ai abc

jhttig drh` afs dbtair wah abc sbfc th prhtiet ft wfta jribt ebri bs taiy wiri drh`

guistrhs bkuinhs (Drbgea 2665<223). Drbgea fgtirprits taisi ebkizbs bsriprisigtbtfhgs, prhkbkny hd cfvfgfzic bgeisthrs bs tairi bri gh oghwg aibc

phrtrits hd spiefdfe fgcfvfcubns (Drbgea 2665<223). Kut `fjat ft ght ki tabt b `hri

nftirbn aibc wbs ìbgt nfoi wfta tai crfic bgc i`kbnìc khcy hd tai cifdfic

ebefqui ]itinb hd Heinhtipiqui8

5.2.4 Uiehgcbry Uhureis

Abvfgj cfseussic sivirbn prf`bry shureis ehgeirgfgj Kizinbh, tai jhcs hd ainnhr tai ugcirwhrnc bgc bgeisthr vigirbtfhg tairi bri stfnn b nht hd quistfhgs tabt

ri`bfg, suea bs fs Kizinbh b sfgjni igtfty hr b jrhup hd igtftfis8 Zabt fs tai

rinbtfhg kitwiig Kizinbh bs b jhc bgc Kizinbh bs bg fchn8 Zay ch htair thwgs

bnsh abvi b Kizinbh fchn wafni @ftnb sii`s th abvi kiig tai pnbei wairi tai afja

prfist risfcic8 Bgc wabt fs tai rinbtfhg kitwiig Kizinbh bs b jhc hd tai cibc bgc

bgeisthr vigirbtfhg8 Bnn hd taisi quistfhgs cinvi ciipny fgth tai gbturi hd

ixtrbau`bg dhreis fg tai \bphtie rijfhg fg pbrtfeunbr bgc @ishbìrfeb fg

jigirbn. Ehgeirgfgj taisi fssuis tai butahrs hd sivirbn siehgcbry shureis abvi

53Ygb ebkizb ci ug bkuinh< nftirbnny b aibc hd b jrbgcdbtair? guistrh bkuinh< hurjrbgcdbtair? `fs bkuinhs< `y jrbgcdbtairs




btti`ptic th prhvfci bgswirs bgc ft `fjat prhvi whrtawafni th nhho fgth taifr

ayphtaisis.

Dfrstny tairi fs tai ebtijhrfzbtfhg hd Bnefgb Drbgea wah `bois b cfddirigei

kitwiig nhebn jhcs, suea bs tahsi hd eirtbfg ebvis bgc `hugtbfgs bs winn bs

spiefdfe fchns, bgc tai jigirbn jhcs tabt, wfta shì nhebn bgc ti`phrbn vbrfbtfhgs,

bnn dft fg b prfgefpbnny sf`fnbr seaiì dhr tai igtfri \bphtieb (Drbgea 2665<69).

Ixprissfgj chukt waitair tai jhc Ehquiitb fs betubnny tai sbì bs Ehquiiafnb,

Drbgea dheusis `hstny hg tai ehupni hd tai cfhs cin fgdfirgh/ùirti bgc tai cfhsb

cin fgdfirgh/ùirti (Drbgea 2665<61-66). Ai riehjgfzis tafs ehupni fg tai

Ehquiinb - Qhgbxfaufnfb ehupni hd Ubg @fjuin Uhnb, tai ehupni hd bg uggbìc

cifty bgc Qhgbxf Jubnbpbj fg Tfnnb Bntb, tai Kiginbkb - Lhgblf Kinbeafgb ehupni

dhugc fg tai [inbefhg hd Ehbtnbg bgc dfgbnny hd ehursi fg tai Ehquf Kizinbh-Qhgbxf

Ruieuyb ehupni hd @ftnb (Drbgea 2665<66). Ai ahwivir chis ght jfvi bgy

brjuìgts hg way Qhgbxf Jubnbpbj, Kiginbkb, Lhgblf Kinbeafgb whunc ki rinbtic

th ainn, ugcirwhrnc hr tai cibc, tai tarii bttrfkutis hd wafea ai af`sind stbtis

tabt taiy bri eabrbetirfstfe hd tafs ehupni (Drbgea 2665<66). Bgc bs tai ixfstfgjtrbgsnbtfhgs dhr taisi gbìs betubnny phfgt fg htair cfrietfhgs tai iqubtfhg sii`s

`bfgny kbsic hg tai dbet tabt taisi bri bnn ehupnis. Hd Qhgbtzf Aufnfb ai bccs tabt

fg bccftfhg th tai bkhvi ìgtfhgic ciftfis sai `fjat bnsh ki tai sbì bs Qhgbxf

Jubpbnbp drh` Eh`bntipiqui, tahuja gh trbgsnbtfhg hr ribshg fs jfvig, bgc Nbcy

22 Cibta drh` tai whros hd Ebsh bgc Kirgbn wafni sai fs bnsh tai \bphtie

iqufvbnigt hd @fetiebefaubtn (Drbgea 2665<2=2). Bnsh dhnnhwfgj Ebsh bgc Kirgbn ai

iqubtis Ehquikfnbqui , siòhr cin eigtrh ci nb tfirrb 59 hd @beufnxheaftn, lust wist hd

@ftnb wfta tai jhc hd tai ugcirwhrnc bs winn (Drbgea 2665<2=;). Bgc wafni tabt

iqubtfhg sii`s th ki qufti shugc drh` b nfgjufstfe phfgt hd vfiw, tai hgi wftaEhqui Eiaufyh hd Snbehnunb fs, wftahut bgy durtair brjuìgts, quistfhgbkni bt tai

nibst (Drbgea 2665<2=;). Dfgbnny ai ehggiets tafs jhc th tai hnc Jhc 9D, dhugc hg

vbrfhus \bphtie urgs, wafea bnsh sii`s th ki b jhc hd ibrta bgc tai ugcirwhrnc

(Drbgea 2665<2=5). Bnn hd taisi bri enibrny btti`pts ky Drbgea th phsftfhg tai

ehupni hd tai cfhs cin fgdfirgh/ùirti bgc tai cfhsb cin fgdfirgh/ùirti fgth b

pbg-\bphtiebg seaiì. Bgc ivig tahuja shì hd tai bsshefbtfhgs ai `bois bri

qufti ivfcigt, htairs bri quistfhgbkni hr ivig ugnfoiny.

Hg tai htair igc hd tai spietru` wi dfgc Lhyei @breus bgc Oigt Dnbggiry

(@breus & Dnbggiry 2663). Saiy phsi tabt ivig tahuja tai \bphties abc beh`pnix shefity, taifr rinfjfhg cfc ght dft tai trbcftfhgbn seaiì dhr suea shefitfis

bs ft wbs giftair `hghtaifstfe, ghr cfc ft abvi b pbgtaihg hd jhcs (@breus &

Dnbggiry 2663<3=3). Fgstibc taiy abc b rinfjfhg wafea wbs bgf`btfstfe, ehgeirgic

tai whrsafp hd gbturbn dhreis bgc vigirbtfhg hd bgeisthrs bgc wbs jhvirgic ky

riefprhefty (@breus & Dnbggiry 2663<3=5-3=3). Saisi bgf`btfstfe gbturbn dhreis

bnn abc pái hr pf wafea fs tai kribta, spfrft, wfgc hr vftbn dhrei hd bnn tafgjs tabt

ebg ght ki `bgfpunbtic ky tieaghnhjy kut hgny ky riefprhebn rftubn suea bs

nfjatgfgj, tai `hugtbfgs bgc rbfg. Saisi wiri bnn i`phwiric ky tai 'Jribt Upfrft'

hr sberic nfdi dhrei ebnnic ]ftíh (@breus & Dnbggiry 2663<3=3). Fgstibc hd b

59Uiòhr cin eigtrh ci ni tfirrb< nhrc hd tai eigtri hd tai ibrta.




pbgtaihg hd jhcs, tai \bphties riviric taifr cifdfic rhybn bgeisthrs wafea abc

spiefbn phwirs th fgtireici wfta phwirdun supirgbturbns bs nhgj bs taifr

ciseigcbgts `bci tai bpprhprfbti hddirfgjs. Saisi wiri ebnnic pigfjûnbzbb , hr

tai hnc pihpni hd tai enhucs, sfgei taisi bgeisthrs abc eabgjic fgth enhucs.

Saisi bgeisthrs wiri taig `fstboig ky tai Upbgfbrcs dhr b pbgtaihg hd jhcs

(@breus & Dnbggiry 2663<3=9). Dhr shì ribshg ahwivir gh shureis bri jfvig dhr

taisi dfgbn phfgts ehgeirgfgj tai bgeisthrs turgfgj fgth enhucs bgc fgtireicfgj

wfta phwirdun supirgbturbns. Fg bghtair brtfeni ky @breus shì bccftfhgbn

eh`ìgts bri bccic th tai bkhvi (@breus 2615). Dfrst hd bnn ai stbtis tabt tairi

wbs b supriì kifgj, bppbrigtny tai ]ftíh , wafea wbs givir cipfetic kut wah

eribtic bnn tai supirgbturbn dhreis (@breus 2615<539). Bkhut tai bgeisthrs ai

ixpnbfgs ahw taiy wiri hdtig fgtirpritic bs jhcs kut tabt yhu ebg enibrny sii taiy

wiri betubnny au`bg bs taiy kibr whrncny tftnis, abvi ebnigcbr gbìs bgc bri

afjany nhebnfzic (@breus 2615<531). Ehgeirgfgj tai cifty nfst ky Eõrchvb, @breus

enbf`s tabt tafs ehgeirgs b nfst hd supirgbturbn pftíh dhreis bgc ght hd jhcs wafni

Kbnsbnhkri nfsts tai 25 supirgbturbn dhreis tabt jhvirg tai cbys (@breus2615<536). Dfgbnny fg bg fgtiristfgj ghti ai bccs tabt Kizinbh, tai nhrc hd tai

bdtirnfdi `fjat abvi kiig b nijftf`bti cifty, tahuja ft fs stfnn ght enibr ahw ai wbs

igvfsfhgic (@breus 2615<531). Kut fd tafs whunc ki trui, way taig wbs Kizinbh

ebnnic b Ehquî fg tai [inbefhg hd @ftnb wafni beehrcfgj th Eõrchvb tafs fs puriny b

shefhphnftfebn tftni (U`fta Utbro ;==;<3:,9=)8

Fg air brtfeni kbsic `bfgny hg tai [inbefhgis Jihjrbdfebs Libg Utbrr dheusis

ispiefbnny hg tafs phsftfhg hd Kizinbh wftafg \bphtie rinfjfhg (Utbrr 261:). Uai

brjuis tabt tai \bphties cfc ght bet bs b gbtfhg ugniss taiy wiri sirvfgj tai

runir hd Sihzbphtnbg, wah nbtir dnic th Siaubgtipie (Utbrr 261:<5:2). Bgc ivig waig ai fs ìgtfhgic fg tai [inbefhgis hgi abs th ki bwbri tabt taisi beehugts

riprisigt fcibnfzic afsthry lust bs ùea bs bgy shurei (Utbrr 261:<5::). Kut

`hst hd bnn ft wbs taifr stbti rinfjfhg, cfrietic ky b stbtiprfist bgc eigtric hg tai

whrsafp hd taifr jhc Kizinbh bt @ftnb tabt jbvi tai` jrhup fcigtfty, bnkift ght ky

cidfgftfhg ehaisfhg. Sai nbttir fs enibrny fnnustrbtic ky tai [inbefhgis hd Eufnbpb,

Snbehnunb bgc @beufnsueafn wah bnn sbfc th abvi kiig bt wbr wfta @ftnb hr ivig

hpprissic ft (Utbrr 261:<5:2). Uai phfgts hut tabt tai [inbefhgis ch ght ìgtfhg

rftubns th b eribthr jhc suea bs tai hgi ìgtfhgic ky @breus, kut rftubns th

Kizinbh. Bgc tahuja wi abvi siig sivirbn hd taisi rftubns ìgtfhgic ft fs `bfgnykiebusi Utbrr ehugts bnn ridirigeis th tai civfn bs cibnfgj wfta Kizinbh bs winn,

tabt ai kiehìs sh h`gfprisigt. Kut ivig tahuja Kizinbh wbs fgciic hdtig

bsshefbtic wfta tai civfn ft fs f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt htair jhcs wiri bs winn. Safs

ìbgs tabt htair nfgis hd ivfcigei bri giicic th ki bkni th ehggiet tai civfn th b

jhc hd tai cibc hr tai ugcirwhrnc bgc ivig taig tafs ehunc ki bghtair cifty taig

Kizinbh. Bkhut tai whrsafppic Ehquf wah bri ìgtfhgic fg tai [inbefhgis sai

sbys tabt taiy bri prhkbkny iftair tai ù``fdfic ri`bfgs hd pbst ebefquis hr

taifr fchns bgc tabt taiy bri spiefdfe th b thwg (Utbrr 261:<5:9). Hgei bjbfg tai

prhkni`btfe dbet tabt fg @ftnb Kizinbh wbs ebnnic b Ehquf , ivig tahuja ai wbsenibrny ght b puriny nhebn paighìghg, fs ght tboig fgth beehugt.




Dfjuri 9< Hkliets `bgudbeturic drh` sounns wfta taifr prhvigfigei (Yrefc ;==9< 5.29).

Ufgei tai ehgeipt hd b dhrìr ebefqui hr ehquf kifgj whrsafppic bdtir cibta

iftair bs bg fchn hr bs b ù``y sii`s th abvi shì kibrbgei ght hgny hg tai

ehgeipt hd jhcs bgc bgeisthrs fg jigirbn kut bnsh hd Kizinbh fg pbrtfeunbr, ft

`fjat ki usidun th nhho fgth b rieigt whro hd Lbvfir Yrefc (Yrefc ;==9). Bs pbrt hd

b nbrjir whro ehgeirgfgj \bphtie wrftfgj, Yrefc cfseussis tai ciehrbtfhgs fg b]hstenbssfe `bushniu` kufnt hg thp hd th`k 4 bt Nb`kftyieh hgny b diw `fnis drh`

@ftnb. Fg taisi ciehrbtfhgs pirshgs ebg ki siig ebrryfgj au`bg di`hrb fg taifr

abgcs bgc `bgcfknis bs krbeinits (Yrefc ;==9<51). B driquigey eh`pbrfshg hd tai

khgis dhugc fg tai th`k sahws tabt ispiefbnny viry s`bnn bgc nbrji khgis wiri

`fssfgj. Zafni tai s`bnn khgis wiri prhkbkny tboig hut kidhri tai th`k wbs

enibgic kidhri tai `bgy giw fgtirìgts hd wafea tairi fs ivfcigei, tai nhgj

khgis wiri prhkbkny tboig ky infti th vbnfcbti taifr stbtus ky usfgj taisi pbrts hd

taifr bgeisthrs nfoi ft wbs cipfetic fg tai `bushniu` (Yrefc ;==9<51). Uivirbn

ixb`pnis hd hkliets `bci hd au`bg erbgfb drh` Nb`kftyieh bgc gibrky Vbjun bs winn bs fgserfkic sounns (Dfj. 9) bttist th tafs ayphtaisfs. Sai sivirbn sibnic hr

ugcfsturkic, bgc taus ghg-nhhtic, i`ptfic th`ks tabt ehfgefci wfta sittniìgt




bkbgchgìgt bnsh phfgt th suea ehgtfguic bgeisthr eh`ì`hrbtfhg (Yrefc

;==9<56-3=). Ft ghw sii`s afjany nfoiny tabt tai 'aibcs hd hur jrbgcdbtairs' tabt

wiri ìgtfhgic fg tai Tfnnb Bntb rijfhg bnsh dft fg tafs ebtijhry, lust bs tai khgis

hd ]itinb hd Heinhtipiqui. Nbtir fg afs khho Yrefc ehgenucis tabt

„_tPai breabihnhjfebn fgvistfjbtfhg hd `bgy \bphtie th`ks fg tai nbst 2==

yibrs abs `bci ft ivfcigt tabt fg tai bgefigt ehs`hnhjy tai ribn` hd tai

bgeisthrs abc b prhdhugc rinivbgei fg tai shefbn nfdi hd ehrphrbti jrhups,

eh`ùgftfis, bgc phnftfis. Fg tai si`bsfhjrbpafe rigcftfhg hd wabt ivfcigtny

ehgstftutic b rfea rftubn nfdi eigtiric hg eh`ì`hrbtfgj bgc fgvhofgj

bgeistrbn dfjuris, ft kiehìs enibr ahw tai ti`phrbn bgc spbtfbn cfìgsfhgs

hd tai nfvfgj bgc tai cibc wiri fgtirtwfgic .‐ (Yrefc ;==9<231).

Fg bccftfhg tai bgeisthrs hd tai afjaist ahusis bnsh pirshgfdfic tai 6 hr 25 cfvfgi

kifgjs hd tai ebnigcbr bs winn bs htair ixtrbau`bg dhreis (Yrefc ;==9<293). Saus

ehgeirgfgj tai pirshgs tabt bri cipfetic fg th`k gbrrbtfvis Yrefc dhnnhws giftairEbsh wah ehgsfcirs tai` bgtarhph`hrpafe ciftfis ghr @breus wah fcigtfdfis

tai` bs prh`fgigt afsthrfebn dfjuris, kut fgtirprits tai` bs fgcfvfcubns wah

pnbyic f`phrtbgt shefbn rhnis, ky i`khcyfgj bgeisthrs bgc ciftfis (Yrefc

;==9<;:-;1).

Fg afs trbgsnbtfhgs hd tai Tfnnb Bntb shgjs Sbvâriz bnsh riehjgfzis suea b

`fccni jrhugc kitwiig b ehs`hnhjy hd nhebn hr rijfhgbn cifdfic bgeisthrs hr b

pbgtaihg hd pbg-@ishbìrfebg ciftfis (Sbvâriz ;==9<6). Bgc fgspfric ky tai

whro hd Yrefc bs winn bs tai db`hus Rufeaæ ]hphn Tua gbrrbtfvi ai ehgenucis

tabt taisi shgjs sahw b eh`pnix bgc `byki ivig safdtfgj ehgstinnbtfhg hd,b`hgjst htair ixtrbau`bg dhreis, \bphtie ciftfis wafea bri prhkbkny afsthrfebnny

rinbtic th htair @ishbìrfebg ciftfis, ebnigcrfebn igtftfis bgc cifdfic dhugcfgj

bgeisthrs (Sbvâriz ;==9<6). Zaig bsoic bkhut Kizinbh ai whgciric waitair tafs

`fjat abvi kiig tai bppinnbtfvi hd b cifty, tabt ehunc abvi kiig b cifdfic

bgeisthr, wafea wbs taig jfvig bs b pirshgbn gbì th hgi hr `hri runirs bt @ftnb

(Sbvâriz< pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg). Ai bccic tabt fg suea b ebsi ft whunc ki viry

cfddfeunt th cfstfgjufsa afsthrfebn dhugcfgj bgeisthrs drh` cifdfic bgeisthrs bgc

viry bgefigt ciftfis.

Ehunc ft ki tabt Kizinbh wbs suea bg bgefigt cifty wahsi gbì wbs jfvig thhgi hr `hri runirs, hr `byki tai afja prfists bt @ftnb cui th tai dbet tabt taiy

wiri sh enhsiny fgvhnvic wfta tai kurfbn hd tai \bphtie infti bgc taifr pbssbji th

tai ugcirwhrnc bt @ftnb8 Sahuja tafs ebg givir ki `hri tabg b afjany tigtbtfvi

ayphtaisfs, ispiefbnny jfvig tai bksigei hd bgy shureis phfgtfgj cfrietny fg tafs

cfrietfhg, ft chis jfvig shì pnbusfkni ixpnbgbtfhgs hd shì hd tai quistfhgs tabt

stfnn ri`bfgic. Dfrst hd bnn ft whunc ixpnbfg way sivirbn thwgs abvi fchns riviric th

bs Kizinbh, ft wbs b eh``hg cifty bdtir bnn, wafni @ftnb sii`s th abvi kiig `hri

f`phrtbgt fg tafs sigsi, bs fts prfists hr runirs wiri `hri enhsiny bsshefbtic wfta

tai prbetfeis ehggietic th tafs jhc hd tai ugcirwhrnc. Uiehgcny ft whunc enbrfdy way tai [inbefhg hd @ftnb fs tai hgny fgstbgei wairi Kizinbh's fchn fs jfvig tai

whrncny tftni hd ehquf bs ai abc kiig b runir tairi. Safs fchn `fjat ivig abvi kiig




hr abvi fgehrphrbtic pbrts hd tafs runir hr prfist‖s soinithg. Dfgbnny ft whunc

beehugt dhr tai ehgdusfhg kitwiig Kizinbh fg tai sfgjunbr bgc fg tai pnurbn,

tahuja ft wbs tai gbì hd b cifty ft wbs bnsh tai gbì hd hgi hr `hri bgeisthrs.

Bntirgbtfviny Kizinbh ehunc abvi kiig b cifdfic afsthrfebn bgeisthr wah wbs hgei

tai runir hr afja prfist hd @ftnb wah fg nfdi i`khcfic tai jhc hd tai ugcirwhrnc

bgc fg tafs ebpbefty wbs riviric tarhujahut tai \bphtie spibofgj rijfhg. Ft ehunc

taig ivig ki tabt afs gbì 'Dbei hd tai ]yrb`fc' wbs b ridirigei th tafs rhni bs

riprisigtbtfvi bt taisi @ftniòh ti`pnis. Fg bgy ebsi ft sii`s nfoiny tabt @ftnb, fg

fts ebpbefty hd kurfbn pnbei hd rhybnty bgc infti, wbs bsshefbtic wfta tai jhcs hd tai

ugcirwhrnc bgc tai cibc bgc tai lhurgiy tabt tai nbttir abc th `boi th tai

dhrìr.

5.2.: Sai @urbns

Fgtiristfgjny tai bkhvi ayphtaisfs ehgeirgfgj tai rhni hd cifdfic bgeisthrs dhr@ftnb abs sivirbn phfgts fg eh``hg wfta b rieigt fgtirpritbtfhg ky Lhag ]han hd

shì aibvfny cb`bjic @fxtieb-]uiknb styni ùrbns (Dfj. 4) tabt bri dhugc hg tai

nfgtins hd hgi tai rufgs hd tai Eaurea Jrhup fg @ftnb (]han 2666). Fgftfbnny taisi

wiri ehpfic, ciserfkic bgc bgbnyzic bt tai kijfggfgj hd tai twigtfita eigtury ky

tai Jir`bg @ishbìrfebgfst Icubrc Uinir drh` b nbrjiny Bztie phfgt hd vfiw

(Uinir 26=3). Lhag ]han ahwivir riehjgfzis fg tai` tai Shntieb-Eafeafìe

ehs`hjhgy sahwfgj tai airh @fxehbtn-eb`bxtnf, tai @fxtie ehs`hjhgy, wfta Nhrc

2 Dnhwir bgc Nbcy 25 Dnhwir iìrjfgj drh` tai rfvir, bgc dfgbnny tai \bphtie

ehs`hjhgy (]han 2666<215-214). Afs fgtirpritbtfhgs hd tafs nbst gbrrbtfvi, wafeaebg ki dhugc hg tai ghrta wbnn, fs hd shì fgtirist th us. Sahuja ]han chis

ebsubnny ridir th Uinir's ehgenusfhgs tabt taisi f`bjis bri ehggietic th tai

db`hus Shntie nijigc hd tai cifdfic prfist 6 Zfgc Iaiebtn-Ruitzbnehbtn, wah fs

sbfc th abvi kufnt tai ti`pnis hd @ftnb curfgj afs dnfjat drh` Sunb, ai chis ght

fgvhnvi taisi fg afs hwg fgtirpritbtfhgs (]han 2666<2:6,214? Uinir 26=3<523-524).

Fgstibc ai dheusis hg hgi sijìgt hd tai ùrbn wafea cipfets tai seigi fg tai

yibr hgi riic wairi twh jhcs bri ebrryfgj pnbei sfjgs hg taifr kbeo, hgi wfta b

turoiy aibc bgc hgi wfta b druft trii. Bgc bghtair seigi fg wafea twh sf`fnbr

dfjuris khta bsshefbtic wfta tai cby sfjg dnhwir bgc wibrfgj kuttirdny erhwgs brisibtic fg drhgt hd twh ti`pnis tabt bnsh abvi b turoiy aibc bgc b druft trii.

Beehrcfgj th ]han tai cifty sfttfgj fg drhgt hd tai 'Afnn hd tai Suroiy' ebg ki

fcigtfdfic bs Nhrc : Dnhwir, wah fs bnsh sahwg fg tai Ehcix Khcniy sibtic bgc

crissic sf`fnbrny fg drhgt hd tai hgny htair oghwg cipfetfhg hd suea b Afnn hd tai

Suroiy (]han 2666<21:). Fg tafs seigi fg Ehcix Khcniy Nhrc 3 Zfgc fs sahwg bs

ai vfsfts tarii hrbeunbr prfists< Nhrc 2 Cibta bt Beafutnb, Nbcy 6 Jrbss bt

Eabnebthgjh bgc Nhrc : Dnhwir bt tai Afnn h/t Suroiy. Safs vfsftfgj Nhrc 3 Zfgc

taig fs tai shg hd Nbcy 4 @hgoiy hd Lbntipie, b ciseigcbgt hd Nbcy 25 Dnhwir bgc

Nhrc 2 Dnhwir (]han 2666<21:). : Dnhwir fs bnsh tai gbì hd tai jribt eribthr jhc Shgbebtieuatnf tabt fg Ehcix [fhs2 fs tai ai dbtair hd bnn jhcs bgc nhrc hd 25ta

aibvig, b jbrcig pbrbcfsi wairi hgny sfgniss eafncrig bgc tai purist nhrcs wigt




Dfjuri 4< Uinietfhg hd tai ùrbn hg tai Eaurea Jrhup‖s ghrta wbnn (Uinir 26=3< pnbti xxxvfff).

th bdtir cibta. Safs, beehrcfgj th ]han shugcs viry sf`fnbr th Kurjhb's ciserfptfhg

hd tai khugtihus nfdi tabt cieibsic ixpietic th iglhy bdtir cibta (]han 2666<21:).

Shjitair wfta @ixfebg breabihnhjfst Ginny [hknis bgc b jubrcfbg hd tai rufgs

]han fcigtfdfic b s`bnn prh`hgthry 5,9 ofnhìtris ibst hd @ftnb ebnnic In

Jublbnhti 54 hr Juacz Kicohn bs tafs Afnn hd tai Suroiy. Ai stbtis tabt beehrcfgj th

tai bgtarhphnhjfsts Uea`ficir, ]brshgs bgc Nisnfi tafs brib fs tai `hst sberic hd

bnn tai gbturbn dibturis bgc tabt ft fs stfnn ehgsfciric kiwfteaic thcby. Ai bnsh

bccs tabt ]brshgs cheuìgts nijigcs hd hrbeunbr dhreis fg tafs brib bgc tabt fg

bghtair sthry riehrcic ky air ebvis bri ebnnic nfttni `frrhrs, wafea bri bnsh

cipfetic hg tafs afnn hg tai ùrbn (]han 2611<211).

Sai Afnn hd tai Druft Srii hg tai htair abgc fs ght fcigtfdfic fg bgy hd tai

ehcfeis bntahuja ]han enbf`s tabt fg Ehcix [fhs2;3 tai Bztie ehgquist hd @ftnb fs

riprisigtic ky b druft trii (]han 2666<216). Ai bnsh siis bghtair ehggietfhg

kitwiig @ftnb bgc druft triis fg b nijigc riehrcic ky afsthrfbg @. @brtàgizJrbefcb fg bg ugpuknfsaic `bguserfpt wrfttig fg 26=4 bgc prisigtny nhebtic fg

bg breafvi fg Hbxbeb Efty. Fg tafs khho ahwivir gh shureis bri ìgtfhgic

`bofgj ft ugenibr waitair fgdhr`btfhg fs tboig drh` htair shureis, ehìs drh`

nhebn trbcftfhgs hr fs tai risunt hd spieunbtfhg hr fgtirpritbtfhg ([hknis, @bjbcâg

& @hrifrb 261:<:5). Safs kifgj sbfc, tai nijigc tinns hd tai prfists hd @ftnb

`bfgtbfgfgj b khugtfdun hreabrc ehgsfstfgj hd druft triis suea bs gbgeais (f`bji),

jubybkbs bgc zbphtis, wafea wbs cistrhyic ky tai Bzties (]han 2666<216). B druft

trii wfta gbgeai kirrfis fs bnsh usic fg Ehcix Tbtfebgus bs b sy`khn hd

Sb`hbgeabg , tai 25ta Bztie aibvig. Gbgeai wbs supphsicny bnsh righwgic dhr`bofgj nfquhr bgc `fjat abvi kiig tai erusaic druft usic fg tai crfgo tabt

Kurjhb ciserfkis (]han 2666<26=). Beehrcfgj th ]han gbgeai triis stfnn jrhw fg

bkugcbgei brhugc tai rufgs bgc tai snhpi wairi tai Jrhup hd Ehnu`gs fs kufnt

hg fs ebnnic [hhjiuff , wafea `bgy @ftniòhs trbgsnbti bs 'bt tai gbgeai trii' (]han

2666<26=).

Abvfgj dhugc taisi nfgos kitwiig tai nhebtfhgs cipfetic bgc @ftnb, ]han

dheusis hg tai cifty sfttfgj fg drhgt hd taisi afnns, kut chis ght ebnn af` : Dnhwir

tafs tfì kut 25 Dnhwir, bppbrigtny ehgdusfgj tafs cifty wfta tai di`bni bgeisthr

hd tai Nhrc wah wbs vfsftfgj tafs cifty fg Ehcix Khcniy. Fg bgy ebsi ]han stbtis

54In Jublbnhti< tai turoiy




tabt tarhuja fehghjrbpafe bgbnysfs hd tai cifty's bttrfkutis ft fs enibr tabt ai fs 25

dnhwir hr Kizinbh, „nhrc hd tai \bphtie gitairwhrnc bgc pbtrhg cifty hd @ftnb‐ (]han

2666<26=). Bppbrigtny tafs fehghjrbpafe bgbnysfs abs shìtafgj th ch wfta tai

cby sfjg dnhwir kifgj bsshefbtic shìahw wfta Kizinbh. Safs Kizinbh taig fs tai

prfgei hd civfns, tai supriì ugfvirsbn jhc, tai jhc hd ainn wafea fg tai Uhnb ci

Tijb nfst ahncs tai :ta pnbei wafea fg tai eigtrbn @ixfebg ebnigcbr whunc

ehrrisphgc th Qheafpfnnf-Efgtihtn, wahsi bttrfkutis `btea tai pbfgtfgj (]han

2666<26=). Fg Ehcix Dilærvâry-@byir b jhc wfta tai bttrfkutis hd Qheafpfnnf-

Efgtihtn fs cipfetic bs tai pbtrhg hd rftis hg 25 Dnhwir wafni fg Ehcix Nbuc tafs

cifty fs cipfetic sibtic kinhw b eh`phsfti druft trii tabt bnsh abs gbgeai kirrfis

(]han 2666<26=). Efgtihtn fs eh``hgny b ehrg jhc, kut fg Ehcix [fhs ai fs tai

pbtrhg hd rftubn crfgofgj thjitair wfta @bybauin wfta wah` ai thjitair prisfcis

hvir tai 1ta trieigb kifgj 2 jrbss, wafea fs bnsh tai gbì hd Kizinbh's wfdi fg tai

[inbefhg hd @ftnb (]han 2666<26=).

Abvfgj nfgoic tai twh cipfetic nhebtfhgs th pnbeis fg @ftnb bgc tai cipfetic

jhc th Kizinbh, ]han ehgenucis tabt tai prfists bt @ftnb abc hrbeunbr phnftfebnphwir tabt wbs dhugcic hg ehgtrhn hd tai afjaist rbgofgj rhybn cibc, tai `hst

prh`fgigt hd wafea wiri jrhupic bt @ftnb (]han 2666<265). Nfoi 6 Jrbss wah

prisfcic hvir tai rhybn ù``fdfic cibc hd Sfnbgthgjh fg tai dugirbry ebvi hd

Eabnebthgjh, bgc tairiky jbfgic phnftfebn phwir, @ftnb wbs bnsh tai risfcigei hd

hgi hd tai tarii hrbeunbr phwirs tabt wbs vfsftic ky Nhrc 3 Zfgc. Saisi hrbenis

25 Dnhwir bgc : Dnhwir `fjat ivig abvi kiig tai afja prfists hd @ftnb (]han

2666<265-269). ]han supphrts tafs ayphtaisfs ky enbf`fgj tabt ehurts wiri

prfvbti pnbeis dhr crfgofgj th ixeiss th eh`ùgi wfta bgeisthrs, tahuja ai jfvis

gh shurei dhr tafs brjuìgt. Fg bccftfhg ai ridirs th Kurjhb's stbtiìgt tabt taiafja prfist thnc tai bssi`knic ofgjs wabt tai spfrfts hd tai cibc abc bcvfsic bgc

th b pbssbji fg tai [inbefhg hd Siftfpbe wairi ft fs sbfc tabt ùsarhh`s wiri

ibtig th sii tai cibc bs jahstny sabcis (]han 2666<2:6,262). Fg bccftfhg th

crfgofgj th ixeiss ai stbtis tabt tai ehurts wiri bnsh usic th rishnvi cfsputis

bgc brrbgji bnnfbgeis bgc ft wbs ugcir taisi efreu`stbgeis tabt tai ùrbns bt

@ftnb wfta taifr taiìs hd dbetfhgbnfs` bs winn bs ùntfgbtfhgbn ciefsfhg-`bofgj

wiri ribc bgc pirdhrìc (]han 2666<26;). Fg ehgenusfhg ai brjuis tabt @ftnb wbs

ght bnnfic th bgy hd tai tarii dbetfhgs hd wafea tai ehs`hjhgfis wiri cipfetic kut

wbs b sberic spbei wairi bnn wiri iqubns. Safs fs taig ridnietic fg tai dbet tabtivig thcby \bphtie, @fxtie bgc Eabtfgh spibofgj pfnjrf`s ehì th @ftnb bs taisi

bri tai fgairfthrs hd tai tarii ehs`hjhgfis cipfetic.

Sai ribshg tabt ]han's ayphtaisfs wbs ght fgenucic fg tai bgbnysfs bkhvi, ivig

tahuja ft prhvfcis bg fgtiristfgj bntirgbtfvi drh` bg bgjni ght tboig fgth beehugt

tairi, fs ght hgny cui th tai dbet tabt ft fs kbsic hgny hg b pbrtfbn stucy hd aibvfny

cb`bjic ùrbns kut bnsh tabt ft fs b pbteawhro hd wibo bgc sujjistfvi

ehggietfhgs kitwiig pfieis hd fgdhr`btfhg hd wafea tai shureis bri hdtig ght

jfvig hr ch ght eaieo hut. Uhì hd taisi wi abvi bnribcy siig suea bs Kurjhb

ericftfgj iftair tai prfist af`sind hr tai fchn wfta tai bcvfsi tabt wbs jfvig ghttai cibc, tai ùsarhh`s fg Sitfepbe jfvfgj vfsfhgs hd ahrrfkni dfjuris bgc ght hd

tai cibc bgc tai gbì hd @ftnb's di`bni fchn kifgj Nbcy 5 (hr 9) dnhwir bgc ght 2




Dfjuri :< Nhrc 3 Zfgc vfsftfgj Nhrc : Dnhwir bt tai Afnn hd tai Suroiy fg Ehcix Khcniy p. 52 T

(Lbgsig ;==9< 14-1:).

Jrbss. Sai fcigtfdfebtfhg hd tai cifty sfttfgj fg drhgt hd tai Afnn hd tai Suroiy wfta

Kizinbh fs ght hgny wibo kiebusi hd tafs nbst irrhr hr afs ugbrjuìgtic swftea

kitwiig : Dnhwir bgc 25 Dnhwir kut bnsh kiebusi tai hgny jfvig fehghjrbpafebn

nfgo kitwiig Kizinbh bgc af` fs tai cby sfjg dnhwir wafea sii`s th ki tboig hut

hd tafg bfr. Iqubtfgj Kizinbh th tai :ta jhc fg tai Uhnb ci Tijb nfst bgc taig

iqubtfgj tafs nfst th tabt hd eigtrbn @ixfebg ebnigcbrs fs bnsh trhuknishì sfgeighgi hd tai prhkni`s fgairigt fg tai twh nfsts drh` Ubg @fjuin Uhnb bri ivig

ìgtfhgic. Sai fcigtfdfebtfhg hd tai prh`hgthry hutsfci hd @ftnb wfta tai Afnn hd

tai Suroiy bnsh turgs hut th ki quistfhgbkni bs tai ridirigei ai jfvis dhr tai

\bphtie gbì Juacz Kicohn trbgsnbtis ft bs Suroiy Uprfgj wafea hd ehursi fs

shìtafgj insi igtfriny (Krfjjs 2642<2=5). Fg bccftfhg giftair Uea`ficir, ghr

]brshgs, ghr Nisnfi ebnnic tafs brib tai `hst sberic hd bnn gbturbn dibturis. Sabt

pihpni whunc trbgsnbti [hhjiuff bs 'bt tai gbgeai trii' bnsh sii`s ugnfoiny sfgei

ft kibrs hgny pbssfgj risi`knbgei th ŷb-kãwf ìbgfgj 'ugcir tai gbgeai trii'

(Krfjjs 2642<2=3) hr th ybjkãn auff , kifgj tai Kyrshgf`b erbssfdhnfb hr gbgeaitrii (Utukknidfinc & Utukknidfinc 2662<;1=).

Kut, jfvig tabt tai Ehcix Khcniy fgciic ehgtbfgs b seigi (Dfj.:) fg wafea „hg

cby : Dnhwir, Nhrc 3 Zfgc wigt th pby afs rispiets th Nhrc : Dnhwir b cifdfic

bgeisthr, bgc bt tai sbì tfì b shnbr cifty, fg @hugtbfg hd tai Suroiy‐ (Lbgsig

;==9<14-1:) bgc Uinir bnsh fcigtfdfis tai jhcs kidhri tai twh afnns bs sug jhcs

(Uinir 26=3<52:) tairi ehunc stfnn ki b ehggietfhg kitwiig tafs gbrrbtfvi bgc tai

ehgsuntbtfhg hd b cifdfic bgeisthr ky Nhrc 3 Zfgc. Ahwivir suea b ehggietfhg

whunc gieissftbti bg bebci`febnny shugc risibrea hd fts hwg fg wafea tai dunn

seigi fs stucfic, Uinir's ehgenusfhgs bkhut Ruitzbnehbtn's dnfjat drh` Shnnbg

sahunc ki tboig fgth beehugt bgc b tahrhuja bgc dunn rivfiw hd bnn rinivbgt

fehghjrbpafebn `btirfbn fs `bci. Uuea bg fgvistfjbtfhg nfis hutsfci tai nf`fts hd

tafs taisfs tahuja.




5.; Ibrny Ixpnhrirs bgc Itaghjrbpairs

5.;.2 Sai ixpnhrirs

Bdtir abvfgj cfseussic sivirbn ibrny ehnhgfbn shureis ft fs fgtiristfgj th jh kbeo

th tai quhti hd Jufnnir`h Cupbfx wfta wafea tafs taisfs stbrtic, bs wi ebg ghw

riehjgfzi tai Earfstfbg ribshgfgj kiafgc afs trbgsnbtfhg hd @fquftnb bs ainn hr

pnbei hd sbcgiss. Ft fs bnsh fgtiristfgj th sii ahw Cupbfx, nfoi Kurjhb 29= yibrs

kidhri af` ehggiets tai ìbgfgj hd tafs gbì th @ftnb's f`phsfgj surrhugcfgj

nbgcsebpi bs winn bs fts dugetfhg bs b kurfbn pnbei (Cupbfx 2646<2;2). Nbtir ai

bccs tabt kbsic hg tai qubnfty hd tai suktirrbgibg breaftieturi tairi ùst abvi

kiig bs ùea nhvi dhr tai cieibsic bs tairi wbs dhr taifr jhc, wah` ai chis ght

gbì (Cupbfx 2646<25;). Bgc rijbrcfgj @ftnb's `hguìgts ai sbys tabt @ftnb's

nhebtfhg fs kittir suftic dhr taisi cibc siiofgj taifr itirgbn rist, bjbfg b ridirigei

th Kurjhb, tabg dhr rhybn pbnbeis (Cupbfx 2646<256).

@uea `hri crb`btfe bri tai stbtiìgts ky ixpnhrir bgc afsthrfbg B.D.Kbgcinfir wah fg 211= wrftis fg b nittir rijbrcfgj afs vfsfts th @ftnb bkhut b

tirrfkni lhurgiy fgth tai fgdirgh, tai rufgs hd Nyõ-Kbb, tai jbtis hd itirgfty (fg

Utieo 2642<;93). Bgc dfdtiig yibrs nbtir tai db`hus breabihnhjfst Zfnnfb` Ahnìs

bnsh ehggietic tai @ftniòh nbgcsebpi th fts breaftieturi, stbtfgj tabt tai ghvin

dibturis fg tai nbttir wiri cui th fshnbtfhg hd tafs pihpni bgc taifr pieunfbr

igvfrhgìgt (Ahnìs 2169<;;6).

Fg afs khho tftnic 'Nyhkbb õ @fetnbg', Gfehnbs Niõg, b @ixfebg breabihnhjfst fs

tai dfrst th ribnny jh fg cipta ehgeirgfgj tai kbeojrhugc hd @ftnb's gbìs.

Srbgsnbtfgj @fetnbg sf`pny bs pnbei dhr ehrpsis hr eiìtiry, ai fs tai dfrst thtrbgsnbti tai \bphtie Nfhkâ bs 'pnbei hd th`ks' fg bccftfhg th Kurjhb's 'eigtri hd

rist'. Ai ehgsfcirs tai ribn gbì th ki Vhhpbb < ahusi hd kurfbn, kut bntahuja tafs

sii`s fgtiristfgj jfvig tabt wi ibrnfir sbw b 'Ahusi hd Kizinbh' hr 'Ahusi hd tai

Ygcirwhrnc', Niõg chis ght jfvi b shurei dhr tafs pfiei hd fgdhr`btfhg (Niõg

26=2<33). B nbtir trbgsnbtfhg ky Beuòb, usfgj Eõrchvb's cfetfhgbry, sii`s th

ehgeur hg tai nbttir abnd hd tai trbgsnbtfhg, f.i. píb ìbgfgj jrbvi, kut trbgsnbtis

nfyû bs fgsfci hd shìtafgj (Beuòb 2613k<;4=). Safs \bphtie gbì bnsh ehìs

kbeo fg tai gbì tabt Niõg sbys tabt tai nhebns jfvi th tai pbnbeis< kbsun nyhkbb ,

wfta kbsun ìbgfgj wbnn (Niõg 26=2<3;). Sai gbì ai jfvis dhr tai ]bnbei,prhkbkny ridirfgj th tai Abnn hd Ehnu`gs, fs ispiefbnny fgtiristfgj bs ft fs

Vhhpieainfeai ]izinbh bntahuja bjbfg gh shurei fs jfvig. Fg tafs gbì wi ebg bt

nibst riehjgfzi tai gbì dhr ahusi< yhh bgc tai gbì dhr pyrb`fc< eai bgc hd

ehursi tai gbì hd @ftnb's prf`bry fchn wah fs bjbfg bsshefbtic wfta b pyrb`fc,

bnkift ehgeritiny fg @ftnb tafs tfì (Niõg 26=2<33). Dfgbnny tai sijìgt kbb bnsh

ehìs kbeo fg tai \bphtie gbì dhr Snbehnunb, kifgj Jueafkbb , wfta jufeaf

ìbgfgj thwg (Niõg 26=2<39). Hgei bjbfg, lust bs wfta tai \bphtie gbì hd

Siftfepbe ìbgfgj 'tai htair jrbvi', wi sii b thwg enhsi th @ftnb bsshefbtic wfta

kurfbn, `bofgj ft enibr tabt ft wbs ght lust @ftnb kut tai wahni brib tabt wbsbsshefbtic th kurfbn bgc tai ugcirwhrnc.




@bp ;< Sai rufgs hd @ftnb bs crbwg ky Z. A. Ahn`is (Ahn`is 2169).




Uinir, trbgsnbtfgj @fetnbg bs ']nbei hd tai Cibc' bgc Vhhpbb hr Nfhh-kbb bs

'Kurfbn ]nbei', brjuis tabt @ftnb wbs suea bg f`phrtbgt sbgetubry kiebusi hd tai

`bgy ebvis fg tai brib, wafea wiri usic dhr kurfbns, wiri tai igtrbgeis th tai

ribn` hd cibc bgc tai pnbeis wairi tai bgeisthrs hrfjfgbtic drh` (Uinir

26=3<;3:,;31). Ehgeirgfgj Kurjhb's trbgsnbtfhg hd Nfhkbb bs pnbei hd rist, Uinir

ixpnbfgs tabt ft fs kbsic hg tai dbet tabt tairi bri twh cfddirigt ìbgfgjs dhr tai

rhht -pbb , tai htair kifgj 'ristfgj' hr 'tbofgj b kribta' (Uinir 26=3<;3:).

Fg @brtàgiz Jrbefcb's ugpuknfsaic `bguserfpt, wafea wbs nhebtic fg bg

breafvi ky @ixfebg breabihnhjfst Ginny [hknis bgc drh` wafea wi bnribcy sbw b

nijigc ehgeirgfgj druft triis, ai usis shì fgtiristfgj gbìs dhr tai vbrfhus

`hguìgts fg @ftnb ([hknis, @bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:). Bntahuja ft abs th ki

ìgtfhgic hgei bjbfg tabt gh shureis bri jfvig bgc tabt taisi gbìs tairidhri

`fjat lust bs winn ki dbgey spieunbtfhg hg @brtàgiz Jrbefcb's pbrt. Dfrst hd bnn ai

ebnns tai ghrtairg kufncfgj hd tai Eaurea Jrhup (@bp ;) tai @hgbstiry hd ]ftbh

Eheflh, bdtir tai \bphtie jhc hd [bfg, tai kufncfgj fg tai `fccni hd tafs jrhup tai

@hgbstiry hd tai ]rfistissis hr whìg bgc tai shutairg hgi tai Si`pni hdEhzbbgb, bdtir tai \bphtie jhc hd bgf`bns bgc augtfgj ([hknis, @bjbcâg &

@hrifrb 261:<2:,24). Sai Brrhyh Jrhup ai ebnns tai @hgbstiry hd tai @ig, wafni

ebnnfgj tai shutairg kufncfgj hd tai Ehnu`gs Jrhup iftair ]bnbei hd Itirgfty hr

Si`pni hd tai Jhc hd tai Cibc bgc tai ghrtairg hgi Si`pni hd ]izinbh ([hknis,

@bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:<24,23,;=). Bntahuja taisi gbìs `fjat lust bs winn ki

dbgey spieunbtfhgs hg @brtàgiz Jrbefcb's pbrt, ft fs fgtiristfgj th sii tabt shì

oghwnicji stfnn ixfstic bt tafs phfgt ehgeirgfgj ]izinbh bgc tabt ft fs ehggietic

bjbfg th tai sbì kufncfgj fg @ftnb, bs winn bs kifgj bsshefbtic wfta b Jhc hd tai

Cibc.Beehrcfgj th eunturbn jihjrbpair Hsebr Uea`ficir, wah abc tboig fgtirist fg

tai sittniìgt stynis hd tai \bphties bgc tai @fxi, @ftnb wbs tai pnbei wairi tai

cibc wigt th dhr tai @ixfebgs kut wbs `fstboig ky tai Upbgfbrcs th ìbg ainn

(Uea`ficir 265=<55). Ai bnsh ciserfkis ahw tai \bphtie Nyh-k wbs bnribcy

bn`hst dhrjhttig ky tai @ftniòhs, tahuja ft wbs stfnn usic fg surrhugcfgj vfnnbjis

bgc ky tai @fxi (Uea`ficir 265=<55). Ixpnbfgfgj tabt tairi wbs nfttni bjrfeunturbn

fgtirist fg tai `hugtbfgs, ai fs enibrny b`bzic ky tai dbet tabt iviry eriio, afnn,

bgc sh hg wbs gbìc bgc oghwg. Hgi suea pnbei wbs b suktirrbgibg vbunt fg

tai `hugtbfgs ebnnic Tbsu-ny k , b gbì hd wafea wi sbw ibrnfir tabt ft wbs usicdhr tai pbnbeis.

5.;.; Sai ibrny itaghjrbpairs bkhut tai bdtirnfdi

Bkhvi wi sbw ahw @fetnbg wbs tai pnbei wairi beehrcfgj th tai Bztie tahsi

lhurgiyic th wah abc cfic b eh``hg cibta bgc tairi taiy sirvic tai nhrc bgc

nbcy hd tafs ugcirwhrnc. Bgc jhfgj ky tai sivirbn ibrny ehnhgfbn shureis wi abvi

siig, tai \bphties sii` th abvi abc b sf`fnbr ehgeiptfhg hd tai bdtirnfdi. Fg InsfiEniws ]brshgs itaghjrbpay, wrfttig fg tai 265='s, wi ehì berhss shìtafgj

viry sf`fnbr waig tai dbti hd tai cieibsic fs cfseussic. Kiebusi wafni fggheigt




nfttni eafncrig, hr bgjinfths 5:, bri sbfc th jh strbfjat th aibvig, tai bcunt cibc jh

insiwairi bgc dhr taifr lhurgiyfgj spfrfts prbyirs ùst ki sbfc curfgj tai ghvigb

hr gfgi cby rftubn pirfhc bdtir kurfbn (]brshgs 2654<231,29=). Hgi `bg ixpnbfgic

th ]brshgs tabt waig gh `bss hr risphgshs 51 bri sbfc „ pbrb cisebgsbr nb bn`b b

nb jnhrfb 56 ‐tai shun `fjat kiehì nhst fg ainn‐ (]brshgs 2654< 29;). Sai `bg

ahwivir, nfoi bnn @ftniòhs, cfc ght kinfid fg aibvig hr ainn beehrcfgj th ]brshgs.

Kiebusi tahuja aibvig bgc ainn bri db`fnfbr tir`s, taiy bri ght kinfivic fg hr

rinbtic th nfdi bdtir cibta. Fgstibc bdtirnfdi fs b ehgtfgubtfhg hd tafs nfdi wfta b nfttni

prinf`fgbry ipfshci wairi tai cibc erhss b kfj rfvir ebnnic [àh Lhrcbgj 3=, ebrrfic

ky b knbeo chj kiebusi tai wafti chj fs hgny dhr wafti pihpni bs ai wfnn ght shfn

afs ehbt. Ft fs dhr tafs ribshg tabt knbeo chjs sahunc ght ki kibtig hr ridusic dhhc

bs tafs wfnn ìbg tabt yhu wfnn ki ridusic pbssbji (]brshgs 2654<29;). Bdtir

erhssfgj tai rfvir tai cibc brrfvi bt tai gixt whrnc wafea fs b nbrji gbìniss

puiknh kigibta tai ibrta wairi hgi nfvis hg lust bs fg tafs nfdi bgc wfta tai sbì

khcy (]brshgs 2654<295). Sabt ainn cfc ght tboi ebg bnsh ki siig fg sthrfis wairi

tai civfn, bs b snfeony crissic pirshg, krfkis pihpni th ehì bgc sirvi fg afsahusi wafea fs b ebvi ibst hd thwg. ]brshgs phfgts hut tabt ft fs hkvfhus tabt

taisi bri tai ehgsiquigei hd tai ibrny supirgbturbns kifgj ebnnic civfns ky tai

drfbrs (]brshgs 2654<;=6-;2=). Sabt tafs civfn `fjat ki enhsiny bsshefbtic wfta b

nhrc hd tai ugcirwhrnc fs bppbrigt drh` tai dbet tabt pihpni bri tboig th sirvi fg

afs ahusi, lust bs wfta tai cibc sirvfgj tai nhrc bgc nbcy hd tai ugcirwhrnc, bgc

tabt tafs ahusi fs fg b ebvi, wafea bri hdtig igtrbgeis th tai ugcirwhrnc. Sai

hgny pnbei fg thwg wairi ]brshgs dhugc f`bjis hd trbcftfhgbn civfns wfta tbfns bgc

ahrgs wbs bkhvi tai lbfn, sai whgciric ahwivir wabt whunc ki tai usi hd

wbrgfgj wrhgjchirs wfta tai civfn waig taiy chg't kinfid fg ainn, kiebusi wabt fstai civfn wftahut ainn (]brshgs 2654<;2=)8 ]brshg ehgenucis tabt aibvig bgc ainn

cfc ght tboi bs taiy enbsaic wfta tai fcib hd jhfgj chwg th b puiknh fg tai ibrta.

Bgc taus tai prbyirs bri ght betubnny th tai cibc fg purjbthry kut th tai cibc dhr

wabt hgi wbgts bgc tai cibc kigidft drh` tafs hgny curfgj taifr fgftfbn lhurgiy

(]brshgs 2654<95=-952). Fg htair whrcs, Jhc, tai sbfgts, tai shuns bgc tai civfn

bri bsshefbtic wfta tafs nfdi bgc wfta prbetfebn kigidfts bgc jhhcs (]brshgs

2654<;22).

Swigty yibrs nbtir, waig Nisnfi wbs chfgj afs risibrea, tafgjs wirig't viry

cfddirigt. Ainn wbs trbgsnbtic fg \bphtie bs jbkfan wafea pihpni ciserfkic bs tairibn` hd tai cibc ehixfstfgj wfta tafs hgi. Airi tai pihpni nfvic wah abc `bci b

jhhc trbgsftfhg bgc abc cfic hd b ghr`bn cibc bgc ght hd b `bnb ùirti 32 suea bs

ùrcir hr b dbtbn beefcigt (Nisnfi 264=<36). Ufg, wafea wbs siig bs b kurcig bgc

risuntic fg b aibvy ehrpsi, wbs bnsh ght siig bs tai cieibsic's hwg dbunt bs ft

risuntic iftair drh` `bnb ùirti hr drh` db`fny ì`kirs gijnietfgj tai prhpir

rftubns th nfjatig tai khcy (Nisnfi 264=<9=). Ft fs dhr tafs ribshg tabt b shun stbys

5:Bgjinfths< nfttni bgjins

51[isphgsh< b spiefbn prbyir th tai cibc56]brb cisebgsbr nb bn`b b nb jnhrfb< th ibsi tai shuns th jnhry.3=[àh Lhrcbgj< Sai rfvir Lhrcbg.32@bnb ùirti< kbc cibta.




shì tfì fg tai ahusi th eaieo fd fts ofgsìg bri ght jrucjfgj tai ixpigsis.

Kut wafni tai fgabkftbgts hd tai ahusi ebg sigsi fts prisigei, ft fs bt tai sbì

tfì bnsh trbvinnfgj (Nisnfi 264=<95). Safs fs prhkbkny bnsh way pihpni ch ght prby

dhr b `hrbn nfdi kut dhr whrncny kigidfts sfgei pihpni sahunc dhrjfvi tai`sinvis dhr

siiofgj pnibsuri fg tafs whrnc hd pbfg (Nisnfi 264=<9=).

Fg b shìwabt `hri Earfstfbg virsfhg fg Lunfh ci nb Duigti's itaghjrbpay hd

tai `hugtbfg vfnnbji hd Vbnbnbj, b nfttni th tai ghrta hd @ftnb (@bp 2) ainn bgc

purjbthry bri fgsfci tai ibrta wairi ft's aht bgc ci`hgs pugfsa. Safs pnbei

ahwivir ebg shhg ki nidt waig tai prhpir prbyirs bri sbfc. Nf`kh hg tai htair

abgc fs shìwairi fg tai soy wairi nfttni shuns, bppbrigtny tahsi hd nfttni

eafncrig, dnhbt wftahut wbgtfgj th nibvi (Nisnfi 26::<;:9). Beehrcfgj th ci nb

Duigti tai prbyirs curfgj tai ghvigb bri th eabsi bwby tai cibc drh` tai ahusi

th tai pnbei hd rist. Drh` tafs pnbei hd rist tai shuns riturg ibea yibr wfta Shchs

Ubgths 3; (Duigti 26::<;=:).

5.;.5 Jhfgj th tai Shwg hd tai Uhuns

Fg tai quhti wi sbw fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg ]brshgs ixpnbfgic ahw tai shuns hd bnn

\bphties whunc ehì th @ftnb bdtir cibta. Bgc dhr tafs ribshg tai pihpni drh` tai

`hugtbfg thwgs ebnnic ft in `ftbc cin ùgch , hr `fccni hd tai whrnc (]brshgs

2654<2). Bgc pfnjrf`s drh` taisi thwg ebì th tai ugcirjrhugc eab`kirs hd

@ftnb kiebusi Nyhk' is in nujbr ci cisebgsbs chgci si riugig thcbs nbs âgf`bs 35

(]brshgs 2654<;1:,;=:). B pbfr hd suea pfnjrf`s ebì th tai ahusi hd Infjfh, b

jhhc drfigc hd ]brshgs, hgi bdtirghhg bsofgj dhr phsbcb 33. Sai wh`bg ixpnbfgictabt sai abc abc crib`s hd igi`fis ofnnfgj air, sh taiy ebì ispiefbnny th @ftnb

wairi tai shuns jh th th dfgc b jhc`htair hd tai ebgcni39 dhr tai eafnc sh ft whunc

ght jit sfeo. Uai bnsh ogiw hd tai sthrfis hd tai knbeo chj bgc hd tai hwn wafea

wiri sfjgs hd cibta bs winn. (]brshgs 2654<5:9).

Ciserfkfgj tai vbrfhus hìgs tabt ixfst fg @ftnb, ]brshgs bnsh tinns bkhut tafs

hwn wafea fs b sfjg hd cibta waig aibrc bt `fcgfjat hr waig hgi fs cyfgj. Uthrfis

ixfst hd hwns ebnnfgj hut shìhgi's gbì wah taig cfis wftafg cbys hr `hgtas.

Sai kbrg hwn fs b kfrc hd cibc bs winn, bs fts ebnn shugcs nfoi tai euttfgj hd tai

cibc sarhuc (]brshgs 2654<521). Fg bccftfhg khta hwn bgc kbrg hwn bri ebnnicìssigjirs hd Jhc, lust nfoi tai gfjat tfì kfrc, xfeheaîgb pizáiníh, fg Lubg ci

Eõrchvb's cfetfhgbry! Sabt tai hwn fs bnsh strhgjny ehggietic th tai ugcirjrhugc

puiknh hd tai cibc ebg ki siig fg twh sthrfis thnc ky Infjfh. Fg tai dfrst b augtir fs

hut hg b ehnc cby waig ai igehugtirs b kbrg hwn sfttfgj fg b trii. Sai augtir

3; Shchs Ubgths< Bnn Ubfgts. Fg @ixfeh fgtijrbtic wfta Bnn Uhuns fgth nhs Cfbs ci nhs @uirths<tai Cbys hd tai Cibc.

35Nyhk' is in nujbr ci cisebgsbs chgci si riugig thcbs nbs âgf`bs< Nyhk' fs tai pnbei hdristfgj wairi bnn tai shuns jbtair.

33]hsbcb< nftirbnny ahspftbnfty ft ehgeirgs b riquist th sniip bt shìhgi's ahusi, wafni hgpfnjrf`bji hr b trbcfgj trfp.39Jhc`htair hd tai ebgcni< b nbcy wah wfnn kurg ebgcnis dhr tai winnkifgj bgc aibnta hd b

eafnc.




ebpturis tai kbrg hwn bgc punns hut bnn afs dibtairs bgc jhis ahì. Bt gfjat wafni

fg kic ai fs bwhoig ky tai bssfstigts hd tai prisfcigti 34 bgc tboig th sii af`.

Kut waig ai brrfvis bt tai prisfcigti ai siis tabt ft fs ght tai hgi hd afs hwg

puiknh ivig tahuja tai `bg eh`pnbfgs bkhut abvfgj kiig chgi wrhgj ky af`.

Bgc bntahuja tai augtir cidigcs af`sind stbtfgj tabt ai abc kiig fg tai dfincs

tai wahni cby ai dfgbnny abs th pbrchg af`sind waig tai prisfcigti krfgjs fg afs

`byhr 3:< b kbrg hwn wibrfgj gh enhtais! Ai jits tai eahfei th iftair ripnbei tai

kbrg hwn's enhtais, jh fgth tai hvig hr dfjat tai kunn. Eahhsfgj th dfjat tai kunn,

tai `bg wbois up fg afs kic bgc ixpnbfgs afs wfdi bnn tabt ai abc siig fg tai

htair whrnc. Zftafg tarii cbys ai cfis (]brshgs 2654<542-54;). Fg tai htair sthry

b `bg drh` @ftnb riturgs ahì drh` b trfp th Siaubgtipie th dfgc afs wfdi cibc.

Dfrst tai `bg stbrts th ery, taig ai stbrts th crfgo. Hgi gfjat, wafni crugo, ai

ìits bg hwn wah` ai taribtigs th ofnn. Zaig tai hwn bsos af` way ai wbgts th

ofnn af`, tai `bg ixpnbfgs tabt ai fs wibry hd nfdi bgc wbgts th tbno th afs wfdi.

Hwn taig prh`fsis tai `bg th tboi af` th tai thwg hd tai shuns bs nhgj bs ai

oiips qufit. Sai `bg taig pireifvis tabt ai fs fg b strbgji thwg wfta b waftieaurea wiri taiy wiri rfgjfgj tai kinn dhr `bss. Hg hwn's fgstruetfhg tai `bg

stfeos twh giicnis fg afs wfdi's sabwn hg air wby th eaurea sh sai whunc riturg

bdtirwbrcs. Sahuja sai riturgs bdtir `bss sai fs wfta bghtair `bg bgc bsos air

auskbgc way ai abc ehì bs ft wbs ght yit afs tfì. Ai ixpnbfgs tabt ai wbgtic

th sii air kiebusi ai nhvic air viry ùea bgc kiebusi ai wbgtic th oghw wairi

sai abc afc tai `hgiy! Sai wh`bg ixpnbfgs tabt tai `hgiy fs kurfic fg tai

ofteaig bgc sai nibvis wfta tai htair `bg. Sai `bg taig jits viry bgjry bgc

sits dfri th tai ahusi taiy igtir. [iturgfgj th tai hwn, tai kfrc jits bgjry bt af`

kiebusi ai abc sit dfri th afs hwg ahusi. Sahuja bt dfrst tai `bg chis ghtkinfivi ft, ai siis afs ahusi fg dnbìs waig taiy jh kbeo. Drh` taisi sthrfis

pihpni oghw tabt tai shuns nfvi fg tai sbì ahusi bs fg nfdi (]brshgs 2654<;4;-

;45).

Sabt tafs thwg hd tai shuns fs betubnny nhebtic fg hr ugcir @ftnb fs ght hgny

bppbrigt drh` tai whro hd ]brshgs kut fs bnsh ivfcigt drh` bg igtry fg tai

jrb``btfebn whro hd Infghr Krfjjs wairi @ftnb fs ebnnic yicŷ bà` 31 hr thwg hd tai

shuns (Krfjjs 2642<2=5). Durtair`hri ridirigei th tafs fs bnsh dhugc fg tai whro

hd Lunfh ci nb Duigti. Ai ixpnbfgs ahw pihpni stfnn kinfivic tabt tai trfp th tai

aibvig, nf`kh hr pnbei hd rist wbs b nhgj hgi bgc tabt b knbeo chj jufcis taishuns hvir tai rfvir bgc sirvis bs trbgsphrtbtfhg (Duigti 26::<;=5). Hg tai hgi

abgc tafs aibvig fs sbfc th ki sftubtic fg tai soy, wairi jhc, tai sbfgts bgc tai

shuns iglhy taifr itirgbn rist bgc tai whrofgj hg ibrta fs sueeiicic ky ristfgj fg

aibvig bgc shuns abvi ivirytafgj giicic bgc abvi tai sbì sabpi bs fg nfdi

(Duigti 26::<;:3). Kut hg tai htair, fg b ehgtrbcfetfhg hd wafea ai eh`pnbfgs

tabt tai gbtfvis chg't ghtfei ft, tai shuns bnsh jh th b pnbei hd rist wafea fs

34]risfcigti< thwg `byhr inietic ky tai thwgspihpni iviry ; yibrs drh` b`hgj taifr hwgrbgos3:@byhr< sigfhr, supirfhr.31Vie-< ebkbeirb hr rijfhgbn ebpftbn? bf`< shun.




sftubtic fgsfci tai ibrta bgc wafea hgi igtirs tarhuja tai suktirrbgihs 36 hd

@ftnb gbìc yh nukæ , nujbr ci nb tfirrb ci @ftnb 9= (Duigti 26::<;:3). Safs

ugcirjrhugc pnbei fs jubrcic ky ugb jigti gh `btirfbn 92 tabt yhu abvi th bso dhr

pir`fssfhg. Fgsfci nfvi tai shuns stfnn ugftic wfta taifr soinithgs bgc enhtais bgc

hg Giw Vibr's Ivi taiy ahnc b `broit airi bgc ainp fg b `bss. Sairidhri hg tafs

cby tai Vbnbntiehs, fg kfj pfnjrf`bjis, jh th @ftnb. Bnsh drh` tafs pnbei tai shuns

nibvi bgc riturg wfta Shchs Ubgths, bntahuja taiy ch tafs drh` wairi tairi

khgis bri kurfic bs winn (Duigti 26::<;:9). Sahsi tabt cfi curfgj Shchs Ubgths

abvi th whro bs sirvbgts dhr tai shuns fg @ftnb (Duigti 26::<;6;). Sai nbttir

bjbfg shugcs sf`fnbr th tai cibc abvfgj th sirvi tai nhrc bgc nbcy hd tai

ugcirwhrnc bs wi sbw bkhvi.

Sahuja ]brshgs stfnn ghtis ahw dhr ixb`pni tai giw thwg hddfefbns abc th

prh`fsi th rispiet tai cibc hg taifr fgftfbtfhg, wi abvi siig tabt Nisnfi

ehgsfciric taisi sthrfis bkhut @ftnb bs thwg hd tai shuns bs ciebyic nijigcs tabt

abc nhst crb`b th tai @ftniòhs tai`sinvis (]brshgs 2654<2:;? Nisnfi 264=<;;). Fg

jigirbn suea sthrfis sii` th abvi survfvic ahwivir bs Tbg cir Nhh wrftis ahwsivirbn itaghjrbpafis stfnn sahw ahw tai cibc jh th spiefdfe pnbeis tabt bri ght

dbr drh` tafs whrnc kut viry rijfhgbn suea bs ebvis, rfvirs bgc enhucs. Saisi cibc

bnsh shìtfìs stfnn sirvi supirgbturbns tairi. ]fnjrf`bjis bnsh stfnn tboi pnbei,

dhr ixb`pni b`hgj tai Snbpbgiehs, tai @bzbtiehs bgc tai \bphtiehs th taisi

pnbeis hd tai cibc, fgenucfgj sthrfis bkhut tai rfvir bgc tai chj (Nhh 261:<211-

216).

Beehrcfgj th ]brshgs pfnjrf`bjis suea bs taisi bri b`hgj tai `hst pirshgbn

bgc vftbn ixprissfhg hd tafs rinfjfhus systi` (]brshgs 2654<5=5). Bgc tai nhgj

lhurgiys taisi kfrcs, bs pfnjrf`s bri ebnnic, `boi hg dhht bnhgj eigtury-hnc trbfnsth 'jh th sii b sbfgt' bri viry trbcftfhgbn beehrcfgj th air (]brshgs

2654<49,56=,9;:). Sai `hst f`phrtbgt tfì hd pfnjrf`bji th @ftnb bri wfta Giw

Vibr bs Ci nb Duigti phfgtic hut, bgc wfta tai dibst cby hd @ftnb's pbtrhg Ubg

]bknh hg tai dfdtiigta hd Lbgubry. Hg tafs cby jrhups hd pfnjrf` trbcirs drh`

`hugtbfgs eb`p brhugc, dfrst vfsftfgj tai eaurea, jfvfgj ebgcnis bgc `bofgj

rftubn rhugcs bgc bdtirwbrcs `bss fs sbfc bgc risphgshs bri `bci dhr tai shuns.

Hg tai Suiscby b `bss fs pbfc dhr ky tai pfnjrf`s (]brshgs 2654<;35-;34).

]brshgs bnsh phfgts hut tabt sbfgtny riputbtfhgs ehì bgc jh bgc tabt dhr

ixb`pni Ubg ]bknh fs ehgsfciric `hri `frbeunhus ky pfnjrf`s tabg ky @ftniòhs wah tboi af` dhr jrbgtic (]brshgs 2654<;=9-;=4). Nisnfi bccs th tafs tabt

pfnjrf`bjis bri bnsh heebsfhgs dhr trbci bgc igtirtbfgìgt bgc tabt dbsafhgs

eabgji ehgsfcirfgj tai phpunbr nhebtfhgs (Nisnfi 264=<91).

36Uuktirrbgihs< suktirrbgibg eab`kirs.9=Nujbr ci nb tfirrb ci @ftnb, pnbei hd tai ibrta hd @ftnb.92Ygb jigti ght `btirfbn< bg f``btirfbn pihpni.




5.;.3 Sai gbturi hd shuns

Ghw tabt ft abs kiig istbknfsaic tabt @ftnb wbs siig th ki tai pnbei wairi tai

shuns wigt th bdtir cibta bgc wbs enhsiny ehggietic th tai thwg hd tai shuns

wairi taiy risfci, tairi bri shì quistfhgs ehgeirgfgj taisi shuns tabt giic th

ki bccrissic. @hst f`phrtbgt hd bnn fs tai quistfhg wabt tai rinbtfhg fs kitwiig

taisi shuns bgc tai vbrfhus ehgeipts wi cfseussic fg tai dfrst pbrt hd tafs

eabptir. Kut htair quistfhgs nfoi wabt taisi shuns nhho nfoi bgc wabt taiy ch bri

bnsh rinivbgt.

]brshgs airsind ehgsfciric @ftnb bs tai pnbei hd tai cibc th prhkbkny ki b

survfvbn hd tai bgefigt eunt dhr tai cibc (]brshgs 2654<9=6). Safs bgefigt eunt dhr

tai cibc eafids hr prfists wbs taig strhgjny rinbtic th tai prisigt cby eunt dhr tai

shuns (]brshgs 2654<9;;). Bgc sai bccs tabt tairi ehunc ki gh chukt tabt

hddirfgj th tai cibc bgc diicfgj tai` wbs b priehgquist trbcftfhg (]brshgs

2654<9;3). Fg bccftfhg th hddirfgj th tai cibc sai bnsh rinbtis sivirbn sthrfis hd

pihpni tbnofgj th tai cibc (]brshgs 2654<;=:). Saisi ahwivir wiri spiefdfefgcfvfcubns suea bs pbrtgirs hr pbrigts wafni tai ehgeipt hd tai shuns fgenucic bnn

tai cibc. Bnsh tahsi hd wah` tai gbìs abc kiig dhrjhttig bgc beehrcfgj th

]brshg's jhhc drfigc Infjfh gbìs hd bgeisthrs wiri ght winn riì`kiric. Gbìs

hd pbrigts wiri riì`kiric, kut ght hd jrbgcpbrigts wah cfic nhgjir bjh. Afs

`htair dhr ixb`pni cfc ght ivig oghw air cieibsic jrbgcpbrigt's gbìs

(]brshgs 2654<63). Bgc risphgshs dhr ixb`pni wiri ght lust sbfc dhr cieibsic

db`fny ì`kirs iftair kut bnsh dhr tai cibc bt nbrji suea bs hg `hgcby waig

pihpni kurgic ebgcnis dhr tai shuns fg drhgt hd twh s`bnn f`bjis tabt riprisigtic

tai` (]brshgs 2654<;=1). Ft `fjat ki tabt hgi hd taisi f`bjis ridirric th nbsâgf`bs shnbs 9;, th wah` yhu prby dhr bnn gieissftfis hd nfdi, wafni tai htair ridirs

th nbs âgf`bs eh`ügis 95, th wah` yhu prby dhr nhgj nfdi, nfoi fg tai cfstfgetfhg

`bci ky tai eurbgcirb 93 Bjustfgb (]brshgs 2654<;=1). Sai âgf`bs shnbs wiri b

eh``hg ehgeipt. Yrkbgh, bghtair @ftniòh eurbgcirh, dhr ixb`pni cidfgic tai`

bs tai shuns hd tahsi tabt cfi bwby drh` tai puiknh bgc [hsb Airgbgciz, b

eurigcirb drh` Ubg Kbntbzbr, pnbeic b nbrji ebgcni dhr taisi shnftbry shuns kiafgc

tai chhr hd tai eaurea bt Giw Vibr. Ahwivir nbs âgf`bs eh`ügis siiìc

ugoghwg th bgykhcy kut Bjustfgb (]brshgs 2654<;=1). Bntirgbtfviny ]brshgs

whgciric waitair tai tir` nbs âgf`bs eh`ügis `fjat abvi shìtafgj th cui wfta tai jrhugc fg drhgt hd tai `bfg bntbr tabt fs shìtfìs ridiric th bs tai

eh`ùgbn jrbvi (]brshgs 2654<292). Fgtiristfgjny tai shuns hd wah` ci nb

Duigti sbfc tabt tahsi tabt cfic curfgj Bnn Uhuns abc th whro dhr wiri bnsh ebnnic

âgf`bs eh`ügis bgc hg tai dfrst hd Ghvi`kir, wfta Bnn Uhuns, risphgshs wiri sbfc

fg tai `fccni hd tai jrbviybrc bt Vbnbnbj dhr tai âgf`bs fgh`fgbcbs , wafea sii`s

th ki b rinbtic ehgeipt bs winn (Duigti 26::<;6;).

Ehgeirgfgj taifr sabpi ci nb Duigti ciserfkis tai shuns bs fg prfgefpni

fgvfsfkni spfrfts, tahuja shì abvi siig vbphrhus dhr`s rfsi hut hd tai khcy hd b

9;Âgf`bs Uhnbs< shnftbry shuns95Âgf`bs Ehùgis< eh``hg shuns93Eurbgcirb< b di`bni rftubn bgc airkbn aibnir




lust cieibsic pirshg. Chjs bgc htair bgf`bns ghtfei taisi shuns bgc `boi b

ghfsi (Duigti 26::<;41). Hg tai htair abgc waig tbnofgj bkhut tai cibc risfcfgj

fg tai ugcirjrhugc pnbei igtiric fg @ftnb ai sbfc tabt taiy wiri stfnn ugftic th

taifr soinithgs bgc taifr enhtais (Duigti 26::<;:9). @fjat ft ki tabt taiy bri

wftahut khcy fg tafs whrnc, wafni kifgj ehrphribn fg tai thwg hd tai shuns8

5.;.9 Bnn Uhuns

Hgi bspiet hd tai gbturi hd tai shuns abs bnribcy kiig ìgtfhgic sivirbn

tfìs, gbìny tabt taiy riturg drh` taifr puiknh hd tai shuns wfta tai Bnn Uhuns

distfvftfis. Bnsh ebnnic Nhs Càbs ci nhs @uirths 99 tai twh cbys hd Bnn Ubfgts bgc Bnn

Uhuns abvi kiig eh`kfgic fg @ixfeh fgth hgi nbrjir dibst cicfebtic eh`pnitiny th

tai shuns. Fg \bphtie tafs dibst fs ebnnic thajhn ìbgfgj 'cibc hnc hgis' (]brshgs

2654<;12). Sai distfvftfis stbrt bnribcy bt ghhg hg tai 52st hd Hethkir waig tai

chukni kinns rfgj nfoi bt b eafnc's dugirbn bgc tai bgjinfths riturg th taifr dhrìrahìs. Sai gixt cby, tai 2st hd Ghvi`kir, waig bt ghhg tai kinns rfgj ghr`bnny

taisi eafncrig nibvi bjbfg bgc tai bcunts riturg ahì, stbyfgj ugtfn ghhg hd tai

;gc hd Ghvi`kir (]brshgs 2654<;12). Hg tai ahusi bntbrs dhhc bgc crfgo,

dnhwirs, ebgcni, ehpbn, bgc htair hrgbìgts bri nbfc hut. Shys bgc swiits bri

prisigtic dhr tai eafncrig, bgc dhr bcunts wabt ivir ft wbs tabt taiy nfoic `hst fg

nfdi. Kribc rhnns bri bssfjgic th tai cieibsic db`fny ì`kirs ky gbì, wfta

nbrjir hgis dhr tai jrbgcpbrigts. [inbtfvis bgc eh`pbcris 94 hd tai cieibsic vfsft

bgc ehgtrfkuti b ebrfòh 9: th tai bntbr bgc taiy rieifvi dhhc fg riturg. Sairi bri gh

nfjats hg bt gfjat bgc fg tai ibrny `hrgfgj bgc bdtirghhg tai eiìtiry fs vfsfticbgc hddirfgjs bri `bci tairi bs winn (]brshgs 2654<;12). Ivirykhcy oghws tabt

tai shuns ehì dhr wabt fs sit hut dhr tai` bs sivirbn sthrfis bri thnc hd pihpni

wah abvi siig tai` (]brshgs 2654<;1;). Fg hgi suea sthry b @ftniòb siis air

dbtair bgc air `htair ogiinfgj bt tai bntbr bgc prbyfgj bgc ivigtubnny puttfgj bnn

tai hddirfgjs fgth b kbsoit bgc jhfgj bwby. Fg bghtair sthry drh` Ubg @fjuin

Bnvbrrbchs b jnbss hd wbtir wbs siig nivftbtfgj bt tai pnbei brrbgjic dhr tai

cieibsic dbtair. (]brshgs 2654<;1;). Dhr taisi distfvftfis bnn tai jnbss, pnbtis,

eups, khwns, bgc shìtfìs ivig tai enhtafgj sahunc ki giw bs htairwfsi tai

shuns whunc ki sbccigic bgc cfspnibsic. Safs `bois ft tai `hst ehstny eiri`hgyhd tai yibr (]brshgs 2654<;1;).

Nisnfi sf`fnbrny ciserfkis pihpni kuyfgj giw enhtais, phttiry bgc kbsoits

(Nisnfi 264=<99). Ai bnsh rinbtis sivirbn htair sthrfis tabt bri eftic bs prhhd hd tai

ixfstigei hd tai shuns bgc taifr yibrny riturg ahì (Nisnfi 264=< 94). Fg hgi suea

tbni b nbcy ebnnic Lubgb gijnietic air bntbr dhr Bnn Uhuns bs ghgi hd air db`fny

ì`kirs abc cfic fg @ftnb. Bgc ivig tahuja b whrrfic gifjakhur krhujat air

shì dhhc th put hg tai tbkni sai wbs th ixabustic drh` whro bgc sit ft bsfci.

Kut b `hìgt nbtir sai wigt fgth trbgei bs sai sbw tai shuns hd air pbrigts

99Càbs ci nhs @uirths< Cbys hd tai Cibc94Eh`pbcris< jhcpbrigts9:Ebrfòh< Nfttni prisigt.




igtir tai aut thjitair wfta tabt hd b @ftniòb drfigc hd air. Bdtir tai shuns abc nidt

cfsbpphfgtic sai whoi drh` air trbgei bgc erfic hut dhr tai`, kut taiy wiri

bnribcy jhgi. B diw `hgtas nbtir sai cfic (Nisnfi 264=<94). Fg bghtair sthry tai

shun hd b crugobrc fs siig ogheofgj hvir ivirytafgj hg tai bntbr waig ai ribnfzis

tairi fs gh nfquhr dhr af`. Bgc fg yit bghtair sthry b kribc fs ogheoic hd tai bntbr

ky b `bg wah abc prh`fsic th ch sh hg afs cibtakic. Fg bccftfhg tai sthry hd tai

`bg wah wbs tboig ky hwn th sii afs cieibsic wfdi bgc beefcigtbnny kurgic

chwg afs hwg ahusi hut hd libnhusy wbs bnsh stfnn thnc (Nisnfi 264=<94).

Ahwbrc Nifja, [isibrea Ehgsuntbgt bt tai Drfssinn @usiu` hd \bphtie Brt fg

@ftnb, ixphugcs hg tai tir` thjhn ìbgfgj 'hnc cibc' wafea fs usic fg ehgtrbst th

tai ghr`bn whrc dhr tai cibc< juat th fgcfebti tai shuns tabt riturg wfta Bnn Uhuns

(Nifja 264=<;). Kiebusi tahsi tabt cfic sfgei tai nbst Bnn Uhuns distfvftfis ri`bfg

fg tai 'Ahusi hd tai Cibc', th tboi ebri hd ft. Sai tir` fs bnsh usic waig shìhgi

cfis curfgj Shchs Ubgths waig pihpni sbfc tabt 'tai thjhn thho af`' wabtivir tai

betubn ebusi hd cibta `fjat abvi kiig (Nifja 264=<;).

Fg tai \bphtie gbìs tabt taisi twh cbys abvi fg Vbnbnbj (Duigti 26::<;6=),gbìny ŷb ngf oi kf' cbh' ìbgfgj 'cby hd tai dibst hd tai eafncrig' bgc ŷb ngf oi ki'

gi' junæ , 'tai cby hd tai dibst hd tai cibc' wi sii b enibr ehggietfhg th tai 'dibst hd

tai nfttni cibc' bgc 'dibst hd tai kfj cibc' ìgtfhgic fg tai [inbefhg hd Sihtftnbg.

Safs sii`s th sujjist tabt tairi fs bnsh b nhgj eunturbn ehgtfgufty kiafgc tafs

rftubn. Ahwivir bs bgtarhphnhjfst [hssbggb Nho abs phfgtic hut, tairi abs nfttni

tahrhuja risibrea kiig chgi fgth taisi `bttirs (Nho 2662). Fg bgy ebsi ft fs hg

taisi cbys tabt tai shuns nibvi @ftnb th dhnnhw tai rhbcs th taifr rinbtfvis wairivir

taisi `by nfvi (Duigti 26::<;16). Zaig taiy brrfvi tairi taiy ibt tai brh`bs hd

tai dhhc nbfc hut dhr tai` bgc nibvi bjbfg hg tai shuns hd jrbssahppirs (Duigti26::<;62). Curfgj tai distfvftfis fg Vbnbnbj shefbn kiabvfhur eabgjis wfta eafncrig

kifgj thnc th ki qufit sh ght th hddigc tai shuns, bgc tai bcunts betfgj jrbvi

(Duigti 26::<;62). Vbnbntiehs bnsh tinn tabt fg @ftnb tai hnc pihpni usic th sft hg

kbgos bt tai bntbrs wfta taifr br`s erhssic bgc squbttic lust nfoi tai bgtfjuhs 91

kurfic taifr cibc. Sai eafncrig wiri dhrkfccig th nhho hutsfci bgc nhho bt tai

dnyfgj fgsiets bs taisi wiri tai `bgfdistic shuns bgc taiy whunc dbnn hut hd tai bfr

(Duigti 26::<;62).

5.;.4 Sai bgefigts bgc htair ixtrbau`bg dhreis

Bpbrt drh` tai shuns ]brshgs bnsh tbnos hd sivirbn htair ixtrbau`bg dhreis

bkhut wah` sthrfis wiri stfnn thnc fg tai 265='s. Beehrcfgj th air ky tai 265='s

taisi hnc jhcs nfvic hgny fg suea dhnotbnis, hkseuriny afccig ugcir gfeogbìs.

Sai hgny ixeiptfhg th tafs wbs tai [bfg cifty Nfjatgfgj bs ght hgny sthrfis wiri

stfnn thnc cfrietny bkhut af` kut ugtfn shì tfì kidhri air dfincwhro rftubns

fgvhnvfgj af` wiri bnsh stfnn pirdhrìc. Fg tai `hst db`hus sthry Nfjatgfgj oiips

enhucs bgc abfn fg tarii lbrs tabt ai ebg nit nhhsi hg tai whrnc (]brshgs

91Bgtfjuhs< tai bgefigts.




2654<;22). Dnhhc hg tai htair abgc fs ebusic ky b wbtir sirpigt wfta twh ahrgs

dbnnfgj drh` soy. Bghtair ahrgic sirpigt nfvic fg tai Nboi hd Zafti Zbtir, wairi

sai wbs tai `bcri cin bjub 96 , kut sai wbs ofnnic bgc tai nboi wigt cry. Ygtfn

tabt tfì b dibst wbs ainc tairi iviry yibr wfta Giw Vibr's Ivi (]brshgs

2654<;;5). Fg Snbehnunb taiy sbfc tabt fg tai rfvir bt @ftnb tairi nfvic b wfgjic

sirpigt wafea ehgtrhnnic tai wbtir. Hgi yibr waig tairi wbs b jribt crhujat

pihpni ivig taribtigic th jh th @ftnb th ofnn ft sh tai wbtir whunc dnhw bjbfg

(]brshgs 2654<;;5). Htair gbturi rinbtic ixtrbau`bg dhreis bri whrsafppic niss

cfrietny bs bppbrigtny tairi bnsh fs shì taifstfe diinfgj dhr tai ibrta bs ebg ki

siig fg tai nfkbtfhgs tabt wfnn ki cfseussic fg `hri citbfn fg eabptir dfvi bgc

]brshgs bnsh aibrc drh` b pfnjrf` bgc shì hnc pihpni tabt taiy stfnn prbyic th

tai sug uphg wbofgj (]brshgs 2654<;29-;24).

Sai bgefigt pihpni tabt kufnt tai ti`pnis bri sbfc th abvi nfvic fg b pirfhc hd

cbrogiss kidhri tai dfrst sugrfsi. Zaig tai sug dfgbnny rhsi taiy wigt

ugcirjrhugc wairi taiy turgic th sthgi (]brshgs 2654<;24). Fg tafs wby tai

bgtfjuhs , fg \bphtie ebnnic rikigjunbn hr rikigtfi`, ìbgfgj pihpni hd tabt tfìkiebì tai fchns tabt bri stfnn dhugc brhugc @ftnb thcby (]brshgs 2654<;24).

@breus bgc Dnbggiry rinbti ahw fg Siaubgtipie fchns suea bs s`bnn phttiry

dfjurfgis fg kurfbn phsftfhgs bri ebnnic pigfjûnbzbb , tai hnc pihpni hd tai enhucs

wafea wbs bnsh taifr gbì dhr cifdfic bgeisthrs (@breus & Dnbggiry 2663<3=6). Fg

@ftnb àchnhs `by ki ebnnic b sbfgt hr jfvig b sbfgt's gbì wafni jhfgj tai htair

wby brhugc sbfgts bri siig bs @ftniòhs wah wiri turgic th sthgi (]brshgs

2654<;2:,9;2). Fchns ebg wafstni, ispiefbnny hg @hgcby, Zicgiscby hr Drfcby hr

rbttni th ki dhugc hr sh `hri wfnn ki dhugc. Hgi nbcy nfvfgj enhsi th tai rufgs thnc

]brshgs ahw air kic abc kiig sabofgj, bgc bdtir sai `hvic ft sai aibrc ghfsiseh`fgj drh` tai ehrgir bgc dhugc shì hnc khgis (]brshgs 2654<;2:) Safs sbì

nbcy abc bg àchnh hg air bntbr 'dhr sbdioiipfgj' bs tairi wbs qufti b trbci fg taisi

(]brshgs 2654<;21). ]brshgs' jhhc drfigc bgc enivir trbcir Infjfh ivig taribtigic

th riphrt b sinnir drh` Ubgth Ch`fgjh th tai Fgspiethr hd Breabihnhjy bdtir tai

`bg abc fgeribsic tai prfei, sbyfgj tabt tai fti` wbs `fnbjrhsh 4=. Sai hnc `bg

ogiw hd ehursi tabt Infjfh wbgtic th risinn ft wfta auji prhdft th thurfsts (]brshgs

2654<;21). Ft wbs hd ehursi fnnijbn th cfj fg tai rufgs, kut pihpni cfc ft sieritny bs

tairi wbs gh riwbrc waig dfgcs wiri riphrtic. ]brshgs airsind ivig khujat suea

b `hgfth 42 drh` Ubg Kbntbzbr tabt abc ric pbfgt hg jriig pbfgtic sthgi bgc wbsehviric fg yinnhw wbx. Uai stbtis tabt ft enibrny abc abc b nhgj nfdi khta bs àchnh

bgc bs sbgtfth 4;. Infjfh ahwivir sbfc tabt fchns wiri givir usic th bchri bg bntbr

bs taiy wiri `bnhs 45 (]brshgs 2654<;21).

Hgi hd tai `hst db`hus sthrfis thnc fg @ftnb bkhut tai bgefigt pihpni wah

ivigtubnny turgic fgth sthgi cibns wfta Uus Niy , hr Uberic hnc Zh`bg wah wbs

tai pbtrhgiss hd wibvfgj bgc beehrcfgj th ]brshgs `fjat abvi kiig tai hnc

96@bcri cin bjub< `htair hd tai wbtir

4=@fnbjrhsh< `frbeunhus42@hgfth< nftirbnny nfttni `hgoiy, tir` dhr fchns4;Ubgtfth< nfttni sbfgt. Ysic hdtig th cisfjgbti bg fchn tabt fs usic bs b sbfgt.45@bnhs< ivfn hr kbc.




pbtrhgiss hd @ftnb. Uai wbs `brrfic th Jhn Jfsë' , hr Hnc @bg Uthgi Enhuc, wah

nby hg afs kbeo bnn cby (]brshgs 2654<;;;-;;5). Fg tai sthry sai bchpts twh

hrpabgs, bs sai airsind wbs kbrrig, th krfgj dhhc th air auskbgc iviry cby.

[isigtfgj tai` tai eafncrig ofnn Jhn Jfsë' ky tbofgj hut afs aibrt bgc diicfgj ft th

Uus Niy . Uai pnbgs th igbet air rivigji ky suddhebtfgj tai` fg air swibt kbta,

ahwivir taiy isebpi bgc privigt air pursuft ky tarhwfgj air wibvfgj stfeos fg

air wby. Ivigtubnny taiy bri bnsh bttbeoic ky air krhtair fg tai sabpi hd b

sirpigt kut tai nfttni khy ofnns af` bgc tbois hut afs iyis. Eaibtfgj afs sfstir hut

hd tai krfjatir iyi ai fs turgic fgth tai sug ky Jhc wafni sai fs turgic fgth tai

`hhg (]brshgs 2654<;;;-;;5).

Zaig tai sug rhsi bgc tai bgefigts wigt ugcirjrhugc Uus Jfkir , wahsi

gbì ebg ght ki trbgsnbtic kut wah wbs tai pbtrhgiss hd ehhofgj, cfc ght. Uai

wbs tai ehho hd @hgtizu`b wah wbs tai nhrc hd tai `hguìgts, tahuja ai nfvic

wfta tai rist hd tai` fg tai dhrtriss wist hd @ftnb. Air ofteaig, air sprfgj, air

tafrc rbgea bgc sai airsind turgic th sthgi hg `hugt Jfrhgi wairi taiy ebg stfnn

ki siig thcby (]brshgs 2654<;;=). Uai wbs prbyic th hrfjfgbnny ky whhceahppirs,ky ìreabgts bgc dhr `hgiy bgc fg tai 265='s sai wbs sbfc th stfnn ribgf`bti hg

Zicgiscby bgc Drfcby th kbtai fg tai rfvir (]brshgs 2654<;;2). Air shg

Itnbowbtnb 43 wbs b cfvfgir wah ugcirsthhc tai stbrs bgc ai wbs tai hgi wah

wbrgic tai` bkhut tai eh`fgj sug. Ai wbs bnsh @hgtizu`b's `bstir ebrpigtir,

wafni Ubnh`hg wbs tai `bstir-`bshg wah cisfjgic tai `hsbfes bgc whroic wfta

sthgi knheos wah wiri stfnn nfjat bs ausos bgc ibsfny trbgsphrtbkni fg taisi tfìs

(]brshgs 2654<;;2,;16). Zaig tai sug rhsi @hgtizu`b af`sind cfcg't ri`bfg

stbtfhgbry kut `hvic th @ixfeh Efty drh` wairi, fg tai pirfhc tabt ]brshgs cfc

air dfincwhro, ai wbs stfnn sbfc th riturg iviry yibr bt Giw Vibr's Ivi th cbgei taiEhgqufstb 49 (]brshgs 2654<;;2). Hg tafs ivigfgj kisfcis chfgj afs cbgei,

@hgtizu`b bnsh jbvi wibnta th tahsi tabt abc tai nueo th sii b safgfgj eheo tabt

waig ebujat bgc nheoic up turgic th jhnc tarii cbys nbtir (]brshgs 2654<;16). Fg

htair virsfhgs b `bg ìits @hgtizu`b af`sind wah tinns af` th tboi hddirfgjs th

afs krhtair Ubg ]bknh bt tai eaurea, fg riturg ai jbfgs b sbeo wafea fs nbtir dunn

hd jhnc kut bnsh b sgboi wah fs tai spfrftubn hwgir hd tai jhnc. Sai `bg riturgs

th bnsh bso b ebt kut jbfgs b sgboi fgstibc. Ufgei ai wbs ght bnnhwic th tinn afs

wfdi sai ofnns tai sgboi hut hd dibr bgc taus @hgtizu`b tbois ivirytafgj kbeo

(]brshgs 2654<;6=-;65). Sabt @hgtizu`b wbs bnsh usic bs b jigirbn tftni dhr taibgefigts ebg ki siig fg b sthry wafea tinns ahw tai `hguìgts wiri kufnt ky tai

@hgtizu`bs, junbn hr àchnhs wah ivigtubnny wftacriw th tai nboi hd @ixfeh.

@hgtizu`b wbs bnsh usic bs b gbì dhr tai rufgbs igebgtbcbs 44 (]brshgs

2654<531,35=). ]brshgs ehgenucis tabt @hgtizu`b dfjuris bs b cifdfic prfist tabt

kisthws knissfgjs bs winn bs b eafidny nibcir nfvfgj fg b dhrt (]brshgs 2654<9=3).

Fg Vbnbnbj àchnhs bri ebnnic yçj jwnâsi , wafea beehrcfgj th ci nb Duigti ìbgs

'sthgi hd tai aibtaigs' tahuja 'sthgi hd tai bgefigts' fs prhkbkny b enhsir

43Itnbowbtnb< sii`s th ki b cijigirbtic dhr` hd Ruitzbnehbtn.49Ehgqufstb< nftirbnny ìbgfgj ehgquist tafs fs b dhno cbgei cipfetfgj tai crb`btfzi ivigtshd Ehrtiz bt @hgtizu`b's ehurt.

44[ufgbs igebgtbcbs< igeabgtic rufgs




trbgsnbtfhg. (Duigti 26::<;44). Saisi fchns taig bri iftair ehgsfciric th ki tai

bgefigts hr th ki hd tai bgefigts. Saiy bri ght bsshefbtic wfta b spiefdfe spfrft kut

bri iftair siig bs eurfhsb hr usic rftubnny fg b wby tabt wfnn ki cfseussic fg `hri

citbfn fg eabptir dfvi (Duigti 26::<;44). Ygtfn shì ciebcis kidhri ci nb Duigti's

risibrea spiefbn eiri`hgfis wiri chgi dhr taisi jwnâsi hg Giw Vibr's Ivi lust

nfoi taiy stfnn wiri chgi ky Vbnbntiehs dhr tai shuns fg @ftnb (Duigti

26::<5=4,;:9). Ci nb Duigti bnsh riehrcic b sthry rijbrcfgj bgefigt aibtaigs hd

jfjbgtfe stbturi wah wiri bnsh ebnnic ki'gi'jwnbsi bgc nfvic waig tairi wbs hgny

cbrogiss bgc ehnc (Duigti 26::<53:). Saisi pihpni whrsafppic fchns, triis,

sthgis bgc winns bgc kufnt ahusis hd kfj sthgi knheos fg tai ibrta. Zaig tai sug

ebì taiy afc fg taifr ahusis shì hd wafea ebg stfnn ki dhugc thcby ciip fg tai

ibrta, airi yhu ebg stfnn igehugtir tai` (Duigti 26::<53:). Zfta tai sug ebì

tai erhss bgc tai trui rinfjfhg bgc tai jfbgts afc kiebusi hd taifr dbnsi rinfjfhg.

Bdtir tai dfrst sugrfsi htair pihpni ebì, bnsh junâsi , wah wiri tai cfriet

pricieisshrs hd tai \bphties bgc usic aieafeirfbs 4: th prhtiet tai 'Fgcfbgs'

bjbfgst tai Upbgfbrcs (Duigti 26::<53:).

5.5 Sai prisigt sftubtfhg

5.5.2 Sai bgefigts bgc tai lhurgiy bdtir cibta

Uhì hd tai sthrfis bkhut tai bgefigts bri stfnn oghwg thcby fg @ftnb bs F dhugc

hut hg twh sipbrbti heebsfhgs. Sai dfrst wbs waig Khgfdbefh, tai hgny ribn @ftniòh

jufci hd tai breabihnhjfebn zhgi, jbvi ì b thur brhugc tai vbrfhusbreabihnhjfebn sftis fg @ftnb. Curfgj tafs thur ai stbrtic tinnfgj ì hd tai tfì

kidhri tai dfrst sugrfsi waig tai sthgis wiri stfnn nfjat bgc ibsy th whro,

rijrittbkny ahwivir wi wiri fgtirruptic bt tabt phfgt. Sai siehgc tfì wbs waig

]hrdfrfh, tai jrbgcdbtair hd tai db`fny F stbyic wfta, thho ì wfta af` th sahw ì

tai Ebvi hd tai Civfn, wafea wfnn ki cfseussic fg `hri citbfn fg eabptir dhur.

Enf`kfgj tai `hugtbfg sfci ai phfgtic hut th ì b dfinc hd khuncirs wafea wiri

tai ofteaig utigsfns hd Uus Jfkir , tahuja ai cfc ght oghw air gbì. Fg bccftfhg

ai thnc hd b `bg bgc b wh`bg tabt turgic th sthgi waig tai whrnc eabgjic bgc

tai sug ebì up. Ai thnc ì taiy kinhgjic th tai kidhri sugrfsi pihpni wah abckufnt tai `hguìgts.

Drh` twh igtrfis fg b cfetfhgbry puknfsaic fg 2662 bgc kbsic hg 29 yibrs hd

risibrea fg @ftnb bgc wfta @ftniòhs ft bnsh kiehìs enibr tabt shì oghwnicji

rijbrcfgj tai bgefigts wbs stfnn oghwg (Utukknidfinc & Utukknidfinc 2662).

[isi`knfgj enhsiny tai tir`s usic ky @breus bgc Dnbggiry bs winn bs ky Lunfh ci

nb Duigti kigjbnhh fs trbgsnbtic bs bgeisthr hr pirshg hd bgtfqufty wafni kigjhhn

fs sbfc th ìbg bgefbgh hr bgefigt hgi (Utukknidfinc bgc Utukknidfinc 2662<1).

Fg b rieigt brtfeni tabt fs pbrtfbnny itaghjrbpafe bgc pbrtfbnny breabihnhjfebn

bgc wafea wfnn ki cfseussic fg `hri citbfn fg eabptir dhur, Bnfefb Kbrbkbs bgc

4:Aieafeirfbs< wfteaerbdt, sii eabptir dhur.




@breus Zfgtir bnsh tinn bkhut taisi pirshgs hd bgtfqufty (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir

;==9). @ftniòhs abc thnc tai` tabt yhu ebg stfnn aibr bgc sii taisi jigti

bgtirfhr 41 bt gfjat fg tai dfinc. Saisi bn`bs ci nhs cfdugths ci bgtis 46 nfvi fg in

ùgch ci nhs ùirths := wafea nhhos nfoi tai whrnc hd nfvfgj. Safs fs bnsh tai pnbei

wairi ivig thcby tai khcy hd tai cieibsic trbvins th, wafni tai spfrft jhis th Jhc

bntahuja ft dfrst stbys wfta tai nfvfgj dhr 3= cbys. Bt tai igc hd taisi 3= cbys ft

jhis tarhuja @ftnb, wairi bt tai breabihnhjfebn zhgi ft igtirs tai ugcirwhrnc

tarhuja b pbta hd hkstbenis suea bs b rfvir erhssic hg tai kbeo hd b chj. Safs

kinfid bkhut b trfp th tai th`ks hd @ftnb ebg ght hgny ki dhugc fg \bphtie, kut bnsh

fg Eahgtbn bgc @fxi vfnnbjis (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<5=). Zi sii air bjbfg tai

fcib hd jhfgj th Jhc tarhuja tai ugcirwhrnc tabt wi bnsh sbw fg Vbnbnbj. Ahwivir

fg bghtair sietfhg wairi Kbrbkbs bgc Zfgtir ciserfki tai vbrfhus dugetfhgs hd

ebvis fg tai @ishbìrfebg whrncvfiw yit bghtair virsfhg fs cfseussic. Ciserfkfgj

ebvis bs pnbeis tabt bri phrtbns th tai ugcirwhrnc, tai pnbei hd hrfjfg hd tai

nfgibjis, tai kurfbn pnbei hd righwg bgeisthrs bgc tai kfrta bgc cfsbppibrbgei

pnbei hd vbrfhus eunturi airhis bgc sbfgts, taiy ixpnbfg ahw sivirbn eh`ùgftfisabvi b ebvi dhr nfdi rftubns bgc hgi bs igtrbgei dhr tai shuns (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir

;==9<;;-;5). Ft fs tairi tabt taiy `boi tai nhgj cbgjirhus rhuti wfta `bgy

hkstbenis th tai whrnc hd tai cibc wairi taiy nfvi, ght ehrphribnny, kut fg spfrft

(Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;5).

Fg b s`bnn brtfeni ehgeirgfgj tai rihpigfgj hd tai Drfssinn @usiu` fg @ftnb

Kiglb`àg @bnchgbch Bnvbrbch bnsh ciserfkis ahw tai vbrfhus Hbxbebg eunturis

abvi cfddirigt bnkift bnn viry @ishbìrfebg ehgeipts hd tai ugcirwhrnc

(@bnchgbch ;==3<21). Safs @ishbìrfebg bspiet ebg ki riehjgfzic fg tabt taiy

bnn ehgeirg tai shun `bofgj b trfp hd sivirbn cbys, tarhuja tai gbturbn nbgcsebpi,th tai ugcirwhrnc. Curfgj tafs trfp ft rists, ibts, crfgos, kuys, hvirehìs cbgjirs

bgc pbys cikts hdtig igcfgj fg b ebvi wairi tai shun igtirs tai ugcirwhrnc. Dhr

shì Hbxbquiòhs tafs ugcirwhrnc fs nhebtic fg hr ugcir @ftnb, dhr htairs ft‖s

nhebtic kigibta taifr hwg puiknh . Uhìtfìs eh`ùgfebtfhg fs phssfkni bt tai

igtrbgei phfgts hd tafs ugcirwhrnc wfta rinbtic cieibsic (@bnchgbch ;==3<;2).

Sabt tai vbrfhus kinfids wafea ]brshgs bgc Nisnfi ciserfkic ehgeirgfgj tafs

lhurgiy bdtir cibc abc ght cfsbppibric ebg ki siig fg Ivinfgi Cþrr's

itaghjrbpafe stucfis hd @ftnb fg tai ibrny gfgitfis (Cþrr 2664). Uai ciserfkis ahw

tai shun hd b cibc pirshg ri`bfgs fg tai ahusi th eaieo hg fts db`fny ì`kirscurfgj wafea tfì ft ebg ki dint fg crib`s, fg tai bfr bgc ebusis pihpni th sniip

kbcny. B eafnc bnsh stfnn kiehìs bg bgjinfth f`ìcfbtiny (Cþrr 2664<;49). Bt tai

kurfbn hddirfgjs bri jfvig dhr tai trfp bdtir cibta bgc tai rfvir tabt fs erhssic hg b

knbeo chj fs stfnn ebnnic [fh Lhrcbgj . Fd cibta wbs gbturbn tabg tai cieibsic

pirshg nfvis hg fg tai bdtirnfdi wfta tai sbì bppibrbgei, lhk, stbtus bgc sh hg bs

fg nfdi. Safs fs kinfivic ivig tahuja tai Earfstfbg aibvig bgc ainn bri oghwg.

Zfta bg uggbturbn cibta, tai shun chis ght dfgc rist bgc nfgjirs hg. Uai bnsh

41Jigti bgtirfhr< pihpni hd tai pbst.46Bn`bs ci nhs cfdugths ci bgtis< Uhuns hd tai cibc hd tai pbst.:=In ùgch ci nhs ùirths< tai whrnc hd tai cibc.



:= TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

ehgenucis tabt ft fs tai `bggir hd cibta bgc ght hd nfdi tabt citir`fgis hgis dbti

fg tai bdtirnfdi (Cþrr 2664<;41).

5.5.; Bnn Uhuns

Sabt tai kinfid fg @ftnb bs Shwg hd tai Uhuns drh` wairi tai cibc riturg wfta

Bnn Uhuns abs ght cfsbppibric iftair wi bnribcy sbw fg tai pbssbji ky Cþrr

quhtic fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg. ]fnjrf`s eh`fgj drh` suea pnbeis bs ]heautnb bgc

ivig tai @fxtieb jh th @ftnb fg tai `hgta kidhri tai distfvftfis th riquist Cibta hr

lãnjult , th bnnhw taifr rinbtfvis th pby tai` b vfsft (Cþrr 2664<;=2-;=;). Hgi

'fgdhr`bgt' ivig trbgsnbtic lãnjult wfta cfhs ci nb ùirti (Cþrr 2664<;=2) wafea

bntahuja prhkbkny ght b nftirbn trbgsnbtfhg fs hkvfhusny viry fgtiristfgj waig

nhhofgj bt eunturbn ehgtfgufty. [ijrittbkny ahwivir gh citbfns bri jfvig

ehgeirgfgj tafs pirshg hr tai efreu`stbgeis hd tai ehgvirsbtfhg tafs wbs sbfc fg.

Bghtair f`phrtbgt pripbrbtfhg dhr Bnn Uhuns bri tai kfj pureabsis tabt bri chgihg ixtrb kfj `broits fg @ftnb curfgj tai wiios kidhriabgc, fg Hbxbeb hr bt tai

pnbzb ci ùirths :2 fg Snbehnunb. Sai spiefbn Bnn Uhuns kribc drh` @ftnb fs shnc th

htair pnbeis. Ft fs ehgsfciric kittir tabg tai kribc drh` Snbehnunb wafea @ftniòhs

dfgc hkvfhus bs tai cibc ebì th @ftnb bgc ght th Snbehnunb dhr b jhhc ribshg

(Cþrr 2664<;=;-;=3)! Sai cbys kidhri tai distfvftfis kijfg tai dhhc fs pripbric,

tai ahusi fs enibgic, tai cieibsic's enhtais bri wbsaic bgc tai bntbr fs ciehrbtic

(Cþrr 2664<;=3). Zaig pihpni abvi `hvic bgc vfsftfgj tai hnc ahusi abs kiehì

f`phssfkni, tai shuns bri ghtfdfic hd tai eabgji hd bccriss (Cþrr 2664<;=:).

Sai jigirbn prheicuri hd tai einikrbtfhgs bri stfnn ùea nfoi fg tai 265='stahuja shì sby tabt tai bgjinfths hgny stby ugtfn cbro bs eafncrig ebg't stby thh

nhgj. Sai eafncrig bri bnsh prisigtic s`bnn kbjs th tboi wabt fs nidt wfta tai`,

bgc taiy bnsh vfsft rinbtfvis bgc jhcpbrigts (Cþrr 2664<;=9). Hg tai siehgc

`hrgfgj, f.i. tai dfrst hd Ghvi`kir, tai jrbvis bri enibgic fg tai `hrgfgj, bgc bt

ghhg ght hgny kinns kut bnsh dfriwhros bri aibrc. Hg tai jrbviybrc tai cibc bri

riquistic th jh wfta tai` th taifr dhrìr ahìs th einikrbti. Bt ahì tai chhrs

bgc wfgchws bri nidt hpig tarhujahut taifr vfsft sh taiy ebg nibvi bgc igtir bs

taiy wbgt (Cþrr 2664<;=9). Bgc fg tai bfr `hvfgj tarhuja tai ahusi tai shuns

ebg ki dint (Cþrr 2664<;=6). [ieigtny pihpni bnsh stby nhgjir bt tai jrbviybrc thbnsh ibt tairi bgc taisi ìbns bri bnsh dfnìc (Cþrr 2664<;=9). Hgny tahsi wah

bri cibc `hri tabg b yibr ehì, bs tai htairs abvi th jubrc iftair tai ahusis fg

tai bdtirnfdi hr tai eiìtiry. Safs fs way tai `hgtas kidhri Bnn Uhuns `hst pihpni

cfi< sh tabt tairi bri ighuja jubrcs (Cþrr 2664<;=4). Ahwivir bdtir tai ivigfgj

cfggir wfta shuns pihpni bri vfsftic tabt abvi nhst shìhgi curfgj tai nbst yibr,

bgc b s`bnn bntbr fs `bci dhr tai` thh (Cþrr 2664<;2=). ]ihpni wfnn stby up bnn

gfjat, jhfgj drh` ahusi th ahusi (Cþrr 2664<;2;). Uthrfis bri bnsh stfnn thnc suea

bs tabt bkhut tai `bg, wah cfcg't abvi bg bntbr hut hd cfskinfid, bgc

ehgsiquigtfbnny cfic wftafg b yibr bgc tabt bkhut `bg wah tafgos afs wfdi fs

:2]nbzb ci ùirths < @broit hd tai cibc.



AFUSH[V HD @FSNB BU B [FSYBN EIGS[I :2

`bofgj enhtais dhr b sierit nhvir, kut wfta Bnn Uhuns siis tai shun hd air dhrìr

auskbgc ehnnietfgj tai` (Cþrr 2664<;=6-;2;).

Sai siehgc hd Ghvi`kir, tai cby tabt tai bcunts shuns nibvi bjbfg bt ghhg, fs

bnsh cicfebtic ispiefbnny th nbs âgf`bs shnbs , tai shuns wah abc gh db`fny fg @ftnb

hr ebì drh` insiwairi (Cþrr 2664<;25). Bgc tai gixt cby tairi wbs b

prheissfhg th tai jrbviybrc wfta tai Tfrjig ci nb Uhnicbc th tai jrbviybrc wairi

b `bss bgc risphgshs wiri sbfc dhr tai cibc, fgenucfgj tai âgf`bs shnbs (Cþrr

2664<;25). [hssbgb Nho ciserfkis ahw fg tai Gbaubtn spibofgj thwg hd Ubg

@fjuin Szfgbebpbg fg ]uiknb, tai tafrc th tai gfgta hd Ghvi`kir tai shuns hd

tahsi tabt cfic fg htair wbys bri eh`ì`hrbtic (Nho2662<4=). Fg @ftnb b giw

prbetfei rinbtic th Abnnhwiig wbs rieigtny fgtrhcueic, gbìny tabt hd nfttni

eafncrig jhfgj tarhuja tai striits crissic nfoi `hgstirs hr tai cibc bsofgj dhr

`hgiy hr druft hd tai bntbrs (Cþrr 2664<;25-;23). Fg tai pbst, sh Cþrr wbs thnc ky

bg hnc `bg, tairi usic th ki bntbrs bt tai rufgs kiebusi tai ofgjs wiri kurfic

tairi, taisi wiri ciehrbtic wfta àchnhs bs pihpni cfc ght abvi ighuja sbfgts

(Cþrr 2664<;=4). Nfoi wfta tai pfnjrf`s fgvftfgj tai shuns wi bjbfg sii b strhgjehggietfhg kifgj `bci kitwiig Bnn Uhuns, tai th`ks bgc tai bgefigts.

Fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg wi sbw tabt Nisnfi enbfìc tabt tai sthrfis thnc bkhut tai

bgefigt hgis wah `bci tai eruefdhr` suktirrbgibgs wairi tai shuns wiri th

ìit fg tai bdtirnfdi wiri ciebyic nijigcs tabt abc nhst crb`b th tai @ftniòhs

(Nisnfi 264=<;2). Ahwivir fg tai nbst diw yibrs sivirbn prhliets wiri civinhpic fg

@ftnb th rivbnhrfzi fgcfjighus eunturi bgc ispiefbnny @ftnb's spiefbn ehggietfhg th

Bnn Uhuns. Dhr ixb`pni waig tai Drfssinn @usiu` rihpigs ft wfnn abvi b abnn

cicfebtic th tai fgdrbùgch y rijrish bgubn ci nhs cfdugths :; kiebusi @ftnb fs tai

ugcirwhrnc wairi tai shuns nfvi bgc drh` wairi taiy riturg ibea yibr(@bnchgbch ;==3<21). Sai abnn wfnn cheuìgt tafs eyeni wfta fts prbetfeis, rftubns

bgc ehgeiptfhgs, bnsh sahwfgj tai f`phrtbgei hd riefprhefty curfgj tai ghvigb

bgc Bnn Uhuns (@bnchgbch ;==3<26). Bghtair prhliet fs civinhpic ky tai eunturbn

bgc eh`ìrefbn yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg @fetnbg tabt fs ght hgny pnbggfgj th ch

ixafkfts fg Iurhpi kut bnsh hrjbgfsis b distfvbn brhugc tai Cfbs ci nhs @uirths

wfta ri-igbetìgts, nieturis, cbgei bgc sthry bgc bntbr eh`pitftfhgs. Fg taifr

dnyir ft ebg ki ribc tabt taifr bf` fs th trbgsdhr` @ftnb fgth b afjany eunturbn

eh`ùgfty, ky rivbnhrfzfgj wabt fs stfnn prisigt. Ky ixpnhrfgj tai eunturbn bgc

thurfstfe phtigtfbn hd tai Cbys hd tai Cibc, taiy wbgt th sahw tabt fg @ftnb tairifs ght hgny breabihnhjy bgc brtfsbgry kut bnsh ahspftbnfty. Bgc ky fgvhnvfgj

@ftniòhs tai`sinvis taiy ahpi th rbfsi tai stbgcbrc hd nfvfgj. Fg tai dnyir @ftnb fs

ciserfkic bs tai nujbr ci nhs ùirths :5 wiri tai ofgjs bgc prfists wiri kurfic

bgc bs hgi hd tai pnbeis wiri cibta abs bg f`phrtbgt rhni. Zairi hgi nfvis,

iglhys, erfis, nbujas kut bkhvi bnn rispiets cibta. Bgc wfta Bnn Uhuns nfdi sthps dhr

b dibst dunn hd rftubns drh` hur bgeisthrs. Fg sahrt ft fs ciserfkic bs b distfvbn dhr

rivbnhrfzfgj tai fgcfjighus eunturi bgc sahwfgj ft th vfsfthrs. Ft ebg eh`pniìgt

tai bnribcy whrnc-db`hus Juinbjuitzb dhnonhri su`ìr distfvbn fg Hbxbeb bgc

:;Fgdrbùgch y rijrish bgubn ci nhs cfdugths < tai ugcirwhrnc bgc tai yibrny riturg hd taicibc.

:5Nujbr ci nhs @uirths< ]nbei hd tai Cibc.



:; TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

wfnn put @ftnb hg tai rijfhgbn, gbtfhgbn bgc fgtirgbtfhgbn ebnigcbr bs Nb Efucbc

ci nhs @uirths, y in riefgth cin Uiòhr ci nb @uirti, nnb`bch @fetnbgtieutnf :3!

Curfgj tai Juinbjuitzb distfvftfis fg ;==9 fg Hbxbeb F wbs prisigt bt tai

sahwebsi wairi @ftnb prisigtic ftsind. Bpbrt drh` sahwfgj tai trbcftfhgbn

`hurgfgj ehstuì bgc ciserfkfgj tai rftubns rinbtic th kurfbn ft wbs ispiefbnny

tai fgtrhcuethry spiiea wafea wbs hd fgtirist. Fg ft @ftnb, nujbr ci nhs ùirths ,

wbs ciserfkic bs b `bjfebn pnbei wairi trbcftfhgs nfvic hg suea bs tai \bphtie

nbgjubji bgc tai `bofgj hd tixtfnis. Ft usic th ki b rinfjfhus eigtri wairi tai

\bphties kufnt taifr `hguìgts, `bci sthgi àchnhs bgc bsoic dbvhurs th

@fetnbgtiuetnf bgc @fetiebefaubtn , tai Nhrc bgc Nbcy hd tai Cibc. Zaig tai

Upbgfbrcs ebì giw rinfjfhus betfvftfis wiri pirdhrìc tahuja ft ri`bfgic b

rinfjfhus eigtri. Ft wbs ght sbfc ahwivir fg wabt wby ft wbs b rinfjfhus eigtri

thcby ghr wbs ft ìgtfhgic tabt pihpni kinfivic tabt tai shuns wigt th @ftnb bdtir

cibta.

5.5.5 @ftniòhs bkhut tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc

Sabt tai kinfids bkhut tai shuns eh`fgj th @ftnb bdtir cibta abc ahwivir ght

kiig dhrjhttig sfgei tai ibrny gfgitfis waig Cþrr cfc air risibrea kiebì enibr

th ì bnribcy curfgj `y prinf`fgbry dfincwhro fg ;==3. Ivig kidhri `y kic abc

kiig `bci, Jnhrfb hd tai ahtin abc bnribcy ixpnbfgic th ì tabt tai hddirfgjs bt

tai Ebnvbrfh abc kiig pnbeic tairi ky pihpni eh`fgj drh` thwgs suea bs

@fbaubtnâg, Ilutnb bgc gibrky @btbtnbg. Beehrcfgj th b kfoiebkcrfvir F sphoi

wfta nbtir tabt cby taisi pihpni ebì kiebusi @ftnb wbs bg f`phrtbgt brib wairi`bgy àchnhs bri dhugc. B stbtiìgt hd wafea F hgny ùea nbtir ribnfsic tabt ft

`fjat abvi ridirric th ùea `hri tabg F ugcirsthhc taig. Sai gixt cby waig F

bsoic Jnhrfb bkhut ft sai sbfc tabt taisi pihpni ehì kiebusi tai gbì @ftnb

ehìs drh` @fetnbg, ìbgfgj pnbei hd tai cibc. Sai pihpni drh` tafs rijfhg

kinfivi tabt tai shuns jh th @ftnb bdtir cibta bgc tabt's way taiy ehì. Saiy ehì

drh` `hugtbfg thwgs bgc htair s`bnn thwgs enhsi ky bgc taiy bri \bphties.

Zaig F bsoic bkhut @fxis bgc @fxties sai bnsh ìgtfhgs tai thwgs Gheafxtnbg

bgc Fxtnbg (@bp 2). Zaig F ìt tai db`fny tabt hddiric ì b pnbei th stby dhr tai

gixt yibr, Lhsidfgb, tai jrbgc`htair hd tai db`fny fgdhrìc ì tabt tai pfnjrf`sebì hg dhht th vfsft tai shuns hd taifr thwgs. Saiy ebì drh` suea pnbeis bs

Gheafxtnbg, @fbaubpbg, @btbtnbg, Snbehnunb bs winn bs tai Hbxbebg ehbst. Uai

wbs suri ahwivir tabt tai Ebnvbrfh wbs ght vfsftic ky bgy @fxis. Sai `hst

spietbeunbr beehugt tabt F jht tabt yibr ahwivir ebì drh` tai twh juys wah abc

ahpic th kuy `brflubgb drh` ì bs F wbs Cutea. Saiy ebnnic @ftnb tai pnbei hd

cibta, in eigtrh ci nhs krulhs :9!

Sai gixt yibr ]hrdfrfh, tai jrbgcdbtair hd tai db`fny F stbyic wfta, thnc ì tabt

beehrcfgj th @ftniòhs bs winn bs pihpni eh`fgj drh` insiwairi @ftnb fs tai `ftbc

:3Nb Efucbc ci nhs @uirths, y in riefgth cin Uiòhr ci nb @uirti, nnb`bch @fetnbgtieutnf< Sai Efty hd tai Cibc, cwinnfgj pnbei hd tai Nhrc hd tai Cibc, ebnnic @fetnbgtieutnf.

:9In eigtrh ci nhs krulhs< tai eigtri hd tai wfteais.




cin ùgch :4 tahuja ai wbs ght suri wabt whrnc tafs ridirs th. Zaig F bsoic

Jnhrfb hd tai ahtin bkhut tafs waig F vfsftic air sai bjriic tabt @ftnb fs fgciic

tai eigtri hd tai whrnc bgc air hnc `htair Sirisb f`ìcfbtiny bccic tabt ft fs tai

eigtri hd tai whrnc hd tai cibc. Uai ehgtfguic ixpnbfgfgj tabt tai wahni hd @ftnb

fs bg breabihnhjfebn zhgi wfta th`ks ugcirgibta. Sabt fs ahw tai thwg jht fts

\bphtie gbì< Nfhkbb, wafea sai trbgsnbtis bs hg thp hd tai th`ks. @brf Inigb,

cbujatir hd ]hrdfrfh bgc Lhsidfgb bgc `y betubn ahstiss, wbs db`fnfbr wfta tai

sthry hd erhssfgj tai [fh Lhrcbgj hg b knbeo chj waig F bsoic air bkhut ft,

tahuja sai bccs tabt taisi bri bnn ìri euigths hr sthrfis. Sai `hst inbkhrbti

ixpnbgbtfhg hd tai ìbgfgj hd @ftnb's gbì F ivigtubnny jht drh` Jfncbrch, tai

rijfchr ci nb eunturb . Beehrcfgj th af` @ftnb wbs tai ]uiknh ci nbs Âgf`bs :: , ght

nujbr ci nhs ùirths :1 nfoi `bgy seahnbrs sbfc. Bgc ft wbs `hst eirtbfgny ght

purjbthry bs shì abc sujjistic. Fgstibc @ftnb fs b spiefbn bgc sberic pnbei

wairi tai shuns ehì th rist. Bntahuja Shwg hd tai Uhuns `fjat ght ki tai `hst

nftirbn trbgsnbtfhg hd tai Gbaubtn @fetnbg ft chis sii` th ki viry enhsi th tai

@ftniòh bgc fg dbet @ishbìrfebg ehgeiptfhg hd tai bdtirnfdi. Sabt tai shuns hd taiigtfri rijfhg ehì th @ftnb th rist wbs bnsh ixpnbfgic th ì ky tai jufci Khgfdbefh

wah ahwivir wbs `hri fgtiristic fg tinnfgj ì ahw fg tai pbst iviry yibr b

wh`bg whunc ki sberfdfeic th @fetnbgtiuetnf , tai Jhc hd Cibta! Bntahuja ]brshgs

bnsh ciserfkis suea b nhebn kinfid bkhut sberfdfefbn vfetf`s kifgj tfic th tai ]fnnbr hd

Cibta (]brshgs 2654<;11) tai ridirigei th tai Gbaubtn gbì sii`s th ki b `hri

rieigt bccftfhg bs wi wfnn sii kinhw.

Bg bntirgbtfvi th Jfncbrch's beehugt hd tai bdtirnfdi wbs thnc th ì ky Bkinbrch,

tai dhugcir hd yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg @fetnbg. Ai ciserfkic @ftnb bs nb pbsb :6

kitwiig tafs nfdi bgc tai itirgbn nfdi bdtir cibta, tai eigtri tarhuja wafea bnn taishuns jh. Utbtiìgts sf`fnbr th taisi ebg bnsh ki dhugc fg tai hrjbgfsbtfhg's dnyir.

Airi ft fs ciserfkic ahw dhr tai bgefigt @ixfebgs cibta abc jribt rinfjfhus bgc

pafnhshpafebn ìbgfgj. Saisi @ishbìrfebgs sabric b eh`pnix ixprissfhg hd

cibta wfta tai Ijyptfbgs, gbìny tabt th cfi fg `bttir wbs th trbgseigc th tai

bgeistrbn spfrft. Sai bgefigts civinhpic bg ishtirfebn sfjgfdfebgei th cibta tabt

survfvic tai ehgquist bgc sygeritfzic wfta heefcigtbn fcibs fg tai igsufgj 9==

yibrs. Saus @ixfebgs wiri dhrivir fgtrfebtiny ehggietic th cibta fg b wby tabt

wbs ght rbtfhgbnny ixpnbfgbkni. Saiy cfc ght dibr cibta kiebusi tafs wbs ght tai

igc bs taiy whunc ki rikhrg fg tai cfvfgi. Saisi trbcftfhgs abvi survfvic ugtfntafs cby bgc @ftnb fs stfnn hgi suea pbss th tai itirgbn nfdi.

Ft bppibrs th ki tabt taisi fcibs bkhut @ftnb kifgj b pbss th tai itirgbn

bdtirnfdi bs winn bs tahsi ehgeirgfgj @ftnb bs tai pnbei wairi @fetnbgtiuetnf wbs

whrsafppic ebg ki trbeic kbeo th hgi shurei< b s`bnn thurfst jufci ky Jufnnir`h

@bràg (@bràg 2665). Bcvfsic th ì ky Bkinbrch, ft sii`s th ki tai hgny bvbfnbkni

shurei wrfttig fg Upbgfsa hg suea fssuis bs cibta bgc tai bdtirnfdi fg rinbtfhg th

@ftnb khta bs tai Gbaubtn ugcirwhrnc bs winn bs tai thwg ftsind. [ijrittbkny ft fs

:4@ftbc cin ùgch< `fccni hd tai whrnc.::]uiknh ci nbs Âgf`bs< Shwg hd tai Uhuns.:1Nujbr ci nhs @uirths< ]nbei hd tai Cibc:6Nb pbsb< pbss



:3 TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

igtfriny wrfttig drh` tai hutcbtic vfiwphfgt tabt fs i`pnhyic ky shì @ixfebg

breabihnhjfsts bgc afsthrfbgs tabt btti`pt th ixpnbfg bnn fgcfjighus trbcftfhgs

drh` bg fcibnfzic bgc spfrftubnfzic Bztie bgjni. Ft tbnos bkhut tai spfrftubn

oghwnicji hd tai Enbssfebn whrnc tabt wbs dfrst kurfic, taig rivbnhrfzic ky tai

Bzties hgny th ki civbnhrfzic ky tai Upbgfbrcs. Bgc tabt th ugcirstbgc taisi

bgefigt trbcftfhgs, wistirg ehgeiptfhgs sahunc ki ripnbeic ky b cfbnietfe

whrncvfiw< taiy nfvic th cfi bgc taiy suddiric th nfvi itirgbnny. Sairidhri taisi

pihpni trfic th jh th taifr cibtas puriny, nfvfgj b nfdi hd ehgsefigei (@bràg 2665<2-

3). Ght ivirykhcy abc tafs spfrftubn phtigtfbn dhr f``hrtbnfty tahuja, sh `hst

wigt th hgi hd dhur htair pnbeis suea bs @fetnbg, b pnbei hd ghtafgjgiss, wairi

tahsi wfta b ìbgfgjniss nfdi bgc cibta wigt th. Safs wbs b abrc lhurgiy tabt

fgvhnvic erhssfgj b rfvir hg b chj, erhssfgj `hugtbfgs, sabrp rheos bgc ifjat

sghw thppic afnns, bs winn bs ifjat pnbfgs, b tfjir bgc b nfzbrc. Bt tai igc hd tafs

dhur yibr hrcibn itirgbn sniip wbs tai hgny tafgj tabt abc kiig beafivic. @fetnbg

wbs b `ystfebn pnbei hd ehgtbet kitwiig ibrta bgc tai ugcirwhrnc, b phrtbn th

ghtafgjgiss (@bràg 2665<3-9). Uivirbn beeiss phfgts th @fetnbgtieutnf 's ch`bfgixfst tarhujahut @ishbìrfeb bgc @ftnb wbs hgi hd taisi. Ft wbs kufnt hg b pnbg

kbsic hg ugcirstbgcfgj hd nfdi igirjy, tabt fs ghw nhst. Kut @ftnb's kufncirs wiri

fgftfbtic fg taisi enbssfebn sierits tabt `bci tai `btirfbn fgth tai spfrftubn (@bràg

2665<9-:). Sai hgny pfiei hd fgdhr`btfhg fg tai igtfri khhonit tabt sii`s th ki hd

bgy betubn fgtirist fs tabt ft enbf`s tabt tai Upbgfbrcs jbvi @ftnb Ubg ]bknh bs

pbtrhg kiebusi tafs sbfgt nfvic fg b ebvi dhr b nbrji pbrt hd afs nfdi (@bràg 2665<9).

Sabt tai pihpni hd tai @fetnbg yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg usi b shurei suea bs tafs fg

taifr btti`pts th rivbnhrfzi nhebn trbcftfhgs, tahuja kifgj rijrittbkni, fs hd ehursi

ght b dbunt hg taifr kiabnd. [btair ft fs tai dbunt hd bnn tai seahnbrs wrftfgj fgIgjnfsa bgc dbfnfgj th riphrt kbeo th tai pihpni tabt taisi fssuis betubnny

ehgeirg.

5.5.3 ]fnjrf`s bkhut tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc

Hd ehursi ght hgny tai @ftniòhs abc tafgjs th sby bkhut @ftnb bs tai pnbei

wairi tai shuns wigt th kut tai vbrfhus pfnjrf`s wah` F sphoi th, `hst hd wah`

abc `bci trfps th @ftnb ispiefbnny th `boi taifr hddirfgjs th tai shuns bt taiEbnvbrfh, cfc bs winn. B ehupni drh` Ubgtb Ebtbrfgb Eufxtnb, enhsi th @fbaubtnâg

dhr ixb`pni abc `bci b twh ahur kus-trfp th @ftnb wafni b jrhup drh` Ubgtb

@brfb, gibr th Uhnb ci Tijb abc th `boi b dfvi ahur trfp th tabgo tai shuns bgc

taiy wiri jhfgj kbeo hg tai sbì cby! B nbrji jrhup eh`fgj drh` Ubg Tfgeigti,

bnsh enhsi th Uhnb ci Tijb, ahwivir stbyic dhr twh cbys, sniipfgj bt tai ahusi hd

drfigcs dhr phsbcb. B yhugj `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn, enhsi th @fbaubtnâg, wah wbs

fg thwg wfta afs dbtair bgc jrbgcdbtair bnsh stbyic fg @ftnb dhr sivirbn cbys, bs

tai trfp tairi wbs ifjat th gfgi ahurs. Ai sbfc ai nfoic jhfgj th @ftnb `hri tabg

jhfgj th tai db`hus pfnjrf`bji cistfgbtfhg Luqufnb kiebusi tahuja tai nbttir wbs`hri `frbeunhus tairi wbs `hri dug th ki abc fg @ftnb. Sai ehupni tabt ebì tai

dbrtaist bwby ahwivir wiri drh` tai efty hd Ebrcigbs fg tai stbti hd Sbkbseh




wafea wbs twinvi ahurs ky kus. Saiy abcg't `bci tai trfp ispiefbnny th jh th

@ftnb tahuja, taiy wiri fg Hbxbeb dhr b wafni bgc abc ciefcic th jh th @ftnb

wafea wbs bnsh oghwg bs tai pnbei wairi tai shuns jh th fg taifr rijfhg! Saiy

wiri tabgofgj tai shuns bgc waig F bsoic bkhut taisi sai ixpnbfgic th ì tabt

tafs ehgeirgic khta tai shuns fg jigirbn bgc tai spiefdfe hgis hr bkuinhs bgc

bkuinbs 1=. Nfoiwfsi waig F bsoic bg hnc ehupni drh` Ubg @fjuin @fxtipie

waitair tai shuns taiy abc hddiric th wiri spiefdfe shuns hr tai âgf`bs shnbs ai

bgswiric tabt ft wiri khta bs winn, tahuja ai ispiefbnny ìgtfhgic tai dbtairs

bgc tai `htairs.

Htair pfnjrf`s bnsh ixpnbfgic th ì way ixbetny tai shuns wiri eh`fgj th

@ftnb. Uuea bs bg hnc `bg wah ghw nfvic fg Hbxbeb Efty kut ebì drh` b vfnnbji

gibr ]heautnb wah ciserfkic ahw bnn tai shuns ehì th @ftnb wairi taiy igtir tai

jrhugc. Bgc b `bg drh` Snbehnunb, drh` wairi pfnjrf`s hdtig ehì th tai

Ebnvbrfh, wah ixpnbfgic tabt tai shuns jh th @ftnb th rist kiebusi tai thwg fs

igebgtbcb 12. Bghtair ixpnbgbtfhg wbs jfvig ky bg hnc ehupni drh` Ubgtb Eruz

Efttb, gibr th @fbaubtnâg ebnnfgj @ftnb in eigtrh cin ùgch ci nbs âgf`bs 1;. Saisbì tir` wbs bnsh usic ky b jrhup eh`fgj drh` Ubg @fjuin th pnbei hddirfgjs

dhr nhs bkuinhs . Saifr thwg fs bnsh enhsi th @fbaubtnâg bgc taiy abc trbvinnic

thjitair wfta tai jrhup drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb. B knfgc `bg drh` Ubgtb Nuefb, bg

ahur drh` @fbaubtnâg, usis b eh`pbrbkni tir`< nb Ebkbeirb ci nbs Âgf`bs 15 tabt

sii`s th ki enhsiny rinbtic th tai gbì dhr @ftnb tabt wbs jfvig ky Krfjjs< yicŷ

bà` (sii ghti 3=). Fg bccftfhg ai usis tai tir` tabt Jfncbrch wbs sh hpphsic

bjbfgst< Nb ]urjbthrfh ci nbs Âgf`bs 13. Fgtiristfgjny ai bccs tabt tai shuns hddiric

th airi bri ùy bgefbghs 19. B `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn, b `hugtbfg thwg enhsi th

]heautnb wairi taiy spibo tai shutairg cfbniet hd \bphtie, sf`fnbrny ebnns @ftnbtai eigtri hd tai whrnc. Ai ivig tinns tabt tai breakfsahp hgei vfsftic @ftnb bgc

bnsh ebnnic ft in `ftbc cin ùgch ! [ijbrcfgj tai htair whrnc wairi tai shuns jh th

ai sbfc tabt ft fs nhebtic ugcir @ftnb. Bppbrigtny btti`ptfgj th ixpnbfg tabt tafs

htair whrnc fs bnsh shìwairi insi ai `bci b jisturi wfta afs br` hvir tai thwg

nyfgj fg drhgt us, kut ivigtubnny jbvi up bgc sfjaic tabt taisi bri hgny

eriigefbs 14.

5.3 Ehgenusfhg

Jhfgj kbeo th tai quistfhg bsoic bt tai kijfggfgj hd tafs eabptir wi ebg ghw

bgswir tabt tai nbti phst enbssfe/ibrny ehnhgfbn ribshg dhr pihpni th ehgsfcir @ftnb

tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc abc th ch wfta tai dbet tabt @ftnb wbs bppbrigtny tai kurfbn

1=Bkuinhs bgc Bkuinbs< Jrbgcdbtairs bgc jrbgc`htairs.12Igebgtbcb< igeabgtic1;In eigtrh cin ùgch ci nbs âgf`bs< eigtri hd tai whrnc hd tai shuns.15Nb Ebkbeirb ci nbs âgf`bs< Sai ebpftbn hd tai Cibc.

13Nb ]urjbthrfh ci nbs Âgf`bs< purjbthry hd tai shuns.19@uy bgefbghs< viry bgefigt.14Eriigefb< nftirbnny kinfid, kut hdtig usic fg b cirhjbtfvi sigsi th fgcfebti fgcfjighus

kinfids bs supirstftfhgs.




pnbei hd \bphtie rhybnty bs winn bs tai sibt hd b afjany istiiìc Afja ]rfist wah

prisfcic hvir taisi kurfbns. Safs prfist whrsafppic b ehupni hd `brrfic fchns hd

wafea tai `bni hgi, Ehquf Kizinbh, bppibrs th abvi kiig enhsiny ehggietic th tai

\bphtie Jhc hd Ainn/tai Cibc/tai Ygcirwhrnc. Ft ehunc ki tabt Kizinbh wbs tai

gbì hd tafs jhc bgc tabt ft wbs jfvig th hgi hd tai afja prfists wah wbs

tairidhri nbttir whrsafppic bs bg bgeisthr af`sind hr ivig tabt Kizinbh wbs

hrfjfgbnny tai gbì hd suea b prfist bgc tabt waig ai kiebì b cifdfic bgeisthr ft

wbs usic b gbì dhr tai Jhc hd tai Ygcirwhrnc. Zay @ftnb ivig kiebì tai

kurfbn pnbei hd istiiìc \bphties fg tai dfrst pnbei fs ugenibr, tahuja ft abs kiig

ehgtrfkutic th tai gbturbn igvfrhgìgt, ispiefbnny tai `bgy ebvis,fg tai

`hugtbfgs tabt surrhugc @ftnb hg tai ghrta, wist bgc shuta, bsshefbtic bs taiy

bri wfta kurfbn bgc bgeistry. Ft abs th ki ghtic tabt fs shìwabt ugdbfr th spibo

hgny hd @ftnb bs rinbtic th tai kurfbn hd f`phrtbgt \bphties bs sivirbn htair th`ks

bri nhebtic bt tafs igc hd tai vbnniy bgc bt nibst twh thwgs fg tai brib, Siftfepbe

bgc Snbehnunb, bnsh abvi \bphtie gbìs bsshefbtic wfta kurfbn.

Uiehgcny tai eurrigt ribshg dhr @ftnb kifgj ehgsfciric tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc fstabt fg b wfci rijfhg ft fs sbfc tabt tai shuns hd tahsi tabt cfi lhurgiy th @ftnb, ft

kifgj tai eigtri hd tai whrnc, wairi taiy igtir tai ugcirwhrnc hr Shwg hd tai

Uhuns wairi taiy jh hg ùea nfoi taiy cfc fg nfdi. Ft fs bnsh sbfc th ki tai pnbei

drh` wairi taisi shuns bggubnny riturg th taifr dhrìr ahusis wfta Bnn Uhuns.

Sai ribn quistfhg tabt ri`bfgs ahwivir fs ahw bgc fd taisi twh ribshgs bri

rinbtic th ibea htair. Fg htair whrcs, fs tairi ribnny b rinbtfhg kitwiig tai eunt dhr

tai cibc eafids hr prfists bgc tabt dhr tai shuns, nfoi ]brshgs enbfìc8 Ebg wi

spibo hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty, cfc tafs bspiet hd tai nhebn whrncvfiw stby tai sbì

hvir tfì8 Fg hrcir th bgswir tafs quistfhg wi abvi th nhho bt tai vbrfhusiniìgts tabt `boi up tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg hd @ftnb bs ]nbei hd tai Cibc.

Fg bccftfhg wi bnsh abvi th ehgsfcir waitair tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg abs

eabgjic ivig tahuja tai ugcirnyfgj whrncvfiw abs ght.

Enibrny `bgy iniìgts hd thcby's eunt dhr tai shuns bri sf`fnbr th tahsi hd tai

phst enbssfe vigirbtfhg hd tai shuns bs winn bs tai whrsafp hd tai jhc hd tai

ugcirwhrnc. Safs ehgeirgs s`bnn tafgjs suea bs hwn kifgj sbfc th ki b kbc hìg

bgc b ìssigjir hd 'jhc' kut bnsh `bgy nbrjir tafgjs suea bs tai cibc `bofgj b

cfddfeunt lhurgiy, erhssfgj b rfvir hg tai kbeo hd b knbeo chj th jh th bg

ugcirjrhugc whrnc wairi taiy abvi th sirvi fts runfgj ixtrbau`bg dhreis. Saisbì jhis dhr tai dbet tabt stfnn tai wby hgi cfis citir`fgis hgis dbti bdtir cibta

bgc ght tai wby hgi nfvis. Sabt @ftnb fs ght hgny b kurfbn pnbei kut bnsh tai igtry

phfgt th tai ugcirwhrnc ebg ki siig bs enibrny fg Kurjhb's stbtiìgts bkhut tai

cieibsic jhfgj fgth tai jrhugc th dfgc tai `broits hd taifr bgeisthrs bgc afs

ridirigei th @ftnb kifgj tai igtrbgei th tai ugcirwhrnc bgc tai Utyjfbg Nboi bs ft

fs fg tai sivirbn stbtiìgts ky prisigt cby pfnjrf`s. Ivig tai bribs wairi

whrsafp hd Kizinbh wbs ìgtfhgic sii`s th ehrrisphgc th tai pnbeis wairi

prisigt cby pfnjrf`s ehì drh`. Kiebusi ivig tahuja F hgny igehugtiric

\bphties, Cþrr cfc ìgtfhgs @fxties bgc Jnhrfb ìgtfhgic Gheafxtnbg wafni fgtai [inbefhgis tai @fxtie spibofgj thwg hd Auftzh ìgtfhgic whrsafp hd Kizinbh.



AFUSH[V HD @FSNB BU B [FSYBN EIGS[I ::

Hd ehursi Earfstfbg fgdnuigeis ebg bnsh ki siig. Uhì hd taisi bri dbfrny

strbfjatdhrwbrc suea bs tai rfvir tabt abs th ki erhssic th ribea tai Shwg hd tai

Uhuns kifgj gbìc bdtir tai Lhrcbg rfvir fg wafea Lisus Earfst wbs kbptfzic bgc

@hgtizu`b's `bstir-`bshg kifgj gbìc Ubnh`hg bdtir tai Liwfsa prfistofgj

tabt kufnt tai jribt ti`pni fg Lirusbni`. Kut fg tai ebsi hd aibvig, ainn,

purjbthry bgc tai ugcirwhrnc tafgjs kiehì niss enibr wfta shì sbyfgj tabt

aibvig fs tai pnbei wairi shuns jh th bdtir abvfgj jhgi tarhuja tai ugcirwhrnc

wafni htair sby tabt tai shun dfrst risfcis fg purjbthry hr ainn kidhri dfgcfgj rist

fg tai ugcirwhrnc.

Ehgsfcirfgj bnn taisi phfgts tairi fs kut hgi iniìgt tabt viry enibrny eabgjic<

tai ixtrbau`bg dhreis th wah` tai eunt fs bccrissic. Sairi `fjat abvi kiig

einikrbtfhgs bofg th tai cbys hd tai cibc fg tai phst enbssfe whrnc, jfvig tai dibsts

ìgtfhgic fg tai [inbefhg hd Sihtftnbg. Kut ft fs enibr tabt tairi bri bnribcy shì

f`phrtbgt cfddirigeis kitwiig b eunt dhr fchns hd rhybn cifdfic bgeisthrs bgc b eunt

dhr tai shuns hd pbrigts bgc jrbgcpbrigts, nit bnhgi kitwiig tai nbttir bgc b eunt

dhr jhcs hd tai ugcirwhrnc wah prisfcic hvir shuns. Sairi sii`s th ki ahwivir bstrhgj nfgo kitwiig tai twh fg tai jwnâsi hr bgefigts. Saisi pihpni hd tai tfìs

kidhri tai dfrst sugrfsi sabri shì fgtiristfgj dibturis wfta khta cifdfic

bgeisthrs bs winn bs wfta tai shuns. Dfrst hd bnn khta cifdfic bgeisthrs bgc tai

bgefigts ivigtubnny kiehì fchns bgc bri bs suea usic fg rftubns. Bgc

@hgtizu`b, kifgj tai `hst f`phrtbgt bgefigt, wbs b jribt dhugcfgj runir wafni

fg Vbnbnbj tai bgefigts wiri ciserfkic fg b wby bofg th phwirdun prfists. Uiehgcny

b strhgj sf`fnbrfty kitwiig tai bgefigts bgc tai shuns ebg ki siig fg tai hnc

`bg's ciserfptfhg hd tai bntbrs tabt wiri put up bt tai rufgs wairi tai ofgjs wiri

kurfic bgc wafea wiri bchrgic wfta fchns. Fg bccftfhg tai jrhup hd shuns ebnnicâgf`bs shnbs sii` th risi`kni tai jwnâsi fg tabt khta ehgstftuti b nbrjiny

gbìniss jrhup hd uggbìc bgeistrbn ixtrbau`bg dhreis. Sabt tai ehgeipt hd bg

ugcirwhrnc jhc tabt prisfcis hvir tai cibc fg afs ribn` abs ght kiig eh`pnitiny

nhst fg tfì iftair ebg ki siig fg tai riquist `bci th Cibta th rinibsi tai shuns

dhr Bnn Uhuns, ispiefbnny sfgei hgi `bg ivig ebnnic af` tai Jhc hd tai Cibc. Ft fs

ahwivir enibr tabt `hstny thcby's eunt fs bfìc bt enhsiny rinbtic shuns bgc ght th

bgefigt bgeisthrs hr ugcirwhrnc jhcs. Safs bppbrigt safdt fg dheus fs `hst

prhkbkny tai risunt hd b sygtaisfs hd tai hnc bgeisthr eunt bgc tai [h`bg Ebtahnfe

eunt dhr tai shuns fg purjbthry. Bppbrigtny tai ehgeipt hd b shun `bofgj bgbrcuhus lhurgiy th tai ugcirwhrnc survfvic kiebusi ft sh enhsiny risi`knic tai

ehgeipt hd tai Ebtahnfe shun abvfgj th risfci fg purjbthry th ki enibgsic. Ft `fjat

ki tabt tai drfbrs sbw fg tafs fcib hd tai trbvinnfgj shun bg hpphrtugfty th ixpnbfg

tai ehgeipt hd purjbthry, aibvig bgc ainn. Fd tafs wbs tai ebsi wi ùst ehgenuci

tabt taiy cfc ght sueeiic sfgei wi sbw bkhvi tabt tairi fs stfnn ùea ehgdusfhg

kitwiig tai vbrfhus ehgeipts, tahuja wfta tabt hd tai ugcirwhrnc ri`bfgfgj tai

`hst ch`fgbgt. Jfvig tafs hutehì hd tai sygeritfe prheiss ft fs enibr tabt tai

risunt fs ght Ebtahnfe fg tai trbcftfhgbn sigsi. Kut giftair ebg ft ki ebnnic b

ugfquiny @ishbìrfebg hr fgcfjighus ehgeipt bgy`hri bs ft fs enibr tabt fg tafsebsi shì iniìgts hd tai pri-ehnhgfbn whrncvfiw abvi cidfgftiny eabgjic cui th

ehgtbet wfta Earfstfbgfty. [btair b giw whrncvfiw ehgeirgfgj tai bdtirnfdi bgc tai




bsshefbtic eunt abs ehì hut hd tai ehgtbet kitwiig twh rinfjfhgs, hgi tabt sii`s

th ki aifr th khta trbcftfhgs.

Saus tairi ebg ki sbfc th ki b enibr ehgtfgufty fg shì bspiets hd @ftnb bs tai

]nbei hd tai Cibc, fg shì ebsis tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg hd tafs whrncvfiw hgny

eabgjic shìwabt kut ehgeirgfgj tai ixtrbau`bg dhreis fgvhnvic tafs whrncvfiw

cfc eabgji bntahuja ivig airi ft stfnn abs shì strhgj @ishbìrfebg

eabrbetirfstfes bs winn bs Earfstfbg hgis.

Fg eabptir dfvi wi wfnn sii tabt fg dbet tai rftubns pirdhrìc dhr jhcs hd tai

ugcirwhrnc, cifdfic bgeisthrs, tai bgefigts bgc tai shuns bri fg dbet viry

sf`fnbr kut dfrst wi wfnn nhho bt ahw tai ehgeipt hd @ftnb bs ]nbei hd tai Cibc

abs `bgfdistic fg tai @ftniòh nbgcsebpi.



Eabptir 3

Ehgtfgufty hd tai Ebnvbrfh bs b rftubnnhebtfhg

Fg tai prieicfgj eabptir wi abvi siig tabt tarhujahut tfì, drh` bt nibst tai

]hst enbssfe hgwbrc, @ftnb abs kiig bg f`phrtbgt eigtri tabt bttrbets pihpni drh`

b wfci rijfhg. Safs f`phrtbgei sii`s th sti` `bfgny drh` @ftnb's rinbtfhg th suea

tafgjs bs tai kurfbn hd f`phrtbgt dfjuris, bgeisthr vigirbtfhg, tai jhc hd cibta

bgc hddirfgjs th tai shuns. Fg tafs eabptir tai dheus wfnn kiehì shìwabt

gbrrhwir, nibvfgj @ftnb's phsftfhg fg tai rijfhg kiafgc th fgvistfjbti ahw tafs

rinbtfhg th cibta bgc tai shuns abs `bgfdistic fg tai thwg ftsind. Drh` tai

fgtrhcuetfhg wi bnribcy oghw tabt thcby hgi hd tai f`phrtbgt nhebtfhgs dhr

hddirfgjs th tai shuns hd cieibsic nhvic hgis fs tai Ebnvbrfh eabpin bgc drh`

Cþrr's stbtiìgt ft kiebì enibr tabt bt nibst curfgj Bnn Uhuns tai rufgs wiri bnsh

vfsftic (Cþrr 2664<;=2-;=;). Kut abs tai Ebnvbrfh bnwbys sirvic tafs purphsi8Zabt abvi htair shureis th sby bkhut tai eabpin's dugetfhg8 Bgc wabt bkhut tai

rufgs bgc htair breabihnhjfebn sftis8 Bgc ahw ch tai eaurea bgc tai jrbviybrc

tfi fg th bnn tafs8 Fg bgswirfgj taisi quistfhgs sivirbn htair thpfes wfnn bnsh ki

cfseussic suea bs rftubns rinbtic th wabt fs ebnnic wfteaerbdt1: bgc eursfgj kut

bnsh ahw @ftniòhs tai`sinvis pireifvi bnn taisi trbcftfhgs, sthrfis bgc prbetfeis.

Ufgei ft fs f`phrtbgt th ehgsfcir taisi fssuis wftafg b tfìdrbì taiy wfnn ki

cfseussic fg tarii pbrts. Sai dfrst pbrt cibns wfta tai fgdhr`btfhg tabt ehìs

drh` Drby Kurjhb, drh` tai ibrny ixpnhrirs bgc drh` tai nfttni breabihnhjy tabt

abs kiig chgi. Fg tai siehgc pbrt tai `bfgny itaghjrbpafebn cbtb drh` tai dfrstabnd hd tai twigtfita eigtury fs prisigtic bgc tai tafrc pbrt cibns wfta tai nbst

diw ciebcis bgc bnsh fgenucis `y hwg dfincwhro. Bdtirwbrcs tai civinhpìgts

tabt ebg ki jbtairic drh` tai cbtb cfseussic fg taisi tarii pbrts wfnn ki

ehgsfciric drh` tai bgjni tabt wbs cfseussic fg eabptir twh.

1:Zfteaerbdt fs hd ehursi b viry cirhjbtfvi tir` wafea usi hrfjfgbtis drh` b`fsugcirstbgcfgj hd fgcfjighus rinfjfhgs ky fgtirpritfgj tai` drh` b Iurhpibg phfgthd vfiw. Kut sfgei khta butahrs bgc @ftniòhs usi priefsiny tafs tir`, hr fts Upbgfsaehugtirpbrt, fg fts gijbtfvi sigsi th cisfjgbti twh cfstfget typis hd betfvftfis, f.i. sabpieabgjfgj bgc eursfgj bg igi`y, ft wfnn ki usic airi bs winn th ridniet taifr bttftucis.




3.2 Ibrny Uhureis

3.2.2 Sai Ebnvbrfh bgc fts ]ricieisshrs

Bkhut tai Bchki pyrb`fc hg wafea tai Ebnvbrfh fs kufnc nfttni fs oghwg

breabihnhjfebnny. Sai krhoig thurfst sfjg tinns pihpni tabt tai nbyhut hd tafs tarii-

tfiric pyrb`fc thjitair wfta tai tarii aibvfny irhcic hgi-tfiric hgis kiafgc ft,

stbgcfgj brhugc b eigtrbn pnbzb fs typfebn hd tai Enbssfe pirfhc styni drh` kitwiig

;9=-:9= B.C. Fg b s`bnn khho ky Ginny [hknis bgc Bndrich @hrifrb hg

riehgstruetfhg pnbgs dhr sivirbn hd @ftnb‖s afsthrfebn kufncfgj tairi bri shì

ridirigeis th tai cfsehviry hd b squbri strueturi fg tai `fccni hd tai pnbzb ky b

tib` drh` tai Ygfvirsfcbc ci nbs Bìrfebs ([hknis & @hrifrb 266=<2;=). Safs

risibrea ahwivir abs givir kiig ehgtfguic ghr abs tai fgftfbn whro ivir kiig

puknfsaic. Ghwbcbys tai hgny tafgj tabt ebg ki siig hg tai pnbzb, kisfcis shì

jrbzfgj bgf`bns hr ofcs pnbyfgj sheeir, fs b squbri sfzic ahnnhw `hri hr niss fg

tai `fccni hd tai pnbzb. Sai ibrnfist ìgtfhg hd tai strueturi fs ky Jufnnir`hCupbfx, wah phfgts hut tabt tai hrfjfgbn stbfrwby hd tai `bfg pyrb`fc wbs hg tai

sfci hd tai pnbzb, hg wafea stfnn b trbei ehunc ki siig hd tai bgefigt bntbr (Cupbfx

2646 _21;=P<253). Bkhut tai pyrb`fc ftsind ai sbys tabt ft wbs b pyrb`fcfebn

hrbthry, irietic dhr tai dbnsi ciftfis hd tafs gbtfhg (Cupbfx 2646 _21;=P<255). Sai

ciserfptfhgs hd tai db`hus breabihnhjfst Zfnnfb` Ahnìs rhujany sivigty yibrs

nbtir bri niss spieunbtfvi, ehgsfstfgj `bfgny hd ìbsuriìgts. Ai jbvi tai jrhup

tai gbì wafea fs ghw fts hddfefbn cisfjgbtfhg< Jrhup hd tai Bchkis, bdtir tai sug

crfic bchki krfeo ìbsurfgj bkhut 29x4x;° fgeais wfta wafea tai dhur

pyrb`fcs bri kufnt (Ahnìs 2169<;53,;:5). Beehrcfgj th afs ìbsuriìgts taieigtrbn pnbzb fs bt nibst 29= dt squbri, bgc tai `bfg `hugc fs 5= dt afja, wfta tai

su``ft ìbsurfgj 4= dt drh` ibst th wist ky 1= dt drh` ghrta th shuta (Ahnìs

2169<;:5). Ai bnsh ridirs th b nbrji squbrfsa knheo hd sthgi b diw ybrcs drh` tai

`bfg `hugc, kut chis ght ebnn ft bg bntbr (Ahnìs 2169<;:5). [idirrfgj th tai

crbwfgj `bci ky Cupbfx' eh`pbgfhg Ebstbòicb (Dfj.1) ai dfgcs ft abrc th kinfivi

tabt kbeo taig taisi `hugcs wiri stfnn sh winn prisirvic, sfgei taiy wiri ghw sh

irhcic (Ahnìs 2169<;:5). @hri bnhgj tai nfgis hd Cupbfx' spieunbtfhgs wi dfgc

Icubrc Uinir ebnnfgj tai tirrbeic pyrb`fc 'bg bgefigt ti`pni wftahut chukt'

(Uinir 26=3<;95). Fg afs ugpuknfsaic cheuìgt @. @brtàgiz Jrbefcb jhis ivigdurtair ebnnfgj ft tai ']frâ`fci cin Uhn', ft fs ahwivir bjbfg eh`pnitiny ugenibr

wabt afs shureis wiri ([hknis, @bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:<24).

Bnsh drh` Jrbefcb wi nibrg tabt tai dfrst ehnhgfbn kufncfgj hg tai sfti wbs b

ti`phrbry eaurea wafea sthhc hg tai pyrb`fc drh` 293: ugtfn brhugc 296=

waig tai eaurea bt fts prisigt nhebtfhg wbs dfgfsaic (fg [hknis & @hrifrb

266=<2=:). Bg ibrnfir whro hg tai breaftieturbn afsthry hd tai afsthrfebn kufncfgjs

fg @ftnb ([hknis, @bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:) ehgtbfgs b ciserfptfhg hd tafs dfrst

kufncfgj ky Jrbefcb. Ai tinns tabt sfgei tairi wbs gh pnbei fg @ftnb wairi tai

sberbìgts ehunc ki bc`fgfstiric, b tiqufh 11

wbs bssi`knic. Saiy kufnc b

11 Siqufh< drh` tai Gbaubtn tiquftn ìbgfgj ebrjh hr cuty. Ysic bs b tir` dhr puknfe whros



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI EBNTB[FH BU B [FSYBN NHEBSFHG 12

trfbgjunbr abnn hd ;9 vbrbs nhgj bgc 2= wfci (2 vbrb kifgj 15 e`.) wfta bchki

wbnns, b whhcig/riic rhhd bgc bg bntbr fg hgi hd fts ehrgirs. Sai nhebtfhg wbs

eahsig kiebusi ft wbs tai `hst vfsftic spht ky tai Fgcfbgs (fg [hknis, @bjbcâg &

@hrifrb 261:<24). [ijrittbkny Jrbefcb jfvis gh enibr fgdhr`btfhg hg wabt tai

purphsi hd taisi rijunbr vfsftbtfhgs wbs, ixeipt tabt ai ebnnic ft b Uug ]yrb`fc bs

wi sbw bkhvi.

Beehrcfgj th Uea`ficir (265=<3=) tai dfrst betubn eaurea hd @ftnb wbs kufnt hg

tai prisigt cby pnbzb bgc cicfebtic th Ubfgt Gfeahnbs, fg afs cbys tai

dhugcbtfhgs stfnn sthhc bgc sirvic tai `broit. Safs fs prhkbkny tai sbì kufncfgjtabt Jrbefcb fs ridirrfgj th waig ai tbnos bkhut b jrhup hd 9== ìg tabt stbrtic

kufncfgj hg tai pnbzb bdtir tai abnn hg tai Bchki Jrhup wbs dfgfsaic fg 29:9 (fg

[hknis, @bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:<29-24). Ai ahwivir bccs tabt tafs prhliet wbs

givir dfgfsaic sfgei tai eurb 16 abc ft sthppic. Sai ribshg kifgj tabt tairi wbs

thh nfttni `hgiy bgc ft wbs thh dbr bwby drh` tai rufgs tabt bri ghw ebnnic tai

eaurea jrhup, wairi ai bgc afs sirvbgts nfvic (fg [hknis, @bjbcâg & @hrifrb

261:<24). Ivigtubnny fg 296= b eaurea wbs dfgfsaic fg tai shutairg pbrt hd wabt

fs ghw ebnnic tai Eaurea Jrhup ([hknis, @bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:<24). Fg drhgt hd

tai eaurea taiy `bci b spbefhus jrbviybrc wfta b kfj eigtrbn erhss (fg [hknis,@bjbcâg & @hrifrb 261:<;2). [hknis it bn. tai`sinvis ahwivir bcc tabt hg tafs

spht gh trbeis hd tafs jrbviybrc hr tai erhss wiri dhugc breabihnhjfebnny, ahwivir

hg tai shuta sfci hd tai eaurea twh ehnhgfbn th`ks wiri dhugc ([hknis, @bjbcâg

& @hrifrb 261:<;2).

Sai b`hugt hd fgtirist tabt tai ibrny risibreairs abc dhr tai Ebnvbrfh wafea

wbs kufnt hg tai `bfg `hugc hd tai Bchki Jrhup fg tai 2:ta eigtury fs prhkbkny

kist ridnietic fg tai crbwfgj ky Ebstbòicb hd wafea wi bnribcy sbw tabt Ahnìs

wbs shìwabt seiptfebn hd fts ribnfs`. Bntahuja wi ebg enibrny sii tai dhur

fg wafea ì`kirs hd bnn tai thwg's db`fnfis bri ixpietic th pbrtfefpbti bt hgi phfgt.16Eurb< prfist, shìtfìs bnsh usic dhr afs risfcigei.

Dfjuri 6< Sai Ebnvbrfh hg tai Bchki

Jrhup (Ahnìs 2169)

Dfjuri 1< Sai Bchki jrhup ky Ebstbòicb

(Cupbfx 2646 _21;=P Nb`fgb 54)




@bp 5< Sai 246: `bp sahwfgj tai thwg hd @ftnb bgc fts Ebnvbrfh fg tai ibst (Uea`ficir 265=).

pyrb`fcfebn strueturis stbgcfgj brhugc b eigtrbn pnbzb, tairi fs gh trbei

wabtshivir hd b eabpin hg tai `bfg hgi. Fg tai ciserfptfhgs beeh`pbgyfgj tai

crbwfgj Cupbfx ìgtfhgs hgny tabt tai `bfg `hugc ghw sirvis b Ebnvbrfh, bgc

waig ai bccs tabt tai stbfrs nibcfgj up th tafs eabpin wiri kufnt hg ixpigsi hd

tai `hguìgts afs hpfgfhg hg fts rinivbgei kiehìs ivig `hri bppbrigt (Cupbfx

2646 _21;=P<253). B sf`fnbr bttftuci ebg siig waig Ahnìs ciserfkis tai Ebnvbrfh

bs ‑b s`bnn Earfstfbg eabpin hd prf`ftfvi cisfjg bgc ehgstruetfhg' (Ahnìs

2669<;:5). Ai ahwivir chis ght h`ft fts prisigei hg afs sf`pnfdfic pbghrb`b hd

@ftnb (Dfj.6). Safs pbghrb`b fs ght tai hncist cipfetfhg hd tai Ebnvbrfh, bs ft ebg

bnsh ki riehjgfzic fg b `bp hd tai nbgc hd Ubg ]bknh @ftnb hd 246: (@bp 5), wafeaUea`ficir dhugc fg bg breafvi (Uea`ficir 265=<291). Uea`ficir af`sind ahwivir

chis ght ìgtfhg tai kufncfgj bt bnn. Gfehnbs Niõg, wah ìgtfhgs tai spietbeunbr

vfiw drh` tai Ebnvbrfh, wbs tai dfrst th ìgtfhg tai igjrbvic sthgi bkhvi fts `bfg

brea (Dfj.2=) wafea stbtis tabt tafs whro wbs dfgfsaic bt tai 5=ta hd Bprfn hd 24::

ugcir tai butahrfty hd Cfijh ci [hknis (Niõg 26=2<3;<;9). Ai cfc ahwivir

`fsribc ft bs sbyfgj tai ;=ta hd Bprfn hd 24:2, b `fstboi tabt wbs nbtir ehpfic ky

]brshgs (]brshgs 2654<:). Bkhut tai sthgis dhr tai stbfrwby ai bccs tabt taiy

wiri tboig kbeo ky C. Nihphnc Kbrtris wah wbs bt tabt phfgt riehgstruetfgj tai

Ehnu`gs Jrhup (Niõg 26=2<;9). Bg fgtiristfgj afsthrfebn citbfn tabt tai ibrnyixpnhrirs cfc ght ìgtfhg ebg ki dhugc fg Ivinfgi Cþrr's khho wairi sai stbtis

tabt tai kufncfgj wbs kufnt ky Ebrìnftis bgc wbs cicfebtic th Ubfgt Ebrìg




Dfjuri 2=< Sai igjrbvic sthgi bkhvi tai eigtrbn brea (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

(Cþrr 2664<261). Uai chis ahwivir ght ìgtfhg b shurei, ghr ehunc sai

riì`kir ft nbtir (Cþrr< pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg). Air bssirtfhg ehunc ki rinbtic

th tai dbet tabt tai striit nibcfgj th tai Ebnvbrfh fs gbìc Ebrìg Uærcbg, sai

ahwivir wbs b di`bni rivhnutfhgbry drh` ]uiknb. Safs ìbgs hd ehursi tabt wi

sahunc ki ebridun wfta tafs pfiei hd fgdhr`btfhg, ft fs ahwivir viry fgtiristfgj bs

Lunfh ci nb Duigti ìgtfhgs tabt wfta b puknfe eiri`hgy dhr Bnn Ubfgts tai

Vbnbntiehs `boi b prheissfhg th tai jrbviybrc wfta tai f`bjis hd Ubg Lubg bgc

tai Tfrjig ci Ebrìg (Duigti 26::< ;16). Bg ivig strhgjir nfgo th tai shuns ebg

ki dhugc fg bg itaghjrbpafebn khho ky [hssbgb Nho wairi sai ciserfkis tai

Tfrjig cin Ebrìg bs tai hgi wah rieifvis tai shuns hd tai cieibsic fg aibvig

kut bnsh bs tai hgi wah sigcs tai sfggirs kbeo th tai whrnc hd tai nfvfgj fg tai

dhr` hd bg bgf`bn (Nho 2662<32). [ijrittbkny sai chisg't jfvi b shurei dhr tafs

dugetfhg tabt fs dbr drh` ebghgfebn dhr tai pbtrhgiss hd tai Ebrìnftis, wah wbs

airsind gbìc bdtir b eabpin dhr @bry hg @hugt Ebrìn, b thwg fg prisigt cby

Fsrbin (\f`ìr`bg 26=1). Saus fd ft whunc ki trui tabt tai Ebrìnftis kufnt tai

Ebnvbrfh tabg tafs whunc ìbg tairi ehunc ki bg fgtiristfgj ehrrinbtfhg kitwiig

tai bchki pyrb`fc bgc b `hugc f`phrtbgt fg Earfstfbgfty bgc `byki ivig b viry

tigtbtfvi nfgo kitwiig tai Ebnvbrfh bgc tai shuns.




3.2.; B Kbeochhr th Ainn fg tai [ufgs

Fg tai privfhus eabptir wi bnribcy sbw tabt, beehrcfgj th Kurjhb, tairi wiri

dhur suktirrbgibg rhh`s ugcir tai Ehnu`gs Jrhup. Hd taisi tai drhgt rhh` wbs

usic ky b afja prfist th eh`ùgi wfta fchns tabt wiri oipt hg bg bntbr tairi

(Kurjhb 2616<2;5). Hg tafs sbì bntbr tai aibrt hd sberfdfefbn vfetf`s wbs

supphsicny tboig hut, thueaic th tai fchns bgc taig tarhwg fgth taifr 'sipunerh ci

sus kfigbvigturbcbs ' (Kurjhb 2616<2;5). Kurjhb ciserfkic tafs 'kurfbn pnbei hd

taifr knissic', wairi tai khcfis hd sberfdfefbn vfetf`s wiri tarhwg fg bs winn bs

tahsi jribt nhrcs bgc eafids tabt cfic fg kbttni, bs b cbro bgc jruishì rhh`

enhsic hd wfta b sthgi snbk (Kurjhb 2616<2;3). Ft wbs tarhuja tafs phrtbn tabt

tahsi hpprissic ky abrcsafps bgc cfsibsis kijjic th ki bnnhwic th igtir tai

ugcirjrhugc ebvirg th wafea @ftnb supphsicny hwic fts gbì, th wbno tarhuja

tafs cbro eigtri, siiofgj hut tai `broits hd taifr bgeisthrs (Kurjhb 2616<2;3).

Safs stbtiìgt ky Kurjhb, fs tai dfrst tabt phfgts hut b ehgeriti rinbtfhg kitwiig

b spiefdfe nhebtfhg fg @ftnb bgc tai whrnc hd tai cibc. Hd ehursi Kurjhb af`sindcfc ght riehjgfzi tafs stbtiìgt dhr wabt ft wbs, kiebusi ai wbs priheeupfic wfta

tai dbet tabt bppbrigtny taisi pihpni betfviny shujat hut taifr hwg chh` ky

igtirfgj bg bkyss hd cbrogiss bs ai ebnns ft (Kurjhb 2616<2;3). Ehgtfgufgj

Kurjhb ciserfkis ahw nbtir b jrhup hd prfists wbgtic th fgvistfjbti fd tafs

trbcftfhg stfnn nfvic bgc aibrc tabt tai ebvirg ehgtfguic dhr 5= nibjuis

ugcirjrhugc. Sh ehgvfgei tai pihpni hd taifr irrhrs taiy igtiric tai

suktirrbgibg ebrryfgj threais bgc rhpi, sh ght th jit nhst fg tafs ehgdusfgj

nbkyrfgta. Saiy dhugc ehrrfchrs nfoi striits wfta pfnnbrs kut kiebusi hd tai kbc

stigea, b ehnc wfgc tabt ixtfgjufsaic tai threais bgc vbrfhus phfshghus riptfnistaiy qufeony nidt tafs ‑kbeochhr th ainn‖ bgc eh`pnitiny wbnnic ft up (Kurjhb

2616<2;3). Nbtir risibreairs oipt ehggietfgj tafs suktirrbgibg rhh` wfta

`hrtubry prbetfeis ght ìgtfhgfgj bgy htair trbcftfhgs (Cupbfx 2646 _21;=P<25;?

Ahnìs 2169<;:2). Niõg ahwivir hpigny quistfhgs fd Kurjhb ribnny vfsftic tai sfti

kiebusi gh trbeis hd afccig chhrs hr fgdirgbn suktirrbgibg pnbeis tabt wiri

ehviric wiri dhugc (Niõg 26=2<23). Ft fs trui tabt Kurjhb ciserfptfhgs hd tai

kufncfgjs bgc taifr rhh`s bri ugenibr. Ft fs dhr ixb`pni abrc th tinn fd tai dhur

suktirrbgibg rhh`s ridir th rhh`s ugcir tai dhur kufncfgjs hd tai shutairg pbrt

hd tai Ehnu`gs Jrhup, wafea fs cukfhus bs hgny twh igtrbgeis th suktirrbgibgpbssbjis abvi kiig dhugc fg tafs pnbzb. Ft ehunc bnsh ki tabt ai fs ridirrfgj th hgi

hd taisi twh, fg wafea ebsi tai dhur rhh`s whunc ridir th tai tarii pbssbjis wfta

tai eigtri kifgj tai drhgt rhh`. Ahwivir Kurjhb givir enbfìc tabt ai af`sind

igtiric taisi suktirrbgibg rhh`s hr sbw tafs wbnnic-up chhr nibcfgj th fgdirgbn

ebvirgs, ai hgny ìgtfhgs tai` bs tafgjs tabt wiri thnc th af`. Bgc waitair

tairi wbs ivir betubnny b rhh` wfta b chhr tarhuja wafea hgi ehunc igtir

ugcirjrhugc ebvirgs fs ght wabt fs rinivbgt airi. Zabt fs rinivbgt fs tabt taisi

gbrrbtfvis phfgt hut bg f`phrtbgt dibturi hd @ishbìrfebg whrncvfiw, gbìny

tabt tai bdtirnfdi fs ght siig bs shì dbr bwby spfrftubn pnbei hut tairi kut bgbetubn pnbei fg tafs whrnc. Kifgj bg betubn pnbei tafs bnsh ìbgs tabt ft, hr bt

nibst tahsi nf`fgbn pnbeis tabt khrcir ft, ebg ki vfsftic ky pihpni.




3.; Ibrny itaghjrbpairs

3.;.2 Sai Ebnvbrfh bs b ]nbei th Eursi

Zaig ribcfgj Insfi Eniws ]brshgs ciserfptfhgs hd tai Ebnvbrfh tai dfrst

f`prissfhg fs tabt sai sabris tai cfsfgtirist hr ivig cfscbfg dhr tafs eabpin tabt

wi bnribcy sbw bkhvi. Ebnnfgj ft 'tai ujny krfeo-kufnt ebnvbry pireaic hg tai

bgefigt pyrb`fc', bgc nbtir hg ciserfkfgj ahw sai enf`ks tai stbfrs th tai 'tarii

wafti erhssis igenhsic fg taifr ujny krfeo eabpin' wi jit tai f`prissfhg tabt fts

hgny dugetfhg fs th 'sft hg b stip hd tai ebnvbry-pyrb`fc bgc wbtea tai riturg hd

tai whhc-jbtairirs th taifr ybrcs' (]brshgs 2654<:?;::?53).

Ft turgs hut ahwivir tabt tai kufncfgj bnsh stfnn sirvis b eh`pnitiny cfddirigt

purphsi, gbìny fts hddfefbn hgi, f.i. tabt hd riprisigtfgj tai tarii erhssis bt

@hugt Jhnjhtab. Curfgj Ui`bgb Ubgtb 6= , hg Jhhc Drfcby th ki priefsi, b

prheissfhg fs ainc wfta Earfst fg afs ehddfg beeh`pbgfic ky Ubg ]icrh bgc tai

eheo, tai Bphstnis bgc tai Eigturfhg drh` tai eaurea th tai Ebnvbrfh. Airi bgbnn-gfjat wboi fs ainc ky tai Bphstnis, wfta tai Liws bgc tai Eigturfhg krfgjfgj

tai` bthni bgc kribc brhugc inivig (]brshgs 2654<;:3-;:9). Sai gixt cby, hg

Ubturcby, s`bnn ahusiahnc jrhups vfsft tai Ebnvbrfh th hddir dnhwirs, kurg b

ebgcni bgc prby. Dfgbnny, bdtir cbro, Sai @htair hd Uhrrhws fs ebrrfic fg b

prheissfhg th tai Ebnvbrfh th krfgj air shg kbeo th tai eaurea (]brshgs

2654<;::).

Fg afs khho bkhut tai rinfjfhg hd tai Shthgbebs, Feahg ìgtfhgs tabt fg

@ishbìrfeb tai eaurea, tai eiìtiry bgc tai Ebnvbrfh bri hdtig fgtijrbtic fg

wabt ai ebnns tai 'eunth pbjbgh' (Feahg 26:5<5=2). Fg ]brshgs' khho shìixb`pnis ebg bnsh ki dhugc hd tafs paighìghg. Uai dhr ixb`pni ciserfkis ahw

ìreabgts siio hìgs dhr b trfp ky tarhwfgj sthgis bt b `bro suea bs b ebgyhg,

bg bpirturi fg b trii hr bt tai erhssis hd tai Ebnvbrfh. Vhu giic kut hgi aft, kut fd

yhu `fss tarii tfìs yhu jh bwby viry sbc (]brshgs 2654<5;=). Ivig `hri

bppbrigt bri tai sthrfis thnc bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh bt Ubg Kbntbzbr, wairi hg Giw

Vibrs' Ivi bppbrftfhgs hr b `broit bri siig (]brshgs 2654<;1:?;5:). ]brshgs

ahwivir givir ìgtfhgs pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh th `boi hddirfgjs th tai

shuns hd cieibsic nhvic hgis, b prbetfei sai whunc ght abvi ibsfny hvirsiig, jfvig

tabt air khho fs suktftnic 'Shwg hd tai Uhuns'. Bkhut tai ibrny 269='s EabrnisNisnfi wbs ivig enibrir waig bsoic bkhut suea hddirfgjs kifgj pnbeic, stbtfgj ai

givir aibrc hd hr hksirvic pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh, tai hgny tfì ft wbs

fgvhnvic fg puknfe rftubn bs dbr bs ai ogiw wbs curfgj Ui`bgb Ubgtb (Nisnfi,

pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg). Fg afs khho Nisnfi chis ahwivir ridir th bghtair rftubn

prbetfei dhr wafea tai Ebnvbrfh wbs (fg)db`hus, hgi tabt ]brshgs bnsh ìgtfhgs,

f.i. wfteaerbdt bgc eursfgj.

]brshgs jfvis b nigjtay ciserfptfhg hd wfteais kifgj sbfc th eabgji fgth

bgf`bns, stibnfgj bwby eafncrig, ebusfgj sfeogiss tarhuja sigcfgj fglurfhus

tafgjs fgth tai khcy bgc usfgj tai ivfn iyi. Uai bnsh citbfns sivirbn wbys hd

6=Ui`bgb Ubgtb< Ahny Ziio, kifgj tai wiio hd Ibstir.




aibnfgj wfteaerbdt, bgc bnsh cfseussis sivirbn ìtahcs th oiip wfteais hut hr

ivig trbp tai` (]brshgs 2654< 252-23=). Sairi bri sbfc th ki `bgy wfteais fg

@ftnb, kut taiy bri ugoghwg sfgei dfgcfgj tai` bgc gb`fgj tai` fs thh

cbgjirhus (]brshgs 2654<251). Fg tai \bphtie `hugtbfg thwg hd Vbnbnbj, wiri

Lunfh ci ni Duigti cfc afs itaghjrbpafebn risibrea fg tai 263='s, ft bnsh usic th

ki sbfc tabt bnn @ftniòhs wiri gbjubn-jbths 62. Zaig shìkhcy fg thwg cfic wafni

tairi wiri @ftniòh ehddii trbcirs fg thwg taiy wiri knbìc bgc tahsi jfvfgj tai`

saintir wiri beeusic hd prhtietfgj wfteais (Duigti 26::<532). Bgc ivig fg tai

263='s Vbnbntiehs wiri stfnn bdrbfc hd sniipfgj hut fg tai hpig waig taiy wiri fg

@ftnb hut hd dibr dhr tai gbjubnis , ispiefbnny enhsi th tai `bfg rufgs (Duigti

26::<53;).

Fg bccftfhg th taisi sthrfis bkhut sabpi eabgjfgj wfteais ]brshgs bnsh

ciserfkis b rftubn dhr pugfsafgj wrhgjchirs tabt abs shì fgtiristfgj dibturis<

„Sh krfgj `fsdhrtugi th bgyhgi wah abs rhkkic yhu, f.i., th kiwftea af`, yhu

shbo b ebgcni hd bgf`bn jribsi, b jbgcin sb', fg sbnt bgc hfn, bgc nfjat ft bttai wrhgj igc, tai tafeo igc, fg tai Ebnvbry, bt ghhg, hg b Drfcby. Ft fs dhr

Ubg Bgthgfh, bgc yhu tbno th ft, tinnfgj ft hd yhur nhss bgc tabt yhu wfsa

`fsdhrtugi th kidbnn tai tafid.‐ (]brshgs 2654<232).

Fg b nbtir ciserfptfhg hd tai sbfgts sai bccs tabt<

„Ft fs winn oghwg bt @ftnb bs insiwairi tabt tai sbfgts `by whro abr`. Zaig

pihpni vfsft tai Ebnvbry bt ghhg ft fs th prby bjbfgst bg igi`y ...‐ (]brshgs

2654<;=4).

Bgc fg b cfseussfhg hd tai nf`ftic rhni tabt tai civfn pnbys fg @ftniòh whrncvfiw

sai sbys<

„Ivig waig yhu wbgt th fgluri bg igi`y, yhu ch ght prby th tai Civfn, yhu

vfsft tai tarii erhssis hd Ebnvbry, bt ghhg tfì .‐ (]brshgs 2654<;2=).

Beehrcfgj th Nisnfi tairi wiri gh `hri wfteais nidt fg @ftnb fg tai trbcftfhgbn

sabpi-eabgjfgj sigsi waig ai wbs chfgj afs risibrea. Ahwivir `bncbcis 6; bgchtair `bjfebn civfeis wiri stfnn usic bjbfgst igi`fis (Nisnfi 264=< 5:). Uuea

knbeo `bjfe wbs pirdhrìc ky bppibnfgj th sbfgts, i.j. ky kfgcfgj tai f`bji wfta

b ehrc bgc nheofgj ft fg b khx, hgny driifgj ft waig tai igi`y whunc abvi kiig

pugfsaic hr ky suspigcfgj tai` fg b cbro wbtir winn (Nisnfi 264=<42). Bghtair

ìtahc ebg ki siig waig Nisnfi ciserfkis ahw b nbcy gbìc Siaubgb cisfric dhr

62Gbjubn-jbths< Gbaubn-ebts. Airi wi sii stfnn sii ahw tai Gbaubtn whrc dhr spfrft

eh`pbgfhg, gbaubn, fs usic th cisfjgbti b sabpi eabgjfgj wftea, b enibr bgc viryeh``hg ixb`pni hd b @ishbìrfebg ehgeipt kifgj rifgtirpritic bnhgj tai nfgis hd 24ta

eigtury Iurhpibg tahujat bkhut sabpi safdtfgj wfteais.6;@bncbcis< ivfn ciics, dhr ixb`pni eursis.



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI EBNTB[FH BU B [FSYBN NHEBSFHG 1:

rivigji waig sai ebujat air sfeo auskbgc wfta tai `bfc sai abc afric th tboi

ebri hd af` wafni sai wbs bwby `bofgj `hgiy th pby dhr afs ìcfebn tribtìgt<

„Iviry `hrgfgj sai divirfsany nft ivfn-sìnnfgj ebgcnis hd ùtthg jribsi

kidhri air ahusiahnc f`bji hd Lisüs Gbzbrigh bgc kijjic tabt air auskbgc

bgc tai jfrn ki strueo wfta cfsibsi bgc `fsdhrtugi. Bt ghhg sai put tai f`bji

fg tai knbzfgj sug th kurg bs sai whunc abvi air kitrbyirs kurg .‐ (Nisnfi

264=<32).

Nbtir hg, waig sai jht ehgvfgeic tabt air `fsdhrtugi `fjat ki cui th tai dbet

tabt sai bgc air auskbgc kiebusi hd phnftfebn tur`hfn hgei dbfnic th jfvi Lisüs

Gbzbrigh tai distfvbn taiy wiri supphsic th jfvi, sai ciefcic th sphgshr b giw

einikrbtfhg fg fts gbì, bnsh ahpfgj tabt tafs whunc `boi airi eursis `hri

iddietfvi (Nisnfi 264=<42). Zaig Siaubgb's auskbgc ivigtubnny jbsaic afs aibc

tairi wiri `bgy spieunbtfhgs bkhut tai fgvhnviìgt hd wfteaerbdt bgc fts

iddietfvigiss (Nisnfi 264=<3;). Sai `hst eh``hg ribetfhg th taisi fgefcigeisahwivir wbs rfcfeunfgj tahsi tabt prbetfeic ft wafni prfvbtiny tbofgj priebutfhgs

hr kifgj ti`ptic th usi ft waig prhvhoic (Nisnfi 264=<51-56). Uuea wbs bnsh tai

ebsi wfta Lubg, Sirisb bgc b wfchw berhss tai striit wah abc nbujaic bt

Siaubgb kut nbtir hg<

„Sirisb, Lubg's wfdi, wbs ehgvfgeic tabt ai abc kiig sniipfgj wfta tai

wfchw bgc thnc htair gifjakhrs tabt sai abc jhgi th tai Ebnvbrfh th pitftfhg

dhr rivigji ky kurgfgj ebgcnis kiafgc tai erhssis .‐ (Nisnfi 264=<3;).

Uh wafni fg tafs pirfhc tai Ebnvbrfh chis ght sii` th ki usic ky pfnjrf`s th

`boi hddirfgjs th tai shuns hd taifr rinbtfvis ft chis viry enibrny dfjuri fg bghtair

rftubn eh`pnix. @fjat tairi ki b rinbtfhg kitwiig tai twh prbetfeis8 Fgtiristfgjny

Nisnfi bnsh ìgtfhgs bghtair dhrei tabt taisi pitftfhgs th abr` bg igi`y ebg ki

bccrissic th, nbs âgf`bs shnbs , tai shuns hd pihpni wahsi gbìs abc kiig

dhrjhttig (Nisnfi 264=<51). Ght hgny chis Lunfh ci nb Duigti bnsh ìgtfhg tafs

prbetfei, hd bccrissfgj tai shuns dhr eursfgj bg igi`y, dhr tai Vbnbntiehs (Duigti

26::< 53=), ft bnsh dfjuris fg b ciserfptfhg tabt ]brshgs jfvis hd pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th

Bjustfgb, b eurbgcirb, dhr cfvfgbtfhgs<

„Sai dfrst enfigt, drh` Ubg Lhsæ ]hkrisb, fs b yhugj wh`bg ebrryfgj b kbky.

Uai fs b wfchw bgc ebgght tboi ebri hd air ehws prhpirny. Uhìkhcy fs

stibnfgj drh` air airc. Zabt sabnn sai ch th eaieo tai rhkkir8 Uai fs th hddir

twh ebgcnis, hgi fg tai Ebnvbry, tafs bjbfgst air igi`y, tai ebttni tafid, bgc

hgi bt tai erhss fg tai eaureaybrc, th tai shuns, bgc hg Hethkir 1, tai dfistb

hd tai Tfrjfg hd Luqufnb, sai fs th vfsft Bjustfgb bjbfg. @ibgwafni Bjustfgb

airsind wfnn prby th tai shuns, prby tabt tai rhkkir turg th rhkkfgj tai rfea

fgstibc hd phhr wfchws...‐ (]brshgs 2654<5=6).




Ft wbs curfgj tafs bcvfsi tabt Bjustfgb `bci tai cfstfgetfhg kitwiig nbs âgf`bs

shnbs bgc nbs âgf`bs eh`ügis tabt wi sbw fg eabptir hgi. Beehrcfgj th Cþrr

Bjustfgb wbs stfnn ispiefbnny cicfebtfgj airsind th nbs âgf`bs shnbs , pbyfgj khta

`bssis bgc risphgshs dhr tai` fg tai ibrny gfgitfis (Cþrr 2664<;25).

Ahwivir Cþrr bnsh ciserfkis ahw bs b ehgsiquigei hd tai wfteaerbdt

bnnijbtfhgs, hd wafea tai hddirfgjs dhugc fg tai Ebnvbrfh wiri siig bs prhhd, tai

kufncfgj wbs ivigtubnny enhsic ky tai butahrftfis fg tai `fc ifjatfis (Cþrr 2664<

;5-;3 bgc pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg). B eurbgcirh drh` @fbaubtnâg tabt F sphoi

waig ai wbs vfsftfgj tai Ebnvbrfh bccic tabt ft wbs tai prisfcigti wah cfc ght

wbgt tai pihpni th ch ivfn tafgjs nfoi `bncbcis. @brf Inigb, `y ahstiss bccic

tabt fg bccftfhg th tai wfteaerbdt tairi wiri bnsh eh`pnbfgts tabt ft wbs sh cfrty

fgsfci, wfta pihpni ofnnfgj eafeoigs, kribofgj ijjs bgc wfta tai wbx hd bnn tai

ebgcnis.

3.;.; Sai Eaureaybrc bgc tai [ufgs

Ivig tahuja ]brshgs chis ght ìgtfhg bgy pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh th

`boi hddirfgjs th tai shuns hd cibc rinbtfvis sai chis ahwivir ridir th suea

hddirfgjs bt htair nhebtfhgs. Ciserfkfgj tai ivigts hd Giw Vibr's Cby, hd wafea wi

bnribcy sbw tai f`phrtbgei hd tai gfjat kidhri, sai sbys<

„..., shì `hugtbfg pfnjrf`s ehì fgth tai eaureaybrc th ogiin bt tai hnc

jrbvis bgc nibvi taifr `brfjhncs. Cinfkirbtiny, bs fd abkftubnny, hgi wh`bg

`hvis drh` jrbvi th jrbvi? sai nibvis air yinnhw knhh`s hg tarii jrbvis. Hgtai sthgi kiafgc „tai ehnu`g hd cibta‐ fg @hgtizu`b's ]bnbei nfi bnsh shì

hd tai yinnhw dnhwirs hd tai cibc bgc hd tai sbfgts .‐ (]brshgs 2654<2:=).

Nbtir sai bccs tabt bt bnn dfistbs tai hnc jrbvisthgis fg tai eaureaybrc bri striwg

wfta dnhwirs ky thwgspihpni bs winn bs pfnjrf`s drh` `hugtbfg thwgs wah kinfivi

tabt tai shuns jh th @ftnb (]brshgs 2654<;=:). Fg air ehgenusfhgs ]brshgs

ehgsfciric tafs prbetfei th ki b enibr fgcfebtfhg hd tai survfvbn hd tai hnc eunt hd

tai cibc (]brshgs 2654< 9=6). Safs bppbrigt ehggietfhg kitwiig tai shuns bgc

tai hnc jrbviybrc fs hd ehursi fg ftsind dbr drh` surprfsfgj. Sabt `hri fs jhfgj hgahwivir kiehìs enibr waig ]brshgs ciserfkis tabt tai rfvir tabt wbs ìgtfhgic

fg tai privfhus eabptir, tai hgi tabt shuns abvi th erhss hg taifr wby th tai gixt

whrnc fs fcigtfdfic ky shì bs tai s`bnn strib` kitwiig tai thwg bgc tai hnc

eaureaybrc (]brshgs 2654<295). Airi bjbfg, lust bs wfta Kurjhb's ciserfptfhgs hd

tai suktirrbgibg rhh`s, wi sii b enibr nfgo kifgj `bci kitwiig b nhebtfhg fg

thwg bgc tai bdtirnfdi.

Bkhut taisi suktirrâgihs ]brshgs bnsh tinns bg fgtiristfgj sthry. Zaig b nbcy

drh` tai thwg hd Ubg @fjuin cfvirts b quistfhg bkhut kinfid fg tai shuns ky stbtfgj

tabt bt @ftnb pihpni kinfivi tabt taiy ehunc spibo wfta tai cibc, ]brshgs bccstabt tafs bt nibst usic th ki trui bs<




„@fjuin @igcis thnc ì tabt waig ai wbs b khy ai wigt wfta afs `htair th

bg bgefigt suktirrbgibg kufncfgj, _...P, wairi sai tbnoic wfta afs cieibsic

dbtair, bkhut b pfiei hd nbgc fg cfsputi fg tai db`fny. Sai cieibsic sbfc afs

wfchw whunc abvi th nit tai `bttir rist tai wby ft abc kiig sittnic.‐

(]brshgs 2654<;=:).

Sabt vfsftfgj tai suktirrbgibg pbssbjis wbs ght ìriny b tafgj hd tai pbst

kiehìs enibr waig ]brshgs cfseussis b erhss tabt usic th stbgc bt tai wist sfci

hd tai rufgs wairi ìreabgts nidt taifr jhhcs th dfgc `hgiy fg fts pnbei uphg

riturg (]brshgs 2654<;1:). ]brshgs whgcirs waitair tafs `fjat abvi kiig b wby

th cfvirt bttigtfhg drh` tai rufgs bs b sarfgi (]brshgs 2654<;1:). Fd ft wbs, ft

dbfnic, sfgei tai erhss abc ghw kiig ri`hvic bgc tai suktirrâgih ci ùirth 65 wbs

stfnn vfsftic bs b sarfgi ky pfnjrf`s, kut ght ky @ftniòhs, hg Giw Vibr's Ivi bgc hg

tai dibst cby hd tai Tfrjig ci Luqufnb, tai ifjat hd Hethkir. Saiy whunc ehì bs th

tai `fccni hd tai whrnc th hddir dnhwirs, kurg b ebgcni bgc `boi taifr

picfìgths 63 hr prbyir-f`bjis (]brshgs 2654<;1:). Dhrìrny tai ebgcnis wiripnbeic hg b khuncir fg tai ghrtairg br` hd tai ugcirjrhugc eruefdhr` wafea abs

tai ehnu`g hd cibta bt fts eigtri kut tafs wbs ghw prhafkftic ky tai dicirbn

cipbrtìgt. ]brshgs airsind wftgissic b jrhup hd bkhut ;= pfnjrf`s hutsfci tafs

pnbei fg cfseussfhg wfta tai eusthcfbg wah wbs tinnfgj tai` hgny th pnbei dnhwirs

bgc ght th kurg ebgcnis (]brshgs 2654<;11). Sabt taisi rijunbtfhgs abc b strhgj

iddiet fs ivfcigt drh` ci nb Duigti's ciserfptfhg hd tai pfnjrf`bjis tabt Vbnbntiehs

usic th `boi th tai th`ks bt tai rufgs hd @ftnb hg Giw Vibr's Ivi. Sabt fs, hg tai

gfjat tabt tai shuns ainc b `broit fg taifr ugcirjrhugc pnbei hd wafea taisi

th`ks wiri siig ky shì bs tai igtry phfgt (Duigti 26::<;:3). Fg tai pbst `bgypihpni ebì th kurg ebgcnis, dhhc bgc `hgiy dhr tai winnkifgj hd tai shuns hd

taifr rinbtfvis kut fg tai 263='s hgny diw stfnn wigt th bso dhr jhhc dhrtugi th tai

shuns hd taifr bgeisthrs (Duigti 26::<52=). Beehrcfgj th af` tafs cieribsi hd

pfnjrf`s, bnsh drh` htair `hugtbfg bgc vbnniy thwgs, wbs nbrjiny cui th bg

fgeribsi hd survifnnbgei (Duigti 26::< 52=).

Fg afs khho Nisnfi abrcny ìgtfhgs bgy betfvftfis bt tai rufgs, ehgsfcirfgj tai

sthrfis bkhut tai bgefigt hgis wah kufnc tai erhssrhbcs wairi shuns wairi th

ìit th abvi nhst taifr vbnui dhr @ftniòhs wah wiri strfvfgj th kiehì efvfnfzic

(Nisnfi 264=<;2-;;). Ahwivir waig F bsoic af` bkhut tafs ai sbfc tabt b diwpihpni cfc stfnn ehì th `boi hddirfgjs th tai shuns bt tai rufgs, kut tabt pihpni

thnc af` tabt fg tai pbst ùea `hri pihpni drh` `hugtbfg vfnnbjis ebì th

ehgtbet shuns hd cibc db`fny ì`kirs tairi. Sh tafs ai bccic tai sthry hd b

@ftniòh wah whroic dhr b dfn` eriw tabt wbs sahhtfgj fg tai rufgs, jubrcfgj tai

iqufpìgt curfgj tai gfjat. Ai sbfc ai abc kiig drfjatigic th spigc bnn gfjat fg

tai rufgs kut tabt ghtafgj abc abppigic bgc tabt thcby pihpni abc ùea niss hd

taisi kinfids (Nisnfi ;==9< pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg).

65Uuktirrâgih ci ùirth< Uuktirrbgibg hd cibta, kifgj tai hgi wfta tai pfnnbr hd cibta.63]icfìgth< riquist




3.;.5 B Afccig Igtrbgei fg tai Eaurea

Bkhvi Bnbfg Feahg wbs quhtic bs sbyfgj tabt hdtig tai eaurea, tai eiìtiry

bgc tai Ebnvbrfh wiri fgtijrbtic fg tai nhebn fgcfjighus rinfjfhus trbcftfhgs. Hd

tai nbttir twh wi bnribcy sbw shì fgtiristfgj ixb`pnis bgc fgciic ehgeirgfgj

tai eaurea ]brshgs abs shì bs winn. Zi bnribcy sbw dhr ixb`pni ahw [hsb

Airgbgciz pnbeic b nbrji ebgcni dhr tai âgf`bs shnbs kiafgc tai eaurea chhr.

Bgc waig tbnofgj bkhut tai sbfgts whrofgj abr`fgj, sai tinns bkhut b @ftniòb

wah enbfìc th abvi kiig kiwfteaic fgsfci tai eaurea ky b eabgtir wah ogiw bnn

tai sbfgts tairi (]brshgs 2654<;=4). Bgc waig bdtir tai `bss hg tai dibst cby dhr

Ubg ]bknh tai prfist wbs sbyfgj risphgshs dhr tai cibc bgc ebgcnis wiri kurgic

dhr tai`, ai abc gh fcib tabt shì hd tai pfnjrf`s tabt wiri prisigt ebì

strbfjat drh` b eurbgcirb wah abc priserfkic taisi risphgshs bs pbrt hd tai euri

(]brshgs 2654< ;35-;39). Ghr cfc ai suspiet bgytafgj hg bnn tai htair heebsfhgs

waig tai kurgfgj hd ebgcnis, tai sbyfgj hd risphgshs bgc tai pbyfgj dhr b `bss

wbs pbrt hd b eurfgj rftubn (]brshgs 2654<;5;). Ehgeirgfgj tai twh f`bjis hd taishuns tabt wiri usic iviry @hgcby curfgj b `bss dhr tai shuns, tai prfist siiìc

th ki `hri bwbri hd fts f`pnfebtfhgs sfgei ai wbs sbfc th ki hpphsic th tai vfsfkni

bspiets hd tai eunt dhr tai shuns (]brshgs 2654< 929). ]brshgs suspiets tabt ai

`fjat ivig ri`hvi taisi f`bjis, wafea sai ehgsfciric th ki bghtair survfvbn hd

tai hnc eunt dhr tai cibc, hut hd cfsnfoi dhr tai @ftniòh eunt dhr tai shuns (]brshgs

2654< ;=1?9=6). Fg b tbni ky @fjuin @igcis, wah bnsh thnc bkhut afs vfsft th b

suktirrbgibg rhh` wfta afs `htair, tai ehggietfhg kitwiig tai eaurea bgc tai

shuns kiehìs ivig strhgjir waig ai tinns bkhut b wfchw wah fs thnc th tboi

ebgcnis bgc dnhwirs th tai eaurea th spibo wfta air cieibsic auskbgc tairi(]brshgs 2654<;=:).

Ahwbrc Nifja, [isibrea Ehgsuntbgt bt tai Drfssinn @usiu` hd \bphtie Brt fg

@ftnb bnsh rinbtis b dbsefgbtfgj sthry ehgeirgfgj tai dhugcir hd tai ùsiu`, I. [.

Drfssinn fg wafea tai eaurea bnsh dfjuris (Nifja 264=<;). Ai ciserfkis ahw fg

Ghvi`kir hd 2696 b yhugj `bg wah sphoi \bphtie, Upbgfsa bgc Igjnfsa cfic

hgny dhrty ahurs bdtir @r. Drfssinn, wah sphoi hgny Igjnfsa. Ivig tahuja tai

yhugj `bg cfic hd beuti bnehahnfs` tai kinfid wbs vhfeic bkhut tabt @r. Drfssinn,

b `bg hd f`phrtbgei bgc wibnta abc tboig tai yhugj `bg wfta af` bs bg

fgtirpritir th tai suktirrbgibg \bphtie 'Ahusi hd tai Cibc' (Nifja 264=<;). Nifjaphfgts hut tabt tafs sthry abs bg fgtiristfgj risi`knbgei th b \bphtie tir` tabt

ebg ki dhugc fg tai Thebkunbrfh Ebstinnbgh-\bphtieh ky Drby Lubg ci Eõrchvb,

f.i. thtflb pigfthõhjb wafea ìbgs „Uberfdfei b `bg hr wh`bg th b nhrc hr nbcy wah

cfic, dhr kurfbn wfta tai` .69‐ Safs ehunc taig phfgt th bg fgtiristfgj fgtirpritbtfhg

hd tai sivirbn chukni kurfbns tabt abvi kiig dhugc fg @ftnb bgc tai wfcir rijfhg

(Nifja 264=<;). Nifja's ehgenucfgj phfgt ahwivir fs tai `hst rinivbgt th tafs

taisfs<

69 Srbgsnbtfhg drh` Upbgfsa ky Nifja.




„F kinfivi tabt dhr bnn \bphties tai Ahusi hd tai Cibc fs tai jribt

suktirrbgibg nbkyrfgta bt @ftnb, ciserfkic ky Kurjhb, wafea breabihnhjfsts

abvi kiig ugbkni th dfgc. Sai @ftnb pihpni enbf` tabt fts igtrbgei fs afccig

ky tai afja bntbr hd tai Ebtahnfe Eaurea.‐ (Nifja 264=<5).

Enibrny wi sii airi yit b tafrc fgstbgei hd b spiefdfe nhebtfhg fg thwg kifgj

krhujat fgth rinbtfhg wfta tai whrnc hd tai cibc.

3.;.3 Htair Cistfgbtfhgs hg Giw Vibr's Ivi

Sai rufgs bgc taifr suktirrbgibg eab`kirs bri ght tai `hst phpunbr

pfnjrf`bji cistfgbtfhg hg Giw Vibr's Ivi, tabt ahghur fs risirvic dhr tai Eruz ci

@fnbjrh 64. Ivig tahuja @ftnb abs `bgy erhssis, ft fs tafs hgi, bt tai khugcbry

kitwiig @ftnb bgc @âtbtnbg bgc niss tabg abnd b `fni bwby drh` bg breabihnhjfebn

sfti, tabt fs bnwbys ridirric th bs tai Erhss (]brshgs 2654<;55). Hg Giw Vibr'sIvi, bdtir `bss, khta @ftniòhs bgc pfnjrf`s drh` thwgs gibrky wbno th tai erhss,

kufnc s`bnn dfris bgc taig stbrt `bofgj tai picfìgths hr prbyir f`bjis tabt tai

pnbei fs db`hus dhr (]brshgs 2654<;55). Saisi picfìgths , `bci drh` nfttni sthgis

bgc htair gbturbn `btirfbn, bri `fgfbturi riprisigtbtfhgs hd wabt tai `boir nhgjs

dhr fg tai eh`fgj yibr suea bs b ahusi, nfvistheo, kiiafvis, dfincs bgc erhps hr

`hgiy. Zaig ]brshgs vfsftic tai sfti fg 265= sai wftgissic bt nibst 5== nfttni

enustirs hd taisi prbyir f`bjis (]brshgs 2654<;55). Lunfh ci nb Duigti bnsh

ciserfkis ahw pihpni drh` Vbnbnbj vfsft tafs Erhss bt Giw Vibr's Ivi th bso ft dhr

`btirfbn jbfg (Duigti 26::<;4;). Uhì hnc Vbnbntiehs ivig gbì tai rufgs enhsiky bs tai ribn igtry phfgt th tai ugcirjrhugc pnbei hd tai shuns (Duigti

26::<;:3). Nisnfi bccs shì fgtiristfgj citbfns fg afs ciserfptfhg hd tafs prbetfei

tabt abc ght nhst phpunbrfty bt bnn, ugnfoi tai pfnjrf`bji th tai rufgs. Ai ciserfkis

ahw kidhri kufncfgj tai prbyir f`bjis pihpni whunc `boi b pitftfhg th tai Erhss,

hd wafea b typfebn virsfhg wbs cfetbtic th af`<

„F abvi ehì th bso dhr eafeoigs, fd yhu wfnn jfvi tai` th ì. Zfta Jhc's bfc,

fg bghtair yibr F wfnn abvi pnigty hd eafeoigs. Ghw F b` jhfgj th wairi tairi

bri `hri pihpni th bso fd ky eabgei taiy abvi eafeoigs th sinn. Uh tabt F wfnnabvi `hri eafeoigs, F b` jhfgj th kuy b diw. F wfnn sii fd yhu abvi eafeoigs th

jfvi ì F wfnn sii wabt ibea hgi ehsts .‐ (Nisnfi 264=<:9)

Saig bdtir tai picfìgths wiri kufnt pihpni stbrtic th rftubnfstfebnny kuy bgc sinn

tai f`bjis, usfgj pikknis tabt riprisigtic tai `hgiy hd Jhc (Nisnfi 264=<:9).

Beehrcfgj th Nisnfi ft wbs tafs kiabvfhur tabt wbs sh typfebn dhr tai @ftniòh

whrncvfiw kiebusi ft dusic taifr trbci-hrfigtic 'Bequfsftfvi Uhefity' wfta taifr

`hrbnny rijunbtic 'Jhhc Uhefity' (Nisnfi 264=<:9). Ahwivir waig b jrhup hd

Bìrfebg thurfsts wbs prisigt bt tafs eiri`hgy hgi yibr tafs cfc `boi shì

64Eruz ci @fnbjrh< Sai Erhss hd @frbeni




thwgspihpni thh bsabìc th `boi taifr prbyir f`bjis bgc trbci tai` (Nisnfi

264=<::).

Sairi bri bnsh sivirbn tbnis rinbtic th tafs erhss, dhr ixb`pni hgi tinnfgj bkhut

b khy wah dhugc b sbeo hd jhnc gixt th ft tabt abc turgic fgth b sthgi gixt cby

(]brshgs 2654<;1:). [hsb Airgbgciz, tai eurbgcirb drh` Ubg Kbntbzbr wi sbw

ibrnfir, pnbeic inbkhrbti hddirfgjs bt tafs Erhss wfta b prbyir th Cfhs, Nb Eruz ci

]bsàhg bgc Ubg ]bknh (]brshgs 2654<;14). Safs rftubn wfnn ki cfseussic fg `hri

citbfn fg tai gixt eabptir. Uthrfis bri bnsh thnc bkhut suktirrbgibg pbssbjis

nibcfgj drh` tafs erhss th tai `bfg rufgs fg @ftnb, lust bs taiy bri sbfc th ixfst

drh` tai rufgs th @ixfeh Efty bgc drh` @ftnb th b ebvi bt \bbeafnb.

B tafrc cistfgbtfhg hg Giw Vibr's Ivi usic th ki tai Euivb cin Cfbknh 6:, bt tai

igc hd tai vbnniy, dhur ofnhìtris th tai ibst hd @ftnb. Nhebtic kigibta tai

`hugtbfg Jfrhgi , f.i. tai wfgcy `hugtbfg, ]brshgs bsshefbtis ft wfta tai ebvi hd

Zfgcsthr`, tai kiachgcursa . Safs wafrnwfgc `by ki rinbtic th tai `hugtbfg-

cwinnfgj rbfg cifty Nfjatgfgj, ivig tahuja ]brshgs bnsh bsshefbtis ft wfta b spfrft

hd sfeogiss. Fg bgy ebsi ft fs sbfc th abvi b civfn hg thp tabt euts pihpni (]brshgs2654< ;29). Ft fs prhkbkny bdtir tafs 'civfn' tabt tafs ebvi fs ghw gbìc. Fg bccftfhg

]brshg ri`bros tabt sfgei tairi bri bnsh sivirbn bgefigts th`ks nhebtic hg

Jfrhgi , taifr bnsh sii`s th ki 'shì bsshefbtfhg kitwiig tai nhrcny hr prfistny

cibc bgc tai `hugtbfgs' (]brshgs 2654<;23). Sai trbcftfhg hd ofnnfgj b turoiy bgc

tbofgj ft th tafs ebvi wbs ahwivir gh nhgjir prbetfeic hg tafs gfjat beehrcfgj th

]brshgs (]brshg 2654<;55). Zaig sai vfsftic ft ahwivir, ft kiebì enibr tabt ft

abc stfnn kiig usic ugtfn rinbtfviny rieigtny, kiebusi ivig tahuja tai igtrbgei

wbs hvirjrhwg sai dhugc ght hgny `fgfbturi vissins hd pri-ehnhgfbn tfìs kut bnsh

phtsaircs tabt ehunc ki gh `hri tabg dfdty yibrs hnc (]brshgs 2654<;69). Uthrfis wiri bnsh stfnn thnc bkhut ahw hgi sahunc bso pir`fssfhg th Uus Jfkir kidhri

igtirfgj ft sh sai whunc beeh`pbgy yhu. Hgei fgsfci yhu whunc ki bttbeoic ky

nbrji sirpigts bgc b knbeo kunn whunc bppibr kidhri yhu, th dfjat. Saig tai civfn

af`sind whunc bppibr hg b ahrsi bgc tboi yhu th tai @hugtbfg hd Swigty ]ibos.

Vhu whunc riturg wftafg bg ahur bgc rieifvi sbeos hd jhnc tabt yhu abc th oiip fg

trugos bgc khxis tabt wiri jubrcic ky sirpigts. Saig yhu sahunc ehgtfgui th

nfvi phhrny (]brshgs 2654<;64). Bghtair sthry tinns hd b `broit bppibrfgj fg tai

ebvi hg b Zicgiscby tabt hgny tai nueoy ebg pireifvi (]brshgs 2654<;64). Uthrfis

bkhut thwgspihpni rieifvfgj taifr `hgiy tarhuja suea b cibn wfta tai civfn wiricfsehugtic ky shì, ispiefbnny tai wibntay ìreabgts, wafni htairs dfr`ny

kinfivic fg tai` (]brshgs 2654<29). Fgtiristfgjny ci nb Duigti wrftis ahw shì

Vbnbntiehs ciserfki tafs brib, bgc ispiefbnny tai pficrb ci @ftnb 61, b vbjuiny

bgtarhph`hrpafebn sthgi hd wafea wi wfnn sii kinhw tabt ft fs Uus Jfkir airsind

wah turgic th sthgi, bs tai igtrbgei th tai @ftniòh ugcirjrhugc ribn` hd tai

shuns (Duigti 26::<;:3). Bgc ft fs fg tafs ugcirjrhugc ribn` wairi iviry Giw

Vibr's Ivi taisi shuns ahnc b `broit (Duigti 26::<;:9). Kut kidhri igtirfgj

pir`fssfhg abc th ki bsoic th ugb jigti gh `btirfbn (Duigti 26::< ;:9). Ft ehunc

6:Euivb cin Cfbknh< Ebvi hd tai Civfn. Dhr cfseussfhg hd tai usi hd cfbknh bs b trbgsnbtfhg hdtai hrfjfgbn gbìs hd @ishbìrfebg ixtrb-au`bg dhreis sii eabptir tarii.

61]ficrb ci @ftnb, sthgi hd @ftnb




viry winn ki tabt tafs sthry drh` Vbnbnbj, wfta fts `broits bgc bsofgj hd

pir`fssfhg, bnsh nfis bt tai kbsfs hd taisi @ftniòh sthrfis bkhut bsofgj tai civfn dhr

rfeais, bgc tabt tai nbttir wbs lust `hri aibvfny fgdnuigeic ky ebtahnfe fcibs tabt

bsshefbtic suea prbetfeis wfta tai civfn. Ft wbs tafs bsshefbtfhg taig tabt `bci

@ftniòhs rinuetbgt th bc`ft th Nisnfi tabt tai ebvi wbs bjbfg usic, shìtafgj ai

ehunc enibrny sii waig ai vfsftic ft. Ft bnsh enibrny ugcirnfis tai i`kbrrbssìgt

tabt shì thwgspihpni Nisnfi ogiw abc bkhut b jrhup hd htair @ftniòhs vfsftfgj b

ebvi gibr tai Erhss tabt wbs bnsh riphrtic th ki b cwinnfgj pnbei hd tai civfn-wah-

jbvi-wibnta (Nisnfi 264=<69). @fjat jhfgj th tafs ebvi ki ehggietic taig th tai

igtry th tai shuns' `broit tabt hnc Vbnbntiehs bnsh nhebtic gibrky8 Safs ehunc taig

viry winn ìbg tabt ugnfoi tai erhss pnbeic gibr tai rufgs, wafea ehfgefcigtbnny

wbs bnsh ehggietic th trbci, tai Eruz ci @fnbjrh wbs betubnny b sueeissdun

btti`pt th cfvirt bttigtfhg.

3.;.9 „Ghw wi bri Efvfnfzic‐

Fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg wi bnribcy sbw ahw Nisnfi rijbrcic tai sthrfis bkhut

@ftnb's bgefigts fg tai tfì kidhri sugrfsi bgc tai hgis bkhut tai shuns eh`fgj th

thwg bs ciebyic nijigcs tabt wiri nhsfgj taifr ìbgfgj th tai @ftniòhs wah wiri

`bfgny heeupfic wfta kieh`fgj efvfnfzic bgc ehgsfciric taisi trbcftfhgs th ki thh

i`kbrrbssfgj bgc thh 'Fgcfbg' (Nisnfi 264=< ;;?45). Ehgeirgfgj tai rftubns hg Giw

Vibr's Ivi wi lust sbw ahw thwgspihpni wiri i`kbrrbssic ky tai prisigei hd

Bìrfebg thurfsts bgc kiebusi htairs wigt th tai ebvis hg tabt gfjat.

Ivig tahuja Uea`ficir (265=<3;) igtausfbstfebnny ciserfkic ahw tai @ftniòhs`fjat nbeo b jhhc icuebtfhg kut wiri stfnn viry fgtiristic fg taifr afsthry, wi ebg

bnribcy sii tai ibrny hgsit hd tafs bttftuci tabt Nisnfi ciserfkis fg ]brshgs' khho.

Uai dhr ixb`pni ciserfkis ahw tai kinfid fg tai gbjubn wbs wbgfgj ixeipt fg

rinbtfhg th wfteaerbdt, ahw sai chukts tabt Yrkbgh tai eurbgcirh af`sind kinfids

fg afs rftubns, ahw air jhhc drfigc Infjfh bgc afs drfigcs stbrtic chuktfgj tai

ixfstigei hd tai sbfgts, ahw ai wigt th th b ìstfzh spfrftfst fgstibc hd th tai

suktirrbgibg eab`kirs waig ai giics bcvfei bdtir ai nhst shìtafgj, ahw tai

àchnhs tabt bri dhugc ebì th ki siig bs eh`ìrefbn prhcuets, ahw tai kinfids

bkhut tai ehnu`g hd cibta wiri snhwny turgfgj fgth thurfst nhri (]brshgs2654<1=?2;6?;=4?;=1?;21?;11). Bnsh `bgy pihpni, waig bsoic bkhut b nhebn

kinfid, bgswiric tabt taiy cfcg't kinfid fg ft, kut htairs cfc (]brshgs 2654<524).

Bgc fg nfgi wfta Infjfh's ehgenusfhg tabt yb is `hcirgh 66 sai ivig stbtis tabt fg b

diw ciebcis tai `bgy eusth`s wfnn abvi nbpsic bgc fcfh`b 2== wfnn hgny ki sphoig

fg tai Fgcfbg drfgjis hd tai thwg, tai eigtri abvfgj kiehì efvfnfzic (]brshgs

2654< 56:?;2).

Hd ehursi sivirbn ribshgs ebg ki fcigtfdfic dhr way @ftnb wbs nhsfgj sh `bgy hd

afs trbcftfhgs curfgj tafs pirfhc, suea bs tai prhtistbgt `fssfhgbrfis drh` tai

66Vb is `hcirgh< ghw ft's `hcirg.2==Fcfh`b< nftirbnny nbgjubji hdtig usic bs cirhjbthry tir` dhr fgcfjighus nbgjubjis.




Y.U. tabt sittnic fg thwg (Nisnfi 264=<6) bgc tai fgeribsi hd thurfsts eh`fgj th

thwg krfgjfgj wfta tai` giw fcibs bgc `hri jubrcs bt tai rufgs. Ehgeirgfgj tai

prhtistbgts ahwivir Cþrr wrftis ahw taiy `bfgny rieruft ugcir tai giwehìrs

tabt bri bttrbetic th @ftnb kiebusi hd tai wibvfgj bgc thurfst fgcustry (Cþrr

2664<;1). Fd tafs wbs bnsh trui waig taiy lust jht th @ftnb ahwivir fs ugenibr. Fg

bg ugpuknfsaic brtfeni dhr tai Dfdta Zhrnc Breabihnhjfebn Ehgjriss, Kirgc Dbaìn

Kiyir `bois shì htair fgtiristfgj hksirvbtfhgs bkhut way tai @ftniòhs abc nhst

taifr diinfgj dhr tai sfti bgc cfc ght ivig abvi bgy oghwnicji tabt ft wbs `bci ky

\bphties bt bnn (Dbaìn Kiyir ;==5<;). @hst f`phrtbgtny ai cfseussis ahw b

siehgc bnfigbtfhg hd tai sfti, tai dfrst kifgj waig tai hnc prfists wairi eabsic

bwby ky tai Upbgfbrcs, thho pnbei waig Bndhgsh Ebsh cisfjgbtic tai sfti bs kifgj

@fxtie fg 263; (Dbaìn Kiyir ;==5<5). Safs ciefsfhg wbs pbrtfbnny kbsic hg tai

bppibrbgei hd tai ùrbns wi sbw fg eabptir tarii kut bnsh abc ùea th ch wfta

tai dbet tabt tahuja tairi wbs bnribcy b vfsftbkni \bphtie sfti, @hgti Bnkbg, tairi

wbs gh suea sfti dhr tai @fxties (Dbaìn Kiyir ;==5<;-5). Bgc sfgei tafs

`fsugcirstbgcfgj wbs givir rietfdfic thwbrcs `hst @ftniòhs, bs wi wfnn siikinhw, tafs ìbgt tabt taiy `fssic b eunturbn cfsehursi th vbnhrfsi tai sfti

(Dbaìn Kiyir ;==5<;-5).

3.5 [ieigt itaghjrbpairs

3.5.2 Fgvftfgj tai Uhuns bt tai Ebnvbrfh

Fg 266= dhr tai dfrst tfì breabihnhjfebn fgtirist fg tai Ebnvbrfh eabpin ebg kisiig, drh` tai sfci hd tai FGBA2=2 fg b s`bnn khho ky tai Hbxbeb cfvfsfhg

ciserfkfgj tai eurrigt stbti hd @ftnb's afsthrfebn kufncfgjs, khta pri-ehnhgfbn bgc

ehnhgfbn, bgc bcvfsfgj hg taifr ehgsirvbtfhg ([hknis & @hrifrb 266=). Ft ciserfkis

tai Ebnvbrfh bs ch`fgbtfgj tai urkbg nbgcsebpi wfta fts kbeo th tai pnbzb hd tai

Bchki Jrhup, nibgfgj shìwabt th tai ibst bgc abvfgj twh kindrfis wftahut kinns

([hknis & @hrifrb 266=<2=:). @bgy cfddirigt typis hd `btirfbn wiri usic fg

kufncfgj ft, ivig fgenucfgj shì sijìgts hd tai `bfg rufgs' `hsbfes, fg b

`bggir tabt sii`s th sti` `hri drh` ehgvigfigei tabg cisfjg ([hknis & @hrifrb

266=<2=1). Bntahuja tai breais hg tai shuta bgc ibst sfci usic th ki hpig taiybri ghw dfnnic up wfta bchki knheos (Dfj.22), tai `fccni hgi hg tai ibst sfci kifgj

dfttic wfta b chhrdrbì bgc b chhr ([hknis & @hrifrb 266=<2=:-2=1). Sai rhhd fs

`bci hd ugivig kib`s, riic bgc tfnis bgc ft nibos kiebusi hd dfssuris fg fts

ehgstruetfhg. Safs ivig tahuja tai Eaurea Eh``fttii abc eabgjic tafs rhhd fg

2611 ([hknis ;===<:.;1). Sarhuja tai eh`kfgbtfhg hd wfgc irhsfhg cui th fts

aifjat bgc tai sivirbn erbeos fg tai wbnns ft abs kiehì afjany ugstbkni. Bgc

sfgei tai kufncfgj fs hgny pirfhcfebnny usic ft fs viry ùea gijnietic. ([hknis &

@hrifrb 266=<2=1). Saifr dfgbn ehgenusfhg fs tabt tai kufncfgj sahunc ki fgenucic

2=2FGBA< Fgstftuth Gbefhgbn ci Bgtrhphnhjàb i Afsthrfb, tai jhvirgìgtbn fgstftutisupirvfsfgj bnn @ixfebg breabihnhjy.




Dfjuri 22< Sai Ebnvbrfh drh` tai shutawist (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

fg bgy prisirvbtfhg bgc ehgsirvbtfhg pnbgs dhr tai Bchki Jrhup ([hknis &

@hrifrb 266=<2;=).

Fg bghtair khho ky Ginny [hknis, hg tai vbrfhus shefbn bethrs fgvhnvic fg

breabihnhjfebn rishurei `bgbjiìgt fg Hbxbeb, wi sii ahwivir tabt tai `bfg

fgtirist stfnn sii`s th nfi wfta tai bchki pyrb`fcs. Uai whrrfis `hst bkhut tai

rieigt kufncfgj hd b seahhn tabt fgtrucis hg tai Bchki Jrhup, prbetfebnny sabrfgj

fts spbei ([hknis ;===<4.29). Uai dibrs tabt ky kufncfgj tafs seahhn `hri pihpni

wfnn ki bttrbetic th jh bgc nfvi gibr th ft bgc tabt bnnhwfgj bg hddfefbn kufncfgj th

ki kufnt hg suea b pnbei wfnn ki siig bs b lustfdfebtfhg hd fgtrusfhg ([hknis;===<4.;2). Uai bnsh eh`pnbfgs bkhut ahw tai Shurfst Efreuft, tai efreni hd rhbcs

nibcfgj tai thurfsts tarhuja thwg, jfvis b dbnsi f`prissfhg hd tai breabihnhjfebn

zhgi wafea risunts fg hgny b drbetfhg hd tai thurfsts vfsftfgj tai 'paysfebnny

f`phsfgj' Bchki Jrhup ([hknis ;===<4.5:). Fg stbro ehgtrbst sai ciserfkis tai

Ebnvbrfh bgc tai Eaurea bs ivfcigei hd eruin rinfjfhus suklujbtfhg ([hknis

;===<5.:).

Ahwivir waig wi ribc fg Cþrr tabt tai [àh Lhrcbgj , tai rfvir tabt tai shuns

abvi th erhss, fs ciserfkic th air bs b strib` tabt fs shìtfìs vfsfkni bt tai

Ebnvbrfh wi kijfg th suspiet tabt tai kufncfgj ght sh ùea suklujbtic tai hnc

trbcftfhgs, kut wbs fgtijrbtic fg tai` bs Feahg sujjistic (Cþrr 2664<;41).

Uivirbn sthrfis tabt wiri thnc th ì curfgj `y risibrea sii` th phfgt fg tai sbì




cfrietfhg suea bs waig Sirisb, tai hnc nbcy hd tai ahtin, tinns ì tabt tairi fs b

th`k ugcir tai Ebnvbrfh hr waig `y ahstiss @brf Inigb thnc ì tabt air

gifjakhur abc sbfc tabt tairi wbs b suktirrbgibg pbssbji nibcfgj drh` tai

Ebnvbrfh th tai hnc dhrtriss wist hd thwg. Ahwivir waig F bsoic ]hrdfrfh, tai

jrbgcdbtair hd tai db`fny F stbfc wfta, bkhut tafs ai stbtic tabt tabt whunc ki

f`phssfkni sfgei ft fs bnn puri rheo. Zaig F ehgtfguic wfta bsofgj bkhut suea

sthrfis fg tai pbst ai ixpnbfgic tabt fg tai pbst, ugtfn dhrty yibrs bjh, tai Ebnvbrfh

whunc ki usic dhr b wboi wfta b ìbn curfgj Ui`bgb Ubgtb kut ght bgy`hri

thcby. Ivinfgi Cþrr bnsh wrhti tabt ft wbsg't usic bgy`hri dhr tafs purphsi bs ft

wbs enhsic, kut tabt hg tai Saurscby hd tai Ahny Ziio pihpni whunc stfnn pnbei

dnhwirs bgc ebgcnis hutsfci tai Ebnvbrfh (Cþrr 2664< 26;). Ahwivir ehgeirgfgj

bghtair f`phrtbgt rinfjfhus dibst, Bnn Uhuns, sai rinbtis bg ivig `hri fgtiristfgj

sthry<

„Hg tai siehgc Uugcby hd Hethkir `bgy pihpni drh` @fbaubtnâg bppibr wah

bri hg taifr wby th b dibst fg Snbehnunb bgc `boi b sthp-hvir bt @ftnb th sinntaifr kbsoitry tairi bgc prby th Ubg ]bknh, wah fg taifr vfiw fs b viry

phwirdun sbfgt, fg bccftfhg taiy put chwg ebebh kibgs, dnhwirs bgc ebgcnis

bt tai Ebnvbrfh dhr taifr cibc, wah wfnn rieifvi taisi jfdts uphg taifr brrfvbn

fg @ftnb 2=; .‐ (Cþrr 2664<;=;).

@brf Inigb, `y ahstiss, ehgdfrìc tabt pihpni drh` @fbaubtnâg stfnn ebì ky hg

taifr wby th Snbehnunb thcby. B yhugj `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn, enhsi th @fbaubtnâg,

wah` F sphoi wfta wafni bg hncir `bg wbs `bofgj hddirfgjs fgsfci tai Ebnvbrfh

ahwivir sbfc tabt beehrcfgj th af` ft wbs tai dfrst Uugcby, ght tai siehgc. Hgbghtair heebsfhg b `bg drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb, bghtair vfnnbji gibr th

@fbaubtnâg, thnc ì ai chisg't oghw bgytafgj bkhut tafs, kut ai chis oghw tabt

shì pihpni drh` tabt rijfhg jh th @ftnb hg tai siehgc hd Ghvi`kir dhr Bnn Uhuns.

Bkhvi Cþrr ciserfkic tafs cby wbs cicfebtic ispiefbnny th tai âgf`bs shnbs .

Bkinbrch, hd tai @fetnbg yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg wi sbw ibrnfir, ehgdfr`s tabt `bgy

pfnjrf`s ehì th @ftnb curfgj tafs pirfhc kut ai oghws ghtafgj hd b spiefdfe cby

dhr tai shnftbry shuns. @hri citbfnic fgdhr`btfhg F jht drh` Jfncbrch, tai rijfchr ci

nb eunturb wfta wah` F abc bg ixtigsfvi fgtirvfiw. Ai ixpnbfgic ahw drh` tai dfrst

hd Hethkir, wafea fs tai dibst cby hd tai Tfrjig cin [hsbrfh, pfnjrf`s ehì th @ftnbth fgvfti tai shuns hd taifr rinbtfvi th ehì ahì curfgj Shchs Ubgths . Hg tafs

sbì cby risphgshs bri sbfc ispiefbnny dhr tai âgf`bs shnbs lust bs taiy bri hg

tai tafrc hr dhurta hd Ghvi`kir.

Zaig F bsoic Ivinfgi Cþrr bkhut wairi tai hddirfgjs sai ìgtfhgic wiri

pnbeic, sfgei tai Ebnvbrfh wbs stfnn enhsic hdd, sai ripnfic tabt taiy nidt taifr

2=;„B` zwiftig Uhggtbj f` hothkir irseaifgig siar vfin Niuti bus @fbaubtnâg, cfi bud ci`Zij zu ifgi` Dist fg Snbehnunb sfgc ugc fg @ftnb ifgig \wfseaigsthpp ifgnijig, u`

chrt fari Dnieatwbrig su virobudig ug zu Ubg ]bknh su kitig, cir bus farig Ufeat ifgsiar `ãeatfjir Aifnfjir fst. Buirci` nijig sfi bud ci` Ebnvbrfh Obobhkhagig,Knuìg ugc Oirzig dþr fari Shtig gficir, cfi cfisi Jbkig kif farir Bgougdt fg @ftnb fgI`pdbgj giaìg wircig.‐ Srbgsnbtfhg ky Brd`bg.



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI EBNTB[FH BU B [FSYBN NHEBSFHG 6:

hddirfgjs bt tai drhgt chhr (Cþrr, pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg). Sai eurbgcirh drh`

@fbaubtnâg wah sbfc tabt ft abc kiig tai prisfcigti wah abc enhsic tai Ebnvbrfh

ahwivir bccic tabt pihpni wah ebì pbrb kfig 2=5 th tai Ebnvbrfh ehunc bso tai

prisfcigti dhr pir`fssfhg fg wafea ebsi ai whunc sigc tai phnfei th hpig ft up.

Ivigtubnny, hg air riturg vfsft th @ftnb fg Bujust hd 2665, Cþrr hksirvic tabt fg

tai gfgi `hgtas sfgei sai abc kiig jhgi, tai Ebnvbrfh abc kiig ri-hpigic. Safs

abc kiig chgi fg bg bnn thjitair dhrefkni `bggir beehrcfgj th tai pihpni sai

sphoi wfta (Cþrr 2664<;3).

3.5.; ]fnjrf`s bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh

Fg tai nftirbturi tairi bri kut b diw beehugts tabt ciserfki pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th

tai Ebnvbrfh th `boi hddirfgjs th tai shuns tairi. Hgi hd tai` ky Ginny [hknis wi

bnribcy sbw fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg, bghtair ky Jufnnir`h @bràg, fg afs thurfst dhncir

tabt wbs cfseussic fg tai privfhus eabptir, fs `hri sigsbtfhgbnfst tabg ft fsfgdhr`fgj<

„Sh tafs cby, fg tai eh`phugc gbìc tai jrhup hd tai bchkis, hg thp hd b

pyrb`fc b eabpin wbs ehgstruetic wairifg tairi bri 5 erhssis, fg wafea ebg

ki siig hddirfgjs `bci ky tai fgabkftbgts hd tai rijfhg wfta b spfgi eafnnfgj

sygeritfs` 2=3.‐ (@bràg 2665<:)

Ght hgny dfgcfgj hut way taisi pfnjrf`s wiri eh`fgj th @ftnb kut bnsh way taiy

wiri vfsftfgj tai Ebnvbrfh bgc ght shì htair pnbei fg thwg wbs hgi hd `y `bfgribshgs th ch `y dfincwhro. Fg `y ehgvirsbtfhgs wfta tai pfnjrf`s guìrhus

ixpnbgbtfhgs bgc sthrfis wiri rinbtic th ì tabt wfnn bnn ki cfseussic kinhw.

Hgi hd tai `hst strbfjatdhrwbrc ixpnbgbtfhgs dhr eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh wbs

jfvig th ì ky b nbcy drh` Ubg Uikbstfbg ci nbs Jrutbs enhsi th Uhnb ci Tijb. Sai

nbcy airsind bphnhjfsic tabt sai cfc ght oghw ùea bkhut bnn hd tafs bgc tahuja

air `htair cfc, sai hgny sphoi \bphtie bgc siiìc ibjir th jh th tai eaurea. Uh

wafni air nfttni shg wbs abgjfgj brhugc, enibrny kifgj khric, sai qufeony thnc ì

tabt tairi fs b eriigefb 2=9 tabt bnn tai shuns ehì th @ftnb bgc tabt bt tai Ebnvbrfh

yhu ebg spibo wfta tai` bgc tabt fs way taiy pnbeic shì ebgcnis.B `hri inbkhrbti virsfhg ebì drh` tai hnc ehupni drh` Ubg @fjuin @fxtipie

tabt wiri wfnnfgj th spibo th ì ivig tahuja taiy wiri lust `hri hr niss eabsic

bwby drh` tai Ebnvbrfh ky b jrhup hd yhugj @ixfebg thurfsts wah lust kbrjic fg

tairi tbofgj pfeturis bgc bsofgj tai` quistfhgs. Sai `bg ixpnbfgic tabt taiy

abc ehì th tai Ebnvbrfh kiebusi yhu ebg spibo wfta tai cibc fg tairi. Ai bccic

2=5]brb kfig< dhr jhhc (purphsis)2=3Abstb nb dieab, ig in ehglugth nnb`bch jruph ci bchki, ig nb ef`b ci ug pfrâ`fci si

ehgstruyõ ugb ebpfnnb ig chgci aby 5 erueis, ig nbs eubnis si vig hdrigcbs aieabs phrnhs `hrbchris ci nb rijfõg, ehg ug sfgeritfs`h isebnhdrfbgti.2=9Eriigefb< nftirbnny kinfid, kut hdtig usic fg b cirhjbtfvi sigsi th fgcfebti fgcfjighus

kinfids bs supirstftfhgs




tabt tairi fs b sthry tabt tairi wbs hgei b phrtbn wairi yhu ehunc jh th tai shuns

kut tafs abc kiig enhsic ghw bgc ghkhcy ogiw wairi ft wbs bgy`hri. Kut bt tai

Ebnvbrfh ft fs stfnn phssfkni th vfsft tai shuns. Vhu ebg lust spibo th tai cibc, dhr

ixb`pni yhur `htair hr dbtair, bgc taig yhu ugcirstbgc wabt taiy sby.

B sf`fnbr sthry ebì drh` b viry hnc `bg wah wbs khrg fg b s`bnn vfnnbji gibr

]heautnb kut ghw nfvic fg Hbxbeb Efty, ai abcg't kiig fg afs ahìthwg dhr twigty

hr tafrty yibrs. Ufttfgj fg tai sahp crfgofgj b ìzebn 2=4, ai ixpnbfgic wfta tai

ciip vhfei hd shìhgi wah abs siig b nht fg afs nfdi tabt ai ebì th Ebnvbrfh th

tabgo Jhc bgc bso afs cieibsic pbrigts dhr dhrjfvigiss. Kiebusi bnn tai shuns

wigt th @ftnb wairi taiy igtiric tai jrhugc tarhuja b sthgi bt tai rufgs, taiy

nfvic tairi ugcirjrhugc bgc ehunc ehì up hgny bt tai eaurea bgc bt tai

Ebnvbrfh.

Sai yhugj ehupni eh`fgj bnn tai wby drh` Ebrcigbs fg tai stbti hd Sbkbseh

bnsh ebì th tabgo khta Jhc bgc tai shuns. Fg tai pbst pihpni drh` taifr thwg

bnsh ebì th @ftnb th vfsft tai Ebnvbrfh, kut givir bgy htair pnbeis fg thwg.

B jrhup drh` Ubgtb @brfb, bnsh enhsi th Uhnb ci Tijb, ehgsfstfgj hd bg hnc `bg,b yhugjir ehupni bgc b nfttni khy ebì hgny th sby taifr tabgos th tai shuns. Ivig

tahuja tai yhugj `bg cfc ght oghw ixbetny way tai shuns ehì th tai Ebnvbrfh

ai wbs ahwivir suri tabt ft abs shìtafgj th ch wfta tai eabpin, ght wfta tai

pyrb`fc ft fs stbgcfgj hg. Ai ogiw tabt tairi bri htair pihpni wah jh th tai

Ebnvbrfh dhr eurfgj purphsis bgc tabt pihpni abvi `bci hddirfgjs bt tai Ebnvbrfh

dhr bs nhgj bs ebg ki riì`kiric.

B `bg drh` Snbehnunb wah` F bpprhbeaic waig ai wbs iglhyfgj tai vfiw drh`

tai bchki pyrb`fc bdtir ai fs chgi hddirfgj, sbfc tabt pihpni drh` Snbehnunb hdtig

ehì th @ftnb th jfvi tabgos th Jhc, tai erhss bgc tai shuns. Saiy ehì kiebusitai shuns jh th @ftnb wairi taiy ìit bt tai erhssrhbcs fg tai th`k bt tai rufgs

kiebusi ft fs igebgtbcb 2=:. Sai Ebnvbrfh fs igebgtbcb thh kut ght pbrtfeunbrny nfoi

tai ebvis bgc tai rufgs. Sai Ebnvbrfh fs bg f`phrtbgt pnbei kiebusi tai shuns jh

tairi. Zaig F bso af` waitair tafs `byki kiebusi hd tai pyrb`fc, ai bjriis tabt

ft `fjat ki.

@bgy htairs bnsh ìgtfhg tai erhss bs b ribshg th vfsft tai Ebnvbrfh nfoi b

ehupni drh` Ubgtb Ebtbrfgb Eufxtnb, enhsi th @fbaubtnâg, wah vfsftic tai Ebnvbrfh

dhr tai dfrst tfì thjitair wfta bg hncir `bg tabt abc kiig tairi kidhri. Saiy

ixpnbfgic tabt taiy `bfgny ebì kiebusi hd tai erhss kut waig F bsoic bkhut taishuns taiy bjriic tabt taiy ebì dhr tai` bs winn.

Sai yhugj `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn, beehrcfgj th wah` tai pfnjrf`s drh`

@fbaubtnâg ebì tai dfrst Uugcby hd Hethkir, wah` F krfidny sphoi th wafni F wbs

jfvfgj b thur hd @ftnb th b vfsftfgj tibeair, bnsh sbfc tabt taiy ebì th sby tabgos

th tai erhss bgc tai shuns. Ai bccic tabt ai nfoic @ftnb `hri tabg Luqufnb,

kiebusi wafni tai dhrìr fs `hri `fnberhus tairi fs `hri th ch fg @ftnb.

Bg hnc knfgc `bg drh` Ubgtb Nuefb, gibr @fbaubtnâg, wah` F ainpic enf`k hdd

tai stbfrs thjitair wfta tai `bg tabt beeh`pbgfic af` thnc ì tabt tai shuns

2=4@izebn< b strhgj nfquhr `bci drh` b typi hd bjbvi2=:Igebgtbcb< Igeabgtic, b tir` hdtig usic th cisfjgbti pnbeis tabt abvi b nf`fgbn

eabrbetir.




tabt ehì th tai Ebnvbrfh bri ùy bgefbghs 2=1. Bgc ft fs dhr tai` bgc dhr tai erhss

tabt pihpni abvi bnwbys jhgi th tai Ebnvbrfh.

Uivirbn beehugts bnsh eh`kfgi vbrfhus ribshgs dhr eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh suea

bs hgi thnc th ì ky bg hnc ehupni drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb tabt F sphoi wfta wafni

tai rist hd taifr jrhup, ehgsfstfgj hd twh `hri ìg bgc tarii `hri whìg wiri

stfnn kusy wfta `bofgj hddirfgjs. Saiy abc ehì th jfvi tabgos th jhc bgc tai

shuns bs winn bs dhr tai erhss. Htairs bnsh ehì th euri raiu`btfs` hr htair

pbfgs. Sai shuns nfvi fg tai Ebnvbrfh bs winn bs fg tai eaurea bgc b ebvi gbìc Nb

Ebsb ci nbs Âgf`bs 2=6 wairi pihpni bnsh jh th jfvi taifr tabgos th tai shuns.

Zaig F nbtir tribt tai wahni jrhup th shì crfgos bghtair `bg tinns ì bkhut tai

sbì ebvi, kut ebnnfgj ft Nb Ehefgb ci nbs Âgf`bs 22=.

Bghtair kfj jrhup eh`fgj drh` Ubg Tfgeigti, gibr Uhnb ci Tijb, ehgsfstfgj hd

twh hnc whìg, b yhugjir wh`bg bgc b khy bgc b jfrn ebì ispiefbnny th tai

Ebnvbrfh th euri b enibrny sfeo `bg tabt bnsh beeh`pbgfic tai`. Hgi hd tai hnc

nbcfis, b swiit nbcy wah oipt sabofgj `y abgc, thnc ì tabt taiy wigt th tai

Ebnvbrfh kiebusi bt tafs hnc ahusi hd Ubg ]bknh, wairi ai usic th nfvi kidhri ai wigt th tai eaurea, khta tai `frbeunhus erhssis bgc tai ivig `hri `frbeunhus

Ubg ]bknh ainp wfta tai eurfgj. Saiy bnsh put chwg shì hddirfgjs dhr tai shuns

wah beehrcfgj th trbcftfhg ebì th tai Ebnvbrfh kiebusi hd tai erhss bgc wah ebg

ki dint fg tai strhgj wfgcs tairi. Saisi shuns ahwivir ch ght bssfst fg tai eurfgj

rftubn.

Sai eurbgcirh drh` @fbaubtnâg tabt abs bnribcy kiig ìgtfhgic sivirbn tfìs

ghw bgc tabt F abc b nigjtay ehgvirsbtfhg wfta fg tai sahp bdtir F ainpic af`

ritrfivi afs abt tabt abc kiig knhwg bwby, bnsh abc ehì kiebusi ai wbs sfeo.

Sairidhri ai bsoic khta tai shuns bgc tai erhss th tboi afs sfeogiss bwby. Aiebnns tai Ebnvbrfh Nb Ebsb ci nbs Âgf`bs , bgc sbys tabt ft fs tai pnbei wairi tai

`bni shuns, tai dbtairs bgc tai jrbgcdbtairs jh th wafni tai shuns hd tai whìg

jh th Nb Ehefgb ci nbs Âgf`bs ! Sai shuns ehì th tai Ebnvbrfh kiebusi hd tai

erhss bgc waig F bsoic af` bkhut tai pyrb`fc ai sbfc tabt bnsh pnbys b rhni. Fg

bccftfhg th eurfgj ai sbfc tabt shì bnsh ehì th `boi hddirfgjs th sigc shìhgi

b sfeogiss tarhuja tai wfgc, hr bso shìhgi th ki ofnnic hr jit bg beefcigt. Vhu

bso taisi quistfhgs th tai shuns bs winn. Vhu ebg ivig pby spiefbn aieafeirhs 222 th

ch taisi `bncbcis dhr yhu.

Fg b absty ehgvirsbtfhg wfta b `bg drh` Ubg @fjuin, enhsi th @fbaubtnâg, wahebì chwg drh` tai Ebnvbrfh lust kidhri tai rist hd afs jrhup ehgsfstfgj hd twh

hncir ìg, b wh`bg bgc b khy bgc b jfrn jh chwg F nibrg hd bg ivig strhgjir

ehggietfhg kitwiig tai Ebnvbrfh bgc tai shuns. Ai tinns ì tabt waig shìkhcy

cfis tabt pirshg abs th jh th tai Ebnvbrfh, tai pnbei wairi tai Nhrc cfic, th cbr

euigtb 22; hd afs nfdi. Sabt fs way taiy pnbei taifr hddirfgjs tairi dhr nhs bkuinhs

bgc bso b jhhc nfdi.

2=1@uy bgefbghs< viry bgefigt.

2=6Ebsb ci nbs Âgf`bs< Ahusi hd tai Uhuns22=Ehefgb ci nbs Âgf`bs< Ofteaig hd tai Uhuns222Aieafeirh< Zfzbrc, usic th cisfjgbti wfteais.22;Cbr euigtb< jfvi rieohgfgj



2== TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

Fg b nigjtafir ehgvirsbtfhg wfta b `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn, gibr ]heautnb, tabt

wbs wbftfgj hutsfci wafni twh hncir ìg wiri kusy fgsfci F jit b sf`fnbr beehugt.

Sai ìg abvi ehì th vfsft tai shuns tabt jh tairi kiebusi tai erhss fs

`frbeunhus. Uhì shuns jh th tai Ebnvbrfh, htairs jh th eaurea. Zaig F bso bkhut

tai rufgs ai bccs tabt tai shuns jh tairi shìtfìs th igtirtbfg tai`sinvis. Sai

pyrb`fc fs ght tai ribshg way tai shuns jh th tai Ebnvbrfh kut tai kufncfgj ftsind

kiebusi ft fs tai pnbei wairi Lisus cfic bgc tabt fs way tai shuns ehì.

Uu``brfzfgj wi sii tabt fg bnn taisi ixpnbgbtfhgs hd way taisi pfnjrf`s abc

ehì th tai Ebnvbrfh, tai shuns pnby bg f`phrtbgt rhni. Zaig F bsoic bkhut taisi

shuns pihpni sbfc tabt ft ehgeirgic khta nbs âgf̀ bs shnbs bgc spiefdfe shuns. Sai

dheus ahwivir siiìc th nby hg tai nbttir, ispiefbnny shuns hd sphusis, pbrigts hr

jrbgcpbrigts. Sai `blhrfty bnsh ìgtfhgic iftair Jhc hr tai `frbeunhus erhss bs

b ribshg taiy ebì. Bghtair purphsi sii`s th ki th ch eurfgj rftubns, waitair

wfta hr wftahut ainp drh` tai shuns. Hgny hgi `bg, af`sind b eurbgcirh

ìgtfhgic ivfn prbetfeis, bgc cfc rinbti tai` th tai shuns. Bntahuja tai pyrb`fc

jht ìgtfhgic bs b ribshg dhr way shuns whunc ehì th tai Ebnvbrfh tafs wbs hgnybdtir F ixpnfeftny bsoic bkhut ft. B `hri sphgtbgihusny vhfeic fcib wbs tabt tai

shuns ebì kiebusi hd tai erhss bgc tai kufncfgj bs taiy riprisigtic tai pnbei

wairi Lisus cfic.

3.5.5 @ftniòhs bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh

Bkhvi wi abvi siig vbrfhus ribshgs way pfnjrf`s eh`fgj drh` b wfci brib

vfsft tai Ebnvbrfh, kut wabt bkhut tai @ftniòhs tai`sinvis8 Ch taiy bnsh stfnn vfsfttai eabpin8 Zabt ch taiy sby bkhut ft8 Fg ;==3, ivig kidhri F wbs prhpirny

fgstbnnic fg `y rhh`, Jnhrfb hd tai ahtin abc bnribcy ixpnbfgic th ì tabt

@ftniòhs chg't jh th tai Ebnvbrfh, fd taiy abvi kusfgiss wfta tai shuns taiy jh th

tai giw jrbviybrc, tai pbgtihg . B diw `fjat jh, kut eirtbfgny gh `hri tabg 2%.

Sai dhnnhwfgj yibr air `htair bccic th tabt, tabt @ftniòhs hgny jh th tai Ebnvbrfh

curfgj Shchs Ubgths . Zaig F bso ]hrdfrfh bkhut tafs ahwivir ai sbys tabt shì

@ftniòhs ch jh kut hgny th kurg b ebgcni bgc bso Jhc dhr shìtafgj jhhc nfoi b

lhk hr dhhc hr b nhgj nfdi. B jrhup hd crugoig hnc ìg sfttfgj hg tai nhwist stip hd

tai stbfrs th tai Ebnvbrfh sby tai sbì tafgj< pihpni drh` @ftnb chg't jh, tahsitabt ch hgny kurg b ebgcni. Lhsidfgb, ]hrdfrfh's wfdi, ivig sbys tabt ght hgny ch gh

@ftniòhs jh th tai Ebnvbrfh, taiy givir cfc fg tai pbst iftair. F ehì berhss b

sf`fnbr bttftuci waig F bso Bkincbrch, hd tai @fetnbg yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg, way

taiy eahsi tai Ebnvbrfh bs hgi hd taifr cistfgbtfhgs dhr taifr Càbs ci nhs

@uirths 225 distfvftfis bs F ribc fg taifr dhncir. Ai ixpnbfgic tabt fg tai igc taiy

ciefcic th stby fg tai eaurea's btrfh bs tai Ebnvbrfh wbs ght b pnbei wairi

@ftniòhs wigt. Hgi hd tai ribshgs way @ftniòhs saug bwby drh` kifgj bsshefbtic

wfta tai Ebnvbrfh `by nfi fg wabt tai twh yhugj ìg tabt ebì th ì th bso dhr

`brflubgb fg ;==3 abc th sby bkhut ft. Saiy sbfc tabt tai Ebnvbrfh wbs b pnbei dhr

225Càbs ci nhs @uirths< Cbys hd tai Cibc, phpunbr gbì dhr Bnn Uhuns



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI EBNTB[FH BU B [FSYBN NHEBSFHG 2=2

wfteais bgc gbjubnis wah ebì pbrb picfr `bn h kfig 223, bgc th ofnn pihpni.

Beehrcfgj tai` ft wbs usic khta ky thwgspihpni bgc tahsi drh` htair thwgs.

Safs stbtiìgt hd ehursi enibrny ieahis tai sthrfis bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh wi sbw fg

]brshgs' bgc Nisnfi's khhos. Kut fs tafs f`bji sabric ky `bgy, hr hgny ky yhugj

ìg wbgtfgj th f`priss b junnfkni thurfst8

@uea ebg ki nibrgic bkhut tai hpfgfhg tabt @ftniòhs abvi hd tai Ebnvbrfh drh`

tai ixpnbgbtfhgs tabt taiy jbvi th ì dhr way tai pfnjrf`s wiri jhfgj tairi. Sai

`hst inbkhrbti hd taisi ixpnbgbtfhgs hd ehursi ebì drh` tai vbrfhus ì`kirs hd

tai db`fny F stbyic wfta, ght hgny kiebusi F oipt bsofgj tai` quistfhgs bkhut ft,

kut bnsh kiebusi taiy abc b `hri fgdhrìc hpfgfhg bkhut taisi `bttirs sfgei

`bgy hd tai pfnjrf`s sthppic ky taifr sahp th kuy ebgcnis hr shdt crfgos. Sai

bgswir tabt @brf Inigb bgc Lhsidfgb jbvi th ì hg `y sivirbn vfsfts fg ;==3 wbs

tabt tai pfnjrf`s ebì kiebusi tai `fccni erhss wbs `fnbjrhsh , nfoi tai hgi gibr

@âtbtnbg, tabt ft ehunc aibn pihpni bgc tabt yhu ehunc bso ft dhr tafgjs yhu

wbgtic bgc tabt ft dundfnnic taisi wfsais. Zaig F taig ehgtfguic bsofgj taiy

bccic tabt shì pihpni bnsh ebì dhr chfgj kruliràb 229, dhr pugfsafgj wrhgjchirshr ivig ofnnfgj tai`. Zaig F bsoic bkhut tai shuns Lhsidfgb thnc ì tabt fgciic

taisi pihpni bnsh sbfc taiy ehunc spibo wfta tai cibc, kut sai cfcg't ugcirstbgc

ahw tabt ehunc ki phssfkni8 Fg b ehgvirsbtfhg tai dhnnhwfgj yibr ]hrdfrfh, tai

jrbgcdbtair, dfrst sbfc tabt ft wbs Jhc hr Lisu Earfsth tabt pihpni pitfhgic th, kut

waig F bsoic bkhut tai shuns ai bjriic tabt `bgy pihpni sbfc tabt bs winn. Afs

shg [hnbgch ahwivir, kisfcis ìgtfhgfgj tai erhss bgc tai eabpin th ki

`fnbjrhsh bgc tabt pihpni ebì khta dhr wfteaerbdt bgc eurfgj, abc givir aibrc

bkhut tai shuns kifgj prisigt bt tai Ebnvbrfh. Zaig afs tiig cbujatir nbtir

hviraibrc ì tbnofgj th air jrbgc`htair Lhsidfgb bkhut pfnjrf`s sbyfgj taiy wiri tbnofgj th tai cibc ft kiebì enibr sai abcg't aibrc bkhut tafs iftair drh`

tai dbet tabt sai dhugc tai fcib tabt tairi wiri shuns abgjfgj brhugc fg tai

eabpin berhss tai striit ixtriìny saheofgj. Zaig F bsoic @brf Inigb bjbfg tai

gixt yibr wabt sai tahujat bkhut ft sai bc`fttic tabt sai wbs ehgdusic. Uhì

pihpni, nfoi tai pfnjrf`s, sbfc tabt taiy hgny ebì th ch jhhc, wafni htairs sbfc

tabt ft wbs hgny dhr ivfn. Uai cfcg't oghw wabt th kinfivi ispiefbnny bs sai abc

bnsh siig pihpni jhfgj fgth tai Ebnvbrfh bt gfjat, wafea sai dhugc suspiet. Hg

nbtir heebsfhgs F thh sbw pihpni jhfgj fgth tai eabpin kidhri cbro wah F cfc ght

sii ehì hut bjbfg, bgc F bnsh sbw ebgcnis kurgfgj fg tai Ebnvbrfh fg tai ibrny`hrgfgj wafni F abc siig ghgi kurgfgj bt tai kijfggfgj hd tai gfjat. Zaig F

bsoic wafea pihpni ixbetny wiri sbyfgj tabt ft wbs bnn wfteaerbdt sai sbfc ft wbs

`bfgny tai thurfsts bgc tai pihpni fg tai striit.

F thh aibrc sivirbn hd taisi wfteaerbdt sthrfis drh` vbrfhus pihpni. Dhr ixb`pni

waig F vfsftic tai giw jrbviybrc, lust shutawist hd thwg, F abc b ehgvirsbtfhg

wfta b `bg ripbfrfgj tai wbnns tabt jht viry ixeftic waig F ìgtfhgic tai

Ebnvbrfh. Ai f`ìcfbtiny stbrtic ciserfkfgj tabt ft wbs bnn kruliràb bgc iafeiràb ,

wafni `bofgj wfnc jisturis hd stfeofgj pfgs fg chnns bgc tabt taisi pihpni wbgtic

223]brb picfr `bn h kfig< Sh bso dhr jhhc hr ivfn229Kruliràb< wfteaerbdt



2=; TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

th ofnn htairs, wafea ai strissic ky `bofgj b jug wfta afs abgc. Hg bghtair

heebsfhg b crugo gifjakhur wah sbw tabt F wbgtic th tbno wfta b pfnjrf` eh`fgj

chwg tai stbfrs drh` tai Ebnvbrfh f`ìcfbtiny stbrtic phfgtfgj th af` bgc tinnfgj

ì fg b snurric vhfei tabt tai `bg wbs b wftea, tabt ai wigt tairi th ofnn pihpni

wfta ainp hd tai civfn! Sai tarii whìg drh` tai ahtin, Sirisb, Jnhrfb bgc air

cbujatir, bnsh sbfc tai sbì tafgjs bkhut kruliràb bgc `bncbr waig F pbfc tai`

b vfsft fg ;==9. Bgc hgi hd tai ìg tabt enibgs tai Ebnvbrfh dhr tai eaurea thnc

ì tabt ft wbs khta wfteaerbdt bgc eurfgj tabt wbs chgi fg tairi, kut waig ai

ciseigcic drh` tai stbfrs ai wbs jriitic ky b jrfggfgj @ftniòb nbcy tabt wbs

pbssfgj ky wfta tai whrcs< „¡Ahnb Krulh!224‐. Fg hgi @ftniòh sahp F ivig sbw b

s`bnn pfeturi hd tai Ebnvbrfh wfta b wftea pahthsahppic fgth ft ugcir tai jnbss

pnbti hd tai ehugtir, gixt th b pfeturi hd tai `bfg rufgs wfta 'hrjbgfzbefhg

eunturbn @fetnbg' wrfttig hg ft. Zaig F tbnoic th Bkinbrch drh` tafs hrjbgfsbtfhg

thjitair wfta afs wfdi bgc twh yhugjir ì`kirs taiy thh f`ìcfbtiny ìgtfhgic

`bncbr waig siifgj shì knbeo ebgcnis hg `y pfeturis hd tai hddirfgjs. Afs wfdi

ahwivir bccic tabt taiy ehunc ki usic dhr khta ivfn bgc jhhc eurfgj rftubns.B `hri inbkhrbti beehugt bkhut tai rinbtfhg kitwiig tai Ebnvbrfh bgc

wfteaerbdt wbs jfvig th ì ky Jfncbrch, tai rijfchr ci nb eunturb , wahsi

jrbgc`htair wbs b eurbgcirb . Ai ixpnbfgic tabt waig tai Upbgfbrcs ebì taiy

kufnt taifr hwg eaureais hvir tai hnc ti`pnis hut hd prfci bgc th cistrhy tai hnc

rinfjfhg. Safs fs way taiy kufnt tai Ebnvbrfh. Sai Upbgfbrcs bnsh fgtrhcueic tai

ehgeipt hd wfteaerbdt bgc `bci tai pihpni kinfid tabt tai hnc rftubns taiy cfc hg

tai pyrb`fc kigibta tai Ebnvbrfh abc kiig `bncbcis . Fg bccftfhg tai pihpni

kinfid tabt tai Ebnvbrfh fs b pnbei dhr `bncbcis kiebusi ft fs tai pnbei wairi

Lisus cfic, bgc taus b pnbei hd thrìgt. Jfncbrch bnsh ixpnbfgic wabt purphsitaisi bgefigt rftubns tabt wiri ghw ebnnic `bncbcis abc sirvic beehrcfgj th wabt

afs jrbgc`htair thnc af`< Fg tai pbst b wh`bg ehunc ght nfdi wftahut air

ìtbti 22:, wfta ft sai prhvfcic dhr air db`fny bgc tairidhri air nfdi rivhnvic

brhugc ft. Fd air ìtbti wbs taig sthnig sai abc ghtafgj nidt bgc whunc kiehì

viry sbc bgc bgjry. Sairidhri, waig tairi wbs gh htair wby hd ritrfivfgj ft, sai

wigt th tai Ebnvbrfh wfta 4 tbpirfgj ebgcnis hd eikh 221 wafea wbs bnsh usic fg

eurfgj. Kiebusi tafs wbs b viry au`kni ebgcni tafs whunc `boi tai eursi `hri

iddietfvi. Uai whunc taig kurg taisi sfx ebgcnis fg tai Ebnvbrfh, kut wfta tai

wrhgj igc, f.i. tai tafeo igc, up. Uai whunc pnbei taisi ebgcnis fg hgi hd tai bgtgists, hd wafea tairi wiri `bgy fg tai Ebnvbrfh, curfgj tai ahttist pbrt hd cby,

f.i. ghhg. Bgc taig wafni tai bgts erbwnic fgth tai ebgcni bgc tai sug wbs

kurgfgj sai stbrtic th hrbti air `bncfefõg 226. Bgc wfta air rikhzh prhtietfgj air

drh` tai sug sai whunc bso tai civfn th pugfsa tai hgi wah sthni air ìtbti . Safs

eursi whunc ehì th fts eun`fgbtfhg curfgj tai nbst ebgcni. Hgny whìg whunc

ch tafs rftubn bgc ai wbs viry suri tabt ft wbs givir bccrissic th tai shuns, ght

ivig tai âgf`bs shnbs hr tai shuns hd ivfn pihpni. Ai ahwivir bnsh thnc bkhut

224Ahnb Krulh< Ainnh wftea!22:@itbti< dnbt sthgi th jrfgc ehrg.221Eikh< ehw's jribsi.226@bncfefõg< eursi




bghtair rftubn pirdhrìc bt tai Ebnvbrfh, ivig th tafs cby, tabt chis fgvhnvi tai

shuns. Safs hgi fs chgi fg ebsi hd b nbgc cfsputi wfta b gifjakhur fg wafea ebsi

tai pirshg whunc jh th tai Ebnvbrfh th bso afs cieibsic jrbgcdbtair, wah ogiw

wairi tai khrcir wbs supphsic th ki, th pugfsa tai gifjakhur! Safs sthry hd

ehursi abs bg fgtiristfgj risi`knbgei th tai sthry hd @fjuin @igcis wah wigt

fgth b suktirrbgibg eab`kir wfta afs `htair ixeipt tabt airi tai shun fs

ehgtbetic bt tai Ebnvbrfh. Beehrcfgj th Jfncbrch ahwivir tafs fs ght kiebusi tai

shuns nfdi fg tai Ebnvbrfh kut kiebusi ft fs viry afja bgc yhur vhfei ebg taus ki

aibrc enibrny ky bnn tai shuns risfcfgj fg @ftnb. Ai bccs tabt tafs jrbgc`htair

thnc af` tabt tafs abs bnwbys kiig tai purphsi hd tai bchki pyrb`fc tabt tai

Ebnvbrfh wbs kufnt hg. Ft abc kiig hgi hd tai twh `hst f`phrtbgt rftubn nhebtfhgs

hd pri-ehnhgfbn @ftnb thjitair wfta tai htair bchki `hugc hd tai sbì aifjat

ebnnic in @hjhti . Sai @hjhti fs stfnn ebnnic 'tea fg \bphtie wafea fs rinbtic th tai

whrc dhr ebnnfgj hut. Shcby pihpni ebg't aibr yhu bgy`hri waig yhu spibo drh`

tai @hjhti kiebusi hd bnn tai ebrs kut fg tai pbst tai pihpni bnn tai wby drh`

Snbeheabaubyb, kiafgc Sihtftnbg, sbfc tabt taiy ehunc airi @ftnb's eaurea kinns!Bgc wafni tai @hjhti wbs usic shniny dhr rftubns ehgeirgfgj tai nfvfgj, tai

Ebnvbrfh wbs usic hgny dhr rftubns ehgeirgfgj tai shuns. Kiebusi kbeo taig @ftnb

bnribcy wbs tai 'Shwg hd tai Uhuns' bs ft fs ghw.

Sabt ght bnn ì`kirs hd tai nhebn jhvirgìgt abvi suea bg fgdhrìc vfiw hg

taisi `bttir kiebì pbfgdunny enibr hgi `hrgfgj waig F sbw twh nhebn phnfei

hddfeirs ruggfgj up th tai Ebnvbrfh, efreni brhugc ft hgei bgc taig stbrt eabsfgj

bwby tai pfnjrf`s tabt wiri fgsfci. Bntahuja F f`ìcfbtiny stbrtic quistfhgfgj

@brf Inigb's sfstir, wah tinns ì tabt taiy ehì hdtig, F qufeony sthppic tbnofgj

waig F sbw tabt bghtair phnfei hddfeir wbs oiipfgj wbtea gixt th tai sahp.@ibgwafni tai htair twh hddfeirs ebì chwg wfta tarii pfnjrf`s, wiri tabgoic ky

@brf Inigb's sfstir bgc air auskbgc, sahho hur abgcs bgc jht fg tai ebr, nibvfgj

tai pfnjrf`s kiafgc. Zafni tai `bg drh` Hbxbeb jht kbeo fgsfci th bso dhr

dhrjfvigiss th afs pbrigts, F sphoi wfta b ehupni drh` Ubgtb Ebtbrfgb Eufxtnb wah

abc hgny ehì th jit th oghw tai pnbei. Sai nbcy f`ìcfbtiny stbrtic tinnfgj tabt

tai phnfei hddfeir abc sbfc tabt ft wbs dhrkfccig th ch ivfn rftubns fg tai Ebnvbrfh,

kut tabt taiy cfcg't abvi bgy ivfn fgtigtfhgs bt bnn. @brf Inigb nbtir thnc ì tabt

tai phnfei ch tafs cbfny kiebusi tai thwg chisg't wbgt pfnjrf`s th `boi b ìss

bgc sebri bwby thurfsts. Beehrcfgj th air dbtair, ]hrdfrfh ahwivir, ft fs ghtdhrkfccig bt bnn kut taiy ch oiip bg iyi hg tafgjs iviry cby. @y hwg suspfefhg bt

tai tfì wbs tabt taiy ebì `bfgny kiebusi ft wbs b Uugcby, tai cby tabt `hst

(@ixfebg) thurfsts ehì th thwg. Sai `hst crbstfe stbtiìgt bkhut tai Ebnvbrfh

ahwivir F aibrc drh` tai jufci Khgfdbefh, wah curfgj b thur tarhuja thwg thnc

ì tabt tai @hjhti usic th ki bg hksirvbthry dhr tai bgefigts wafni tai Jrhup hd

tai Bchkis, nfoi tai dhrtriss wist hd tai thwg abc sirvic bs jubrcfgj phsts th

nhho hut dhr tai @fxties curfgj tai wbr. Sh fnnustrbti tafs nbst phfgt ai ciserfkic

bg ixtigsfvi seigi drh` tai phpunbr Hbxbebg `yta bkhut prfgeiss Chgblà. Bkhut

tai eaurea bgc tai Ebnvbrfh ai sbfc tabt taiy wiri kufnt th cistrhy tai hncrinfjfhg bgc sfgei tai Ebnvbrfh wbs usic ghw hgny dhr ivfn purphsis ft sahunc ki

enhsic bjbfg f`ìcfbtiny!



2=3 TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

Dfjuri 2;< Nb Jubcbnupbgb bgc Earfst fgsfci tai Ebnvbrfh (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==3).

Fg bccftfhg th tai vbrfhus wfteaerbdt sthrfis tabt bri thnc tai Ebnvbrfh fs bnsh bg

f`phrtbgt sy`khn hd tai pbrt hd thwg tabt ft thwirs hvir. F dfrst ebì berhss tafs

waig F bsoic `y ahstiss, @brf Inigb, wah `bci tai crbwfgjs hd Nb Jubcbnupbgb

bgc Earfst fgsfci tai Ebnvbrfh (Dfj.2;) bgc sai thnc ì tabt ft wiri tai khys hd tai

gifjakhurahhc sheeir tib`. Nb Jubcbnupbgb wbs taifr pbtrhg sbfgt. Utfnn ght

eh`pnitiny ugcirstbgcfgj F bsoic way taiy whunc put taisi pbfgtfgjs fg tai

Ebnvbrfh. Sai bgswir wbs qufti sf`pni, tai tib` wbs ebnnic Ebnvbrfh kiebusi taiy

bnwbys prbetfeic hg tai s`bnn pnbzb kitwiig tai dhur pyrb`fcs hd tai Bchki

Jrhup. Sairi bnsh wiri di`bni enuks wafea wiri sf`fnbrny gbìc Ebnvbrfh bgc

tris Erueis. Bntahuja @brf Inigb wbs ght suri fd tai sheeir tib` stfnn ixfstic, ft

kiebì enibr tabt ft cfc waig F tbnoic th hgi hd tai yhugj ìg drh` tai

gifjakhurahhc bkhut tai sivirbn ‑Ebnvbrfh‖ jrbddftf tbjs F dhugc enhsi th tai krfcji

tabt hgi erhssis th igtir tafs pbrt hd thwg bs winn bs bt tai kijfggfgj hd tai striit

nibcfgj th tai Ebnvbrfh (Dfj.25) Ai sbfc tabt tai Ebnvbrfh wbs b sy`khn hd tai

sheeir tib` ai wbs tai ebptbfg hd. Ai bnsh ixpnbfgic tabt tai gbì cfc ght ehì

drh` prbetfefgj kiafgc tai Ebnvbrfh, kut kiebusi tai kufncfgj wbs tai `hst

vfsfkni sy`khn hd taifr kbrrfh 2;= , hd taifr striits. Sai jrbddftf wbs pnbeic bs b sfjg

th tai yhugj pihpni drh` htair pbrts hd @ftnb th tinn tai` th kiabvi qufitny,

kiebusi tafs wbs taifr kbrrfh. F sbw taisi yhugj pihpni bnsh abgj brhugc tai

Ebnvbrfh shìtfìs, s`hofgj cukfhus efjbrittis, pnbyfgj brhugc wfta tai

hddirfgjs hr `bofgj hut. Beehrcfgj th Bkinbrch tafs wbs tai hgny fgtirist tabt

yhugj pihpni abc fg tai Ebnvbrfh, lust b pnbei th jit crugo. Sai Ebnvbrfh wbs

2;=Kbrrfh< gifjakhrahhc




Dfjuri 25< Ebnvbrfh bs b jrbddftf bt tai kijfg`fgj hd tai rhbc (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==3).

shìtfìs ivig usic th sniip fg ky b drfigcny yhugj `bg wah wbs sbfc th ki

erbzy bgc cfc ght wbgt th sniip fg afs hwg ahusi. Sabt `bgy bnsh stfnn rijbrc tai

Ebnvbrfh bs b eabpin ahwivir ebg ki siig waig taiy pbss ky tai stbfrs nibcfgj up

th ft bgc shni`gny erhss tai`sinvis.

Fg ribetfhg th tai nbeo hd fgtirist fg bgc oghwnicji hd trbcftfhgs bgc tai pbst,

suea bs F sbw waig Lhsidfgb abc gh fcib tabt tai bchki pyrb`fc abc kiig kufnt

sh nhgj bjh ky \bphtie spibofgj pihpni hr bs ebg ki jbtairic drh` tai

prich`fgbgei hd wfteaerbdt sthrfis, ft abs th ki sbfc tabt vbrfhus prhliets bri fg

civinhpìgt th ehugtir tafs. Ginny [hknis dhr ixb`pni sujjistic b spiefbn seahhn

nfbfshg dhr ivigts fg breabihnhjfebn zhgi ([hknis ;===<:.34) bgc tai eunturbn

yhuta hrjbgfsbtfhg @fetnbg hrjbgfsi taifr yibrny distfvbn tarhuja wfta wafea taiy

ahpi th rivbnhrfzi eunturi bgc stfùnbti iehgh`y. Bgc Jfncbrch, tai rijfchr ci nb

eunturb , abs kiig civinhpfgj prhliets usfgj hnc ùsfe bgc shgjs dhugc fg

]brshgs' khho. Ft fs bnsh f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt bkhut abnd hd tai @ftniòhs bnsh stfnn

spibo \bphtie bgc bri viry prhuc hd tafs, ivig fg tai eigtri hd thwg.




3.5.3 Sai rufgs bgc tai eaureaybrc

Fd `bgy pfnjrf`s thcby jh th tai Ebnvbrfh th ch taifr hddirfgjs th tai cibc, taig

ch pihpni bnsh stfnn vfsft tai rufgs dhr tafs purphsi8 Fg tai quhti ky Cþrr fg tai

fgtrhcuetfhg wi bnribcy sbw tabt bt nibst wafni sai wbs tairi, tai rufgs wiri stfnn

usic curfgj Bnn Uhuns. Kut beehrcfgj th Jfncbrch taisi pfnjrf`s tabt ehì th

fgvfti tai shuns hd taifr rinbtfvis th taifr ahusis thcby hgny vfsft tai eaurea bgc

tai Ebnvbrfh, ght tai rufgs. Bkhvi sivirbn hd tai pfnjrf`s ahwivir bnsh ìgtfhgic

tai rufgs. Kut wafni tai hnc `bg drh` Hbxbeb sbfc tabt tai rufgs fs wairi tai

shuns igtiric tai jrhugc bgc tai `bg drh` Snbehnunb sbfc tabt tai shuns ìit bt

tai erhssrhbcs fg tai th`k bt tai rufgs, b `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn sbfc tabt taiy

hgny wigt tairi th igtirtbfg tai`sinvis. Sai eurbgcirh drh` @fbaubtnâg ahwivir

wbs `hst ixpnfeft th ì bkhut tai rhni hd tai rufgs. Ai thnc ì tabt pihpni bnwbys

usic th jh th tai rufgs th `boi hddirfgjs kut tabt taiy sthppic ghw kiebusi yhu

abvi th pby. Jfncbrch bjriic tabt fg tai pbst `bgy pihpni usic th jh th `boi

hddirfgjs bt tai rufgs kut sfgei sh `bgy tafgjs wiri dhrkfccig tairi ghw, bgckiebusi yhu abvi th pby th igtir tai breabihnhjfebn zhgi pihpni sthppic chfgj

tabt. Ahwivir Ivinfgi Cþrr rieigtny thnc ì tabt curfgj air stby pihpni stfnn

tigcic th vfsft tai rufgs kut curfgj tai gfjat, iftair ky sgibofgj brhugc tai

jubrc hr ky krfkfgj af` (Cþrr< pirshgbn eh`ùgfebtfhg). Ft fs hd ehursi viry winn

phssfkni tabt tafs fs stfnn chgi thcby.

Sai htair pnbei tabt `bgy pfnjrf`s vfsftic fg ]brshgs' cbys, tai hnc

eaureaybrc hd wafea [hknis ehunc dfgc gh breabihnhjfebn ivfcigei, chis ght ixfst

bgy`hri. Beehrcfgj th tai `bg drh` Snbehnunb taisi sthgis tabt pihpni usic th

vfsft bri stfnn vfsfkni gixt th tai eaurea. Beehrcfgj th Jfncbrch ahwivir taisisthgis tabt ebg ki dhugc kitwiig tai tfnis hd tai btrfh bri ght fg taifr hrfjfgbn

pnbei bs tai hnc jrbviybrc wbs ght kigibta tai btrfh bs `hst afsthrfbgs sii` th

tafgo kut kigibta wabt fs ghw tai prfist's qubrtirs. Sai sthgis tabt ebg ghw ki

dhugc fg tai btrfh wiri sf`pny pnbeic tairi ky shì wibntay pihpni waig tai hnc

jrbviybrc wbs ri`hvic bgc tairi bri gh khgis kigibta ft, wafea whunc ixpnbfg

way [hknis ehunc ght dfgc bgy trbeis hd tai`.

Ehgeirgfgj tai giw jrbviybrc wi bnribcy sbw tabt Jnhrfb hd tai ahtin sbfc tabt

@ftniòhs wigt tairi fgstibc hd th tai Ebnvbrfh. Sai `bg whrofgj hg tai wbnn

ehgdfrìc tabt pihpni whunc fgciic pnbei dnhwirs bgc ìzebn hg tai jrbvis ghthgny curfgj Bnn Uhuns kut bnsh hg htair tfìs curfgj tai yibr. Sai `bg rfcfgj tai

kfoi ebk tabt thho ì tairi bccic th tafs tabt hgny @ftniòhs wigt th tafs

jrbviybrc bgc gh pfnjrf`s. Cþrr bnsh ìgtfhgs sivirbn htair `hìgts tarhuja

tai yibr tabt tai jrbviybrc fs vfsftic fg bccftfhg th tai vfsfts curfgj Bnn Uhuns bgc

tai cbys bdtirwbrcs (Cþrr 2664< ;=9?;25). Dhr ixb`pni tai prheissfhg wfta tai

Tfrjig ci nb Uhnicbc hg Ubturcby curfgj Ui`bgb Ubgtb nibc th tai jrbviybrc

fgstibc hd tai Ebnvbrfh bs tai nbttir wbs enhsic (Cþrr 2664<263). Bgc sfgei tai

261='s tai prheissfhg hd tai dibst dhr Ubg ]bknh bnsh ehìs ky tai jrbviybrc, th

fgvhnvi tai shuns fg tai dibst! (Cþrr 2664<21;). Kut `byki tai `hst dbsefgbtfgjbeehugt sai jfvis fs hd `brrfbji ehupnis jhfgj th tai jrbviybrc kidhri taifr

`brrfbji th pnbei wafti dnhwirs bgc fgdhr` tai cieibsic rinbtfvis hd taifr pnbgs



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI EBNTB[FH BU B [FSYBN NHEBSFHG 2=:

bgc bso taifr knissfgj. Bdtir tai dibst taiy riturg wfta krfjatny ehnhuric dnhwirs

th tabgo tai`, wafea `bros tai igc hd tai distfvftfis (Cþrr 2664<;36). Airi ft

kiehìs viry enibr tabt ivig tahuja tai betfvftfis hd tai pfnjrf`s bri siig bs

shìwabt cukfhus, tai shuns bnsh stfnn pnby bg f`phrtbgt rhni fg tai nfdi hd tai

@ftniòhs tai`sinvis.

3.5.9 Sai eaurea bgc tai shuns

Fg bccftfhg th tai nfsts hd gbìs tabt tai pfnjrf`s tboi th rufgs Cþrr bnsh

ciserfkis ahw tai pfnjrf`s jh th tai eaurea fg tai pirfhc kidhri Bnn Uhuns. Sairi

taiy prby dhr taifr cieibsic rinbtfvis bgc pby `bssis sh taiy wfnn ki bkni th nibvi

purjbthry shhgir. Fg tai eaurea wribtas hd ebgcnis bri bnsh pnbeic, ibea ebgcni

riprisigtfgj hgi cibc (Cþrr 2664<;=2). Ispiefbnny tai pfnjrf`s drh` ]heautnb bgc

drh` tai @fxtieb nibvi hddirfgjs bgc nfttni ghtis wfta tai gbìs hd tai cieibsic fg

drhgt hd tai Âgf`bs ci ]urjbthrfh 2;2 (Cþrr 2664<;=;). Safs sbfgt fs ispiefbnnypnbeic hg tai `bfg bntbr kut rijrittbkny Cþrr jfvis gh ciserfptfhg hd ft sh wi chg't

oghw fd wi bri cibnfgj wfta tai sbì chukni stbtui tabt ]brshgs ciserfkic.

Jfncbrch jbvi b viry dbsefgbtfgj ciserfptfhg hd taisi prbyirs bgc hddirfgjs fg drhgt

hd tai `bfg bntbr, sbyfgj tabt waig pihpni prby tairi taiy bri ght prbyfgj

upwbrcs th Ubg ]bknh, kut chwgwbrcs thwbrcs tai bgefigt ti`pni wairi taiy

oghw tabt tai bgeisthrs risfci.

Zi bnsh sbw tabt sivirbn hd tai pfnjrf`s bnsh gbìc tai eaurea bs b pnbei

wairi tai shuns ehì th nfoi tai `bg drh` Hbxbeb, tai hgi drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb

bgc tai hgi drh` Ubg @brefbn. B vbst `blhrfty hd tai pfnjrf`s bnsh wigt th taieaurea iftair kidhri jhfgj th tai Ebnvbrfh hr bdtirwbrcs. Uhì wigt phr

prhìsb 2;;, nfoi tai jrhup drh` Ubgtb @brfb hr tai knfgc `bg drh` Ubgtb Nuefb,

bgc tai jrhup drh` Ubg Tfgeigti ivig cfc bg inbkhrbti aibnfgj rftubn fgsfci tai

eaurea tai cby bdtir taiy abc kiig th tai Ebnvbrfh dhr tai sbì purphsi. Sai

`bg drh` Snbehnunb, wah sbfc tabt tai shuns ìit bt tai erhssrhbcs fgsfci tai

th`ks, sbfc tabt ai bnsh lust ebì drh` tai eaurea wairi taiy abvi b spiefbn

hddfei dhr pfnjrf`s th pby dhr `bssis bgc risphgshs . Yphg fgspietfhg F fgciic sbw

tafs ebsb cin pirijrfgh 2;5 , ft wbs ahwivir i`pty ibea tfì F wigt th nhho.

Ehgeirgfgj tafs prbetfei Cþrr chis wrfti ahw tai prfist eh`pnbfgic th air tabttai @ftniòhs hgny pbfc dhr `bssis hr risphgshs wfta dugirbns, ugnfoi tai pfnjrf`s

wah ebì th pby dhr taisi tafgjs tai wahni yibr rhugc (2664<;=;).

Sairi fs bghtair f`phrtbgt rinbtfhg kitwiig tai eaurea bgc tai Ebnvbrfh, gbìny

tabt tai nbttir fs fgtirpritic bs eaurea prhpirty ([hknis ;===< Ea.4). Sairidhri ft

fs bnsh ehgsfciric eaurea risphgsfkfnfty th oiip tai Ebnvbrfh enibg. Fg prbetfei

tafs ìbg tabt shìwairi kitwiig hgei b wiio bgc hgei b `hgta, twh

2;2Âgf`bs ci ]urjbthrfh< Uhuns hd tai purjbthry.

2;;]hr prhìsb< Hut hd prh`fsi. Ysubnny tafs ehgeirgs b prh`fsi `bci th b sbfgt tabt fsbsoic dhr ainp, th vfsft fts sarfgi bdtirwbrcs. Safs fs hgi hd tai `bfg `htfvbtfhgs th jhhg pfnjrf`bjis.

2;5Ebsb cin pirijrfgh< ahusi hd tai pfnjrf`




Dfjuri 23< Sai hddirfgjs ehnnietic bgc tai ebgcnis sipirbtic (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

vhnugtiirs drh` tai eaurea ehì th tboi bwby bgc kurg bnn tai hddirfgjs prisigt,

ixeipt dhr tai ebgcnis sfgei taiy ebg ki shnc kbeo th tai `bgudbeturir (Dfj.23). F

wbs prisigt bt hgi hd taisi enibgfgj sissfhgs bgc wbs taus wftgiss th bg

fgtiristfgj cfseussfhg kitwiig tai twh enibgirs. Hgi hd tai` wbs enibrny b

vitirbg bt tafs prheicuri, wafni dhr tai htair hgi ft wbs enibrny tai dfrst tfì bgc

ai wbs eurfhus wabt bnn hd ft wbs. Sai vitirbg ixpnbfgic tabt pfnjrf`s ebì th

krfgj taifr hddirfgjs bgc bso dhr dbvhurs, shì jhhc bgc shì ivfn fg gbturi. Ai

bgc bghtair `bg abc hgei kiig enibgfgj wafni b s`bnn wafrnwfgc abc pfeoic up

tai hddirfgjs wafea sebric tai` sh tabt taiy sf`pny rbg bwby. Kut waig drh`

ugcirgibta shì hddirfgjs b nfttni wbx puppit wbs ritrfivic wfta gbìs wrfttig

hg khta sfcis F wbs bs surprfsic bs taiy wiri! Zaig taiy dfgbnny wiri pbeofgj

ivirytafgj up, taiy ebì th tai ehgenusfhg tabt taiy ehunc ght tboi ivirytafgj

wfta tai` bt hgei bgc sh tai vitirbg sbfc tabt tafs wbs gh surprfsi bs ft abc

kiig b kusy wiio, ai ogiw kiebusi tai sbì pfnjrf`s abc kiig th tai eaurea.

Sai giw juy, enibrny surprfsic, wbgtic th oghw way taisi pihpni, eh`fgj th ch

eursis, bnsh wigt th tai eaurea. Sai vitirbg sfjaic bgc ixpnbfgic tabt taisi

wiri taifr eusth`s, taifr eriigefbs bgc tabt tai prfist cfcg‖t `fgc. Sh wafea tai

htair ripnfic ky stbtfgj „kut Jhc chis!‐

Safs b`kfvbnigt rinbtfhg kitwiig tai Ebnvbrfh bgc tai eaurea fs viry sf`fnbr th

tai rinbtfhg kitwiig tai eaurea bgc tai shuns. Zafni hd ehursi tai eunt dhr tai




shuns fs b dugcbìgtbn iniìgt hd Ebtahnfefs`, wi bnribcy sbw ibrnfir ahw fg

]brshgs' cbys tai prfist wbs hpphsic th tai vfsfkni bspiets hd tafs eunt. B sf`fnbr

sftubtfhg ebg ki dhugc fg Cþrr's khho waig sai ciserfkis ahw tai bgjry prfist

ridusic th jrbgt ahny eh`ùgfhg th bnn kut twh ì`kirs hd tai eaurea, kiebusi

tai rist abc `fssic `bss wfta Shchs Ubgths sfgei taiy ehgsfciric taifr

risphgsfkfnfty th tai shuns th ki `hri f`phrtbgt (Cþrr 2664<;25). F `ysind ebì

berhss b viry fgtiristfgj ùrbn fg tai btrfh wafea cipfets Lisus eh`fgj hut hd afs

th`k, wfta tai strhgj bc`hgftfhg< @ftnb, Nujbr ci Nhs @uirths, nb tu`kb gh is

dfgbn 2;3! B stbtiìgt hkvfhusny cfrietic bt tahsi tabt ehgsfcir @ftnb tai dfgbn

ristfgj pnbei hd tai shuns.

3.5.4 Sai Ebvi wfta tai Kfj @huta

@bgy @ftniòhs bs winn bs pfnjrf`s bnsh gbìc tai bkhviìgtfhgic Euivb cin

Cfbknh, prhpirny gbìc [h Tfnfbrh fg \bphtie, ìbgfgj Ebvi wfta tai Kfj @huta,bs b phpunbr pnbei dhr pfnjrf`s th jh th. Sai yhugj ìg nhhofgj dhr `brflubgb dhr

ixb`pni sbfc tabt tairi wbs b ebvi tabt tai wfteais wigt th fg bccftfhg th tai

Ebnvbrfh. Sai jufci Khgfdbefh, wah wbs sh erftfebn hd tai Ebnvbrfh, fgcfebtic

ahwivir tabt ft wbs usic ky pihpni tabt ebì dhr eurfgj rftubns bgc th hddir th tai

spfrft hd tai `hugtbfg. Sai pihpni drh` tai @fetnbg hrjbgfsbtfhg bs winn bs tai

enibgirs drh` tai eaurea sbfc tabt tai hddirfgjs bt tai Ebnvbrfh wiri viry sf`fnbr

th tai hgis bt tai ebvi, wairi pihpni bnsh wigt dhr khta eurfgj bgc eursfgj.

Zi bnribcy sbw tabt tai pihpni eh`fgj drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb ebnnic tai ebvi

iftair Ebsb ci nbs Âgf`bs hr Ehefgb ci nbs Âgf`bs wafni tai eurbgcirh drh`@fbaubtnâg risirvic tai dhrìr dhr tai Ebnvbrfh bgc tai nbttir dhr tafs ebvi.

Curfgj `y risibrea prisigtbtfhg fg enbss `t taisfs supirvfshr ]rhd. Cr. @bbrtig

Lbgsig phfgtic hut tabt kiafgc tafs shìwabt sixfst shugcfgj sthry `fjat ki bg

fgtiristfgj cfdrbsfs`h 2;9 sfgei tai eh`kfgbtfhg hd ahusi bgc ofteaig ehunc bnsh

ki siig bs bg hdtig usic phitfe ridirigei th tai ahusiahnc bs b wahni. Fg tafs wby

ridirrfgj th tai Ebnvbrfh bgc tai ebvi, twh paysfebn hpphsftis, fg taisi tir`s

ehunc bnsh ki b wby th ridir th @ftnb bs tai ‑ahusiahnc hd tai shuns‖. Ixpbgcfgj hg

tafs sy`khnfebn rinbtfhg kitwiig taisi twh dibturis Lbgsig hksirvic tabt

Ebnvbrfhs fg Iurhpibg Ebtahnfefs` bri ght gibrny bs f`phrtbgt bs taiy bri fg taisygeritfzic fgcfjighus @ixfebg virsfhg hd Ebtahnfefs`. Afs taihry tairidhri wbs

tabt Ebnvbrfhs abc tboig hvir shì bspiets hd tai pri-ehnhgfbn Uug Si`pnis. Safs

fs fgtiristfgj bs tai rinbtfhg kitwiig b ebvi bgc b ti`pni hd tai sug fs bg

f`phrtbgt hgi fg @ishbìrfebg tafgofgj, bs wi ebg sii dhr ixb`pni bt

2;3@ftnb, Nujbr ci nhs @uirths, nb tu`kb gh is dfgbn< @ftnb, Shwg hd tai Cibc, tai th`k fsght dfgbn.

2;9Cfdrbsfs`h< b phitfe civfei wairi b tir` fs cisfjgbtic ky ridirrfgj th twh hr `hri hd fts

ehgstftutfvi iniìgts hr bsshefbtic trbfts. Cfdrbsfs`hs bri viry phpunbr fg@ishbìrfebg gbrrbtfvis, bgc taiy bri bnsh usic fg pfethjrbpafe cheuìgts thfnnustrbti cfddfeunt-th-crbw ehgeipts ky crbwfgj fts ibsy-th-crbw paysfebn `bgfdistbtfhgssuea bs b safinc bgc b spibr th fgcfebti wbr.




@bp 3< @bp sahwfgj tai giw rhbc bgc fts prhxf`fty th tai ebvi (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

Sihtfaubeâg. Fg tafs nfjat ft fs bnsh viry fgtiristfgj th ghtfei tabt @. @brtfgiz

Jrbefcb bnsh ridirric th tai Bchki Jrhup bs tai ]yrb`fc hd tai Uug.

Bntahuja F abc pnbggic th vfsft tai ebvi `ysind thjitair wfta ]hrdfrfh tafsturgic hut ght th ki phssfkni kiebusi hd aibvy rbfgdbnn wafea eh`kfgic wfta tai

ehgstruetfhg betfvftfis kinhgjfgj th tai giw afjawby `bci tai brib thh snfppiry.

Bdtirwbrcs F stbrtic th chukt fd ft wbs b jhhc fcib th try bjbfg waig ]hrdfrfh

stbrtic wbrgfgj ì tabt tai ebvi wbs viry igebgtbcb nfoi tai rufgs bgc viry

cbgjirhus th vfsft kiebusi hd tai ci`hg tabt nfvic tairi. Zaig afs wfdi Lhsidfgb

jht ivig `hri bgxfhus bgc ciefcic tabt wi hgny ehunc jh fd wi prbyic kidhriabgc

bgc tai whìg whunc stby bt tai ahusi prbyfgj bs winn, F ciefcic th knhw tai

wahni tafgj hd.

Safs giw rhbc (@bp 3) tabt fs kifgj ehgstruetic pbssis b ìri tafrty ìtirsdrh` tai `huta hd tai ebvi bgc hgny twigty ìtirs drh` b gibrky rheo dhr`btfhg

ebnnic Nb ]ficrb ci @ulir Chr`fcb 2;4 bdtir fts shìwabt bgtrhph`hrpafebn sabpi.

Cui th tai rbtair cistruetfvi gbturi hd tafs prhliet b lhfgic breabihnhjfebn bgc

itaghjrbpafebn risibrea wbs ebrrfic hut ky @breus Zfgtir bgc Bnfefb Kbrbkbs

(Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;2). Fg taifr brtfeni tairi bri sivirbn pfieis hd

fgdhr`btfhg tabt bri rinivbgt airi. Sai dfrst fs taifr breabihnhjfebn risibrea wafea

sahwic tai `fgfbturi vissins tabt ]brshgs bnsh ìgtfhgic, th ki `fgfbturi

sbau`bchris 2;: (Dfj. 29) bgc tai saircs bs eh`fgj prhkbkny drh` eblitis 2;1. Sai

2;4Nb pficrb ci @ulir Chr`fcb< Sai Uthgi hd tai Uniipfgj Zh`bg2;:Ubau`bchr< bg fgeigsi kurgir2;1Ebliti< b typi hd khwn




Dfjuri 29< Ebliti bgc Ubau`bcirh (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9< ;9)

dfrst wbs prhkbkny usic th s`hoi ehpbn bgc taiy taihrfzi tabt tai nbttir `fjat ki

usic dhr rftubn ìbns suea bs bri ibtig bt tai sfti thcby (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir

;==9<;9). Khta typis hd phttiry sti` drh` tai phst enbssfe wafea sujjists tabt

tafs pnbei abs kiig vfsftic dhr bt nibst 9== yibrs! Sai siehgc pfiei hd fgdhr`btfhg

fs tabt ‑Nb pficrb ci @ulir Chr`fcb‖ fs bsshefbtic wfta tai sthry wi sbw fg

eabptir hgi hd Uus Jfkir, @hgtizu`b‖s ehho wah turgic th sthgi bgc abc air

rbgea, ofteaig bgc sprfgj hg `hugt Jfrhgi. Sai winn, kifgj wbtir trfeonfgj chwg

b stiip enfdd fgth b gbturbn kbsfg, bgc tai ofteaig, kifgj b snhpi dunn hd rhugcsthgis sbfc th ki air utigsfns turgic th sthgi, wiri khta phfgtic hut th ì ky

]hrdfrfh waig wi wiri tryfgj th vfsft tai ebvi. Bt tafs sthgi hd tai ehho pihpni

jbtair th ch aibnfgj rftubns bjbfgst suea fnngissis bs susth 2;6 kidhri taiy jh th tai

gibrky ebvi (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;4-;:). Sai dbet tabt tai ebvi fs nhebtic sh

enhsiny th tafs 'sthgi hd tai ehho' `fjat prhvfci bg fgtiristfgj bntirgbtfvi th way

tai ebvi fs shìtfìs ebnnic Nb Ehefgb ci nbs Âgf`bs .

Bghtair fgtiristfgj fssui tabt fs bccrissic fg tai brtfeni (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir

;==9<;:-52) fs th wah` tai riquists bri `bci fg tafs ebvi tabt fs ehgsfciric th

ki pisbcb 25=, igebgtbcb bgc cinfebcb 252. Zafni bt tai Ebnvbrfh pihpni gbì taishuns bgc tai erhss bs tai hgis yhu bccriss, bt tai ebvi pihpni iftair bso tai

Cuiòh ci nb Euivb 25; hr tai Cuiòh cin Eirrh 255 . Sai dhrìr fs bsshefbtic wfta tai

2;6Uusth< nftirbnny drfjat, usic bs b tir` dhr b typi hd fnngiss tabt risunts drh` saheo, hdtigciserfkic bs b nhsfgj hd tai shun.

25=]isbcb< nftirbnny aibvy, hdtig usic th cisfjgbti pnbeis tabt bri aibvy fg ixtrb-au`bgprisigei

252Cinfebcb< nftirbnny cinfebti, b jhhc bntirgbtfvi th tai whrc sberic sfgei ft nfis enhsir th taifgcfjighus tir`s tabt fgcfebti tabt taisi bri pnbeis wairi yhu abvi th ki ebridun bgcrispietdun thwbrcs tai hwgir hd tai pnbei.

25;Cuiòh ci nb Euivb< nftirbnny Hwgir hd tai Ebvi. Hdtig trbgsnbtic bs tai spfrft hd taipnbei ft cisfjgbtis tai pirshgfdfic ixtrb-au`bg dhrei hd tabt pnbei thwbrcs wah` yhusahunc ki rispietdun waig tairi.

255Cuiòh cin Eirrh< Hwgir hd tai @hugtbfg, sii ghti 3;.




civfn bgc ciserfkic bs iftair b ebtràg 253 hr b jrfgjh 259 bgc waig yhu wbgt th jit

rfeais hr wbgt shìhgi th kiehì sfeo hr cfi yhu bso af`. Zaig yhu wbgt th sii

tai shuns hd yhur cieibsic nhvic hgis, yhu bnsh jh th tai Cuiòh ci nb Euivb

(Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;:). Safs ciserfptfhg sii`s th ki viry enhsi th wabt tai

Vbnbntiehs sby bkhut bsofgj pir`fssfhg th ugb jigti gh `btirfbn kidhri igtirfgj

tai whrnc hd tai cibc, hd wafea tafs brib wbs ìgtfhgic bs hgi hd tai igtry phfgts

(Duigti 266:<;:9). Hg tai htair abgc waig yhu wbgt aibnta hr htair jhhc

tafgjs, yhu bsos tai Cuiòh cin Eirrh, ciserfkic bs b phwirdun wafrnwfgc

(Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;:). Kbrbkbs bgc Zfgtir ehgenuci tabt ft bn`hst sii`s

bs fd cui th bsshefbtfhg wfta tai ebtahnfe civfn, tafs trbcftfhgbn @ishbìrfebg

f`bji hd tai hwgir hd b pnbei, b kigidfefbn kifgj tabt hgi sahunc tribt wfta

rispiet hr suddir tai ehgsiquigeis, abs kiig spnft up fgth twh pbrts< hgi ivfn bgc

hgi jhhc (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;1). @byki hrfjfgbnny Uus Jfkir airsind wbs tai

cuiòb hd tafs ebvi, jfvig tabt sai wbs tai hgi ]brshgs' sbfc yhu abc th bso

pir`fssfhg th bgc tabt fg eabptir hgi wi sbw tabt air ofteaig, air sprfgj bgc

air tafrc rbgea wiri bnn nhebtic fg tafs brib. Fg tabt ebsi pir`fttfgj pihpni thigtir tai whrnc hd tai cibc hg Giw Vibr's Ivi bgc phssfkny htair heebsfhgs taig

wbs hgny hgi hd tai `bgy dugetfhgs ridirric th fg eabptir hgi, sai bgc tafs ebvi

sirvic bgc sirvi.

Sai htair cistfgbtfhg tabt wbs ìgtfhgic bkhvi bs kifgj hdtig vfsftic hg Giw

Vibr's Ivi, tai Eruz ci @fnbjrhs, abs ght nhst bgy hd fts phpunbrfty iftair bntahuja

Cþrr chis ciserfki shì `hcirg fgdnuigeis hg tafs prbetfei suea bs usfgj thys

bs picfìgths (Cþrr 2664<2:5). Uai ahwivir chis ght ciserfki bgy prbetfei hr

sthry tabt rinbtis taisi pnbeis th b `broit hd tai shuns, ghr ch bgy hd tai pfnjrf`s

eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh ìgtfhg ft.

3.3 Ehgenusfhg

[iebpftunbtfgj tai `hst f`phrtbgt phfgts `bci fg tafs eabptir wftafg b

tfìdrbì wi sii tabt dhr tai nbti ]hst enbssfe/ibrny Ehnhgfbn pirfhc tai hgny ribn

fgcfebtfhgs hd tai f`phrtbgei hd tai nhebtfhgs ugcir serutfgy bri Kurjhb's

ciserfptfhg hd tai igtrbgei th tai ugcirwhrnc, @brtàgiz Jrbefcb's stbtiìgt tabt

tai ']yrb`fc hd tai Uug' wbs tai `hst vfsftic pnbeis ky tai fgcfjighus pihpnisbgc tai phst enbssfe eirb`fes dhugc bt tai Ebvi wfta tai Kfj @huta. Sai ibrny

itaghjrbpairs tinn us tabt tai suktirrbgibg eab`kirs hd tai rufgs wiri vfsftic th

bso b cieibsic sphusi dhr bcvfei bgc `boi hddirfgjs bt tai kijfggfgj hd Hethkir

bgc bt tai shuns' `broit hg Giw Vibr's Ivi. Saisi prbetfeis ahwivir stbrtic th

kiehì aibvfny iddietic ky bg fgeribsi fg rijunbtfhgs ehgeirgfgj tai rufgs wafni

th tai @ftniòhs taiy kijbg th nhsi ìbgfgj. Bnsh bsshefbtic wfta bkhviìgtfhgic

`broit wiri tai Ebvi bgc tai Erhss, tai nbttir ahwivir fgeribsfgjny wftahut

ridirigei th tai shuns. Bgc bt tai hnc eaureaybrc khta @ftniòhs bgc pfnjrf`s wiri

253Ebtràg< efty pirshg259Jrfgjh< cirhjbthry gbì dhr YU eftfzigs.




pnbefgj dnhwirs dhr tai shuns bgc bsshefbtfgj b gibrky strib` bs tai rfvir tabt

taisi abc th erhss, wafni bkhut tai eaurea sthrfis wiri thnc hd b wh`bg spibofgj

wfta air auskbgc tairi bgc hd b afccig igtrbgei th tai thwg hd tai cibc kiafgc

tai `bfg bntbr. Sai Ebnvbrfh eabpin ahwivir wbs usic dhr siiofgj rivigji hg

igi`fis. Ghwbcbys fd tai rufgs bri vfsftic ky pfnjrf`s bt bnn, tafs fs chgi sgibofny,

kiebusi ivig tahuja tai suktirrbgibg eab`kirs bri stfnn bsshefbtic wfta tai

shuns, taiy stby bwby kiebusi hd tai rijunbtfhgs bgc igtrbgei dii. Bgc tahuja

tai hnc eaureaybrc chis ght ixfst bgy`hri, @ftniòhs ch fgvhnvi tai shuns hd taifr

rinbtfvi fg taifr nfvis bt tai giw jrbviybrc. ]fnjrf`s ch stfnn jh th eaurea wairi

taiy pby dhr `bssis bgc risphgshs, bgc `byki ivig prby chwg thwbrcs taifr

bgeisthrs. Uhì b`kfvbnigei drh` tai eaurea's sfci bkhut taisi prbetfeis ebg

stfnn ki dint ahwivir. ]fnjrf`s bnsh rijunbrny jh th tai ebvi bjbfg dhr vbrfhus

ribshgs, b`hgj wafea siifgj tai cibc. Dhr tafs nbttir purphsi, fg bccftfhg th

fgvftfgj tai` hvir dhr Bnn Uhuns hr bsofgj tai` hr tai erhss dhr dbvhurs, taisi

pfnjrf`s bnsh jh th tai Ebnvbrfh. @ftniòhs ahwivir stfnn bsshefbti tafs eabpin

`bfgny wfta wfteaerbdt, ivig tahuja vbrfhus prhliets bri civinhpic th rivbnhrfzieirtbfg bspiets hd fgcfjighus eunturi. Fgtiristfgjny khta tai fcib hd tai Ebnvbrfh

bs b pnbei th eursi bs winn bs b pnbei th ehgtbet tai shun fs strhgjny bsshefbtic

wfta tai dbet tabt ft riprisigts tai pnbei wairi Earfst cfic.

Ehgeirgfgj tai ehgtfgufty hd tai Ebnvbrfh bs b rftubn nhebtfhg ahwivir tairi fs

stfnn bg f`phrtbgt fssui tabt b ìri su``btfhg hd rinivbgt phfgts chis ght shnvi.

Yp th tafs phfgt twh sii`fgjny ehgtrbcfethry vfiws hd tai eabpin's pbst usi ixfstic

sfci ky sfci. Bt tai hgi igc @brtàgiz Jrbefcb sbys tai bchki pyrb`fc wbs bg

hdtig vfsftic pnbei, Jfncbrch stbtis tabt ft wbs bnwbys usic th ebnn hut th tai shuns

bgc pfnjrf`s drh` Ebrcigbs, Ubgtb Nuefb bgc Ubgtb @brfb bseirtbfg tabt pihpnibnwbys wigt th tai Ebnvbrfh dhr hddirfgj th tai shuns. Bt tai htair igc ]brshgs bgc

Nisnfi enibrny stbti tabt tai kufncfgj wbs hgny usic dhr eursfgj igi`fis. Sai sbì

cfni``b kiebì bppbrigt drh` twh cfddirigt ehgvirsbtfhgs wfta @brf Inigb.

Zafni dfrst sai thnc tabt b wh`bg abc thnc air tabt tai Ebnvbrfh wbs bnribcy

vfsftic dhr 3== yibrs, sai nbtir thnc ì tabt waig sai wbs yhugj hgny thurfsts

vfsftic tai kufncfgj, bgc gh pfnjrf`s. Uivirbn shnutfhgs ebg ki tahujat hd th

ixpnbfg tafs bppbrigt ehgtrbcfetfhg ahwivir. Sai `hst sf`pni hgi whunc ki th sby

tabt fgciic tai sfti abs kiig usic dhr tai sbì purphsi bnn bnhgj bgc wfteaerbdt

wbs givir chgi fg tai Ebnvbrfh. Dfrstny tafs whunc abvi `bci tai bchki pyrb`fcbgc tai Ebnvbrfh ugfqui b`hgj tai htair pnbeis tabt bri bsshefbtic wfta tai

shuns sfgei ft fs ght b pnbei bsshefbtic wfta igtirfgj tai jrhugc bgc kurfbns nfoi

tai rufgs, tai jrbviybrc bgc tai ebvi wafea fs nhebtic gibr `hugtbfg th`ks. Ft

whunc bnsh ìbg tabt khta Nisnfi bgc ]brshgs siviriny `fsugcirsthhc tai rftubns

taiy cfseussic bgc eh`pnitiny `fssic hut hg bghtair typi hd rftubn pirdhrìc fg

tai eabpin. Sai dbet tabt b wbx chnn wfta gbìs wrfttig fg ft wbs dhugc ky tai

enibgirs bnsh sii`s th sujjist htairwfsi. Bghtair shnutfhg whunc ki th sby tabt

wfteaerbdt bgc hddirfgjs th tai shuns bri betubnny enhsiny rinbtic sfgei khta cibn

wfta bsofgj dbvhurs bgc khta fgvhnvi tai shuns. Jfncbrch's ixpnbgbtfhg hd taitrbcftfhgbn rhni hd tai eursfgj rftubns bs winn bs taifr ci`hgfsbtfhg ky tai

Upbgfbrcs sii`s th dft winn wfta tafs ayphtaisfs. Ehgeirgfgj tai rhni hd tai




shnftbry shuns fg eursfgj rftubns ft abs th ki sbfc ahwivir tabt ghgi hd tai shureis

tbno bkhut tai` kifgj bccrissic dhr taisi purphsis fg tai Ebnvbrfh. Kut fg tai

ciserfptfhg hd Bjustfgb cibnfgj wfta tai pfnjrf` wahsi ehws wairi sthnig,

kurgfgj b ebgcni fg tai Ebnvbrfh bjbfgst bg igi`y fs eh`kfgic wfta kurgfgj b

ebgcni dhr tai shuns fg tai eaureaybrc. Safs shnutfhg ahwivir stfnn chis ght

beehugt dhr way ]brshgs bgc Nisnfi `fssic tai htair typi hd rftubns kifgj chgi fg

tai Ebnvbrfh. B dfgbn ayphtaisfs ehunc ki tabt kiebusi tai rufgs kiebì niss

beeissfkni bgc tai hnc jrbviybrc cfsbppibric tai Ebnvbrfh thho hvir b nbrji pbrt

hd taifr dugetfhg bs pnbei th ehgtbet tai shuns. Safs shnutfhg ehunc ivig ki

eh`kfgic wfta tai privfhus hgi fg stbtfgj tabt priefsiny kiebusi tai twh

prbetfeis wiri sh ùea bnfoi, bgc `byki fg pri-ehnhgfbn tfìs ivig wiri cfddirigt

bspiets hd b sfgjni prbetfei, tai Ebnvbrfh wbs b prfì ebgcfcbti dhr tbofgj hvir

tai rftubn hd ehgtbetfgj tai shuns. Ivirytafgj ehgsfciric tafs dfgbn eh`kfgic

ayphtaisfs sii`s `hst nfoiny. Bgc bs bg bgswir th tai quistfhg tabt tafs eabptir

cibns wfta ft ehunc ki fgtirpritic fg twh wbys. Hg tai hgi abc tairi fs b

ehgtfgufty hd tai Ebnvbrfh bs b pnbei th pirdhr` rftubns hg tai htair abgc tairi fsb ehgtfgufty hd ehgtbetfgj tai shuns fg @ftnb tahuja hgi hd tai iniìgts hd fts

tai`btfebn ugft eabgjic.

Jhfgj kbeo th tai taihritfebn ehgsfcirbtfhgs hd eabptir twh shì bccftfhgbn

hksirvbtfhgs ebg ki `bci. Zaig ehgsfcirfgj tai Ebnvbrfh th ki bg iniìgt fg

nhebn whrncvfiw ft abs kiehì viry enibr tabt ft fs fgciic f`phrtbgt th ehgsfcir

tafs iniìgt ght hgny fg rinbtfhg th tai htair iniìgts fg fts tai`btfebn ugfts suea

bs tai rftubns pirdhrìc bt htair nhebtfhgs kut bnsh fg rinbtfhg th tai htair

tai`btfebn ugfts tabt ft dfjuris fg suea bs tai paighìghg hd eursfgj bgc tai

dbet tabt ft riprisigts @hugt Jhnjhtab. Kiebusi fgvistfjbtfgj tai ebsi tafs wby`bci ft phssfkni th sii ahw eabgjfgj hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhgs hd tai eunt dhr tai

shuns wbs phssfkni priefsiny kiebusi hd tai rhni tabt tafs iniìgt pnbyic fg htair

tai`btfebn ugfts. Fg htair whrcs, kiebusi tai Ebnvbrfh riprisigtic tai pnbei

wairi Earfst cfic bgc wbs taus bsshefbtic wfta cibta, ft wbs b nhjfebn pnbei th jh

th hddir th tai shuns hd yhur rinbtfvis waig htair pnbeis, tabt wiri bsshefbtic th

cibta kiebusi taiy wiri pnbeis hd kurfbn, kiebì niss ehgvigfigt. Bgc kiebusi

tai kufncfgj ri`bfgic b sy`khnfebn iniìgt hd b rftubn pirdhr`bgei fg wafea hgi

eh`ùgfebtic bgc eribtic rinbtfhgsafps wfta ixtrbau`bg dhreis suea bs Earfst,

tai civfn bgc tai shuns tafs nibc th b ehgsfcirbkni pireifvic tfì cipta. Dfgbnny ftfs fgtiristfgj th ghti tabt hgi hd tai ribshgs tabt tafs sy`khnfebn bspiet hd tafs

pyrb`fc bgc fts eabpin ri`bfgic sh f`phrtbgt tarhuja tfì sii`s th ki fts viry

paysfebnfty. Drh` b `bg-`bci `hugtbfg th tai pnbei wairi hur Nhrc cfic th tai

thwirfgj sy`khn hd b gifjakhurahhc, th tai pnbei wairi tai shuns ebg ki dint fg

tai wfgc bgc yhur vhfei ebg ki aibrc bnn hvir, th b pnbei wairi thurfsts iglhy tai

spietbeunbr vfiw hd tai vbnniy, tai Ebnvbrfh bgc tai bchki pyrb`fc bri ght ibsfny

fjghric!



Eabptir 9

Ehgtfgufty hd tai hddirfgjs dhr tai cibc

Fg tai privfhus twh eabptirs tai ehgtfgufty hd @ftnb bs b pnbei bsshefbtic wfta

cibta bgc tai vigirbtfhg hd bgeisthrs bgc shuns bs winn bs ahw tafs whrncvfiw

wbs nhebnfzic fg tai @ftniòh nbgcsebpi abs kiig cfseussic. Fg taisi cfseussfhgs

bs winn bs fg tai fgtrhcuetfhg wi bnribcy sbw `bgy ixb`pnis hd ahw tafs ehgeipt

hd @ftnb bs tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc wbs ght hgny tahujat bkhut tahuja, kut wbs

betic uphg bs winn. Drh` nhrcs kifgj krhujat th @ftnb th ki kurfic tairi th

pfnjrf`s eh`fgj th `boi hddirfgjs th tai shuns hd taifr rinbtfvis ft fs enibr tabt

suea rftubns bri bg f`phrtbgt eh`phgigt hd tai whrncvfiw hd wafea tai eunturbn

ehgtfgufty fs stucfic. Sairidhri tafs eabptir wfnn dheus hg tai vbrfhus rftubns tabt

cibn wfta jhcs hd cibta, bgeisthrs, tai bgefigts bgc tai shuns. Upiefbn bttigtfhg

wfnn ki jfvig th tai `btirfbn bspiet hd rftubn pirdhr`bgeis suea bs tai hkliets tabtbri usic bgc tai hddirfgjs tabt bri prisigtic. Fg bccftfhg, tai vbrfhus purphsis

tabt taisi rftubns abc, bgc ahw taisi tfi fgth wabt abs bnribcy kiig sbfc fg tai

twh prieicfgj eabptirs wfnn bnsh ki bccrissic. @hstny tafs eabptir wfnn abvi b

earhghnhjfebn hrcir, stbrtfgj wfta cbtb pirtbfgfgj th tai pri-ehnhgfbn pirfhc suea

bs dhugc fg vbrfhus ehcfeis hd tai Khrjfb Jrhup, jhfgj drh` tairi th tai vbrfhus

ibrny ehnhgfbn shureis suea bs tai Tfnnb Bntb trfbns bgc tai cbtb dhugc fg tai

itaghjrbpafe whros, th dfgbnny ehì th tai ixpnbgbtfhgs hd hddirfgjs jfvig ky

prisigt cby pfnjrf`s. Ahwivir th ki bkni th ixpnbfg b spiefdfe typi hd rftubn

cfseussic fg tai ìgtfhgic ehcfeis, f.i. tabt hd tai ehugtic kugcnis, ùea nbtiritaghjrbpafe `btirfbn giics th ki fgenucic fg tabt sijìgt. Nbstny tai bgswirs

th tafs eabptir's twh `bfg quistfhgs< 'Bri tai sbì hddirfgjs usic fg pri-ehnhgfbn

eunts dhr bgeisthrs hr tai jhcs hd cibta bs thcby dhr tai shuns8' bgc 'Ch taisi

rftubns bgc tai hddirfgjs usic fg tai` stfnn sirvi tai sbì purphsi8' wfnn ki

dhrùnbtic usfgj tai bpprhbea nbfc hut fg eabptir twh.




9.2 Nbti ]hst enbssfe bgc Ibrny Ehnhgfbn Uhureis

9.2.2 Kurjhb hg rftubns

Ufgei ugdhrtugbtiny gh prf`bry shureis bri bvbfnbkni tabt cibn cfrietny wfta

rftubn kiabvfhur fg pri-ehnhgfbn @ftnb wi ebg hgny kbsi hur f`bji tairihd hg tai

ciserfptfhgs hd rftubn pirdhr`bgeis jfvig ky Drby Drbgefseh ci Kurjhb. Ysfgj tafs

shurei wi abvi th riì`kir tahuja tabt ft abs kiig wrfttig chwg `hri tabg 29=

yibrs bdtir tai ehgquist bgc fs hd ugenibr hrfjfg. Hg tai htair abgc ft chis ght

sii` prhkbkni tabt bnn abs kiig `bci up iftair, jfvig dhr ixb`pni tai b`hugt hd

citbfn usic fg tryfgj th ciserfki tai Afja ]rfist's hutdft. Uh prhkbkny tai

ciserfptfhgs bri kbsic iftair hg iyiwftgiss beehugts hd ibrnfir drfbrs hr `hri

nfoiny hg stbtiìgts jfvig ky fgcfjighus fgdhr`bgts th suea drfbrs. Kut sfgei wi

ebg givir ki eh`pnitiny eirtbfg hd Kurjhb's shureis bgc th wabt ixtigt ai

rifgtirpritic tai`, bnn ehgenusfhgs kbsic hg afs wrftfgjs ri`bfg afjany tigtbtfvi.

Bt tai kijfggfgj hd khta eabptir tarii bgc dhur sahrt su``brfis wiri bnribcyjfvig hd tai vbrfhus rftubns tabt Kurjhb ciserfkis. Dhr tai purphsis hd tafs

eabptir ahwivir ft wfnn prhvi usidun th stucy tai betubn tixt hd wabt wigt hg fg

tabt sbgetubry hr bntbr rhh`<

„Bgc dhr tai `hri f`phrtbgt dibsts wafea taiy einikrbtic wfta sberfdfeis, hr

bt tai kurfbn hd b ofgj hr jribt nhrc, tai afja prfis fgstruetic tai nissir

prfists hr tai sukhrcfgbti ti`pni hddfefbns wah sirvic af` th pripbri tai

eabpin bgc afs vistìgts bgc b nbrji qubgtfty hd tai fgeigsi usic ky tai`.

Bgc taig ai ciseigcic wfta b jribt ritfgui wafni ghgi hd tai eh``hg pihpni sbw af` hr cbric th nhho fg afs dbei, ehgvfgeic tabt fd taiy cfc sh taiy

whunc dbnn cibc th tai ibrta bs b pugfsaìgt dhr taifr khncgiss. _...P Bgc

waig ai abc put hg taisi jbrìgts ai wbnoic wfta shni`g `fig bgc

ìbsuric stip th tai bntbr, khwic nhw kidhri tai fchns, rigiwic tai fgeigsi,

bgc taig fg qufti ugfgtinnfjfkni ùrùrs (ùy igtri cfigtis) ai kijbg th

ehgvirsi wfta taisi f`bjis, taisi ciphsfthrfis hd fgdirgbn spfrfts, bgc

ehgtfguic fg tafs shrt hd prbyir wfta afcihus jrf`beis bgc wrftafgjs, uttirfgj

fgbrtfeunbti shugcs, wafea dfnnic bnn prisigt wfta dibr bgc tirrhr, tfnn ai ebì

hut hd tabt cfbkhnfebn trbgei bgc thnc tahsi stbgcfgj brhugc tai nfis bgc dbkrfebtfhgs wafea tai spfrft abc f`pbrtic th af` hr wafea ai abc fgvigtic

af`sind 254.‐ (Kurjhb 24:3<2;5 trbgsnbtic ky Uinir 26=3<;9=).

254_...P y su jrbg sbeirchti ig nbs dfistbs `byhris qui einikrbkbhg ehg sberfdfefhs, h bnigtfirrh ci bnjüg riy h jrbg siòhr, bvfsbkb b nhs sbeirchtis ìghris, h `fgfstrhsfgdirfhris qui ni bsfstàbg pbri qui cfspusfisig nb ebpfnnb y sus vistfcurbs, y ùeabssbauìrfhs ci qui usbkbg y kblbkb ehg jrbgci beh`pbòb`figt, sfg qui gfgjüg pnikiyhni vfisi, gf si btrivfisi lb`âs b virni nb ebrb, pirsubcfchs b qui si abkàbg ci ebirùirths phr in btrivf`figth ? _...P y vistfch nnijbkb ehg jrbgci eiòh, y ìsurb bn bntbr,abeàb jrbgcis bebtb`figths b nhs àchnhs, righvbkb nhs sbauìrfhs, y phgàbsi nuijh b

abknbr ùy igtri cfigtis ehg bquinnbs dfjurbs, cipõsfths ci ispàrftus fgdirgbnis, ig isti`hch ci hrbefõg pirsirvirbkb ehg vfsblis cfsdhrìs, krb`fchs y `hvf`figths, qui tigàbb thchs nhs prisigtis nnighs ci ti`hr y bsh`krh, abstb qui vhnvàb ci bquin rbpthcfbkõnfeh y cieàb b nhs efreugstbgtis nbs dfeefhgis y pbtrbòbs qui in ispàrftu ni pirsubcàb,



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI HDDI[FGJU DH[ SAI CIBC 22:

Fg bccftfhg th tafs ciserfptfhg hd wabt sii`s th ki b rftubn bfìc bt

eh`ùgfebtfhg wfta f`bjis hd ciftfis hr cifdfic bgeisthrs, phssfkny fgenucfgj

Kizinbh bntahuja ai fs ght ìgtfhgic, Kurjhb bnsh ciserfkis b au`bg sberfdfei th

tai`<

„_...P tai bssfstbgts hd tai afja prfist striteaic tai vfetf` hut uphg b nbrji

sthgi, kbrfgj afs kribst, wafea taiy thri hpig wfta b jribt sthgi ogfdi, wafni

tai khcy wrftaic fg dibrdun ehgvunsfhgs bgc taiy nbfc tai aibrt kbri, rfppfgj

ft hut, bgc wfta ft tai shun, wafea tai civfn thho, wafni taiy ebrrfic tai aibrt

th tai afja prfist tabt ai `fjat hddir ft th tai fchns ky ahncfgj ft th taifr

`hutas, b`hgj htair eiri`hgfis 25:.‐ (Kurjhb 24:3<2;5 trbgsnbtic ky Uinir

26=3<;9=).

Bntahuja tai ciserfptfhg hd tafs au`bg sberfdfei fs prhkbkny ixbjjirbtic, ft fs

stfnn fgtiristfgj th sii ahw Kurjhb fgenucis b ciserfptfhg hd wabt sii`s nfoi rftubndiicfgj hd tai hddirfgjs th tai f`bjis. Bg bet tabt `fjat abvi kiig usic dhr htair

hddirfgjs bs winn. Fg ehgenusfhg hd afs ciserfptfhgs hd tai rftubn bets fg tai dfrst hd

tai ugcirjrhugc eab`kirs Kurjhb bnsh ìgtfhgs tai Afja ]rfists betfhgs bdtir

tai sberfdfei thho pnbei<

„Bgc fd bdtir tai sberfdfei ai dint fgenfgic th citbfg tahsi wah kijjic bgy

dbvhur ai sigt tai` whrc ky tai sukhrcfgbti prfists ght th nibvi taifr ahusi

tfnn taifr jhcs wiri bppibsic, bgc ai eh``bgcic tai` th ch pigbgei

ìbgwafni, th dbst bgc th spibo wfta gh wh`bg, sh tabt, ugtfn tafs dbtair hdsfg abc fgtireicic dhr tai bkshnutfhg hd tai pigftigts bgc abc cienbric tai

jhcs bppibsic taiy cfc ght cbri th erhss taifr tarisahncs 251.‐ (Kurjhb

24:3<2;5 trbgsnbtic ky Uinir 26=3<;92).

Airi ft bppibrs tabt tai Afja ]rfist cfc ght hgny eh`ùgfebti wfta tai jhcs hr

bgeisthrs wfta f`phrtbgt dibsts hr kurfbns kut bnsh hg kiabnd hd pihpni bsofgj

dbvhurs. Bntahuja wi ch ght oghw wah taisi pihpni wiri bgc wabt dbvhurs taiy

bsoic ft fs enibr ahwivir tabt b eirtbfg typi hd kiabvfhur wbs ixpietic hd tai` fg

riturg wafea fgenucic dbstfgj, stbyfgj fgchhrs bgc bvhfcfgj ehgtbet wfta taihtair six.

h æn fgvigtbkb, _...P25:_...P sus `fgfstrhs, tigcàbg nb vàetf`b shkri ugb jrbg nhsb y cieukrfægchni in pieah, ehg

ughs rbvblhgis ci picirgbn, si nhs rbsjbkbg, igtri istriìef`figths ahrrfknis cineuirph, y nis ciseukràbg in ehrbzõg bn jrbg sbeirchti, pbrb qui nh hdriefisi b nhs àchnhs,ehg htrbs eiri`hgfbs nnijâgchsinh b nb kheb _...P

251_...P y sf cispuæs cin sberfdfh si ni bgthlbkb citigir b nhs qui picàbg h ci`bgcbkbg bnjügkigidfefh, nis fgtf`bkb phr nhs sbeirchtis fgdirfhris, gh si duisig b sus ebsbs, abstb qui

sus cfhsis si bpnbebsig, `bgcâgchnis abeir pigftigefbs, byugbgch, y gh abknbgch ehgùlir bnjugb, qui abstb in ]bcri ci nhs Tfefhs, picàb ahgistfcbc b nhs pigftigtis, pbrbbpnbebrsi, y abstb qui cienirbkb istbrnh, gh si btrivàbg b bpbrtbrsi ci sus u`krbnis,_...P




9.2.; Ehcfeis bgc Ehugtic Kugcnis

Sahuja gh prf`bry pri-ehnhgfbn shureis bri bvbfnbkni cibnfgj wfta rftubns dhr

@ftnb, b wibnta hd fgdhr`btfhg hg tafs thpfe ebg ki dhugc fg tai vbrfhus ehcfeis

tabt `boi up tai Khrjfb Jrhup. Cibnfgj wfta tai rftubn ;4= cby ebnigcbr bgc tai

vbrfhus rftubns bgc `bgtfe hr cfvfgbthry prbetfeis rinbtic th ft, taisi vbrfhus Nbti

]hstenbssfe pfethjrbpafe cheuìgts jfvi b dbsefgbtfgj fgsfjat fgth tai rftubn nfdi hd

tabt pirfhc. [ijrittbkny tai hrfjfgs hd taisi ehcfeis bri ugoghwg bntahuja ùea

risibrea bgc spieunbtfhg abs kiig chgi fg tafs brib (Nhh 261:<;1-5=). Zabt ebg

ki sbfc wfta eirtbfgty tahuja fs tabt bnn bri crbwg fg tai @fxtieb-]uiknb styni

tabt sii`s th abvi sirvic bs b typi hd nigjub drbgeb fg tai ùntfnfgjubn rijfhg

igeh`pbssfgj nbrji pbrts hd prisigt cby ]uiknb, Snbxebnb, Tirberuz bgc Hbxbeb.

Jfvig tabt tai ùrbns cfseussic fg eabptir tarii wiri bnsh `bci fg tafs styni bgc

@fxtieb ]uiknb eirb`fes abvi kiig dhugc fg gibrky Vbjun bgc Snbehnunb

(Airgâgciz ;==9<3;) wi ebg sby wfta shì eirtbfgty tabt @ftnb wbs pbrt hd tafseunturbn zhgi. Sairidhri b enhsir nhho bt shì rinivbgt seigis drh` taisi ehcfeis

`fjat jribtny igabgei hur f`bji hd wabt Nbti ]hstenbssfe rftubn nfdi `fjat abvi

nhhoic nfoi.

Hgi suea seigi ehìs drh` tai Ehcix Nbuc pbjis 39 bgc 34. Kbsic hg

eirtbfg pbssbjis drh` Kirgbrcfgh ci Ubabjüg's whro tai istiiìc fehghjrbpair

Obrn Bgthg Ghwhtgy fgtirpritic taisi cipfetfhgs bs b kurfbn seigi (Nhh

261:<2=9). Dfrst hg cby 2 Zbtir (Dfj. 24) bg hddirfgj wbs `bci hd ehugtic

kugcnis, ijjs, ehpbn bgc knhhc bgc hg tai sbì cby tai khcy hd tai cieibsic wbs

kurgic bgc beehrcfgj th Ghwhtgy ti`phrbrfny kurfic. Nbtir hg 1 Zbtir, kifgjpriefsiny ;= cbys nbtir bghtair hddirfgj wbs `bci, tafs tfì hd chj, turoiy, liwins,

bgc buthsberfdfefbn knhhc. Bgc ivigtubnny hg 1 ciir, wafea fs iftair :1 hr 61 cbys

nbtir, tai khcy fs put fg b pir`bgigt jrbvi wafea fs fgcfebtic ky ; dhhtstips,

wafea `fjat sy`khnfzi tai lhurgiy hd tai shun bdtir cibta (Nhh 261:<2=9).

Bnsh fg tai Ehcix Nbuc, dhugc hg pbjis ;9 th 5;, bghtair rinivbgt sijìgt ebg

ki dhugc tahuja ft chis ght cibn wfta cibta, kurfbn hr tai lhurgiy bdtir cibta kut

wfta tai fgdnuigei tabt tai Jhc hd Cibta @fetnbgtieuatnf abs hg cbfny nfdi (Bgcirs

& Lbgsig 2663<24=). Ft jfvis b sirfis hd prhjghstfebtfhgs rinbtic th eirtbfg pirfhcs

wairi tai jhc fgdnuigeis krulhs bgc sbeirchtis , eafncrig, pbrigts, `fcwfvis,prijgbgey, cibc bgeisthrs hr jhvirghrs (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<24=). Ft bnsh

ciserfkis tai hddirfgjs tabt sahunc ki jfvig tai jhcs hd Cibta curfgj taisi

pirfhcs bgc jfvis `bgtfe bcvfei dhr suea cbys bsshefbtic wfta cibta bgc tai

bdtirnfdi (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<24=). Sai cipfetfhg hg pbji ;9 (Dfj. 2:) fs

fgtirpritic ky Dircfgbgc Bgcirs bgc @bbrtig Lbgsig bs jfvfgj tai cbys hg

wafea @fetnbgtiuetnf, tai nhrc hd tai [ifgh ci nb @uirti 256 ehìs bgc ispiefbnny

iddiets tai krulhs . Hddirfgjs sahunc ki `bci th nheo up tnbebtiehnhtn , tai hwn-`bg,

fg lbfn (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<242). Fg tafs ehgtixt tnbebtiehnhtn ehunc ridir th bg

ivfn spfrft bs winn bs th b aieafeirh. Sai Drbgefsebg Drfbr @igcfitb bnribcy

256[ifgh ci nb @uirti< Ofgjch` hd Cibta



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI HDDI[FGJU DH[ SAI CIBC 226

Dfjuri 24< Ehcix Nbuc pbjis 39 bgc 34 (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663< ;29-;24).

phfgtic hut tabt bs tai civfn taisi pihpnis cfcg‖t abvi hgi hd taifr jhcs kut bg

hwn `bg, wafea gbì wbs usic kiebusi nfoi bg hwn, wahsi ebnn wi sbw wbs b kbc

hìg, ai wbs hd fnn riputi (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<242-24;). Bnhgj tai sbì vifg

tai khx wairi tai hwn `bg fs cipfetic fg `fjat ki tai lbfn wairi hwn fs put fg kut

ehunc bnsh ki tai Ahusi hd Hwn, b tir` tabt @igcfitb sujjistic bs b kittir

trbgsnbtfhg dhr ainn tabg @fetnbg (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<24;). Hg pbji ;4 wi sii

tai cbys hg wafea hgi sahunc `boi hddirfgjs th tai Jhc hd Cibta fg afs ti`pni,tai Ahusi hd Khgis. Sairi hgi abs th pnbei dfri fg tai krbzfir wafni tai phfgt hd

tai pfireir dhr buth sberfdfei fs krhoig, ìbgfgj tabt pigftigei whunc ki

fgiddietfvi taisi cbys (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<245). Sai cbys cipfetic hg pbji ;:

bri fgtirpritic bs tahsi hg wafea Cibta ehìs th eut tai tafeo ehrc tabt fs

prhtietfhg th khta `htair bgc eafnc, wafni hg tahsi cipfetic hg pbji ;1 Cibta

bddiets pbrigts bgc jrbks b eafnc, tairidhri rblbs ci hehti 23= bri th ki hddiric

(Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663< 243-249). Curfgj tai cbys ìgtfhgic hg pbji ;6

`fcwfvis bri ugcir tai fgdnuigei hd Cibta bs wi sii tai prf`hrcfbn `fcwfdi

Snbzhntihtn jfvfgj shuns th nb Cfhsb ci nb @uirti (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<244). ]bji5= jfvis tahsi waig @fetnbgtiuetnf ehìs bgc jfvis fgstruetfhgs, bddietfgj

prijgbgey bgc rblbs ci hehti sahunc ki hddiric wafni pbji 52 jfvis tahsi waig

Cibta ebusis kurfbns, bs ai ciphsfts b `hrtubry kugcni bgc `hgfthrs tai jrbvi

fg tai lbws hd tai ibrta, bjbfg hddirfgjs bri bnsh cipfetic (Bgcirs & Lbgsig

2663<24:-241). Dfgbnny hg pbji 5; Cibta bddiets tai runirs, riì`kirfgj tai`

tabt taifr phwir fs nf`ftic< sy`khnfzic ky b gboic ofgj tabt sfts au`kny kidhri

Cibta, wah fs sfttfgj fg afs rhhdniss ahusi< bghtair hìg hd rufg. Bjbfg rblbs ci

hehti sahunc ki hddiric bgc prhkbkny bnsh b turoiy, tahuja tafs `fjat bnsh

sy`khnfzi tai jhc Sizebtnfpheb (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<246).

23=[blbs ci hehti< ... hd pfgi



2;= TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

Dfjuri 2:< Ehcix Nbuc pbjis ;9 ― 5; (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663< 242-246).



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI HDDI[FGJU DH[ SAI CIBC 2;2

Dfjuri 21< Sarii seigis drh` Ehcix Nbuc pbjis 35-33 (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663< ;=6).

Sarii hd tai dfvi seigis cipfetic hg pbji 35 bgc 33 hd Ehcix Nbuc (Dfj.

21)cibn wfta cibta bgc kurfbn bjbfg, kut taig fg ehggietfhg th tai rftubn

ebnigcbr. Sai seigis thtbn 9; cbys ibea bgc ridir th ehnu`gs hd dfvi cby sfjgs,

thjitair `bofgj b eh`pniti ;4= cby rhugc (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<;=:). Zafni

tai dfrst fs fgtirpritic ky Bgcirs bgc Lbgsig bs b nfvfgj `bg fg b ti`pni wairi

rftubns bri dbfnfgj cui th sixubn vfei bgc tai siehgc sahws bghtair nfvfgj `bg

wbnofgj tai striit ehgsierbtic th tai jhc Qfpi, tai tafrc enibrny sahws b wh`bg

cicfebtic th Cibta fg b ti`pni ahncfgj b priefhus sthgi (Bgcirs & Lbgsig

2663<;=1-;=6). Sai dhurta bjbfg sahws b wbnofgj `bg bnkift tafs tfì cibc bgc

khugc, wfta afs aibrt sberfdfeic. Dfgbnny tai dfdta f`bji sahws tai ibrta lbws

civhurfgj b `hrtubry kugcni wfta hddirfgjs hd rblbs ci hehti bgc b kurgfgj

rukkir kbnn prisigt, b enibr ridirigei th kurfbn (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<;=6).

Nhhofgj bt tafs nbst riprisigtbtfhg hd b kurfbn bs winn bs seigis drh` tai Ehcix

Guttbnn wairi hgi ebg sii b tai eunt th tai khgis hd b cieibsic bgc drh` tai

Ehcix @bjnfbkieaf wairi b `hrtubry kugcni fs sahwg wfta b ahni th put ft fg, ft

sii`s strbgji tabt Ghwhtgy fgtirpritic tai seigis hg pbji 39 bgc 34 bs b kurfbn

ivig tahuja tairi bri gh khgis, soinithgs hr `hrtubry kugcnis cipfetic (Bgcirs

& Lbgsig 2663<;25). Kiebusi hd tafs bgc tai cbtis tabt bri jfvig Bgcirs bgc

Lbgsig suspiet tabt fg tafs seigi wi bri ght cibnfgj wfta b hgi tfì tafgj sueabs b kurfbn kut bg bggubn rfti. Fg tai Ehcix Dilærvâry-@byir, hg pbjis 1 bgc 2:

wi bnsh sii b rftubn kifgj pirdhrìc hg tai cby 2 Jrbss bs winn bs hg 2 Chj wfta

hddirfgjs hd chjs bgc b turoiy (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<;25). Sahuja hg pbji 2:

tafs fs beeh`pbgfic wfta b `hrtubry kugcni hg pbji 1 hddirfgjs bri `bci th

Eabneafuatnfeui, tai Jhcciss hd Zbtir. (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<;25). Saus

Bgcirs bgc Lbgsig ehgenuci tabt wi bri prhkbkny cibnfgj wfta b spiefbn

eiri`hgy hg spiefdfe cbys fg tai rftubn ebnigcbr wairi ì`hry hd tai cibc wbs

eh`kfgic wfta hddirfgjs th tai jhcciss hd Zbtir (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<;23).

Fgtirpritic tafs wby tai seigi sahunc ki ribc fg tai dhnnhwfgj wby< Hg 2 Zbtir bghddirfgj tbkni fs sit up wfta hddirfgjs hd ehugtic kugcnis, ijj bgc thkbeeh bsais

wafni hg b siehgc tbkni ehugtic kugcnis, tarii rblbs ci hehti, b dnhwir



2;; TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

bchrgìgt, b eut hut thgjui, s`hoi bgc thkbeeh bsa bri pnbeic. Swigty cbys

nbtir hg 1 Zbtir b wh`bg puts hut tai dfri `bci hg 2 Zbtir wfta wbtir drh` air

lbr bs vbphur jhis up. Sarii trieigbs hr :1 cbys nbtir, hg 1 Ciir bg hnc nbcy

sberfdfeis knhhc drh` air ibr hg rblbs ci hehti bgc rukkir fg b ahni cicfebtic th

tai cibc, hut hd wafea ehìs b pbta. Dfgbnny hg cby 2 Chj, ;=2 cbys bdtir 1

Zbtir bgc 2: trieigbs bdtir 2 Zbtir, Ehyhti bgc Suroiy ehì, kifgj

`bgfdistbtfhgs hd Sizebtnfpheb, jfvfgj b kidnhwiric liwin (Bgcirs & Lbgsig 2663<

;29-;24).

Fg tai ciserfptfhg hd pbjis 39 bgc 34 hd tai Ehcix Nbuc ìgtfhg abs bnribcy

kiig `bci hd `bghlhs ehgtbchs hr ehugtic kugcnis wafea bri cipfetic hg tai

hddirfgj tbkni sit up hg 2 Zbtir. Beehrcfgj th vbg cir Nhh taisi bri hd jribt

fgtirist drh` b pirspietfvi hd ehgtfgufty, bs taiy bri dhugc fg tai Ehcix Nbuc, tai

Ehcix Ehspf bs winn bs tai Ehcix Dilærvâry-@byir (Nhh 261:<2=4). B jigirbn

`hcin ebg ki riehgstruetic drh` taisi vbrfhus seigis< b cipfetfhg hd b jhc wfta b

ebnigcrfebn gbì hr cbti fg tai uppir pbrt hd tai pbji bgc gu`kirs, riprisigtic

bs kbrs bgc chts, fg tai nhwir pbrt (Nhh 261:<2=4). Sairi bri shì ixeiptfhgs thtafs suea bs tai seigi drh` Ehcix Nbuc ìgtfhgic bkhvi wairi gh jhc fs

cipfetic kut b rbfg rftubn. (Nhh 261:<2=4). Sai dfrst taihry hg taisi seigis wbs ky

Uinir bgc rivhnvic brhugc bstrhgh`febn ebneunbtfhgs. Bntahuja Uinir af`sind wbs

ght igtfriny ehgvfgeic, htairs nfoi Sah`pshg bgc Ebsh dhnnhwic ft wftahut

dhnnhwfgj afs chukts (Nhh 261:<2=:). Dfgcfgj tabt tairi wiri gh pri-ehnhgfbn hr

afsthrfebn shureis tabt ixpnbfgic taisi ugfts riprisigtfgj jhcs, hddirfgjs bgc

nfgic up guìrfebn vbnuis, Tbg cir Nhh cfc riehjgfzi sf`fnbrftfis wfta tai kugcnis

hr ebcigbs 232 hd eirtbfg `btirfbns wafea wiri ehugtic fg `bgy ehgti`phrbry

fgcfjighus trbcftfhgs (Nhh 261:<2=:). Ghwhtgy abc ciserfkic suea rftubn dhr tai Snbpbgies hd ]uiknb bs winn bs tai Eahgtbnis hd Hbxbeb, wafni Nhh af`sind bnsh

wftgissic ft b`hgj tai @fxi (Nhh 261:<262). B`hgj tai Snbpbgies Tbg cir Nhh

af`sind cfc risibrea fgth tafs paighìghg fg tai 261='s. Sairi tafs rftubn wbs

usic th prhtiet bjbfgst `bnis bgc cfsibsis, dhr wiccfgjs, th euri sfeogiss suea

bs ispbgth , euri tai gbaubn , hktbfg jhhc aibnta dhr tai nfvistheo, ixpin hr sigc

abr`, ky augtirs th in Tfilh cin Eirrh 23; bgc th sieuri jhhc abrvist fg bg bggubn

rftubn th tai Jhc hd [bfg (Nhh 261:<262? Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;41). Sh

taisi igcs kugcnis wiri `bci hd pfgi giicnis waig tai rftubn wbs pirdhrìc fg

tai ahusi bgc hd riic dhr fg tai `hugtbfgs. Fg khta ebsis taiy wiri beeh`pbgficky ebcigbs ci dnhris 235 hd nibvis hr dnhwirs hg b strfgj bnwbys fg tai sbì gu`kir

bs tai kugcnis bntahuja shìtfìs bccftfhgbn dnhwir eabfgs wiri bccic tabt cfc

ght ehrrisphgc th kugcnis (Nhh 261:<262). Fg b typfebn rftubn 3 kugcnis hd 4

giicnis wairi pnbeic fg b squbri fg drhgt hd tai dfri sh abr` whunc ki bvirtic,

taig 3 hd 6 dhr tai shuns wftahut dbfta wiri bnsh pnbeic fg b squbri hg thp hd tai

nbttir (Nhh 261:<262,265). Sai rist hd tai kugcnis, hdtig hd fgeribsfgj gu`kirs th

eh`pniti tai tbkni hd hddirfgjs hr th `boi up b nbccir th tboi hddirfgjs th b eirtbfg

232Ebcigbs< eabfgs23;Tfilh cin Eirrh< hnc `bg hd tai `hugtbfg, prhkbkny tai cuiòh.235Ebcigbs ci dnhris< dnhwir eabfgs, bntahuja ky tai Snbpbgies bnsh usic th ridir th eabfgs

hd nibvis




jhc suea bs tai Tfilh cin Eirrh , wairi taig pnbeic virtfebnny hg tafs squbri. Sabt

hd : ahwivir wafea sirvi th dfgfsa tai whrcs hd tai beeh`pbgyfgj prbyir bgc

ehrriet irrhrs tabt `fjat abvi kiig `bci bri pnbeic ahrfzhgtbnny. Dfgbnny tai

dnhwir eabfgs bri pnbeic hg thp hd bnn tafs, wafni tai bccftfhgbn hgis bri pnbeic fg

b efreni brhugc ft (Nhh 261:<26;,265). Sai kugcnis hd 4, : bgc 6 bnwbys abvi tafs

sbì pnbeiìgt bgc dugetfhg, wafni tai htair gu`kirs ebg abvi cfddirigt

pnbeiìgt bgc ìbgfgj cipigcfgj hg tai `bistrh pirdhr`fgj tai rftubn (Nhh

261:<265 ). Fg bccftfhg th tai kugcnis bgc dnhwir eabfgs, ehpbn fs bnwbys usic bs

winn bs ebgcnis hd priserfkic qubgtftfis bgc ehnhurs. Cipigcfgj hg tai rftubn

ijjs, eafeoigs, nfquhr, turoiy, jhbt hr ivig b ehw ebg bnsh sirvi bs hddirfgjs

(Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;41). Bnwbys prisigt bs winn fs Nu`kri 233, wah fs tai

fgtirìcfbry kitwiig tai `bistrh bgc tai cifty bccrissic. Fg ahusi ai fs tairi

bs tai dfri bgc fg ebvis hr `hugtbfg bs ebgcnis (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;46).

Jfvfgj ùea `hri citbfn tabg ebg ki jbtairic dhr tai jigirbn `hcin, Tbg cir

Nhh bnsh jfvis tahrhuja ciserfptfhgs hd b spiefdfe rftubn dhr tai gbaubn . ]irdhrìc

fg drhgt hd b dfri hg b pbtfh wfta tai pirshg wfta tai sfeo gbaubn hg tai htair sfci,tai rftubn stbrts waig tai `bistrh dhur tfìs ripibts hrbefhgis sbfc fg Snbpbgie

bntahuja taiy stbrt wfta @bràb Ubgtàsf`b 239 (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh

2663<;:2,;:;). Saig dhur kugcnis hd 4 bgc 6 bri pnbeic fg b squbri cfrietic bt

tai ebrcfgbn phfgts th ripin dhreis hd abr` bgc dhr nbs âgf̀ bs sfg di 234, wafea bri

tahsi tabt cfic wftahut kifgj kbptfzic hr wftahut b prhpir kurfbn (Bgcirs, Lbgsig

& Nhh 2663<;:2). Zfta tai kugcnis hd 25 bgc 23 tai shun hd b cibc rfea pirshg

wah wbs abppy bgc prhspirhus fg nfdi bgc fs ghw bsoic dhr bfc fs bccrissic.

Zafni tai kugcnis hd 24 th ;; sirvi bs ‑nbccir‖ th ehì th Nu`kri bgc afs wfdi

wah wfnn taig tboi ft th Tfilh ci Eirrh (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;:;). Kidhripnbeiìgt ibea kugcni fs pbssic drh` tai nidt abgc th tai rfjat bgc taig pnbeic

wfta tai tfp bjbfgst dfri sh ft snhwny kurgs up. Curfgj pnbeiìgt tai `bistrh

ehugts tai kugcnis hut nhuc fg Snbpbgie bgc Upbgfsa, twfei ai ivig stbgcs up

bgc prbys fg Snbpbgie th Nu`kri , bsofgj af` th ki tai fgtireisshr, strigjtaig

tai gbaubn bgc oiip ft sbdi (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;:5-;:4). Zaig bnn bri

pnbeic, sfx ebgcnis bri nfjatic bgc pnbeic gixt th tai aibp hd kugcnis tarii ky

tarii. Saig ehpbn fs tarhwg fg tai dfri bgc tai sfeo pirshg ahncs b eafeoig wafni

tai `bistrh euts fts tarhbt. Gixt fts thgjui fs eut hut bs winn bs b dibtair hd ibea

wfgj, hgi thi hd ibea dhht bgc dfgbnny b tbfn dibtair. Saisi bri tarhwg fg tai dfri shNu`kri ebg tboi tai eafeoig fg spfrft th in Tfilh cin Efirrh . Zaig tai rftubn fs

chgi, tai `bistrh stbys th `boi suri tai kugcnis kurg up prhpirny. Fg tai

ivigfgj tai eafeoig fs ibtig eh`ùgbnny (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;:3).

Fg tai ciserfptfhgs hd twh htair rftubns fgvhnvfgj ehugtic kugcnis shì

fgtiristfgj bspiets ebg bnsh ki siig. Dfrst fg tai prbyir beeh`pbgyfgj b rftubn ky

b `bistrh dhr b augtir th eh`pigsbti dhr tai bgf`bns tabt ai ofnnic tai âgf`bs

sfg di wfta taifr aht abgcs bgc diit, dfjuri bs tai pugfsairs dhr in Tfilh cin Eirrh fd

hddirfgjs hd kugcnis, dnhwirs, jhhc ehpbn bgc aht knhhc whunc ght ki hddiric th

233Nu`kri< nftirbnny dfri, airi usic bs tai gbì dhr bg ixtrbau`bg dhrei risfcfgj fg dfri239@bràb Ubgtàsf`b< Ahnfist @bry234Âgf`bs sfg di< shuns wftahut dbfta.



2;3 TFUFSFGJ SAI EBNTB[FH BS @FSNB, HBQBEB

taifr diit (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;14-;1:). Airi bjbfg wi sii` th cibn wfta

shuns tabt ùea nfoi tai âgf`bs shnbs `boi up b sipbrbti jrhup hd ixtrbau`bg

dhreis tabt bri ebpbkni hd pugfsaìgt bgc sahunc taus ki bppibsic. Sai htair

rftubn hd rinivbgei fs tai eh`ùgbn rftubn dhr Aufou hr Ubg @brehs th pitftfhg dhr

rbfg hg tai ;3ta hd Bprfn, dhur kugcnis hd 4 wiri pnbeic th oiip bwby abr` bgc dhr

tai shuns hd tai cibc, dhur hd : dhr tai shuns hd tai nfvfgj, dhur hd 1 th bso dhr

jrbei, dhur hd 6 dhr tai shuns wftahut dbfta, bgc dhur hd 2;, 25 bgc 23 dhr tai

ispàrftu kuigh 23: (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & Nhh 2663<;12-;1;). Jfvig tai eh`kfgbtfhg hd

sivirbn ridirigeis th tai shuns wfta b rftubn dhr tai rbfg, tafs eh`ùgbn rftubn

`fjat viry winn ki nfoi tai rftubn cipfetic hg pbji 39 bgc 34 hd Ehcix Nbuc.

Jhfgj kbeo th tai seigis fg tai ehcfeis Nhh ehgenucis tabt tairi bri `bgy

sf`fnbrftfis th tai Snbpbgie rftubns bs khta ehgsfst hd pbttirgic bgc ehugtic

jrhups hd `btirfbn hddiric th b jhc (Nhh 261:<265). Ai ehgsfcirs cfriet

eh`pbrfshg ght phssfkni ahwivir, dfrstny kiebusi thh ùea ugcheuìgtic tfì

abs pbssic, siehgcny kiebusi hgi ebg ght supphsi tabt ìbgfgj hd gu`kirs airi

fs tai sbì bs fg tai ehcix‖s ugoghwg rijfhg bgc tafrcny taisi gu`kirs bnsheabgji kitwiig `bistrhs (Nhh 261:<265). Utfnn ai hksirvic tabt shì fgtiristfgj

eh`pbrfshgs ebg ki `bci. Dhr ixb`pni pbjis 6, 29 bgc 24 hd tai Dilærvâry-

@byir Ehcix abvi fgeribsfgj gu`kirs wafea `fjat sy`khnfzi tai eh`pnitfhg hd

hddirfgjs hr tbofgj tai` th b cifty. ]bjis ;2 th 52 hd Ehcix Ehspf abs jrhups fg

dhur ehrgirs< nfoi tai kugcnis hd 4 bgc 6 wafea `fjat ki th oiip hut abr`. Fg

Ehspf tai gu`kirs tabt bri usic fg tai dhur ehrgirs ch eabgji tahuja. Dfgbnny

pbji 29 hd tai Dilærvâry-@byir Ehcix sahws b erhss hd twh gu`kiric jrhups,

wafea Tbg cir Nhh fgtirprits bs erhssic kugcnis wafea bri sf`fnbr th tai kugcnis

hd : pnbeic ahrfzhgtbnny fg tai Snbpbgie rftubn wairi tafs stbgcs dhr eh`pnitfgjtai hrbefhg bgc ehrrietfgj irrhrs (Nhh 261:<263).

Sabt tai ciserfptfhgs tabt vbg cir Nhh abs jfvig hd tai Snbpbgie ehugtic

kugcni rftubns ebg ki usidun dhr fgtirpritfgj ehcix seigis fs ivfcigt drh` sivirbn

seigis fg tai Ehcix Dilærvâry-@byir. Hg suea seigi ebg ki dhugc hg pbji 29

(Dfj.26) bgc ehgeirgs hgi hd tai ixeiptfhgs wiri tai hddirfgjs bri ght pnbeic fg

drhgt hd b jhc, kut fg tafs ebsi hd b aibrt bgc twh chjs wafea sahunc prhkbkny ki

fgtirpritic bs jufcis dhr tai shuns bs wi sbw ibrnfir (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz

2663<;;=). Bjbfg kbsic hg Ubabjüg, Uinir fgtirpritic tafs seigi bs riprisigtfgj

hgi hd tai nhebtfhgs tabt b shun pbssis hg tai rhbc th @fetnbg, gbìnySiyhnnheubnhybg < tai pnbei wairi tai aibrts hd pihpni bri ibtig (Bgcirs, Lbgsig &

]æriz 2663<;;=). Kut jfvig tai gbturi hd tai Khrjfb ehcfeis ft fs ùea `hri nfoiny

tabt tafs seigi riprisigts b rftubn bet tabg whrncvfiw rinbtic gbrrbtfvis. Ft `fjat

dhr ixb`pni ciserfki b riquist `bci th tai chjs th rienfgi drh` tai nfdi-dhrei hd

tai cieibsic hr tai chjs ehunc ki hddirfgjs tai`sinvis (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz

2663<;;=). Fgtiristfgjny tai thgjui hd tai uppir chj fs ric fg wabt fs bg bn`hst

ehnhurniss seigi, wafni drh` tai `huta hd tai nhwir chj lbci iìrjis, sfjgfdyfgj

jribt whrta. Jfvig taisi citbfns tai chjs `fjat abvi b dugetfhg sf`fnbr th tai

eafeoig sberfdfeic ky tai Snbpbgies, f.i. kifgj tai ìssigjir bgc bcvhebti kidhri

23:Ispàrftu kuigh< jhhc spfrft.




tai cifty tabt tai rftubn fs bfìc bt. Sairi wi sbw ahw tai thgjui wbs ivig eut

hut bgc tarhwg fgth tai dfri (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz 2663<;;2). Kinhw tai chjs

bgc tai aibrt tairi fs bnsh b enibr ridirigei th bg fgeribsfgj b`hugt hd ehugtic

kugcnis stbrtfgj wfta 4 bgc igcfgj wfta 6. Sahuja Bgcirs, Lbgsig bgc ]æriz

(2663<;;=-;;2) trbgsnbti tafs bs sirvfgj th pbefdy tai shuns hd tai cibc bgc oiip

hut tai spfrfts hd abr` ft prhkbkni tabt ft bnsh ridirs th tai eh`pnitfhg hd tai tbkni

hr tai 'nbccir' tabt tbois tai ìssbji bgc tai hddirfgjs th tai cifty. Sai nbttir

bnsh ehrrisphgcs enhsiny th tai fcib tabt tai chjs bri hddirfgjs hd eh`ùgfebtfhg

nfoi tai eafeoigs tabt bri tboig th Nu`kri fg tai Snbpbgie rftubn.

Bs wbs bnribcy phfgtic hut bkhvi, hgi seigi hd tai Ehcix Dilærvâry-@byir

bppibrs th ki viry sf`fnbr th tabt hg pbji 39 bgc 34 hd tai Ehcix Nbuc, gbìny

tabt hg tai rfjat-abgc sfci hd pbji 2: (Dfj. ;=). Cicfebtic th tai cby 2 Zbtir,

kifgj hgi hd tai cbys ìgtfhgic dhr tai supphsic eiri`hgy dhr eh`ì`hrbtfhg

dhr tai cibc bgc bsofgj dhr rbfg, ft sahws b `hrtubry kugcni fg ibrta lbws

(Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz 2663<;;5). ]nbeic fg tai lbw hr jrbvi wfta ft bri pbpir

ciehrbtfhgs prhkbkny riprisigtfgj tai cibc suea bs bri bnsh ìgtfhgic fg

fgqufsftfhg dfnis, bg brrhw lust bs fg Ehcix @bjnfbkieaf dugirbry cipfetfhgs bgc bkbstõg-shgblb 231, tai stbdd hd tai cfhs ci nb @uirti fg Khrjfb 94.:5 (Bgcirs,

Lbgsig & ]æriz 2663<;;5). Fg drhgt hd tai jrbvi bri 9 kugcnis hd ;=< tai nbttir

sfjgfdyfgj eh`pnitigiss bgc au`bg kifgjs bs taisi abvi tig this bgc tig dfgjirs.

Fg bccftfhg 6 tfìs 6 kugcnis bri pnbeic, prhkbkny spiefdfebnny dhr tai shuns

wftahut dbfta, tahuja tai gu`kir 6 fs hd ehursi bnsh bsshefbtic wfta cibta fg

jigirbn fg tai wahni hd @ishbìrfeb (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz 2663<;;5).

231Kbstõg-shgblb< rbttni-stfeo

Dfjuri ;=< Ehcix Diyærvâry-@byir pbji

2: (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz 2663< ;;5).

Dfjuri 26< Ehcix Diyærvâry-@byir pbji

29 (Bgcirs, Lbgsig & ]æriz 2663< ;;=).




9.2.5 Breabihnhjfebn bgc Afsthrfebn Uhureis

Bghtair prf`bry shurei cibnfgj wfta pri-ehnhgfbn rftubn nfdi ehgeirgfgj tai

cibc bri tai \bphtie th`ks cfseussic fg tai whro ky Lbvfir Yrefc tabt wbs bnsh

ìgtfhgic fg eabptir tarii. Hgi hd tai fgtiristfgj bspiets hd taisi th`ks fs tabt

taiy abvi b eh`kfgbtfhg hd brtfeunbtic bgc cfsbrtfeunbtic khgis wafea wbs

fgtirpritic ky Bndhgsh Ebsh bs ivfcigei hd chukni kurfbns wairi ixauìc crfic

ri`bfgs wiri pbfgtic ric bg rikurfic thjitair wfta b au`bg sberfdfei, tai thtffb

pigfthhjb ìgtfhgic fg eabptir dhur (Yrefc ;==9<59). Beehrcfgj th Yrefc ahwivir

taisi eh`kfgbtfhgs hd khgis bri kittir ixpnbfgic ky sueeissfvi usi hd tai th`ks

hd wafea tairi fs bnsh htair ivfcigei suea bs tai rihpigfgj hd tai`. Safs

sueeissfvi usi bnsh dfts wfta taihrfis hd bgeisthr eh`ì`hrbtfhg, lust bs tai ric

pbfgt wafea fs bg fgtijrbn pbrt tairihd. Safs ric pbfgt wbs ght hgny usic hg tai

ehrpsi tahuja, kut bnsh hg tai erypts bgc tai hddirfgjs (Yrefc ;==9<54-5:). Bnsh

tairi fs gh ivfcigei drh` tai khgis tabt bgy `fjat kinhgj th sberfdfefbn vfetf`s.

Ahwivir sberfdfeic chjs, bnsh ìgtfhgic ky Ubabjüg, wiri dhugc fg bnn taifgtirìgts, wafni sberfdfeic kfrcs siiìc th ehrrinbti th `hri afja stbtus jrbvis

(Yrefc ;==9<32-3;). Bnsh fgdhr`btfhg ebg ki jbfgic drh` tai ciehrbtfhgs

beeh`pbgyfgj tai kurfbns suea bs tabt hd Sh`k 2=3 bt @hgti Bnkâg wairi Nhrc

2= Uirpigt jfvis eusthcy hd wabt fs bppbrigtny b sberic khx th afs jrbgcshg 2

(Yrefc ;==9<9:). Safs khx sii`s th ki rinbtic th sf`fnbr khxis ìgtfhgic fg tai

2933 bgc 2934 trfbns fg Vbgauftnbg fg tai @fxtie rijfhg. Sairi b eirtbfg Chg

Ch`fgjh abc ;= khxis, ibea wfta b ebnigcrfebn gbì, sh bppbrigtny ibea

riprisigtic b spiefdfe gbìc bgeisthr. Sai khxis ehgtbfgic jriig sthgi,

bgtarhph`hrpafe dfjurfgis, kbnns hd rukkir, ehpbn, kugcnis hd dibtairs bgcpbrbpairgbnfb dhr buth sberfdfei. Sai khxis wiri jfvig drh` pirshg th pirshg dhr

sbdioiipfgj. Fg tai trfbn sivirbn pihpni wiri beeusic hd usfgj tai khxis fg

chìstfe sittfgjs bgc fg tai sberic nbgcsebpi th fgvhoi tai bgeisthr hd Chg

Ch`fgjh th pitftfhg dhr rbfg, jhhc abrvists bgc aibnta hg kiabnd hd tai

eh`ùgfty. Saisi rftubns fgvhnvic au`bg bgc bgf`bn, suea bs chjs bgc kfrcs,

sberfdfei (Yrefc ;==9<91-96). Sh`k 2=3 bnsh sahws ahw tai aifrnhh` khx fs

prh`fgigtny prisigt fg rftubns wairi bgeisthrs bri ehgluric bgc hddiric th bgc

tai [bfg Jhc fs pirshgfdfic ky igbethrs usfgj rftubn pbrbpairgbnfb drh` tai khx

suea bs sberfdfefbn kfrcs, kbnns hd rukkir, fgeigsi kbjs bgc s`bnnbgtarhph`hrpafe trfgoits (Yrefc ;==9<295). Saisi `hrtubry prhjrb`s hd Sh`k

2=3 bs winn bs Sh`k 2=9 sahw igbethrs igtrustic wfta cfvfgi ìcftbtfhg

i`khcyfgj ibrta, `bfzi, nfjatgfgj, rbfg bgc istbknfsafgj nfgos kitwiig bgeisthrs,

nbgc tiguri bgc tai ehgtfgufty hd ghkni/rhybn ahusis (Yrefc ;==9<295-293). Fg

htair whrcs taisi jigibnhjfebn riehrcs nijftf`fzic prfvfnijic usudruet hd rishureis

ky prhvfgj hrfjfgs drh` phwirdun bgeisthrs tabt abc tai bkfnfty th ìcfbti

kitwiig au`bg bgc cfvfgi ribn`s. Bgc taisi spiefbnfzic hddfeis ainc ky aibcs hd

afja rbgofgj jrhups th igsuri cfvfgi dbvhurs igtbfnic ehglurfgj bgeisthrs bgc

pirshgfdyfgj ciftfis (Yrefc ;==9<29;).Gbìc khxis wfta fgairftic rftubn pbrbpairgbnfb bri ght hgny ìgtfhgic fg

Vbgauftnbg hr @hgti Bnkâg kut bnsh dhr tai thwg hd Sitfepbe, enhsi th @ftnb bgc



EHGSFGYFSV HD SAI HDDI[FGJU DH[ SAI CIBC 2;:

ebnnic tai siehgc igtrbgei th tai ugcirwhrnc ky Kurjhb. @feain Hucflo cfseussis

twh fgvistfjbtfhgs fgvhnvfgj suea khxis fg afs khho hg \bphtie Afsthrfhjrbpay

(Hucflo ;===). Sai dfrst fgvistfjbtfhg fg 294= wbs tai risunt hd hgi Kbrthnh`æ wah

cfc ght wbgt th riturg th afs vfnnbji Ubg Cfhgfsh, enhsi th Sitfepbe, kiebusi bs b

Earfstfbg ai risigtic tai sberfdfeis kifgj pirdhrìc tairi. Kbsic hg afs

stbtiìgts dhur ìg wiri brristic wah abc chgi rftubns fg b ebvi gibr thwg,

fgvhnvfgj pbfgtic kugcnis, dibtairs, eabneafauftis, b pht bgc ; khxis hd whhc. Bs

pugfsaìgt taiy wiri tfic th phnis dhr ; cbys th rieifvi 2== strhois wfta b stfeo

pir cby. Hg tai siehgc cby tai rftubn pbrbpairgbnfb wiri kurgic bs winn bgc tai

wfgc thho ahnc hd tai dnbìs bgc twh hd tai ìg kurgic th cibta. (Hucflo

;===<25:-251). Fg tai 29:3 ebsi dhur ìg abc kiig sberfdfefgj th pitbebs 236. Sai

ehgtigts hd tai khx hd Cfijh Kbzquis wbs ciserfkic bs ehgsfstfgj hd b sthgi dfjuri

fg tai sabpi hd bg àchnh bs kfj bs b dfgjir bgc yinnhw bgc b rhugc sthgi wftahut

dfjuri. Cfijh Juyikinbeaf abc b siphnturb 29= wfta àchnhs , sthgis, jhncig liwinniry

bg ft wbs gbìc ehquytbh . Drbgefseh Sfxi jubrcic bghtair siphnturb wfta tai

sbì tafgjs, ft wbs gbìc pieaiêhpbnbeai (Hucflo ;===<245). Beehrcfgj thHucflo taisi khxis bri enibrny rinbtic th ghkfnfty bgc prhkbkny usic th nijftf`fzi

phwir tarhuja ciseigt hd b cifdfic prf`hrcfbn dhugcir. Sai gbìs hd tai

siphnturbs `byki tai gbìs hd dhugcirs hd taifr nfgibjis ispiefbnny sfgei

eheuytbh ìbgs Jribt Ehquf hr Nhrc (Hucflo ;===<245).

]irtbfgfgj th rhujany tai sbì pirfhc bs taisi trfbns fg Sitfepbe, tai

[inbefhgis Jihjrâdfebs ch ght hgny jfvi b wibnta hd fgdhr`btfhg hg wafea ciftfis

wiri whrsafppic bs wi sbw fg eabptir tarii hr wabt trfkutis wiri jfvig suea bs

tai 25 pishs, 29 turoiys bgc 5.=== ebebh kibgs, wafea wiri stfnn eurrigey, pbfc

th Eufnbpbg (Utbrr 261:<5:2), kut bnsh hg tai hddirfgjs tabt wiri `bci bgc tairftubns tabt wiri pirdhrìc. Fg @ftnb dhr ixb`pni taiy bri sbfc th abvi cbgeic

wfta ùsfebn fgstruìgts fg drhgt hd tai fchns wafni jittfgj crugo. Bnsh eafncrig,

ìg, chjs, eafeoig, qubfn, bgc chvis wiri sberfdfeic (Beuòb 2613k<;4=). Fg

Heinhtipiqui taiy sf`fnbrny tbno hd hddirfgj qubfn, ciir, htair eribturis bgc wbr

ebptfvis. Bnsh buth sberfdfei wbs pirdhrìc ky ixtrbetfgj knhhc drh` tai ibrs,

ghsi, thgjui bgc htair 'ì`kirs' (Beuòb 2613<11-6=). Fg Siaubgtipie hgi

hddiric eafeoigs, chjs, bgf`bns, kfrcs, taifr hwg knhhc bgc ùea ehpbn (Beuòb

2613k<223). Fg Sihzbneubneh bs winn bs Sitfepbe chjs wiri bnsh hddiric bgc fg

Auftzh taiy hddiric chjs, pbrrht dibtairs bgc ùea ehpbn (Beuòb 2613k<235,2:2?Beuòb 2613<;23). Fg Sieufeufneh ehnhuric dibtairs bgc eabneafauftis , khta jriig

bgc knui, wiri hddiric th tai fchns (Beuòb 2613k<62). Dhr fts pbrtfch \hqufbpb b

`hri inbkhrbti ciserfptfhg fs jfvig hd b rftubn dhr waig pihpni ebì th bso dhr

dbvhurs nfoi taiy bnsh cfc beehrcfgj th Kurjhb. Zaig shìhgi ebì th b prfist fg

\hqufbpb dhr tafs purphsi ai eut tai tarhbt hd b qubfn hr b chvi kiafgc tai bntbr

bgc jbvi ft kbeo th ai wah abc bsoic tai dbvhur. Sabt pirshg wbs th jfvi b pbrt

th tai Ebefqui bgc taig abc th fgvfti bnn th afs ahusi th jfvi b kfj dibst (Beuòb

2613<11-6;).

236]itbebs< drh` tai Gbaubtn pitnbebnnf< khx hr aibrt29=Uiphnturb< nftirbnny jrbvi, prhkbkny airi usic iftair th ridir th tai ehddfg hr khx hr tai

ahni ft wbs oipt fg.




Ehgeirgfgj ibrny ehnhgfbn \bphtie dugirbry eusth`s ùea fgdhr`btfhg ebg ki

jbfgic drh` stucyfgj tai whros hd Jhgzbnh ci Kbnsbnhkri, tai Ebtahnfe prfist hd

Ubg @fjuin Uhnb. Drh` ft wi ebg nibrg tabt tairi wiri twh bspiets th tai dugirbry

eusth`s, f.i. tai nbyfgj hut hd tai ehrpsi bgc tai eunt th tai jhcs bdtirwbrcs

(Kirnfg 2611<33). Sai rftubns stbrtic cfrietny bdtir tai nbst kribta waig tai khcy

wbs ebridunny wbsaic, bgc fd ft ehgeirgic b wh`bg air abfr wbs bnsh eh`kic bgc

krbfcic. Saig tai pirshg wbs nbfc hut fg air giwist enhtafgj th ivigtubnny ki

kurfic fg b sarhuc hg b pfni hd ixtrb enhtafgj. Uthgis tabt abc kiig usic fg tai

cfvfgbtfhg bgc tribtìgt hd bgy fnngiss wiri put fg tafs sarhuc, khugc fg enhta.

Bnsh put fg tai sarhuc wiri pfieis hd eafeoig bgc ìbt wrbppic fg thrtfnnbs. Saig

rinbtfvis bsoic tai nitrbch 292 bkhut tai stbti hd tai shun hd tai cieibsic bgc

wafea pigftigei whunc ki giicic. Sai nitrbch thnc tai gu`kir hd cbys tabt

rinbtfvis wiri ght th rieifvi hr jfvi bgytafgj wfta taifr abgcs bgc abc th kbtai fg

tai rfvir ibrny iviry `hrgfgj bt tai bppibrbgei hd tai `hrgfgjstbr (Kirnfg

2611<33). Safs hd ehursi wbs lust tai jigirbn `hcin, fg htair ebsis tai khcy bgc

aibc wiri wbsaic fg ehnc wbtir bgc tai nbcy's abfr wbs krbfcic wfta b wafti ehrchr tai abfr wbs wbsaic wfta b`hni bgc krbfcic wfta b ehtthg ehrc wafni shì

`fgfbturi thrtfnnbs bgc pfieis hd ebebh wiri put fg tai sarhuc. Fg bghtair

fgstbgei shì thrtfnnbs bgc pfieis hd ebebh hd ugoghwg gu`kir wiri put fg tai

sarhuc wafni fg yit bghtair tai khcy wbs wbsaic wfta aht wbtir, tai abfr wfta

shbp bgc 6 s`bnn thrtfnnbs bgc 6 ebebhs wiri put fgth tai sarhuc (Kirnfg 2611<39).

Zfta rijbrcs th tai eunt th tai jhcs bdtir tai kurfbn `hri citbfns ebg ki nibrgic

drh` tai stbtiìgts ky Cfijh Nufs, Kbnsbnhkri's `bfg fgdhr`bgt, drh` waig afs

shg ebì th af` th bso wabt pigftigei ai sahunc ch bdtir afs eafnc abc cfic sh th

privigt tai riturg hd sfeogiss bgc cibta th taifr ahusi. Sh dfgc tai bgswir Nufsebst suirtis 29;, bgc citir`fgic tabt ai sahunc dbst 6 dhr cbys bgc tboi b kbta

ibea `hrgfgj fg tai rfvir. Drh` tai gfjat kidhri tai nbst cby th tai gfjat hd tai

nbst cby ai bgc Nufs sahunc vbst bs winn wafni taiy sahunc pripbri b eafeoig bgc

ehpbn. Sai nbst gfjat fg tai rhh` wairi tai khy cfic, taiy abc th pnbei b dfri,

kurg ehpbn, bgc ciebpftbti b eafeoig bgc sberfdfei tafs th in cfhs cin fgdfirgh , wah

whunc sthp tai sfeogiss bgc cibta drh` riturgfgj (Kirnfg 2611<39-34). Fg htair

ebsis gfgi kbtas wiri priserfkic wfta hgi cby hd dbstfgj, hr ifjat bgc hgi, ifjat

bgc twh, gfgi bgc twh, gfgi bgc tarii, hgny ifjat hr gfgi kbtas, bgc hgny tarii,

dhur hr tig kbtas. Uhìtfìs sixubn bkstfgigei wbs bnsh pbrt hd tai pigftigei(Kirnfg 2611<34). Bgc fg hgi ebsi hgny b rftubn kbta wbs ighuja kiebusi tai rhbc

giicg't th ki enibric hd sfeogiss bgc cibta sfgei tai pirshg abc cfic dbr bwby fg

Sihsbqubneh bgc whunc taus ght khtair thwgspihpni (Kirnfg 2611<93). Beehrcfgj

th Kirnfg ft sii`s th ki tabt gfgi kbtas ehrrisphgcic th ìg, wafni ifjat

ehrrisphgcic th whìg. Hg tai htair abgc bs wi sbw gfgi wbs bnsh b sfjgfdfebgt

gu`kir rinbtic th cibta (Kirnfg 2611<34). Fg hgi ebsi tai nitrbch thnc b wfchw th

kbta 6 cbys bgc jit b eafeoig tabt wbs th ki sberfdfeic th Ehquitbb. Zaig air

292 Nitrbch< shìhgi wah ebg ribc, usic airi th cisfjgbti tai rftubn spiefbnfsts tabt ehunc`boi usi hd ebnigcrfebn khhos.29;suirtis< nftirbnny dbtis, airi usic th ridir th b prheiss wairi b nitrbch fgtirprits tarhwg

`bfzi oirgins hr crbwg pnbyfgj ebrcs th citir`fgi wabt sahunc ki chgi.




siehgc auskbgc cfic nbtir, Nufs ebst suirtis bdtir tarii cbys bgc ribc fg afs

khho, bdtir dhur cbys ai ebì ky th kury b eafeoig bgc ehpbn fg tai dfinc dhr

Nirbbaufnb, bs winn bs dhr tai shun hd tai cieibsic, th tboi tai bgjir bwby drh`

tai jhc bgc privigt sfeogiss. Uai kbtaic gfgi cbys bgc dbstic hgi (Kirnfg

2611<3:). Sabt taisi rftubns ch ght abvi th ki chgi f`ìcfbtiny bdtir cibta

kiehìs bppbrigt waig fg hgi fgstbgei b `bg bsoic bkhut tai 'sueeiss' hd afs

dbtair's cibta ;= yibrs bdtir tai dbet. Bjbfg tai nitrbch ribc afs khho, ebst suirtis

bgc bgswiric tabt tai jhc Nirbbaufnb abeàb lustfefb ehgtrb in 295. Bdtir kbtafgj

gfgi cbys bgc dbstfgj hgi ai sahunc sberfdfei twh eafeoigs bgc ehpbn th tafs jhc,

th tboi afs bgjir bwby. Saisi wiri th ki ofnnic bgc kurfic fg tarii ahnis hutsfci

thwg gixt th tai rfvir Ruiehqubsb , tai rhbc th ainn tabt wi bnribcy cfseussic fg

eabptir tarii. Sai ehpbn wbs bnsh kurgic tairi wafni Nufs sphoi shì whrcs fg

bg ug-ugcirstbgcbkni nhw thgi. Gixt tafs wbs bnn hddiric th tai jhc sh ai whunc

sthp tai riturg hd sfeogiss th tai ahusi hd tai cieibsic. Nbtir eafeoig wbs bnsh

sberfdfeic bt ahì dhr Nirbbaufnb (Kirnfg 2611<3:). Fg sivirbn htair ebsis tai

'sueeiss' hd shìhgi's cibta wbs bnsh bsoic bgc Nirbaufnb sbfc th abvi sphoig lustfei hvir tai cieibsic fg b wby tabt sii`s viry sf`fnbr th tai stbtiìgt hd tai

`bg drh` Ubg @fjuin wah sbfc tai shuns ebì th tai Ebnvbrfh th cbr euigtb hd

taifr nfvis kidhri Earfst. Drh` bghtair beehugt wairi eafeoigs wiri th ki

sberfdfeic fg b rbvfgi kiafgc tai eaurea wi ebg jbtair shì fgtiristfgj citbfns

rijbrcfgj tai rftubn ftsind suea bs tabt hgi ahni wbs usic pir eafeoig, dfrst ehpbn

wbs put fg ft, taig tai eafeoig wbs ciebpftbtic, afs knhhc crfppic hvir tai ehpbn,

wafea wbs taig nfjatic, dfgbnny tai eafeoig wbs bccic bgc tai ahni enhsic up

(Kirnfg 2611<92-95). Uhìtfìs chj wbs bnsh sberfdfeic fg bccftfhg th eafeoigs

bgc ehpbn (Kirnfg 2611<22;). Beehrcfgj th Kirnfg tai gu`kir hd eafeoigs wbsrinbtic th tai gu`kir hd jhcs, wafea `fjat ki b risunt hd tai suirtis tabt wiri

ebst hr shìtafgj tabt wbs dhugc fg tai khho. Hddirfgj ebgcnis wbs prhkbkny ght

pbrt hd tai fgcfjighus dugirbry rftubn bs taiy bri sinch`ny gbìc. Fg wabt sii`s

th Kirnfg th ki b `hri Ebtahnfe fcib, tai hddirfgjs bri bnsh shìtfìs sbfc th ki

phr in cisebgsh cin bn`b cin cfdugth 293. Bnsh tai prfist wbs bsoic dhr risphgshs

ivig tahuja tai fgcfjighus gfgi cby eyeni wbs stfnn bcairic thh bs winn. (Kirnfg

2611<93).

Nfoi fg @hgti Bnkbg, Vbgauftnbg bgc Siftfepbe, khxis wfta rftubn

pbrbpairgbnfb bri bnsh ìgtfhgic fg tai cheuìgts hd tai Tfnnb Bntb tistf`hgfishd 2:=3. Airi taiy spibo bkhut tai whrsafp hd b khx tabt ehgtbfgic tai rhht hr

trugo hd taifr ciseigt. Ft cfc ght abvi b dfxic nhebtfhg kut wigt drh` pirshg th

pirshg lust bs fg Siftfpbe. Hgi ehgtbfgic twh pfnis hd nibvis wafea wiri knic hg,

prhkbkny fg buth sberfdfei, fg bghtair b`hgj htair tafgjs siics bgc `bfzi wiri

oipt wafni fg bghtair tairi wiri sthgis, dibtairs bgc b nfttni sainn bgc b dfgbn khx

ehgtbfgic dhur fchns (Drbgea 2665<224). Beehrcfgj th Hucflo hddirfgjs wiri `bci

th taisi khxis drh` Tfnnb Bntb fg tfìs hd gieissfty bdtir ehgsunt hd tai `bistrh

(Hucflo ;===<249-244). Drbgea bnsh eribtic bg hvirvfiw hd tai cfddirigt typis hd

295Abeàb lustfefb ehgtrb in < sphoi lustfei hvir af`.293]hr in cisebgsh cin cfdugth< sh tai cieibsic ebg rist.




hddirfgjs tabt wiri ciserfkic dhr vbrfhus nhebtfhgs fg tai Tfnnb Bntb rijfhg. Drh`

tafs nfst wi ebg nibrg tabt fg ;4 hd tai 51 nhebtfhgs rhhstirs wiri sberfdfeic, fg 21

dibtairs, fg 23 ebgcnis hd bgf`bn dbt, fg niss tabg : nhebtfhgs turoiys, yhugj

rhhstirs, kfrcs drh` Eafbpbs, chjs, ciir, ehw, eafncrig, punqui bgc priefhus

sthgis bgc pnbgts, fg 9 `bfzi, fg 3 ebebh bgc fg hgny 5 ehpbn (Drbgea 2665<2;9-

2;4). Safs ìbgs tabt bppbrigtny ebgcnis wiri bnribcy ibrny fg usi tahuja taiy

wiri `hstny usic fg eaurea wafni tai rist hd tai hddirfgj wbs `bci insiwairi

(Drbgea 2665<2;6). Kiebusi wafni tai ìg wiri hut hddirfgj, whìg bgc eafncrig

wigt th eaurea th kurg ebgcnis (Drbgea 2665<253). Drh` bghtair nfst jfvfgj tai

vbrfhus dibsts einikrbtic fg 3; thwgs wi ebg sii tabt 53 hd taisi abvi b

einikrbtfhg wfta giw yibr, tafs kifgj tai `hst wfciny einikrbtic dibst. Fg bccftfhg

sfx einikrbtic Bnn Uhuns, `bofgj tafs tai `hst ìgtfhgic Ebtahnfe dibst (Drbgea

2665<25:-251). Fg b tafrc nfst Drbgea `bois bg bgbnysfs hd 9; hddirfgjs tabt bri

ìgtfhgic fg tai cheuìgts. Hd taisi 25 krfgj hddirfgjs th tai ibrta hd wafea

sivig pnbei b pfiei hd eafeoig hg tai dnhhr, twh b pfiei hd tb`bni, hgi b pfiei hd

turoiy, bghtair b pfiei hd turoiy th tai `hugtbfg, hgi phurs nfqufc hg tai jrhugcbgc b dfgbn hgi knhhc. Fg Vbegirf taiy hddiric eafeoig fg tai ahusi hd tai bnebnci ,

bdtir abvfgj bkstbfgic drh` six bgc abvfgj kbtaic. Sairi b pfiei wbs bnsh put hg

tai jrhugc pbrb nhs cfdugths (Drbgea 2665<23;-29=). Uixubn bkstfgigei bgc

dbstfgj dhr b gu`kir hd cbys bgc shìtfìs kbtafgj fs chgi bdtir b kurfbn fg tai

Tfnnb Bntb rijfhg lust bs ft wbs fg Ubg @fjuin Uhnb. Hddirfgjs hd eafeoig bgc

shìtfìs bnsh tb`bnis bgc `bìnbs hd b spiefdfe b`hugt bri bnsh `bci bgc

taisi shìtfìs bnsh sirvi bs b ìbn. Nfoi fg Ubg @fjuin Uhnb tai ehrpsi fs

wbsaic, bgc : thrtfnnbs bri put wfta ft fg tai jrbvi bs winn bs 2= ebebh kibgs. Fg

bghtair ebsi dhur thrtfnnbs bri jfvig bgc tai hddiric eafeoig. Sai dhhc pripbricdhr fg tai jrbvi hd tai cibc fs bnsh dhr tai ebgthris 299 sh taiy wfnn sfgj risphgshs .

Sai hddirfgj th tai cieibsic bnsh sirvi th ehgvfgei tai cibc th ght tboi rivigji

(Drbgea 2665<249-244).

9.; Ibrny Itaghjrbpairs

9.;.2 Sai ainpdun cibc

[ivfiwfgj tai vbrfhus typis hd rftubn rinbtic th bgeisthrs, jhcs hd cibta bgc

tai cibc tai`sinvis fg tai nbti ]hst enbssfe bgc ibrny ehnhgfbn pirfhc ft ebg ki

sbfc tabt taisi ebg ki rhujany cfvfcic fg twh ebtijhrfis< tahsi pirtbfgfgj th

dugirbry rftubns bgc tahsi tabt abvi b ebnigcrfebn gbturi. Fg tai itaghjrbpafebn

nftirbturi hd tai ibrny twigtfita eigtury twh einikrbtfhgs ebg ki dhugc tabt bnsh

wiri ebnigcrfebn fg gbturi bgc bnsh pirtbfgic th tai bgeisthrs hr tai shuns.

Sarhujahut tai privfhus eabptirs wi sbw ahw hg Giw Vibr's Ivi tai Vbnbntiehs

bgc htair `hugtbfg pfnjrf`s ogint kidhri tai hnc jrbvis bgc pnbeic `brfjhncs

tairi bs winn bs kiafgc tai ehnu`g, ahw [hsb Airgbgciz pnbeic ebgcnis dhr tai

299Ebgthris< sfgjirs, `hst thwgs abc suea spiefbnny trbfgic rftubn sfgjirs.




shnftbry shuns kiafgc tai chhr hd tai eaurea, ahw @hgtizu`b ehunc ki siig

riturgfgj drh` @ixfeh efty bgc ahw fg Vbnbnbj rftubns usic th ki pirdhrìc dhr

tai jwnâsi . Bnsh drh` Vbnbnbj ehìs bghtair fgtiristfgj sthry bkhut Giw Vibr

bgc tai shuns. Sairi ft fs sbfc tabt fd yhu wiri prisigt wafni shìhgi cfic yhu

ebg jh th @ftnb hg tabt gfjat bgc fd yhu sii tabt pirshg's shun eh`fgj hut hd tai

eaurea bdtir tai `bss taiy hrjbgfzic, yhu ebg sueeissdunny bso tai nhebtfhg hd

afs/air tribsuri bs nhgj bs yhu ch ght ch ft drh` tai drhgt, kiebusi taig yhu wfnn

shhg cfi (Duigti 26::<;:9). Sai `hst ehgspfeuhus rftubn kiabvfhur hg Giw

Vibr's Ivi ahwivir wbs hd ehursi tai picfìgths tabt wiri kufnt bt tai Erhss.

Ahwivir fg bccftfhg th taisi prbyir f`bjis hrbgji ebgcnis bgc ehpbn wiri bnsh

kurgic tairi, wafea thjitair wfta eirtbfg erhps wiri thueaic th tai erhss bs winn

(]brshgs 2654<;54). Bnsh pihpni prbyic, thueaic tai erhss, pbssic dnhwirs hvir ft

wafea ehunc nbtir ki usic bjbfgst sfeogiss bgc pfeturis hd erhss wiri rukkic

bjbfgst ft th jbfg phwir, taisi wiri nbtir put hg tai bntbr (]brshgs 2654<;54).

Hd ehursi tai `hst f`phrtbgt yibrny einikrbtfhg dhr tai shuns abs bnribcy kiig

ìgtfhgic sivirbn tfìs bs winn, gbìny Bnn Uhuns, waig tai shuns jh drh` @ftnbth taifr dhrìr ahusis. Sairi hg tai ahusi bntbrs dhhc, crfgo, dnhwirs, ebgcnis,

ehpbn, hrgbìgts bgc thys bri nbfc hut dhr tai` (]brshgs 2654<;12-;1;). Hg tai

eiìtiry kribc fs eru`knic hg tai jrbvis wafni eahehnbti fs phuric hg ft, bnsh

druft, dnhwirs bgc ebgcnis wiri pnbeic tairi. Sai `hst f`phrtbgt hd tai dnhris ci

ùirth 294 wiri tai wafti hreafc, bnsh ebnnic `hlfths hr jftsôrn , b enustir hd wafti

bgc pfgo knhh`s oghwg bs jfnbo' bgc tai yinnhw `brfjhnc nfoi knhh` ebnnic

jfthaajhn hr dnhwir hd tai bgefigt cibc (]brshgs 2654<;12-;1;). Fg Vbnbnbj bnsh b

eh`ùgbn prheissfhg wbs `bci th tai jrbviybrc wfta ùsfe, dfriwhros bgc b

spiiea fg \bphtie. Fg ft tai shuns wiri bccrissic bgc jrbtftuci ixprissic th tai`hg kiabnd hd taifr rinbtfvis dhr tai dbvhurs tabt abc kiig chgi bgc dhr tai nhvi bgc

bppriefbtfhg tabt taiy dint. Bnsh prh`fsis wiri `bci tabt taiy whunc ki ahghuric

bs taiy sahunc ki bgc taiy wiri pitfhgic dhr taifr pbrchg bgc eniìgey bgc

bsoic tabt taifr ainp whunc ki ehgtfguic (Duigti 26::<;16). Sai hddirfgjs `bci

hg tai bntbrs dhr tai shuns fg Vbnbnbj wiri ùea nfoi fg @ftnb, ehgsfstfgj hd ehpbn,

dnhwir, ebgcnis, dhhc suea bs pbg ci ùirth , `hnis, ebnbkbzb swiits, druft, cry

dfsa, ìzebn, ebtbnâg bgc wbtir (Duigti 26::<;6=). Sai bntbr wbs bnsh ciehrbtic

ght hgny wfta tai hddirfgjs kut bnsh wfta ebgi, tai zi`pbsüeafn 29: bgc tai dnhr ci

ùirth . B eirtbfg ehrrinbtfhg wbs ixpietic kitwiig tai hddirfgjs bgc tabt yibr'sabrvist bs taisi jfdts wiri bnsh th jfvi tabgos th yhur bgeisthrs wah nidt yhu jhhc

nbgcs bgc ainpic. Fg ebsi hd b kbc abrvist tai shuns bppbrigtny cfcg't wbgt th

ainp kiebusi tai nfvfgj hwic tai` thh ùea. Fg suea yibrs tai nfttni hddirfgjs tabt

ehunc taig ki jfvig wiri eh`pigsbtic ky jigufgi sbcgiss bgc pnibcs (Duigti

266:<;6=). Hddirfgjs ght hgny cipigcic hg wibnta, kut bnsh hg tbsti bgc dbfta.

Ivirykhcy tahuja khujat vinbs 291 , vinbchrbs 296 bgc nb`ps, wafni b `fghrfty bnsh

294Dnhris ci ùirth< dnhwirs hd tai cibc29:\i`pbsüeafn< `brfjhnc291Tinbs< ebgcnis296Tinbchrbs< ebgcnis fg jnbss hr pnbstfe ehgtbfgir




khujat nbrji qubgtftfis hd kribc, eahnbti, `hni, ite. Sai rüstfehs 24= abc

eafeabrrõg 242, sbntic ìbt, nbrc, efcir, hrbgji nibvis bgc khfnic eabpunfgis 24;.

Uhì pihpni bnsh `bci hddirfgjs th tai shuns hd ugrinbtic pirshgs tabt usic th

nfvi fg tai sbì ahusi wafni htairs wigt th pnbeis tabt taifr bgeisthrs nfvic

(Duigti 26::<;62).

Nfoi tai pri- bgc ibrny-ehnhgfbn shureis tai itaghjrbpafe wrftfgjs bnsh tinn

bkhut tai rftis tabt beeh`pbgy b kurfbn. Fg tai 265='s bnribcy waig shìhgi wbs

cyfgj b knissic ebgcni wbs pnbeic fg tai pirshg's abgc wafni b sbfgt pfeturi wbs

pnbeic hg tai kribst. Zaig cieibsic tai ehrpsi wbs giwny enhtaic bgc nbfc hg b

nfì erhss hg tai dnhhr, ehviric fg dnhwirs, ugtfn tai kurfbn (]brshgs 2654<232).

Curfgj tai wboi pihpni vfsftic tai ahusi hd tai cieibsic wfta ebgcnis, dnhwirs

bgc bn`s, fg riturg taiy jht eahehnbti bgc twh kribc rhnns. Sai kurfbn wbs tai

gixt cby waig b ebgthr , rizbchr 245 bgc dhur ùsfefbgs ebì th tai ahusi. ]ihpni

wiri kurfic wfta tai aibc th tai wist, kut kidhri kifgj fgtirric tai cieibsic wbs

jfvig b s`bnn ehtthg enhta kbj wfta ahny wbtir, 25 nfttni thrtfnnbs bgc twh krhoig

up ebebh kibgs riprisigtfgj `hgiy hr tai bgefigt eurrigey (]brshgs 2654<23;-235,234, 43). Fgdhr`btfhg bkhut tafs khnsftb 243 dhr tai cibc wbs enhsiny jubrcic

tahuja (]brshgs 2654<923). Bt tai cibta hd bg bgjinfth pihpni whunc cbgei bgc

sfgj, insi ai hr sai whunc ght jh strbfjat th aibvig, tairidhri gh dhhc, wbtir hr

ebebh wbs jfvig iftair (]brshgs 2654<231-236). Sai cby bdtir tai kurfbn tai jrbvi

wbs vfsftic wfta ebgcnis bgc dnhwirs bgc curfgj tai prheissfhg pihpni ebrrfic b

ehpbn eigsir bgc b ahny pbn`, wafea wbs usic bs bg bspirjfnnu` (]brshgs

2654<233). Bt tai enhsi hd tai 6 cby pirfhc hd `hurgfgj, bnsh ebnnic b ghvigb , tai

nfì erhss wbs jbtairic up bgc kurfic fg tai jrbvi bs winn (]brshgs 2654<232).

Beehrcfgj th Nisnfi tafs qufeonfì erhss sirvic th `boi tai khcy niss aibvy wftasfg (Nisnfi 264=<9=). Curfgj tai pirfhc hd afs risibrea tai s`bnn enhta kbj wfta

wbtir bgc dhhc wbs bnsh stfnn ehggietic th tai sarhuc (]brshgs 2654<95-93). Fg

tai 263='s fg Vbnbnbj ebgcnis wiri kurgic dhr tai cieibsic, fgenucfgj tai

eafncrig, bgc b trbcftfhgbn nf`pfb 249, wftahut wbsafgj wbs pirdhrìc (Duigti

26::<;=5). Gh thrtfnnbs, `hgiy, enhtafgj hr ixpigsfvi liwins wiri jfvig bgy`hri

tahuja. ]ihpni cfc stfnn oghw tabt tafs dhhc wbs sabric wfta b chj th pbss b rfvir

tahuja, tairidhri `hst cfcg't put tai cieibsic nibtair enhtafgj hg kiebusi chjs

risigtic tabt sìnn. B `fghrfty ahwivir abc stbrt th chukts taisi kinfids bgc

sthppic prbetfefgj tai` bs winn (Duigti 26::<;=5).@byki bnsh rinbtic th kurfbns, kut b nibst th tai ibrta taiy bri put fg, nfkbtfhgs

th tai ibrta wiri shìtfìs stfnn `bci fg tai 265='s lust bs taiy wiri fg tai Tfnnb

Bntb rijfhg brhugc 2:=3. ]brshgs ivig ehgsfciric taisi phurfgj hd nfqufcs bt

dhr`bn crfgofgj heebsfhgs th ki b survfvbn hd tai bgefigt eunt dhr tai cibc

(]brshgs 2654<9=6). B viry jhhc ixb`pni fs tai crfgofgj rftubn bt Aufnâ, enhsi th

24=[üstfehs< afeos, b cirhjbthry tir` usic ky Drbgea th ridir th tahsi wfta `hri trbcftfhgbnhr rurbn nfdistynis

242Eafeabrrõg< drfic phro dbt

24;Eabpunfgis< jrbssahppirs, bg Hbxbebg cinfebey245[izbchr< b prbyir `boir, shìhgi trbfgic th prby bt ahusiahnc einikrbtfhgs243Khnsftb< nfttni kbj249Nf`pfb< rftubn enibgsfgj.




@ftnb. Airi tai `byhrch`hs waig taiy rieifvic taifr ciputfis phuric ìzebn hg

tai jrhugc wafni sbyfgj fg \bphtie< 'Ibrta tahu jfvist strigjta, jfvi (nhgj) nfdi!

Uhuns! Sboi shì! (]brshgs 2654<;=5-;=3). Fg tai s`bnn thwg hd Ubg @fjuin

ìzebn wbs bnsh phuric hg tai jrhugc kut airi taiy prbyic th Cfhs (]brshgs

2654<;51). Lunfh ci nb Duigti ixpnbfgic tabt tai rbtfhgbni kiafgc tafs rftubn fs

tabt kiebusi ibrta jfvis dhhc, tai aibc hd tai db`fny dfrst jfvis shì eru`ks hr

crhps th ibrta. Fg Vbnbnbj tafs wbs taig beeh`pbgfic ky bg fgeh`pniti hur dbtair

cfrietic th Jhc (Duigti 26::<5=:-5=1). Ispiefbnny fg tai prbyir drh` Aufnâ b

enhsi ehggietfhg ebg ki siig kitwiig tai nbgc bgc tai shuns hr bgeisthrs. B

sf`fnbr ehggietfhg wbs bnribcy ìgtfhgic bkhvi ky Lbvfir Yrefc waig ai sbfc

tabt jigibnhjfebn riehrcs nijftf`fzic prfvfnijic usudruet hd rishureis ky prhvfgj

hrfjfgs drh` phwirdun bgeisthrs. Bppbrigtny tafs chis ght hgny ahnc trui dhr

phwirdun bgeisthrs, kut bgeisthrs bgc tai nbgc fgairftic drh` tai` fg jigirbn. Ft

`fjat ki tafs fcib tabt fs bt tai viry aibrt hd way pihpni cfc ght prby dhr tai cibc

fg purjbthry bs ]brshgs phfgtic hut fg eabptir tarii kut th tai cibc dhr wabt

taiy wbgtic. Fg htair whrcs dhr way tai cibc wiri siig bs ainpdun spfrfts bdtircibta (]brshgs 2654<9;5-9;3). Nisnfi bnsh `bois tafs phfgt waig ai sbys tabt tai

cibc tboi hg b cfvfgi qubnftfis bdtir taifr nfdi, cibta bgc trbgsftfhg bgc tabt

tairidhri bcunt cibc ofgsìg bri prbyic th dhr bfc (Nisnfi 264=<95). Bs b risunt,

tai usubn bttftuci hd thwgspihpni th cibc fs whrsafpdun suea bs dhr ixb`pni fg tai

rispietdun prbyir ky b trbcir th afs cieibsic jrbgcpbrigts bdtir ai pripbric bg

hddirfgj th tai`. Fg ft ai bsoic ainp dhr afs upeh`fgj trbcfgj trfp bgc prh`fsic b

ebgcni bgc b risphgsh waig ai whunc riturg (Nisnfi 264=<9:). Nisnfi ivig

ehgenucis tabt tai kinfivi fg shuns fs `hri pirshgbn, cfvfgi bgc `hrbn tabg tabt

fg Jhc hr tai sbfgts bs tai cuty th tai shuns bgc rinfbgei hg taifr ainp fs strhgjircui th ofgsafp tfis (Nisnfi 264=<42-49). Lunfh ci nb Duigti ebì th `hri hr niss

tai sbì ehgenusfhgs dhr Vbnbnbj. Ai stbtis tabt tai phwir hd tai shuns fs kfj cui

th tai phssissfhgs tabt abvi kiig nidt ky tai` th taifr rinbtfvis kiebusi taisi

phssissfhgs `boi b jhhc nfdi phssfkni. Bnsh tai shuns jubrc hvir bgc ainp

rinbtfvis sh taisi wfnn ght dhrjit tai` bgc wfnn vbnui wabt taiy rieifvic. Sairidhri

taiy wfnn pugfsa tahsi wah ch ght vbnui tai` ehrrietny (Duigti 26::<;41). Bnsh

suea dbunts bjbfgst shuns ehunc nibc th b sfeogiss ebnnic zjfb oi âgf` wafea

whunc nibc th `bnbrfb, cfbrrahib, cysigtiry, whugcs, iehgh`febn prhkni`s hr b

kbc abrvist. Fg taisi ebsis cfbjghsfs abc th ki `bci ky bg bcfvfgbchr 244 bgctribtic ky rftubnny risu`fgj tai gijnietic rinbtfhgsafp (Duigti 26::<526). Sh

privigt taisi tafgjs drh` heeurrfgj tai shuns taus rieifvi wfta Bnn Uhuns wabt

taiy nfoic fg nfvi, bnsh kiebusi taiy bri igtftnic th b sabri hd tai yibr's yfinc. Fg

bccftfhg tai shuns hd tai vfnnbji prhtiet ft bgc tafs bghtair ribshg way taiy ùst

ki ahghuric uphg taifr bggubn riturg. Fg htair whrcs pihpni prby bgc `boi

hddirfgjs th oiip tai shuns sbtfsdfic, ahwivir bt tai sbì tfì taisi bnsh sirvi th

crfvi tai` bwby bjbfg kiebusi taifr cfriet prisigei fs ugwbgtic (Duigti

26::<;41).

244Bcfvfgbchr< b cfvfgir.




Nfoi wbs sbfc fg eabptir tarii tai jwnâsi hr tai bgefigts tabt wiri turgic th

sthgi usic th ki ainpdun spfrfts bs winn fg b wby tabt fs viry sf`fnbr th ahw tai

shuns bri siig. Ci nb Duigti ciserfkis ahw sthgi fchns kifgj siig bs tai jwnâsi

wiri kurfic waig shwfgj hr wairi dic spiefbn tafgjs dhr b jhhc abrvist (Duigti

26::<;44). Ft wbs bnsh sbfc tabt bt sierit pnbeis nbrji fchns wiri kurfic tabt nbrji

jrhups supirvfsic ky bg aieafeirh usic th vfsft th pitftfhg dhr tafgjs (Duigti

26::<;4:). Ygtfn shì ciebcis kidhri ci nb Duigti's risibrea fg tai 263='s b

spiefbn eiri`hgy wbs ivig ainc dhr tai jwnâsi hg tai nbst cby hd tai yibr. Sai

hwgir hd bg fchn hr hd tai dfinc tabt ft wbs dhugc fg hddiric knhhc hd b rhhstir hr b

yhugj chj th tai fchn bsofgj dhr b jhhc abrvist. Bt ahì ìbt wbs taig ibtig

wfta rinbtfvis bgc bdtirwbrcs ai riturgic th jfvi b pbrt hd tafs th tai fchn, kiebusi

ft wbs ehgsfciric kittir th diic tafs sbgth ci pficrb 24: sh ft whuncg't jit `bc.

Safs sbì rftubn wbs shìtfìs bnsh chgi kidhri shwfgj hg b cby citir`fgic ky

tai bcfvfgbchr (Duigti 26::<5=4-5=:). Fg tai dhrtfis shì stfnn jbvi tb`bnis ci

drflhn 241, phzhgtni 246 hr ìzebn th tai jwnâsi hg ugspiefdfic cbys hr ivig fgsuntic

ft, sh ft whunc pby bttigtfhg. Uhì kinfivic tabt ivig lust kuryfgj bg fchn fg bdfinc bnribcy ainpic. Bnsh ebgcnis wiri stfnn kurgic dhr jwnâz fg tai `hugtbfg dhr

b kittir augt hr bt ahì dhr `hgiy (Duigti 26::<5=4-5=:).

9.;.; ]brshgs hg rftubns

Kisfcis fgdhr`btfhg hg rftubns dhr tai cibc bgc tai shuns, Insfi Eniws ]brshgs'

whro bnsh abs ùea fgdhr`btfhg hg htair rftubn kiabvfhur bgc hddirfgjs tabt fs

rinivbgt airi. Dfrst hd bnn tairi fs tai fgdhr`btfhg bkhut eurfgj rftubns. Dhrixb`pni waig cfvfgfgj tai ebusi hd sfeogiss tarhuja ispbgth ehpbn wbs kurgic

fg wbtir taig bg hddirfgj wbs `bci bt tai pnbei hd drfjat th riturg hgi's spfrft.

Sairi wbtir wbs spurtic hg tai jrhugc, b erhss wbs `bci hg tai jrhugc bs winn

bgc efjbrittis, bjubrcfigti, pfieis hd ehpbn, 25 `fgf thrtfnnbs bgc hgi ijj wiri

taig pnbeic gixt th ft. B eafeoig wbs sberfdfeic, wfta tai pnbei hd tai aibc

sfjgfdyfgj tai eabgeis hd riehviry. Dfgbnny ivirytafgj wbs kurfic bgc bjubrcfigti

phuric hvir ft. Bnsh shìtfìs b erhss wbs `bci bt tai ahusi, wairi tai dhur

ehrgirs wiri bccrissic bgc tai spfrft wbs ebnnic kbeo. Sh tai pbrtfefpbgts ft wbs

ahwivir eh`pnitiny ugoghwg th wah` bnn taisi hddirfgjs wiri `bci, tahuja drhèh`pbrfshg wfta `bgy htair shureis wi ebg nibrg tabt ft fs `hst nfoiny tai cuiòh

cin nujbr tabt abc th ki bppibsic (]brshgs 2654<2;=-2;2). Dhr tai eurfgj hd

sivirbn sfeogissis tai ijj tribtìgt wbs i`pnhyic. Fg tafs ebsi b eurbgcirb

pbssic bg ijj hvir tai sfeo pirshg's khcy, taig b erhss wbs `bci wfta ft hvir b

khwn, fg wafea ft wbs krhoig th cfvfgi tai gbturi hd tai cfsibsi, bdtirwbrcs tai

ijj wbs kurfic hr kurgic (]brshgs 2654<254). Hgi suea eurbgcirb wbs Bjustfgb

wah nibrgic tai trbci dhr air dbtair wah wbs b eurbgcirh , tai Upbgfsa prbyirs

24:Ubgth ci pficrb< sbfgt hd sthgi241 Sb`bnis ci drflhn< Sb`bnis wfta kibg dfnnfgj. B tb`bni ehgsfsts hd `bfzi chuja wfta bdfnnfgj tabt fs wrbppic fg b ehrg auso bgc taig khfnic hr stibìc.

246]hzhgtni< b Hbxbebg crfgo `bci hd `bfzi, ebebh bgc sujbr.




sai usic ahwivir ebì drh` air ugeni wah wbs b prfist (]brshgs 2654<2;6).

]brshgs bnsh jfvis b nigjtay ciserfptfhg hd b rftubn pirdhrìc ky [hsb Airgbgciz,

tai eurbgcirb drh` Ubg Kbntbzbr, bt tai db`hus Erhss hd @ftnb. Ufgei sivirbn

bspiets bri hd fgtirist b sahrt su``bry wfnn ki jfvig airi. Dfrst [hsb nfjatic b

s`bnn wafti ebgcni wafea sai pnbeic bt tai dhht hd tai Erhss. Utbgcfgj kidhri ft

sai criw bfr fgth air `huta wfta air abgcs `hvfgj thwbrcs air `huta, `bci tai

sfjg hd tai erhss bgc sbfc b prbyir. Saig sai ofssic tai thp hd fts kbsi bgc

prissic air rfjat ti`pni bjbfgst ft, taig air nidt. Fg bg bgtf-enheowfsi efreuft sai

ripibtic tai crbwfgj fg hd bfr bgc erhssfgj airsind. Gixt hg tai ibst sfci sai

ripibtic tai fgwbrc jisturi thwbrcs tai ibst, ghrta, wist bgc shuta. Saig sai

pnbeic wbtir bgc eahehnbti hg tai picfìgt bgc kribc hg tai wist sfci. Ibea

hddirfgj wbs dfrst `htfhgic fgth tai dhur cfrietfhgs. Gixt sai nfjatic twh eigsirs,

dfrst `bofgj b erhss hvir tai` wfta b ehbn taig `htfhgfgj tai` brhugc hg ibea

sfci hd tai Erhss. Gixt sai enf`kic uphg tai kbsi, put air br`s brhugc tai

Erhss, ofssic ft bgc put air ti`pnis bjbfgst ft. Saig sai thho shì dnhwirs drh`

b vbsi, `htfhgic tai` fg tai dhur cfrietfhgs bgc bjbfgst tai Erhss bgc put tai`kbeo. Drh` tai jbrnbgc hg tai Erhss sai thho twh `brfjhnc knhssh`s wafea sai

thueaic th tai Erhss bgc put fg air jhurc khwn bs winn bs b diw pikknis drh` tai

kbsi wairi sai bnsh nidt tai jhurc. Zaig sai rieifvic b efjbritti drh` ]brshgs

sai nfjatic ft bt tai ebgcni bgc ebrrfic ft th tai ribr hd tai kbsi. Hg riturg sai

ehnnietic air crfgo, dhhc bgc jhurc, hgny nibvfgj tai ebgcni (]brshgs 2654<;19-

;14). Zaig ]brshgs bsoic th wah` sai wbs prbyfgj [hsb bgswiric „th Cfhs, th

Nb Eruz ci nb ]bsfõg, th Ubg ]bknh bgc th Nbs [ufgbs, sfgei taiy wiri igeabgtic.‐

(]brshgs 2654<;14).

]brshgs bnsh `bci b nfst hd wabt sai ehgsfciric tai `hst f`phrtbgt bspiets hd@ftniòh rftubns< tafs kifgj prbyir, iftair ky dhrùnb, eabgtic, fg jisturi hr bs b

prbyir-f`bji, hrfigtbtfhg th tai dhur cfrietfhgs, usfgj f`bjis hr ahny pfeturis bgc

ahny wbtir, `bofgj vhws bgc pfnjrf`bjis, chfgj prheissfhgs bgc cbgeis, `bofgj

ùsfe bgc dibstfgj, chfgj f`pirshgbtfhgs bgc crb`btfzbtfhgs, usfgj tai `htfd hd

ùea drh` nfttni2:= bgc dfgbnny `bofgj tai sfjg hd tai erhss (]brshgs 2654<;61,

5=;). Uai bnsh jfvis b nfst hd tai `bgy cfddirigt typis hd hddirfgjs `bci fg @ftnb

gb`fgj ebgcnis, ehpbn, dnhwirs, dhhc, turoiy, eafeoig, taifr knhhc, nfquhr bgc

efjbrittis (]brshgs 2654<;61). Hd tai ebgcnis cfddirigt typis ixfstic. Dfrst tairi

wiri tai ebgcnis hd tai gbturbn krhwgfsa hrbgji dhr tai sbfgts bgc tai cibc, wafea wiri `bci fg dhur cfddirigt sfzis, tai nfttni hgis kifgj dhr ahusi bntbrs, tai

nbrjir hgis dhr eaurea hr wbois bgc tai twh nbrjist hgny dhr `byhrch`fbs .

Uiehgcny tairi wiri tai wafti ebgcnis wafea wiri bnwbys `bci hd kiiswbx bgc

hgny usic dhr tai dibst dhr Ubg ]bknh bgc ahusiahnc purphsis. Safrcny ebgcni

igcs wiri riusic th `boi b cbro krhwg ebgcni wafea wbs b sukstftuti dhr tai

wafti hgi. Dhurtany hrbgji ebgcnis tabt ebg ki `bci drh` pbrbddfg bs winn b

kiiswbx bgc nbstny ebgcnis drh` bgf`bn dbt tabt wiri bppnfic th euts bgc tai

u`kfnfebn ehrc (]brshgs 2654<96). Hg tai ahusi bntbr khttnis wiri hdtig usic bs

2:=@htfd hd ùea drh` nfttni< b tbetfe hdtig i`pnhyic fg rftubns wairi shìtafgj fg`fgfbturi fs usic th riprisigt shìtafgj kfjjir wafea fs wbgtic.




ebgcnistfeos (]brshgs 2654<;:). Beehrcfgj th ]brshgs' drfigc Bgjænfeb pihpni

shìtfìs bnsh wrhti sthrfis hd rieigt ivigts hg b pbpir taiy wrbppic brhugc

ebgcni bs b ìssbji th tai cibc. Sai hgny di`bni spiefbnfsts fg thwg wiri tai

ebgcni `boir, tai eurbgcirbs, `fcwfvis, bgc b rftubn efjbritti rhnnir (]brshgs

2654<45-43). Saisi efjbrittis wiri b`hgj htair tafgjs usic ky jh-kitwiigs fg

tai fgvftbtfhg th b krfci's db`fny (]brshgs 2654<64) Zafni tai thkbeeh drh` taisi

efjbrrhs ci nb õpirb hr rftubn thkbeeh wiri bnsh usic fg shì euris (]brshgs

2654<2;:). Sai hgny pirshg fg @ftnb tabt kinfivic tabt shìhgi ehunc ki eursic

ky stfeofgj pfgs hr gbfns fg b ùòie' 2:2, bg fcib phpunbr b`hgjst ìstfzhs, wbs

Infjfh, tahuja suea b chnn wbs bnsh dhugc fg bghtair @ftniòh's ybrc, `bofgj af`

sfeo (]brshgs 2654<232). Infjfh bnsh kinfivic tabt wfteais `bci b `hgh 2:; hd wbx

hr rbjs th stfeo tahrgs fg ft bgc kury ft bt tai icji hd b rfvir, bg fcib wafea wbs

ugdb`fnfbr th `hst htair @ftniòhs (]brshgs 2654<3;9). Sairidhri ]brshgs

ehgsfcirs taisi chnns dhr eursfgj th ki hd Upbgfsa hrfjfg (]brshgs 2654<365).

9.5 ]risigt cby shureis

9.5.2 ]risigt cby itaghjrbpairs

Kbsic hg tai hksirvbtfhgs `bci ky Ivinfgi Cþrr fg tai ibrny gfgitfis ft ebg ki

sbfc tabt rijbrcfgj th ebnigcrfebn einikrbtfhgs ehgeirgfgj tai shuns ght ùea abs

eabgjic bntahuja fg tai ebsi hd Giw Vibr gh ìgtfhg fs `bci bgy`hri hd tai

shuns kifgj fgvhnvic. ]ihpni ch stfnn vfsft tai euivb tabt gfjat th pnbei ebebh

kibgs, ehpbn, dnhwirs bgc ebgcnis tairi, wafni bt tai ebvi enhsi th tai Erhssdnhwirs, ehpbn bgc ebgcnis bri bnsh pnbeic. Bt tai Erhss ftsind picfìgths

ehgtfgui th ki `bci, wafni tai Erhss ftsind fs stfnn thueaic bgc dnhwirs bgc ehpbn

bri bnsh stfnn pnbeic. Bt tai rufgbs dnhwirs bgc ebgcnis bri hddiric fg tai pirfhc

nibcfgj up th Giw Vibr. (Cþrr 2664<2:;-2:4). Ehgeirgfgj Bnn Uhuns wi abvi

bnribcy siig tabt pihpni drh` @fbaubtnbg ehì tai siehgc Uugcby hd Hethkir th

fgvfti tai shuns bt tai Ebnvbrfh bgc pnbei ebebh kibgs, dnhwirs bgc ebgcnis tairi

taig. Fg tafs sbì pirfhc kidhri Shchs Ubgths pfnjrf`s drh` ]heautnb bgc @fxtieb

ehì th pnbei ghtis wfta tai gbìs hd taifr rinbtic cieibsic dhr tai Ubgth

Âgf`bs ci ]urjbthrfh bgc hddir druft, ehpbn bgc ebebh kibgs th tai` bs winn (Cþrr2664<;=;). Bgc wi sbw tabt wfta sf`fnbr nfsts hd gbìs pihpni ehì th tai rufgs

th bso Cibta th bnnhw shuns th riturg ahì dhr tai distfvftfis. Zfta Bnn Uhuns ftsind

@ftniòhs ehgtfgui th phur b wineh`fgj crfgo hd ìzebn hg tai jrhugc bt tai

eiìtiry, wafni efjbrittis bri nft bgc ehpbn fs s`hoic (Cþrr 2664<;=9). Zaig

pihpni nibvi tai eiìtiry ìzebn bgc ehpbn bri hddiric th tai shuns bjbfg (Cþrr

2664<;2;). Sai bntbrs bnsh stfnn abvi tai db`hus @ftniòh kribc bgc bnn tai tafgjs

tabt tai cieibsic nfoic fg nfdi (Cþrr 2664<;=:). Drh` tai Utukknidfinc cfetfhgbry

wi ebg sii tabt tai gbìs hd tai yinnhw `brfjhnc hr jufthjhhn bs winn bs tai wafti

2:2@uòie< drh` ùòieb, ìbgfgj chnn2:;@hgh< nftirbnny `hgoiy, hdtig usic bs b tir` dhr b chnn hr s`bnn f`bji




bgc pfgo knhh`s hr jufnbljw bri bnsh stfnn ìgtfhgic bs dnhris ci ùirth

(Utukknidfinc & Utukknidfinc 2662<;61,;6=).

Sai dugirbry rftubns tabt Cþrr cfseussis bnsh kibr `bgy sf`fnbrftfis th tai

ciserfptfhgs hd ]brshgs. Sai ehrpsi fs stfnn pnbeic fg drhgt hd tai bntbr bgc b wboi

wfta b rizbchr fs stfnn ainc curfgj wafea pihpni ehì th krfgj ebgcnis, dnhwirs bgc

ìzebn. Gixt cby tairi fs tai trfp th tai eiìtiry wfta ehpbn kifgj kurgic bgc

pnigty hd ìzebn kifgj crugo ky tai `hurgirs (Cþrr 2664<;42). Sh `boi tai

lhurgiy bdtir cibta shìwabt nfjatir ric dnhwirs bri pnbeic hg tai jrbvi bdtir b

diw cbys bgc fg tai jrbvi tai f`bji hd b sbfgt fs pnbeic bs winn bs ahny wbtir, 25

thrtfnnbs fg b kbj bgc 25 ebebh kibgs wafea bri stfnn sbfc th ki `hgiy dhr fg tai

bdtirnfdi. Uhìtfìs tai ebebh kibgs wfnn ivig ki erusaic kiebusi tairi fs b

sahrtbji fg eabgji fg tai bdtirnfdi lust bs tairi fs ivirywairi fg @ixfeh (Cþrr

2664<;4:). Hg tai tafrc cby tairi fs b jit thjitair wfta ebgcnis, dnhwirs, ìzebn

bgc `hgiy kifgj jfvig, tabt cby b nht hd bnehahn fs crugo bs winn. Curfgj tai

ghvigb iviry cby b rizbchr ehìs bgc b sbgc erhss wfta tai cieibsic's gbì fs

`bci bgc dnhwirs bri put hg tai jrbvi. Sai gfjat kidhri tai igc hd tai ghvigbtairi fs bghtair jit thjitair curfgj wafea pihpni prby kidhri tai jrhugc erhss

bgc ibt b ìbn fg `hurgfgj. Bdtir tafs `fcgfjat ìbn tai nivbgtbcb ci nb eruz 2:5

fs pirdhrìc wfta dfvi prbyfgj pbcrfghs sphhgfgj up tai erhss. Hg fts pnbei dfvi

ebgcnis bri put. Sai sbgc hd tai erhss ftsind fs sbvic. Hg tai gfgta cby hd tai

ghvigb b `bss fs ainc pbrb nhs cfdugths bgc tai eiìtiry fs vfsftic bjbfg. Sairi b

wafti dnhwir wribta fs pnbeic bgc ìzebn fs crugo. Bdtir bg ahur hd prbyfgj tai

jrhugc erhss fs taig kurfic gixt th tai jrbvi (Cþrr 2664<;42). Hg tai ;= ta cby

tairi fs bghtair `fsb ci nuth 2:3 bgc bghtair nivbgtbcb . Bgc hg tai 3=ta cby tairi

fs bjbfg b `bss bgc dnhwirs bri put hg tai jrbvi bgc ebgcnis hg tai bntbr. Bdtirhgi yibr tai nbst `bss fs ainc (Cþrr 2664<;49). Dhr tai eafnc tairi fs gh ghvigb

hr nivbgtbcb kut b `fsb ci jnhrfb 2:9 bs ai hr sai jhis strbfjat th aibvig (Cþrr

2664<;49).

[ijbrcfgj prisigt cby eurfgj rftubns shì fgtiristfgj dibturis bri cfseussic

fg Bnfefb Kbrbkbs bgc @breus Zfgtir's brtfeni hg tai Euivb bgc tai @ulir

Chr`fcb (Dfj.;2). Hd tai nbtir ft fs sbfc tabt sai fs fgdirtfni bgc taus siis vfsfthrs

bs air eafncrig bgc tairidhri sai wbgts th euri tai` hd bgy sfeogissis (Kbrbkbs

& Zfgtir ;==9<;4). Bs b risunt ebgcnis, dnhwirs, ijjsainns, phttiry bgc knbeo

dibtairs bri dhugc fg ahnis brhugc air khcy bgc aibc. Saisi bri drh` taihddirfgjs pnbeic tairi curfgj tai ehgvfvfh 2:4. ]ihpni ehì th tai Uniipfgj Zh`bg

wfta b eurbgcirh th ki euric hd susth , ispbgth hr cbòh 2::. Sai eurbgcirh ehgsunts

b cieo hd ebrcs th citir`fgi tai hddirfgj tabt fs wbgtic (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir

;==9<;4-;:). Fg ebsi hd b nf`pfb tafs ebg ki ehpbn, b wrig, bg ijj, kbsfn, ìzebn,

wbtir, tib, hr bnehahn. Dhr tai ehgvfvfh ft ehunc ki drflhn `hnfch , tbsblh , pipftbs ,

2:5Nivbgtbcb ci nb eruz< nfdtfgj up tai erhss.2:3@fsb ci nuth< `bss hd `hurgfgj.2:9@fsb ci jnhrfb< `bss hd einikrbtfhg.

2:4Ehgvfvfh< nftirbnny 'b nfvfgj thjitair'. Ysic th fgcfebti b sftubtfhg wairi dhhc bgc crfgo fsrftubnny sabric ght hgny b`hgjst ibea htair kut bnsh wfta tai ixtrbau`bg dhreispirtbfgfgj th tabt nhebtfhg.

2::Cbòh< abr`, fg tafs ebsi tabt wafea fs sigc th tai vfetf` tarhuja wfteaerbdt.




Dfjuri ;2< B nbcy eurfgj b yhugj `bg bt Nb @ulir Chr`fcb (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9< ;4).

ìzebn hr shcb. Ai usis b ahni fg tai eaist hd tai @ulir Chr`fcb th kurg ehpbn hg

b pnbti hd wbtir sh tai ehbn fgcfebtis tai typi hd sfeogiss. Sai sfeo pirshg fs

prisigt sh s`hoi ainps af` hr air riì`kir wairi ai hr sai jht susth hr wah wbgts abr`. Gixt tai eurbgcirh bgc tai db`fny hd tai sfeo pirshg knhw aht wbtir

hvir afs hr air khcy, tai spiefbnfst prbys bgc bso Jhc th ainp. Saig tai pbtfigt

sfts hg tai pficrb ci eurbefõg 2:1 bgc tai eurbgcirh ehgenucis wfta kbsfn, bnehahn

bgc ijjs. Saisi bri taig put fg b ahni bgc bri ehviric wfta rheos. Saisi ahnis

bnsh ehgtbfg erhssis hd riic bgc tb`bnis ci ehpbn 2:6. Sai nbtir sy`khnfsfgj tai

s`hoi tabt eh`ùgfebtis kitwiig tai pitftfhgirs bgc tai cuiòh . Curfgj tai

aibnfgj tai db`fny bnribcy stbrt ehhofgj, sh tabt waig tafs dfrst pbrt fs chgi taiy

ebg ibt bgc nfstig th shì ùsfe. Bs tafs ìbn fs b ehgvfvfh wfta tai cuiòh , pbrt

hd tai dhhc fs kurfic fg tai ahnis bs winn (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;4-;:). Bdtir

tafs ìbn pihpni bnsh jh th tai euivb wairi taiy prby bgc pnbei `hri hddirfgjs

suea bs yinnhw ebgcnis, vinbchrbs , b knbeo eafeoig hr rhhstir wafea fs kurfic hr

nit nhhsi, tb`bnis ci ehpbn , ei`pbsüeafn , ebebh bgc `bfzi. Saig bghtair ehgvfvfh

fs ainc wafea fs siig bs b ebrfòh 21= th tai cuiòhs (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<;6).

Bdtirwbrcs riquists bri `bci th taisi cuiòhs hd tai ebvi tarhuja ghtis bgc ky

pnbefgj hddirfgjs suea bs knbeo ebgcnis, ebebh, ehpbn bgc knbeo dibtairs (Kbrbkbs

& Zfgtir ;==9<;:). Fg tai rftubn th sii tai cibc hgi pnbeis kribc, eahehnbti,

2:1]ficrb ci eurbefõg< Uthgi hd aibnfgj

2:6 Sb`bnis ci ehpbn< b tir` usic ky Kbrbkbs bgc Zfgtir th ciserfki fgtbet squbri pnbtis hdehpbn hd rhujany 9 ky 2= eigtfìtris gbìc sh kiebusi nfoi tb`bnis taiy bri hdtig wrbppic fg kbgbgb- hr `bfzi nibvis (Dfj.;3).

21=Ebrfòh< b thoig hd bddietfhgs, hdtig usic th ciserfki tai hddirfgjs th cieibsic rinbtfvis.




`hni 212, thrtfnnbs bgc shcb dhr b ehgvfvfh . Bgc bs bg hddirfgj dnhwirs bri pnbeic th

dhr` b erhss wfta yinnhw ebgcnis, ebebh bgc ehpbn dhr b kuig cisebgsh 21; dhr tai

cibc (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<5=). Zaig bsofgj dhr `hgiy hr bgf`bns th tai 'civfn'

hgi `bois bg hddirfgj hd ehpbn, ebebh, ijj bgc thrtfnnbs, wafea riprisigt tai

pbyfgj hd sirvfei th af` bs winn bs tai wibnta tabt abs kiig hktbfgic (Kbrbkbs &

Zfgtir ;==9<5=). Ehgeirgfgj tai vbrfhus hddirfgjs taiy hksirvic fg tai ebvi

Kbrbkbs bgc Zfgtir `boi shì hksirvbtfhgs bgc jfvi shì ixpnbgbtfhgs wafea

bri hd spiefbn fgtirist airi. Dhr ixb`pni tai ei`pbsüeafn spribc hut hr pnbeic fg b

vbsi sirvis th pnibsi tai cuiòh wafni tai ebebh kibgs tabt bri spribc hr pnbeic fg

aibps brhugc tai ahnis fs `hgiy bs pbyìgt dhr rieifvic sirvfeis. Sai knbeo

ebgcnis bri sbfc th ki pnbeic bs b riquist dhr shìhgi's cibta hut hd libnhusy.

Sai yinnhw ebgcnis hg tai htair abgc sirvi bs b riquist th sii b cieibsic bcunt

hr aibn hgi, wafni tai wafti hgis bri th sii b cibc eafnc, hr aibn b eafnc (Kbrbkbs

& Zfgtir ;==9<52). Hg taifr dfrst vfsft taiy bnsh hksirvic b kfj hddirfgj hd dhur

aibps wfta ibea ;= knbeo ebgcnis bgc sivig tb`bnis ci ehpbn . Safs taiy bgbnysic

bs ridirrfgj th tai dhur ebrcfgbn cfrietfhgs, tai ;= nbyirs hd tai uppir whrnc, bgctai : nbyirs hd tai ugcirwhrnc (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<52). Zaitair tafs

ayphtaisfs betubnny ehgeurs wfta prisigt cby nhebn whrncvfiw tahuja fs ugenibr.

Saiy bnsh dhugc bghtair kfj hddirfgj ehgsfstfgj hd dfvi efrenis hd dnhwirs nfjatic

wfta vinbchrbs bgc yinnhw ebgcnis. Fg tai ahnis taiy bnsh dhugc pbrtfbnny kurgic

ghtis dhr siifgj tai cibc, bs winn bs hgi dhr sigcfgj cbòh bgc hgi th sigc

sfeogiss (Kbrbkbs & Zfgtir ;==9<52).

9.5.; Sai hddirfgjs ixpnbfgic

Fg privfhus eabptirs wi ribc ahw pfnjrf`s ciserfkic tabt taiy ebì th tai

Ebnvbrfh kiebusi tairi taiy ehunc hddir th Jhc, tai `frbeunhus erhss bgc `hst

f`phrtbgtny tai shuns tabt abc ehì th @ftnb bdtir cibta. Fg tryfgj th ugcirstbgc

wabt purphsi taisi hddirfgjs sirvic F dfrst bsoic tai ì`kirs hd tai db`fny F

stbyic wfta. Sai jrbgc`htair Lhsidfgb F ixpnbfgic th ì tabt taisi pihpni ebì

dhr ixb`pni waig `hgiy wbs sthnig hr dhr `bncbr . Air auskbgc ]hrdfrfh hg tai

htair abgc thnc ì hd vbrfhus `hri kigivhnigt jhbns suea bs bsofgj dhr rbfg,

shìtafgj th ibt suea bs kibgs hr `bfzi, dhr b nhgj nfdi hr b lhk. Bs F sbfc ibrnfirtaifr cbujatir @brf Inigb wbsg't eh`pnitiny suri waitair pihpni ebì dhr jhhc

hr dhr kbc purphsis. Beehrcfgj th air tai kufncfgj abcg't kiig enhsic kiebusi hd

ivfn kifgj chgi tairi ahwivir kut kiebusi ft wbs sh cfrty fgsfci cui th tai hpig

ebgcnis, krhoig ijjs bgc snbujatiric eafeoigs. Sairidhri waig ft rihpigic

pihpni stbrtic usfgj vinbchrbs bgc `hri ebebh kibgs. Uai bnsh ixpnbfgic tabt

pfnjrf`s cfc ght ehì hg spiefbn cbys, curfgj spiefbn pirfhcs hr hg spiefdfe ahurs.

Sai hgny tfì taiy cfcg't ehì wbs waig tai wibtair wbsg't bgy jhhc. Zaig F

212@hni< drh` tai Gbaubtn `nnf ìbgfgj sbuei. Shcby ridirs th b jrhup hd sbueis hr cfsaiskbsic hg taisi sbueis bgc `bci hd `bgy fgjricfigts b`hgj wafea eahehnbti, pibgutsbgc eafnnf pippirs.

21;Kuig cisebgsh< b jhhc rist




tbnoic bkhut tai hddirfgjs wfta tai nbcfis hd tai ahtin taiy wiri ispiefbnny ixeftic

bkhut bnn tai knbeo ebgcnis bgc tai chnns wairi giicnis wiri stueo fg, Sirisb

ahwivir cfc bnsh ìgtfhg tabt tai ebebh tabt ehunc ki dhugc wbs `hgiy dhr tai

cibc.

Bs sbfc fg eabptir 2, jfvig tai dbet tabt pfnjrf`s hgny `bci viry sahrt vfsfts th

@ftnb bgc F hgny jht tai eabgei th spibo th tai` bdtir taiy abc pirdhrìc taifr

hddirfgjs, F cfc ght abvi tai hpphrtugfty th cheuìgt tai hddirfgj rftubns fg taifr

igtfrity. F wbs ahwivir bkni th wftgiss eirtbfg iniìgts hd taisi rftubns drh` tai

sahp F wbftic fg. Drh` tairi F ehunc dhr ixb`pni sii ahw ì`kirs drh` tai nbrji

jrhup drh` Ubg @fjuin wiri tbofgj tafgjs hut hd nbrji kbjs taiy abc put hg tai

afja chhrstip hd tai Ebnvbrfh hr shì hd tai nbcfis drh` tai jrhup eh`fgj drh`

Ubgtb Eruz Efttb tyfgj tai kugcnis hd dnhwirs thjitair kidhri igtirfgj. Bghtair

tfì F sbw b `fccni bjic `bg ugpbeofgj afs kbj pbeo hg tai tarisahnc th taig jh

fgsfci wairi ai `bci b sahrt khw th tai `fccni, taig tai nidt bgc dfgbnny tai rfjat

erhss. Dhnnhwfgj tafs ai wigt hutsfci bjbfg th jit wafti pbeoits bgc bt nibst hgi

ebgcni, tbnofgj tai` hut hd sfjat th tai nidt erhss, riturgfgj bdtir shì tfì th jitgiw hddirfgjs wafea ai thho th tai rfjat , ght ùea nbtir eh`fgj kbeo th jit

`hri. Sai dhnnhwfgj cby twh yhugj juys bnsh pnbeic taifr kbjs fg drhgt hd tai

igtrbgei, hgi tariw shì enibr nfqufc drh` b khttni th tai fgsfci, taig tai htair

thho shì sfps, taig phuric shì hg tai jrhugc dhur tfìs, hg hr lust gixt th tai

stbfrs. Gixt tai dfrst thho tai khttni bjbfg, wigt fgsfci wairi F aibrc tai kribofgj

hd jnbss, taig taiy wigt bwby. Hg bghtair heebsfhg waig F wbsg't bkni th tbno th

bg hncir `bg wah nidt bt tai sfci hd tai pyrb`fc F bnsh sbw af` phurfgj b nht hd

nfqufc hg tai tarisahnc. Jhfgj up nbtir F ehunc enibrny sìnn ft abc kiig ìzebn hr

bghtair strhgj bnehahnfe crfgo. Bgc F sbw tai sbì nfkbtfhg kifgj `bci ky tainbcy hd tai hnc ehupni drh` @fxtipie. Uai abc b ehnb khttni hut hd wafea sai

phuric b nfqufc hg hr gibr tai tarisahnc dhur tfìs, taig sai thho shì kribc hd

wafea sai tariw shì pfieis fg drhgt hd tai `fccni erhss, ìbgwafni crfgofgj tai

ehnb. Kidhri tafs F abc bnsh siig air ogiinfgj fg drhgt hd tabt sbì erhss, wafea

sai trfic th thuea drh` tai nidt kut wbsg't bkni th. Htairs suea bs tai twh nbcfis

drh` Ubg Uikbstfbg ci nbs Jrutbs F bnsh sbw ogiinfgj shì tfì fg drhgt hd tai

erhss wafni hg bghtair heebsfhg twh ìg sthhc kidhri ft dhr 29 `fgutis, ght chfgj

bgytafgj insi. Bghtair ehupni cfc eh`kfgi tai ogiinfgj wfta jhfgj kiafgc tai

erhss, prhkbkny th pnbei shì hddirfgjs. Sai thueafgj hd tai `fccni erhss F bnshhksirvic hg htair heebsfhgs `hst ghtbkny fg tai eurfgj rftubn pirdhrìc ky tai

jrhup drh` Ubg Tfgeigti. Safs db`fny jrhup abc ehì th euri b `fccni-bjic `bg

hd tai susth ai abc jhttig drh` wftgissfgj b ebr beefcigt. Safs `bg cfc ght hgny

thuea tai erhss, ai ivig sthhc hg fts picistbn th ki bkni th thuea tai erhsskib`.

Sai nfttni kugcnis hd wafti dnhwirs tabt taiy rukkic hvir tai khcy hd tai `bg bs

winn bs tabt hd afs shg dhr tai nf`pfb taiy bnsh pnbeic hg tai kbsi hd tai erhss. Dhr

tafs sbì purphsi taiy bnsh usic tai krbgeais hd tai pfrhpt trii wafea jrhws

gixt th tai pyrb`fc tabt tai Ebnvbrfh stbgcs hg. Sai gixt cby b sf`fnbr rftubn wbs

pirdhrìc fg tai eaurea ky tai `bg bgc afs `htair wah beehrcfgj th airjrbgcshg fs b eurbgcirb . Sairi taiy dfrst ogint bt tai `bfg bntbr bgc taig `bci b

rhugc drh` sbfgt th sbfgt. Bt ibea stbtui taiy sthppic bgc `bci tai sfjg hd tai




erhss, tai nbcy taig thho b dnhwir wafea sai dfrst pbssic hvir tai stbtui bgc taig

hvir tai khcy hd air shg, gixt khta ofssic tai dnhwir wafea wbs pnbeic kbeo fg

tai vbsi gixt th tai stbtui bdtirwbrcs. Hgi hd tai nbcfis thnc ì tabt khta fg tai

Ebnvbrfh bgc fg tai eaurea taiy ripibt 'Fg tai Gbì hd tai Dbtair, tai Uhg bgc

tai Ahny Upfrft'. Gh htair Upbgfsa prbyirs wiri usic tahuja. Sai `bg drh` Ubgtb

Eruz Efttb ahwivir thnc ì tabt taiy cfc sby vbrfhus Upbgfsa prbyirs wafni fg tai

Ebnvbrfh. Bgc bg hnc `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn sf`fnbrny ixpnbfgic tabt ai abc lust

sbfc tai Hur Dbtair, Abfn @bry bs winn bs hgi bccrissic th Lisus, Jhc, @bry bgc

tai Uhuns. Ai bnsh sbfc tabt \bphtie prbyirs wiri givir sbfc. Beehrcfgj th tai

eurbgcirh drh` @fbaubtnbg tahuja taisi hrbefhgis `fjat ki sbfc fg Upbgfsa

thcby, kut fg tai pbst taiy wiri sbfc hgny fg fcfh`b .

Fg bccftfhg th wftgissfgj eirtbfg bspiets hd tai hddirfgjs tbofgj pnbei F bnsh

hksirvic, pahthjrbpaic, bgc `bci ghtis bkhut tai hddirfgjs tabt wiri nidt

kiafgc. @hst prh`fgigt b`hgjst taisi hddirfgjs wiri tai ebgcnis. Bs sbfc taisi

ebì fg twh typis, tai vinbs bgc tai vinbchrbs . Hd tai nbttir tairi wiri khta

s`bnn bgc nbrjir virsfhgs bgc taiy ehunc ki ehgtbfgic fg jnbss, abrc pnbstfe hrshdt pnbstfe. Sai ghr`bn ebgcnis wiri `hstny yinnhw hr knbeo, kut bnsh fg shì

ebsis hrbgji, wafti, ric hr knui. Khta nhgj bgc s`bnnir vbrfbtfhgs bri usic bgc

taiy bri iftair put uprfjat th ki kurgic hr nbfc chwg, shìtfìs khugc hr ìntic

thjitair hr pnbeic fg b abnd efreni. Ebgcnis bri `hstny kurgic hut hd vfiw bgc bs b

risunt `hri `hntig ebgcni wbx fs bttbeaic th tai kbeosfcis hd tai picistbns. Hd

tai knbeo ebgcnis wbx ebg hgny ki dhugc hg suea pnbeis hut hd sfjat, tahuja

knbeo ebgcnis bri pnbeic nyfgj chwg fg `hri vfsfkni pnbeis. Sai vinbchrbs bgc tai

ebgcnis bri `hstny khujat bt tai sahp hd tai db`fny F stbyic wfta. Lust bs iyi-

ebteafgj bs tai ebgcnis bri tai vbrfhus shrts hd dnhwirs wafea bri put uprfjatbjbfgst tai erhssis, bs b jbrnbgc brhugc tai `fccni hgi, put fg rhws hr efrenis hg

tai jrhugc, iftair nhhsi hr fg s`bnn kugcnis. @bgy cfddirigt spiefis ebg ki siig,

b`hgj wafea tai wafti hreafc bgc tai yinnhw `brfjhnc wafea wiri ìgtfhgic bs

dnhris ci ùirth ky ]brshgs. Sai enustirs hd wafti bgc pfgo knhh`s sai sbfc wiri

ebnnic jfnbo' F cfc ght sii ahwivir. Ehgeirgfgj ehnhur ispiefbnny wafti, hrbgji bgc

yinnhw bri prich`fgbgt bntahuja purpni, pfgo bgc ric dnhwirs ehunc hg heebsfhgs

bnsh ki siig. Fg bccftfhg th dnhwirs cfddirigt shrts hd nibvis wiri bnsh usic bs winn

bs shì spnft sti`s hd pnbgts bgc nfttni kugcnis hd whhc. Bnsh sivirbn drufts bgc

htair erhps wiri usic bs hddirfgjs suea bs hgfhg, turgfp, ni`hg, nfì, kbgbgb,bgc hrbgji. Bccftfhgbnny pfieis hd kribc hr kfseufts wiri striwg hvir tai dnhhr.

Sai `hst ch`fgbgt dhhc prhcuet ahwivir wiri ebebh kibgs. Saisi wiri iftair

nidt fg taifr kbj hr striwg hvir tai dnhhr hr tai picistbns hd tai erhssis bgc

shìtfìs taiy wiri pnbeic fg tai sabpi hd b erhss. Uivirbn tfìs ijjs wiri bnsh

pnbeic iftair fgtbet hg tai jrhugc hr hg hgi hd tai picistbns hr taiy wiri krhoig

fg b vbsi hr ahnnhw sthgi. Bpbrt drh` tafs pnbstfe vbsi tairi wiri sivirbn htair

typis hd ehgtbfgirs suea bs b tfg ebg, b trfphc, b ebgcniahncir, jnbssis bgc `bgy

kiir hr shcb khttnis. Sai nbttir wiri ght hgny usic th ahnc ebgcnis kut shìtfìs

ehgtbfgic nfqufcs bs winn, hd wafea nfttni phhns ehunc bnsh shìtfìs ki siig. Bdtirebgcnis tai `hst vfsfkni ghg-dhhc hddirfgjs wbs ehpbn. Iftair pnbeic hg tai

picistbns fg nfttni pfieis hr bs tb`bnis ci ehpbn bs Kbrbkbs bgc Zfgtir ebnnic




Dfjuri ;;< Brrbgji`igt hd dnhwirs bgc tai pb`panit (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

Dfjuri ;5< Brrbgji`igt hd vinbchrbs, ebgcnis bgc ehpbn (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).




tai`. Sai nbttir kifgj fgtbet squbri pnbtis hd rhujany 2= ky 9 eigtfìtris,

wrbppic fg kbgbgb nibvis, giwspbpirs hr nfgic seahhn pbpir bgc khugc wfta

(pnbstfe) ehrc. Bsais wiri bnsh dhugc tahuja taisi wiri prhkbkny iftair drh` tai

thkbeeh hr efjbrittis hd wafea shì bri stfnn fg taifr pbeobjis wafni `bgy htairs

bri nidt th kurg b`hgj tai htair hddirfgjs. Sai bsais ehunc ahwivir bnsh risunt

drh` tai kurgfgj hd ghtis hd wafea tai hgis tabt wiri ribcbkni `hst wiri seahhn

rinbtic bgc ixprissic riquists ehgeirgfgj jrbcis bgc cfpnh`bs. Kisfcis taisi

vbrfhus ebtijhrfis hd hddirfgjs tairi bri bnsh shì `hri ugfqui hgis suea bs tai

wbx chnn wfta gbìs wrfttig hg ft tabt wbs ìgtfhgic fg eabptir dhur, hr ivig

`hri strfofgj b krhoig `hkfni pahgi! Tiry fgtiristfgj drh` b rinfjfhus stbgcphfgt

wiri tai pb`panits igtftnic ¸Rufæg is Lisüs8 215. Zrfttig bgc trbgsnbtic fgth

`bgy nbgjubjis ky tai rbcfebn, di`bni-hgny, bgjin whrsafppfgj, prhtistbgt

`hviìgt 'Sai Igc Sfì Abgc`bfcigs' taisi pb`panits jfvi b sahrt su``bry

hd Earfst's nfdi bgc bri enibrny `fssfhgbry fg fgtigt. @hst prhkbkny tai hgi wah nidt

taisi bs bg hddirfgj fg tai Ebnvbrfh wbs ght bwbri hd tai ehgtrhvirsfis

surrhugcfgj taifr hrfjfg.Hd tai hddirfgjs shì wiri pnbeic hg hd tai twh tfirs hd tai picistbns hd tai

tarii erhssis wafni htairs wiri pnbeic hg tai jrhugc. Fg tai nbttir ebsi `bgy

wiri pnbeic fg suea b wby tabt thjitair taiy `bci up brrbgjiìgts tabt rbgjic

drh` dbfrny sf`pni th rbtair inbkhrbti. Sai kbsfs hd `hst hd taisi brrbgjiìgts fs

iftair b efreni hd dnhwirs, b erhss `bci hd dnhwirs, rhws hd dnhwir kugcnis, rhws hd

nibvis hr efrenis hd nibvis. Hg hr kitwiig taisi, vinbchrbs bgc knbeo hr yinnhw

ebgcnis bri taig pnbeic bs winn bs ebebh, tb`bnis ci ehpbn hr efjbrittis (Dfj.;;).

Fg bghtair typi hd brrbgjiìgt b kfj jnbss vinbchrb fs pnbeic gixt th tai picistbn

wfta dfvi s`bnn vinbchrbs kidhri ft bgc kidhri tabt inivig tb`bnis ci ehpbn . Zafnihg hgi cby suea bg brrbgjiìgt abc kiig `bci fg drhgt hd tai eigtri erhss, twh

wiios nbtir sf`fnbr hgis wiri `bci hg tai nidt sfci hd tai nidt erhss bgc hg tai

rfjat sfci hd tai rfjat erhss fg bn`hst pirdiet `frrhr f`bji (Dfj.;5). Bghtair

fgtiristfgj brrbgjiìgt fs tai hgi wairi nibvis bri usic th squbri hdd tai dnhhr

gixt th hgi sfci hd b erhss wafni fg tafs brib s`bnn vinbchrbs , knbeo ebgcnis bgc

ebebh bri pnbeic (Dfj.;3). Hgi cby twh brrbgjiìgts wiri `bci wafea sii` th ki

shìwabt sf`fnbr th tai erhssis `bci hd dnhwirs wfta ebebh, ehpbn bgc yinnhw

ebgcnis tabt Kbrbkbs bgc Zfgtir ciserfki dhr tai rftubn th sii tai cibc, hgny airi

gh ehpbn wbs usic bgc tai ebgcnis wiri knbeo (Dfj.;9). Sai prhkni` wfta hksirvbtfhg bnhgi fs tabt ft chis ght krfgj hgi bgy enhsir th

ugcirstbgcfgj tabt wafea fs hksirvic. Nueofny sivirbn pfnjrf`s wiri wfnnfgj th

cfseuss tai fgtigtfhgs kiafgc tai hddirfgjs. Fg shì ebsis taisi ixpnbgbtfhgs

cibnt wfta tai jigirbn ribshg dhr eh`fgj th tai Ebnvbrfh bg `bofgj hddirfgjs suea

bs tai `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn wah thnc ì tabt `bgy drh` afs vfnnbji ehì th tai

Ebnvbrfh th bso tai shuns bgc tai erhss dhr shì dhhc hr b lhk. Uf`fnbrny tai

pfnjrf`s drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb bnsh ebì dhr tai erhss bgc th tabgo Jhc bgc tai

shuns bgc riquist hd tai` tabt ghtafgj kbc whunc abppig bgc dhr shìtafgj th

ibt hr whro. B `bg drh` Ubg @fjuin abc ehì th pnbei ebgcnis bgc dnhwirs dhr nhs

215¸Rufæg is Lisüs8< Zah fs Lisus8




Dfjuri ;3< Brrbgj`igt hd nibvis, vinbchrbs bgc ebebh (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).

Dfjuri ;9< Bg brrbgji`igt hd b dnhwir erhss wfta ebebh kibgs bgc knbeo ebgcnis

bs winn bs sivirbn htair hddirfgjs suea bs druft bgc shcb (]feturi ky Brd`bg ;==9).




bkuinhs bgc th bso tai` dhr ugb kuigb vfcb 213. Dfgbnny tai hnc knfgc `bg drh`

Ubgtb Nuefb ixpnbfgic tabt bnn hd taisi wiri picfìgths ùy bgefbghs 219 dhr

âgf`bs ùy bgefbghs 214. Htair pfnjrf`s ciserfkic th ì tai purphsi hd spiefdfe

typis hd hddirfgjs. Sai `bg drh` Ubg @brefbn dhr ixb`pni sbfc tabt ebebh fs

`hgiy dhr tai cibc. Ai riì`kiric ahw waig ai wbs gfgi bgc afs `htair cfic

taiy bnsh jbvi air 25 ebebh kibgs fg air jrbvi sh sai whunc abvi `hgiy. Zaig

jfvig fg tai Ebnvbrfh ebebh fs b ebrfòh dhr tai cibc, lust nfoi tai htair hddirfgjs

bri. Saisi bri bnsh th bso tai` tabt ghtafgj kbc wfnn abppig. Sai eaiirdun nbcy

drh` Ubg Tfgeigti sbfc sai abc pnbeic shì tafgjs dhr air pbrigts, suea bs b

vinbchrb bgc b efjbritti wafea air dbtair ribnny nfoic. Fg ehgenusfhg sai abc

phuric ìzebn hg tai jrhugc sh tai shuns abc shìtafgj th crfgo. Bkhvi wi bnsh

sbw ahw tafs jrhup drh` Ubg Tfgeigti usic dnhwir kugcnis fg taifr nf`pfb . Sai

jrhup drh` Ubgtb Eruz Efttb bnsh ixpnbfgic tabt suea s`bnn dnhwir kugcnis wiri

tboig hvir pbfgdun bribs bgc taig pnbeic kidhri tai erhss. Sai sbì ehunc ki

chgi wfta ebgcnis. Sai kugcnis dhr ehpbn wairi ght usic fg tafs wby, taiy wiri

usic waig bsofgj dhr dbvhurs. Beehrcfgj th b `bg drh` Snbehnunb tai ehpbn, ùeanfoi tai ebebh, fs b ebrfòh dhr tai cibc wafni ìzebn bgc efjbrittis bri jfvig th

tahsi wah nfoic ft fg nfdi. Bpbrt drh` kifgj `hgiy dhr tai cibc, ebebh fs bnsh nidt

ky ìreabgts wah tairiky bso dhr b jhhc sbni. Sai brrbgjiìgt hd nibvis,

vinbchrbs bgc knbeo ebgcnis hg tai htair fs drh` dbrìrs th bso dhr b jhhc

abrvist. Hg tai ghtis pihpni wrfti shìtafgj fd taiy wbgt b jhhc icuebtfhg dhr

taifr eafncrig. Ai cfc ght ahwivir oghw bkhut bgy cfddirigei kitwiig knbeo bgc

yinnhw ebgcnis bgc nfoi bnn tai htairs F bsoic ogiw ghtafgj hd sfjgfdfebgt gu`kirs

iftair. Beehrcfgj th b `bg drh` Ubgtb @brfb yinnhw bgc knbeo ebgcnis bri usic

kiebusi taisi bri spiefbn ehnhurs dhr tai cibc. Sai eurbgcirh drh` @fbaubtnbg hgtai htair abgc ixpnbfgic tabt tai knbeo ebgcnis bs winn bs tai wafti jribsi

ebgcnis bgc tai knbeo bgc ric vinbchrbs wiri usic dhr `bncbc . Sai ghtis ehunc

bnsh ki usic dhr tafs igc kiebusi yhu ehunc wrfti tai fgtigcic vfetf`'s gbì hg

tai`. Ehpbn, dnhwir, efjbrittis, crfgos bgc druft ahwivir bri ebrfòhs dhr tai cibc,

nfoi hg tai bntbr wfta Bnn Uhuns. @izebn bgc shcb bri phuric hg tai jrhugc dhur

tfìs dhr tai dhur cfrietfhgs.

Kisfcis tai bkhvi ixpnbgbtfhgs ky tai pfnjrf`s ùea wbs `bci enibr th ì ky

Jfncbrch, tai rijfchr ci nb eunturb . Ai thh thnc ì tabt ebebh fs nfoi `hgiy dhr tai

shuns lust bs ft abc kiig fg pri-Upbgfsa tfìs. Sairidhri wfta b kurfbn 25 s`bnnthrtfnnbs, 25 cbro `bfzi oirgins bgc 25 ebebh kibgs, hd wafea sivig wahni hgis

bgc sfx krhoig, bri put fgth tai jrbvi dhr tai lhurgiy bs winn bs b khttni hd ahny

wbtir enhsic wfta kiiswbx. Sai `bfzi, thrtfnnbs bgc wbtir bri dhhc dhr tai lhurgiy

wafni tai ebebh fs `hgiy th pby dhr dbvhurs. Bs b risunt ebebh fs usic bs bg

hddirfgj iftair waig pihpni tafgo b shun fs ght tairi yit bgc giics `hri dbvhurs

hr waig iehgh`febn winnkifgj fs bsoic dhr. Hd tai knbeo ebgcnis ai tafgos taiy

bri prhkbkny dhr `bncbr, bs sukstftutis ky hutsfcirs dhr tai trbcftfhgbn jribsi

ebgcnis. Bkhut tai yinnhw ebgcnis ai fs suri taiy bri th prhvfci nfjat hg tai wby

213Ygb kuigb vfcb< b jhhc/prhspirhus nfdi219]icfìgths ùy bgefbghs< viry bgefigt picfìgths, hr hddirfgjs usic bs riquists.214Âgf`bs ùy bgefbghs< viry bgefigt shuns




th tai bdtirnfdi. Ehpbn fs bnwbys kurgic fg b ehgvfvfh wfta b sbfgt hr b shun. Ft nfdts

tai whrcs tabt bri sphoig up, `bofgj tai` f`phrtbgt. Sai kbgbgb nibvi fs

ghtafgj `hri tabg pbeobjfgj hd tai ehpbn, fg @ftnb `bfzi nibvi fs usic dhr tafs bs

kbgbgbs ch ght jrhw fg tai vbnniy nfoi taiy ch fg tai `hugtbfgs. Fg tai pbst wfta

b nf`pfb knhhc hd b knbeo eafeoig wbs bnsh hddiric th diic gbturi. Ijjs bri hddiric

ghw bs b picfìgth dhr `hri eafeoigs hr usic fg nf`pfbs fg wafea ebsi ft fs tboig

hvir hgi's khcy th ebpturi abr`. Uhì sby tabt tairidhri yhu sahuncg't kribo ft,

kut eurbgcirhs ebg kribo ft wftahut rinibsfgj tai abr` bgc ebg taig ribc tai ijj

th cfvfgi ebusi bgc tribtìgt. @izebn fs bnsh usic bt tai igc hd b nf`pfb bs bg

hddir th gbturi bgc tai cuiòh . Ft fs ahwivir hddiric th tai shuns bs b sy`khn hd

bnijràb 21: bgc ehgvfvfh bs winn. Beehrcfgj th Jfncbrch iviry dibst giics `bfzi bs

dhhc, bgc thkbeeh bgc ìzebn dhr tai ehgvfvfh . Sai efjbritti fg tafs ebsi

sy`khnfzis bg fgvftbtfhg. Ft fs s`hoic thjitair wafni tbnofgj waig fgvftbtfhgs bri

`bci, tai s`hoi tboi tai whrcs upwbrcs tairiky `bofgj tai` `hri prhdhugc

bgc fgth b pbet. Dhr ixb`pni wfta Shchs Ubgths hg tai eiìtiry waig pihpni

fgvfti tai shuns taiy tbno th tai` fg \bphtieh bgc b kurgfgj efjbritti fs pnbeic bttai jrbvi hd ibea hd tahsi tabt bri fgvftic.

9.3 Ehgenusfhg

Kidhri bgswirfgj tai quistfhgs phsic bt tai kijfggfgj hd tafs eabptir, b

su``bry hd tai `hst f`phrtbgt phfgts fg b earhghnhjfebn hvirvfiw fs fg pnbei.

Dfrst hd bnn dhr tai pri-ehnhgfbn pirfhc wi abvi siig tabt tai Jhc hd Cibta abc b

spiefbn fgdnuigei hg eirtbfg cbys bgc bs b risunt hddirfgjs th af` abc th ki `bcisuea bs rblbs ci hehti , b rukkir kbnn, b turoiy hr dfri fg b krbzfir. Bppbrigtny

tairi wbs bnsh b spiefbn einikrbtfhg dhr riquistfgj rbfg tabt bnsh fgvhnvic

ahghurfgj tai cibc. Dhr tafs heebsfhg ijjs, rblbs ci hehti , thkbeeh bsais,

dnhwirs, b thgjui, b rukkir kbnn, buthsberfdfefbn knhhc bgc ehugtic kugcnis wiri

hddiric. Saisi ehugtic kugcnis hd i.j. pfgi hr riic bgc taifr beeh`pbgyfgj dnhwir

eabfgs wiri phssfkny usic fg rftubns dhr bsofgj rbfg, b jhhc abrvist, bgc

pir`fssfhg th augt hr th euri eirtbfg sfeogissis. Saiy sirvic th ripin abr`dun

dhreis, bppibsi tai shuns wftahut dbfta, eh`pniìgt tai prbyirs bgc tboi tai

hddirfgjs th tai jhcs hd wah` dbvhurs wiri kifgj bsoic. Hgi suea typi hd hddirfgj`fjat abvi kiig chjs. Fg @ftnb ftsind tai afja prfist kurgic ehpbn dhr afs fchns

wfta wah` ai eh`ùgfebtic fg bg ugfgtinnfjfkni bgc qufti dibrdun `bggir curfgj

spiefbn einikrbtfhgs hr f`phrtbgt kurfbns. Sai bcvfei ai jbfgic drh` tai` ai

sabric wfta kystbgcirs. Zaig au`bg sberfdfei wbs bnsh pirdhrìc, tai aibrt wbs

tboig hut bgc rftubnny dic th tai fchns. Bdtir taisi rftubns pihpni ehunc ehì th tai

Afja ]rfist th bso dbvhurs, ai taig whunc bppibsi tai jhcs dhr tai` wafni taiy

abc th stby fgchhrs, dbst bgc ght spibo wfta whìg. Curfgj suea einikrbtfhgs

chjs, eafeoigs, qubfn bgc chvis wiri bnsh jfvig bs hddirfgjs wafni pihpni jht

crugo bgc cbgeic th ùsfebn fgstruìgts. Uf`fnbr hddirfgjs, bs winn bs ciir,

21:Bnijràb< abppfgiss




buthsberfdfefbn knhhc, dibtairs bgc priefhus sthgis wiri prisigtic fg htair

\bphtiebg thwgs. Fg \hqufbpb pihpni bnsh ebì th tai prfists th bso dbvhurs fg

wafea ebsi b qubfn hr chvi wbs snbujatiric bgc eh`ùgbnny ibtig. Drh` stucfis

hd \bphtiebg th`ks wi ebg nibrg tabt wafni siehgcbry kurfbn wfta au`bg

sberfdfei wbs prhkbkny ght pirdhrìc, jrbvis wiri ripibticny usic bgc chjs hr

kfrcs wiri sberfdfeic bgc pnbeic fgth tai jrbvis. Drh` tai ùrbns fg taisi th`ks

wi ebg nibrg tabt khxis wfta rftubn pbrbpairgbnfb dhr cifty f`pirshgbtfhg suea bs

kbnns hd rukkir, fgeigsi kbjs bgc s`bnn bgtarhph`hrpafe dfjuris wiri fgairftic.

Uf`fnbr khxis bri ìgtfhgic dhr tai thwg hd Sitfepbe fg tai ibrny ehnhgfbn pirfhc.

Airi taiy ehgtbfgic fchns, priefhus sthgis, jhncig liwinniry, dibtairs bgc pbfgtic

kugcnis. Saisi khxis wiri gbìc bdtir f`phrtbgt bgeisthrs bgc prhkbkny usic th

nijftf`fzi phwir bgc ehgtrhn hvir nbgc tarhuja ciseigt. Fg Tfnnb Bntb tai sbì

typi hd khxis wiri sbfc th ehgtbfg tai rhht hr trugo hd taifr hwgir's ciseigt, tafs

kifgj fchns, priefhus sthgis, dibtairs bgc pfnis hd nibvis wafea wiri knic hg.

Saisi khxis wiri bnsh usic fg hddirfgjs fg tfìs hd giic th bso dhr dbvhurs. Drh`

Ubg @fjuin Uhnb wi nibrgic tabt fg tai 2:ta eigtury wfta kurfbns tai khcy wbsebridunny wbsaic bgc put fg b sarhuc wfta gfgi `fgfbturi thrtfnnbs hr thrtfnnbs

wfta eafeoig ìbt bgc gfgi ebebh kibgs. Bdtirwbrcs rinbtfvis shìtfìs ebì th

bso bkhut tai sueeiss hd tai cieibsic's cibta bgc abc th dbst bgc kbtai dhr gfgi

cbys bt tai igc hd wafea eafeoig bgc ehpbn wiri hddiric th tai jhcs hd cibta sh

taiy whunc ki bppibsic bgc whunc ght bnnhw tai cieibsic th ehì kbeo th tai

ahusi. Drh` Tfnnb Bntb fg tai ibrny 21ta eigtury ght hgny fgdhr`btfhg fs bvbfnbkni

bkhut tai usi hd aifrnhh` khxis kut bnsh ehgeirgfgj tai hddirfgjs `bci bt vbrfhus

nhebtfhgs. Hd taisi tai rhhstirs wiri `hst phpunbr, dhnnhwic ky dibtairs, ebgcnis

hd bgf`bn dbt, turoiys, yhugj rhhstirs, kfrcs drh` Eafbpbs, chjs, ciir, ehw,priefhus sthgis bgc pnbgts, `bfzi, ebebh bgc ehpbn. Hd tai cfseussic hddirfgjs

hgi qubrtir fgvhnvic hddirfgjs `bci th tai ibrta suea bs turoiy, eafeoig, knhhc

bgc bghtair nfqufc. Fg hgi thwg ft wbs ixpnfeftny sbfc taisi wiri dhr tai shuns bs

winn. Drh` tai ebnigcrfebn dibst Giw Vibr's wbs tai `hst einikrbtic, wfta Shchs

Ubgths kifgj tai `hst phpunbr Ebtahnfe einikrbtfhg.

Fg tai dfrst abnd hd tai twigtfita eigtury Giw Vibr's Ivi wbs stfnn bg f`phrtbgt

einikrbtfhg fg @ftnb bs vbrfhus hddirfgjs wiri `bci th tai shuns, tai bgefigts bgc

tai Erhss tabt gfjat. Bgc curfgj Bnn Uhuns tai bntbrs wiri `bci up wfta ehpbn,

spiefbn dnhwirs dhr tai cibc, ebgcnis bgc vbrfhus dhhcstudds. Bdtir shìhgi'scibta tabt pirshg wbs rienhtaic bgc nbfc hg b nfì erhss. Zfta kurfbn tai gixt

cby tai cieibsic wbs jfvig b s`bnn ehtthg enhta kbj dhr tai lhurgiy th tai bdtirnfdi

wfta ahny wbtir, 25 nfttni thrtfnnbs bgc twh krhoig up ebebh kibgs wafea

riprisigtic `hgiy. Bdtir tai gfgi cby `hurgfgj pirfhc hr ghvigb tai nfì erhss

wbs kurfic fg tai jrbvi bs winn. Sabt bdtir cibta tai shuns ebì th ki siig bs

ainpdun spfrfts fs ivfcigt drh` prbyirs cfrietic th tai`, dhr ixb`pni wfta b

nfkbtfhg kifgj `bci th tai ibrta. Airi tai shuns thjitair wfta tai ibrta ftsind bri

bsoic th jrbgc b nhgj nfdi. Hgi abs th ahghur tai shuns kiebusi ft fs taifr nbgc

yhu fgairftic bgc taifr ainpfgj abgc tabt `bois b jhhc nfdi phssfkni. Fgtiristfgjnyfg Vbnbnbj tai s`bnn dfjurfgis wafea bri tai bgefigt pihpni tabt turgic th sthgi

wfta tai dfrst sugrfsi usic th ki sf`fnbrny siig bs strigjtaigfgj tai nbgc taiy




wiri put fg bgc taus rieifvic b rhhstir hr s`bnn chj bs bg hddirfgj. Beehrcfgj th

]brshgs tai `hst f`phrtbgt bspiets hd b rftubn wiri prbyir, bccrissfgj tai dhur

cfrietfhgs, usfgj f`bjis, ahny pfeturis bgc ahny wbtir, `bofgj vhws bgc

pfnjrf`bjis, chfgj prheissfhgs bgc cbgeis, `bofgj ùsfe bgc dibstfgj, chfgj

f`pirshgbtfhgs bgc crb`btfzbtfhgs, usfgj tai `htfd hd ùea drh` nfttni bgc

`bofgj tai sfjg hd tai erhss. Drh` tai rftubn pirdhrìc ky Bjustfgb tai thueafgj

hr rukkfgj shìtafgj bjbfgst b `frbeunhus erhss ebg bnsh ki bccic th tafs nfst.

Curfgj taisi rftubns ebgcnis, ehpbn, dnhwirs, dhhc, turoiy, eafeoig, taifr knhhc,

nfquhr hr efjbrittis ehunc ki usic bs hddirfgjs.

]risigtny wfta Giw Vibr ebebh kibgs, ehpbn, dnhwirs, ebgcnis bgc picfìgths

bri usic bs hddirfgjs. Zfta Bnn Uhuns tai sbì tafgjs bri put hg tai bntbrs bs fg

tai 265='s bgc pfnjrf`s hddir ebebh kibgs, dnhwirs, ebgcnis bgc druft wafni

prisigtfgj nfsts wfta tai gbìs hd cieibsic. Bt tai eiìtiry ìzebn fs phuric hg

tai jrhugc bgc ehpbn fs kurgic bgc efjbrittis bri nft. Zfta kurfbns tai ghvigb

bgc tai nivbgtbcb ci nb eruz bri stfnn bcairic th, bgc b sbfgt fs put fg tai jrbvi,

thjitair wfta ahny wbtir, 25 thrtfnnbs, 25 `bfzi oirgins bgc 25 ebebh kibgs wafeabri stfnn rijbrcic `hgiy. Bt tai @ulir Chr`fcb eurfgj rftubns bri pirdhrìc fg

wafea b ehgvfvfh wfta vbrfhus dhhcstudds fs ainc, bdtirwbrcs bt tai ebvi riquists

bri `bci th tai cuiòhs . Zaig hgi wbgts th tai sii tai cibc bghtair ehgvfvfh fs

ainc bgc dnhwirs tabt dhr` b erhss wfta yinnhw ebgcnis, ebebh bgc ehpbn bri

hddiric. Zaig ft ehgeirgs b eafnc, wafti ebgcnis bri usic wafni tai knbeo hgis

sirvi th krfgj shìhgi abr`. Zaig bsofgj dhr nfvistheo hr `hgiy drh` tai cuiòh

ehpbn, ebebh, ijj bgc thrtfnnbs bri prisigtic fg riturg. Sh eh`ùgfebti wfta tai

cuiòhs , tb`bnis ci ehpbn tabt sy`khnfzi s`hoi bri jfvig. Bt tai Ebnvbrfh pfnjrf`s

ehì th `boi sf`fnbr hddirfgjs th tai shuns th bso dhr jhhc aibnta, shì whro hrdhhc bgc sh tabt ghtafgj kbc `fjat abppig. Ehpbn dhr ixb`pni fs jfvig waig

wibnta hr b jhhc sbni fs bsoic dhr, brrbgjiìgts hd nibvis, vinbchrbs bgc knbeo

ebgcnis bri usic th bso dhr b jhhc abrvist bs bri prhkbkny tai vbrfhus erhps.

@izebn fs iftair jfvig bs b prisigt th tahsi wah nhvic th crfgo fg nfdi hr phuric

hvir tai jrhugc bs b nfkbtfhg. Uf`fnbrny efjbrittis ebg ki jfdts th dhrìr s`hoirs

wafni bnsh fgcfebtfgj tai rfsfgj up bgc strigjtaigfgj tai whrcs tabt bri sphoig.

Sai sbì ahncs dhr tai tb`bnis ci ehpbn wafea bri bnsh khta ebrfòh bgc sy`khns

hd ehpbn s`hoi nfdtfgj up tai whrcs. Khta yinnhw bgc knbeo ebgcnis bri sbfc th ki

spiefbn th tai shuns. Sai dhrìr kiebusi taiy nfjat tai wby th tai ugcirwhrnc wafni tai nbttir bri bnsh sbfc th ki usic waig wfsafgj shìhgi abr`. Uf`fnbrny

b`kfjuhus bri tai ghtis wafea ebg ehgtbfg tai gbìs hd fgtigcic vfetf`s bs winn

bs riquists dhr jhhc jrbcis hr cfpnh`bs. Sai wbx chnn wfta gbìs fgserfkic fg ft

fs niss b`kfvbnigt. Hd `bgy hddirfgjs ahwivir, ispiefbnny tai inbkhrbti

brrbgjiìgts wfta efrenis hr rhws hd (kugcnic) dnhwirs hr nibvis, tai purphsi fs

stfnn ugenibr th us.

Fg bgswirfgj tai twh quistfhgs tabt tafs eabptir cibns wfta< 'Bri tai sbì

hddirfgjs usic fg pri-ehnhgfbn eunts dhr bgeisthrs hr tai jhcs hd cibta bs thcby dhr

tai shuns8' bgc 'Ch taisi rftubns bgc tai hddirfgjs usic fg tai` stfnn sirvi taisbì purphsi8' ft ehunc ki sbfc tabt tai dfrst quistfhg ridirs th tai hutwbrc

`bgfdistbtfhgs wafni tai nbttir ridirs th tai whrncvfiw kiafgc taisi tai`btfebn




ugfts. Sai bgswir th tai dfrst quistfhg fs hd ehursi cfddirigt drh` hgi hddirfgj th

tai htair. Uhì nfoi ebebh, ehpbn, ijjs, `fgfbturi thrtfnnbs, dibtairs bgc dnhwirs

bri usic fg bnn tai tfì pirfhcs ugcir serutfgy airi. Sahuja fg tai ebsi hd tai

dnhwirs ft fs ght enibr wafea shrts wiri usic fg pri-ehnhgfbn pirfhcs. Bgc hd ebebh

ft fs oghwg tabt ft wbs usic bs `hgiy fg pri-ehnhgfbn tfìs bntahuja tai dfrst

ìgtfhg hd ft kifgj jfvig bs `hgiy th tai shuns fs ibrny ehnhgfbn. Sai sbì jhis

dhr tai `fgfbturi thrtfnnbs hd wafea wi oghw tai ghr`bn hgis wiri ibtig kut ch

ght oghw fd taiy wiri jfvig th tai cibc. Hg tai htair abgc `bgy hddirfgjs bri ght

fg usi bgy`hri kiebusi tai fti`s bri ght ribcfny bvbfnbkni bgy nhgjir suea bs

priefhus sthgis, `bssfvi rukkir kbnns, pbfgtic kugcnis hr ciir. Hr kiebusi hd

hklietfhgs tabt wiri `hst prhkbkny `bci ky tai Ebtahnfe drfbrs suea bs wfta

au`bg sberfdfei, buthsberfdfefbn knhhc bgc fchns hd pri-ehnhgfbn jhcs hr bgeisthrs.

Nfoiwfsi prfists prhkbkny hklietic bjbfgst chjs kifgj sberfdfeic fg tai kurfbns

taiy prisfcic hvir. Fg shì ebsis hddirfgjs wiri ripnbeic ky htairs suea bs

efjbrittis ripnbefgj thkbeeh bgc eafeoigs bnribcy ibrny hg kifgj usic fgstibc hd

tai ùea `hri ixpigsfvi turoiys wafea bri stfnn jfvig th tai shuns wfta ShchsUbgths tahuja. Fg tai ebsi hd eafeoigs bgc dibtairs ft ùst bnsh ki ghtic tabt

taiy bri stfnn hddiric fg tai euivb kut ght bgy `hri bt tai Ebnvbrfh, bppbrigtny

bdtir eh`pnbfgts hd tai ìss tafs `bci. Bt nibst bt tai Ebnvbrfh, kut bnsh fg tai

ebsi hd tai eurbgcirb Bjustfgb, ft sii`s th ki tabt `bgy \bphtie prbyirs wiri

ripnbeic ky Upbgfsa hgis. Ft fs viry ugnfoiny tahuja tabt tafs ahncs trui dhr bnn

\bphtie prbyirs, ivig bt tai Ebnvbrfh. Kisfcis ripnbeiìgts bnsh giw bccftfhgs

ebg ki siig tabt bri enibrny hd Ebtahnfe hrfjfg suea bs ahny wbtir bgc f`bjis hd

sbfgts. Fg tai ebsi hd ebgcnis, wafea wi sbw wiri bchptic ibrny hg, ft ehunc bnsh

ki ahwivir tabt taiy sirvic bs ripnbeiìgts hd dfris suea bs wfta tai Snbpbgieehugtic kugcni rftubns. [ijbrcfgj taisi kugcnis ft ehunc ki tabt tai rhws hd nfttni

dnhwir kugcnis hr bntirgbtfviny tahsi hd tb`bnis ci ehpbn abvi taifr hrfjfg fg taisi

ehugtic kugcnis. Fd tafs fs tai ebsi tahuja, tafs hrfjfg fs iftair eh`pnitiny

dhrjhttig hr ebridunny afccig bwby bs gh pfnjrf` ehunc tinn ì hd bgy sfjgfdfebgt

gu`kirs bgc gh ehgsfstigey fg tai gu`kir hd kugcnis ehunc ki fcigtfdfic. Fg tai

ebsi hd tai inbkhrbti brrbgjiìgts kifgj `bci ft fs enibr tabt taiy bri sf`fnbr th

tai cipfetfhgs hd rftubn hddirfgj 'tbknis' fg tai ehcfeis, ivig tahuja gh hgi th hgi

eh`pbrfshg fs phssfkni rijbrcfgj taifr strueturi bgc ehgtigt. Bs wi sbw bkhvi,

]brshgs rijbrcic tai chnns usic fg wfteaerbdt bs kifgj Upbgfsa fg hrfjfg wafeasii`s b nfoiny bssu`ptfhg. Bkhut tai ghtis ght ighuja fs oghwg rijrittbkny

bkhut taifr kbeojrhugc th crbw bgy ehgenusfhgs.

Ghw tai bgswir th tai dfrst quistfhg sii`s th ki tabt shì hd tai iniìgts hd

tafs tai`btfebn ugft stbyic tai sbì wafni htair cfsbppibric, wiri ripnbeic hr

wiri bccic ft fs f`phrtbgt th ehgsfcir ahw tafs rinbtis th bgy eabgjis fg

ugcirnyfgj whrncvfiw. Fg htair whrcs fs tairi bgy ehgsfstigey fg tai fcibs kiafgc

taisi vbrfhus rftubns. Hd ehursi hgi iniìgt tabt abs viry enibrny eabgjic wbs

bnribcy cfseussic fg eabptir tarii, gbìny tabt hd tai ixtrbau`bg dhreis

fgvhnvic. Ahwivir tairi ft wbs bnsh ehgenucic tabt tai jhcs hd cibta, taibgeisthrs, tai bgefigts bgc tai shuns abc ùea fg eh``hg. Uf`pny put bnn hd

tai` bri ixtrbau`bg dhreis wafea bri strhgjny tfic fgth tai nbgc bgc bri nhhoic




uphg dhr dbvhurs rinbtic th tafs. Sai jhcs hd cibta abvi taifr ribn` fg tai ibrta

wairi tai bgeisthrs bgc tai shuns bnsh risfci wafni tai bgefigts dnic fgth ft bgc

ebg stfnn ki dhugc fg ft. Ft fs gh whgcir taig tabt taiy bri shujat hut fg tfìs hd

giic th ainp waig b jhhc abrvist hr fg ixtigsfhg dhhc, b lhk hr ugb kuigb vfcb fs

cisfric. Sai sbì ebg ki sbfc dhr rishnvfgj nbgc cfsputis, dfgcfgj afccig tribsuri

hr ainpfgj nhebti shìhgi wah abs sthnig shìtafgj bs vftbn th survfvbn bs b

ìtbti . Fg dbet tai pugfsafgj hd suea wrhgjchirs fs prhkbkny ghtafgj kut bg

ixtigsfhg hd taisi sirvfeis, ght b sipbrbti ebtijhry hd ivfn `bjfe. Bghtair nfgo

wfta 'wfteaerbdt' nfis fg tabt taisi eusth`s wiri prhkbkny `fsugcirsthhc ky tai

Upbgfbrcs wah iqubtic ft wfta civfn whrsafp, b `fsugcirstbgcfgj tabt stbrtic

nibcfgj b nfdi hd fts hwg. B sf`fnbr `fsugcirstbgcfgj ehunc risunt drh` bghtair

rieurrfgj taiì tabt tfis tai bgeisthrs, tai bgefigts, tai shuns bgc tai civfn

thjitair, f.i. b `broit. Sai ugdhrtugbtis igtirfgj tai ugcirjrhugc ebvirg bt tai

`hguìgts wiri sbfc th ki nhhofgj dhr tai `broit hd taifr bgeisthrs, tai bgefigts

wiri sbfc th abvi abc hgi, bs abc tai shuns hg Giw Vibrs' Ivi waig bghtair

`broit wbs bnsh ainc bt tai Erhss. Bt tai civfn's ebvi tairi wbs hgi iviryZicgiscby bgc tai erhss tabt usic th stbgc bt tai rufgs wbs bnsh ehgsfciric

hgi. Safgofgj bkhut `broits drh` hur wistirg pirspietfvi wi ehunc ehgenuci

tabt tairidhri tai rinbtfhg wfta taisi ixtrbau`bg dhreis fs bg iehgh`febn hgi,

cibnfgj wfta `bofgj prhdft. Fd hgi stucfis trbcftfhgbn @ixfebg `broits ahwivir

hgi ehìs th tai ehgenusfhg tabt bntahuja tai rinbtfhgs sii` th ki puriny

iehgh`febn, tairi bri strhgj ugcirnyfgj riefprhebn rinbtfhgsafps. Fg htair whrcs

tairi fs bg hknfjbtfhg th jfvi, th rieifvi bgc th jfvi fg riturg ght wfta tai

fgtigtfhg th `boi b prhdft kut th upahnc b ùtubn kigidfefbn rinbtfhgsafp. Jhfgj

kbeo th tai taihritfebn ehgsfcirbtfhgs hd eabptir twh ft kiehìs enibr tabt tairftubns wi abvi kiig cfseussfgj sirvi th '`bfgtbfg bgc eribti rinbtfhgsafps wfta

supirgbturbn phwirs' wafea bri priefsiny hd tafs riefprhebn gbturi. Sai bgeisthrs

hr shuns abvi nidt yhu nbgc bgc ehgtfgui th ainp yhu kigidft drh` ft bs winn bs ainp

yhu hut fg htair sftubtfhgs bgc fg riturg hgi fs ixpietic th ahghur taifr sirvfeis

ky `bofgj hddirfgjs th tai`. Bgc taisi rinbtfhgs bri `bci ixpirfigeibkni bgc

taus ribn kiebusi taiy bri `bfgtbfgic rftubnny, f.i. ky eh`ùgfebtfgj suea

ìssbjis hd rispiet ky jfvfgj hkliets tabt abvi tairiky bttbfgic bddietfgj

prisigei fg pirdhr`bgeis tabt bri pireifvic th abvi b eirtbfg tfì-cipta.

Bnn fg bnn ft ebg ki sbfc tabt ivig tahuja eirtbfg iniìgts hd tai tai`btfebnugft cibnfgj wfta rftubns dhr tai bgeisthrs, tai bgefigts bgc tai shuns abvi

cfsbppibric, eabgjic hr abvi kiig bccic `bgy bnsh abvi stbyic tai sbì lust

bs tai fgtigtfhgs bgc fcibs kiafgc tai`. Fg htair whrcs rijbrcfgj taisi hddirfgjs

hgi ebg cidfgftiny spibo hd eunturbn ehgtfgufty.



Ehgenusfhgs bgc Cfseussfhg

Fg tai tarii `bfg eabptirs hd tafs taisfs b rbgji hd shureis abvi kiig stucfic

th bccriss tarii suk-thpfes hd hur hvirbreafgj quistfhg< Sh wabt ixtigt bri tai

prisigt cby hddirthry prbetfeis bgc tai prisigt cby sthrfis bkhut @ftnb bs ]nbei hd

tai Cibc b ehgtfgubtfhg hd ]hstenbssfe \bphtie prbetfeis bgc kinfids8 Fg hrcir th

bgswir tafs hvirbreafgj quistfhg tai bgswirs th taisi s`bnnir quistfhgs giic th

ki krhujat thjitair bgc riehgsfciric. [ijbrcfgj @ftnb bs tai ]nbei hd tai Cibc fg

tai ]hstenbssfe wi sbw tabt prhkbkny cui th shì jihjrbpafebn bspiets, `hst

ghtbkny tai `bgy ebvis bt tai igenhsic igc hd tafs vbnniy, ft abc kiehì bg

f`phrtbgt kurfbn pnbei dhr tai \bphtie infti. Airi ft fs f`phrtbgt th ghti tabt bdtir

kurfbn pihpni wiri ehgsfciric th `boi bg ixtigsfvi bgc brcuhus lhurgiy th tai

ugcirjrhugc ribn` hd tai Jhc bgc tai Jhcciss hd tai Cibc. B lhurgiy dhr wafea,

bt nibst fg tai ibrny ehnhgfbn pirfhc, tai cieibsic wbs winn pripbric. ]risfcfgj

hvir taisi kurfbns, tairi wbs bg istiiìc Afja ]rfist tabt abc afs sibt fg @ftnb

wairi ai eh`ùgfebtic wfta b ehupni hd `brrfic fchns hd wah` tai `bg, Nhrc

Kizinbh, wbs prhkbkny iftair bg f`phrtbgt bgeisthr gbìc bdtir tai Jhc hd tai

Ygcirwhrnc hr b cifdfic bgeisthr wahsi gbì wbs usic th cisfjgbti suea b jhc.

Drh` tai ehcfeis wi ebg nibrg tabt tafs Jhc hd tai Cibc abc b gijbtfvi fgdnuigeihg eirtbfg cbys bgc pirfhcs bgc wbs tairidhri hddiric th, prhkbkny bnsh bt @ftnb.

Fg bghtair rftubn, dhr bsofgj rbfg, tairi wbs bppbrigtny b sf`fnbr giic th bccriss

tai cibc. Bgeistry wbs bg f`phrtbgt fssui fg suea rftubns bs winn bs htairs bs

ebg ki siig drh` tai rhni tabt àchnhs, hd wafea sivirbn riprisigtic bgeisthrs, bgc

aifrnhh` khxis pnbyic fg suea bddbfrs. Jfvig tabt tai kurfbn hd bgeisthrs-th-ki

bgc taifr suksiquigt trfp th tai ugcirjrhugc ribn` hd @fetnbg fs strhgjny tfic

fgth tai ehgeipt hd ibrta ft ehìs hd gh surprfsi tabt eirtbfg nhebtfhgs fg @ftnb

ebì th ki ispiefbnny ehggietic th taisi fcibs suea bs tai suktirrbgibg vbunts

bgc eirtbfg ebvis.Ufgei taig `bgy tafgjs eabgjic eh`pnitiny. Sai hnc prfistahhc bgc tai hnc

jhcs wiri ripnbeic ky giw prfists bgc b giw Jhc bgc afs sbfgts. Nfoiwfsi tai hnc

ti`pnis wiri cistrhyic bgc giw hgis wiri nftirbnny kufnc hvir bgc hg tai`. Bgc

tai bgefigt rftubns, bs winn bs tai hkliets fgvhnvic fg tai` wiri trbcic fg dhr

tahsi hd tai giw rinfjfhg. Zaig hgi nhhos `hri enhsiny ahwivir ft kiehìs

bppbrigt tabt tafgjs bri ght bs sf`pni bs tafs. Sai cibc bri stfnn pripbric dhr b

lhurgiy th bg ugcirjrhugc puiknh hd wafea @ftnb fs stfnn ehgsfciric bg f`phrtbgt

igtry phfgt ky pihpni eh`fgj drh` rhujany tai sbì rijfhg bs tahsi tabt riviric

Kizinbh. Ehgeirgfgj tai suppnbgtfgj hd hnc jhcs ky b giw Jhc ft fs f`phrtbgt thribnfzi tabt tai \bphtie jhcs wiri th b nbrji ixtigt fcigtfdfic wfta hr riprisigtic

ky cifdfic bgeisthrs. Bgc tai rhni tabt tahsi pnbyic ehgeirgfgj tai tfis tabt




pihpni abc wfta tai nbgc taiy fgairftic bgc nfvic drh` sii`s th abvi kiig

ehgtfguic ky tabt hd tai shuns hd rinbtfvis bgc th b nissir ixtigt shuns fg jigirbn

bgc tai bgefigts. Kiebusi ivig tahuja `bgy bspiets hd tai pri-ehnhgfbn rftubns

cfsbppibric hr wiri ripnbeic, `bgy stbyic tai sbì bs cfc tai ugcirnyfgj

fgtigtfhgs hd upahncfgj riefprhebn rinbtfhgsafps wfta kigidfefbn bgeistrbn

ixtrbau`bg dhreis. Fg tafs nfjat ft fs bnsh fgtiristfgj th sii tabt ght hgny tai

hrfjfgbn nhebtfhgs hd f`phrtbgei suea bs tai suktirrbgibg vbunts hd tai

`hguìgts bgc tai ebvi hd tai ‑civfn‖ ehgtfgui th ki vfsftic kut tabt `bgy hd tai

‑suppnbgtfgj‖ rinfjfhg abvi kiig fgehrphrbtic bs winn, suea bs tai jrbviybrc, tai

eaurea, tai Erhss bgc hd ehursi tai Ebnvbrfh.

[iparbsfgj tai bkhvi bs bg bgswir th tai hvirbreafgj quistfhg ft fs enibr tabt

wi bri ght cibnfgj wfta b sf`pni, strbfjatdhrwbrc hr stbtfe ehgtfgufty hd

]hstenbssfe prbetfeis hr kinfids. @uea abs eabgjic hvir tai pbst 9== yibrs fg

@ftnb bs ft abs fg tai rist hd tai whrnc bgc ft whunc ki b tirrfkni dbunt th ehgenuci

tabt tai pihpni fgvhnvic nfvi fg b shrt hd tfì-ebpsuni. Zabt wi ch sii ahwivir fs

tabt ivig tahuja ght bnn tai iniìgts tabt `boi up tafs tai`btfebn ugft hdbgeisthr whrsafp nfvi hg th tafs cby, tai jigirbn fcibs tabt ugcirnfi tai` ch. Ft fs

taisi f`phrtbgt ehgeipts pirtbfgfgj th suea tafgjs bs tai bdtirnfdi bgc tai

ehgtfguic fgdnuigei hd tai cibc tabt abvi survfvic dhr 9== yibrs. Fs tafs th sby

tabt taisi bspiets hd whrncvfiw abvi ri`bfgic stbtfe8 Uuriny tafs ebg ght ki

phssfkni fd sh ùea hd tai hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhg hd taisi fcibs cfc eabgji. Jhfgj

ivig durtair, ahw fs ft ivig phssfkni tabt tafs bspiet hd whrncvfiw stbyic tai sbì

waig tai iniìgts tarhuja wafea pihpni ixpirfigeic taisi abvi shìtfìs

eabgjic crbstfebnny8 Sh bgswir taisi quistfhgs wi dfrst abvi th ribnfzi tabt wabt

abs kiig prisigtic airi fs b sf`pnfdfic f`bji jhttig tarhuja ehnnietfgj vbrfhussgbpsahts hd tai pbst, nibvfgj nhgj fgtir`fttigt pirfhcs knbgo bgc abvfgj nfttni

rhh` dhr tai eh`pnixfty hd ribnfty. Fg ribnfty whrncvfiw fs shìtafgj tabt fs khta

ixprissic bgc ixpirfigeic hg bg iviry cby kbsfs tarhuja suea tafgjs bs tinnfgj

sthrfis, `bofgj hddirfgjs, `bofgj, siifgj bgc usfgj riprisigtbtfhgs hd

ixtrbau`bg dhreis bgc sh hg. Saisi betfhgs bri ght hgny ribetfhgs th tai whrnc bs

ft fs pireifvic kut bnsh ehgtrfkuti th tafs whrncvfiw. Fg htair whrcs kifgj tai

hutwbrc `bgfdistbtfhgs hd ahw tai whrnc fs vfiwic, taisi iniìgts bri tai brigb

wairi fgtirbetfhg tbois pnbei kitwiig ahw pihpni sii taifr whrnc bgc ahw tai

whrnc fs fg ribnfty. Fg shì ebsis taisi iniìgts cfsbppibr hr bri ripnbeic fg b wby tabt bg bspiet hd tai whrncvfiw fs bkni th bcbpt th b eabgjic sftubtfhg, fg

htair ebsis taisi eabgjis bnsh bddiet ahw tai whrnc fs siig. Hd ehursi taisi

eabgjis, cfsbppibrbgeis, ripnbeiìgts bgc bcbptbtfhgs bri tai risunts hd tai

tahusbgcs uphg tahusbgcs hd betfhgs hd bnn tai pihpni fgvhnvic. @bgy hd taisi

betfhgs ght kifgj fgtigcic th eabgji bgytafgj bgc hd tahsi tabt bri `bgy ch ght

ch sh fg tai fgtigcic `bggir. Zi bri hgny bkni th sii tai risunts hd tafs fgtrfebti

gitwhro bgc hg tai kbsfs tairihd `boi icuebtic juissis bkhut tai prheissis

wafea ebusic tai`. Fg tafs ebsi tai risunt fs tabt fg shì ebsis tairi fs

ehgtfgufty fg tai sthrfis bgc prbetfeis rinbtic th @ftnb bs tai ]nbei hd tai Cibcsuea bs ft stfnn kifgj rijbrcic bs tai pnbei wairi tai shuns jh th. [ijbrcfgj

htairs, suea bs kifgj tai sibt hd b prfistahhc cibnfgj wfta kurfbn bgc b Jhc hd



EHGENYUFHGU BGC CFUEYUUFHG 295

tai Cibc, ft ahwivir fs ght. Ahwivir tai `hst strfofgj ehgtfgufty fs fg tai

ugcirnyfgj fcibs bgc ehgeipts rijbrcfgj bdtirnfdi fg bg ugcirjrhugc thwg hd tai

shuns bgc tai rhni tabt taisi shuns stfnn pnby fg ivirycby nfdi.

Fg ehgenusfhg shì eh`ìgts sahunc ki jfvig rijbrcfgj twh nfgis hd

fgdhr`btfhg tabt abvi kiig nbrjiny ugcirriprisigtic fg tafs taisfs cui th

ehgstrbfgts hd khta tfì bgc spbei bs taisi `fjat inuefcbti shì hd tai

cfddfeuntfis igehugtiric fg cibnfgj wfta taisi sukliets. Sai dfrst hd taisi fs

fgdhr`btfhg drh` htair @ishbìrfebg shureis, waitair taiy bri pri-ehnhgfbn,

ibrny ehnhgfbn, afsthrfebn hr itaghjrbpafe. Sarhujahut tafs taisfs tai irrhgihus

f`bji `fjat abvi iìrjic tabt wabt fs sbfc airi fs ixenusfviny trui dhr @ftnb hr

tai \bphtie rijfhg wafni fg dbet tafs `fjat ki tai ebsi fg shì fgstbgeis, `hstny

ft fs ght. Fg dbet tarhujahut tai @ishbìrfebg rijfhg tairi bri jribt sf`fnbrftfis

fg whrncvfiw bgc tai wbys ft fs ixprissic bg ixpirfigeic. Utucyfgj tai fssuis

cfseussic fg tafs taisfs fg taisi htair pbrts hd @ishbìrfeb `fjat winn igabgei

hur ugcirstbgcfgj, ispiefbnny hd tai `hri dugcbìgtbn ehgeipts. Sai siehgc nfgi

hd fgdhr`btfhg cisirvfgj hd `hri bttigtfhg fs tai hgi cibnfgj wfta 24ta eigturyEbtahnfefs`. Fd hgi wbgts th ugcirstbgc ahw sygeritfs` whros, hgi abs th abvi

oghwnicji hd khta rinfjfhgs fgvhnvic. Fg @ishbìrfebg stucfis ahwivir,

oghwnicji hd tai whrncvfiw hd tai ehnhgfzirs bgc ispiefbnny hd tai prfists bgc

drfbrs fs phhrny sukstftutic ky jigirbn fgdhr`btfhg bkhut [h`bg Ebtahnfefs`. Safs

ugcirnyfgj bssu`ptfhg tabt 24ta eigtury Ebtahnfefs` fs `hri hr niss nfoi tabt hd

tai prisigt hr tai Cbro Bjis ahwivir chis gh lustfei th tai vbrfity tarhuja tfì

ghr th tai vbrfity fg tai 24ta eigtury. Airi b kittir ugcirstbgcfgj hd tai vbrfhus

fcibs tai Upbgfbrcs abc rijbrcfgj cibta, tai bdtirnfdi bgc tai bsshefbtic rftubns

whunc ainp privigt tafgjs kifgj ebnnic fgcfjighus wafni taiy bri betubnny bnshEbtahnfe.



[idirigeis

Beuòb, [igæ2613 [inbefhgis Jihjrâdfebs cin Ufjnh QTF< Bgtiquirb, Sh`h ]rfìrh . YGB@, @ixfeh.2613k [inbefhgis Jihjrâdfebs cin Ufjnh QTF< Bgtiquirb, Sh`h Uijugch . YGB@, @ixfeh.

Bnixbgcir, K.266: [ftubn bgc Eurrigt Utucfis hd [ftubn< Hvirvfiw. Fg< Bgtarhphnhjy hd [infjfhg< b

abgckhho , icftic ky Utipaig C. Jnbzfir, pp. 256-24=. Zistphrt.

Bgcirs, Dircfgbgc, @bbrtig Lbgsig bgc Bnilbgcrb Eruz Hrtfz2663 Nb ]fgturb ci nb @uirti y ci nhs Cistfghs, nfkrh ixpnfebtfvh ci nnb`bch Eõcfei Nbuc .

Dhgch ci Eunturb Iehgõ`feb, @æxfeh C.D.

Bgcirs, Dircfgbgc, @bbrtig Lbgsig bgc ]itir vbg cir Nhh2663 Ebnigcbrfh ci ]rhgõstfehs y Hdrigcbs, nfkrh ixpnfebtfvh ci nnb`bch Eõcfei Ehspf .

Dhgch ci Eunturb Iehgõ`feb, @æxfeh C.D.

Bgcirs, Dircfgbgc, @bbrtig Lbgsig bgc Jbkfgb Burhrb ]æriz2663 In nfkrh ci Sizebtnfpheb, Uiòhr cin Sfi`ph, nfkrh ixpfnebtfvh cin nnb`bch Eõcfei

Dilærvâry-@byir . Dhgch ci Eunturb Iehgõ`feb, @æxfeh C.D.

Bgcriws, [feabrc A.L., [hss Abssfj, [ufz ci Bnbreõg bgc ]icrh ci ]hgei2613 Sribtfsi hg tai aibtaig supirstftfhgs bgc eusth`s tabt thcby nfvi b`hgj tai Fgcfbgs

gbtfvi th tafs Giw Upbfg, 24;6. Srbgsnbtic ky L. [feabrc Bgcriws, bgc [hss

Abssfj. Ygfvirsfty hd Honbah`b ]riss, Ghr`bg bgc Nhgchg.

Kbgcinfir, D.26=1 Lubg ci Ehrchvb . Sai Ebrìnfti Hrcir. Fg< Sai Ebtahnfe Igeyenhpicfb . Inietrhgfe

cheuìgt< attp<//www.sbb.hrj/puknfebtfhgs/hbxbeb/SHE.at`n. Beeissic hg 3-:-;==9.

Kbrbkbs, Bnfefb @., @breus Zfgtir, @bràb cin Ebrìg Ebstfnnh bgc Gbnniny @hrigh.;==9 Nb Euivb cin Cfbknh< Eriigefbs y rftubnis ci byir y ci ahy igtri nhs zbphtiehs ci

@ftnb, Hbxbeb. Fg< Eubcirghs cin Uur, bòh 22, gü`. ;; .

Kigbvigti, Drby Shrfkfh ci2623 Afsthrfb ci nhs Fgcfhs ci nb Guivb Ispb b . Airicirhs ci Lubg Jfnf, Kbreinhgb.

Ygpuknfsaic, hrfjfgbn drh` `fccni hd 24ta eigtury.

Kirnfg, Aifgrfea2611 Fchnbtràb y Uupirstfefõg igtri nhs Fgcfhs ci Hbxbeb . Icfefhgis Shnich, @ixfeh Efty.

Dfrst icftfhg 2612.

Khwfi, Dfhgb;=== Sai Bgtarhphnhjy hd [infjfhg . Knbeowinn ]uknfsairs, Hxdhrc.

Kinn, Ebtairfgi266: [ftubn. ]irspietfvis bgc Cfìgsfhgs. Hxdhrc Ygfvirsfty ]riss, Giw Vhro.

Krfjjs, Infghr2642 @ftnb \bphtie Jrb``br . UFN, @ixfeh Efty.




Krhwg, Nfgcb B.;==3 Cbgjirhus ]nbeis bgc Zfnc Upbeis< Eribtfgj @ibgfgj Zfta @btirfbns bgc Upbei bt

Ehgti`phrbry @byb Uarfgis hg In Cuigci @hugtbfg. Fg< Lhurgbn hd Breabihnhjfebn@itahc bgc Saihry, Thn. 22, Gh. 2.

Kurjhb, Drby Drbgsfseh ci2616 Jihjrâdfeb ciserfpefõg ci nb pbrti siptigtrfhgbn cin ]hnh Ârtfeh ci nb Bìrfeb, y

guivb fjnisfb ci nbs fgcfbs heefcigtbnis y sftfh bstrõgh`feh ci istb prhvfgefb ci pricfehris ci bgtijuirrb vbnni ci Hbxbeb. Sh`h F y FF. Kfknfhtieb ]hrrub, @ixfeh.Hrfjfgbn 24:3.

Cupbfx, Jufnnir`h2646 Ixpicfefhgis beireb ci nhs Bgtfjuhs `hguìgths ci nb Guivb Ispb b 21=9-21=1.

Icfefhg, fgtrhcueefhg y ghtbs phr Bnefgb Drbgea. Icfefhgis Lhsi ]hrrub Surbgzbs,@bcrfc. Hrfjfgbn 21;=.

Cþrr, Ivinfgi2664 @ftnb zwfseaig Srbcftfhg ugc @hcirgi< Zbgcin ifgir zbphtiofseaig Jisinnseabdt fg

Hbxbeb,@ixfoh. Itaghnhjfseai Utucfig, @þgstir.

Dbaìn Kiyir, Kirgc;==5 Cfddirigeis bgc sf`fnbrftfis fg @ishbìrfebg breabihnhjy< taihritfebn bgc

ìtahchnhjfebn f`pnfebtfhgs . Ygpuknfsaic pbpir dhr tai Dfdta Zhrnc BreabihnhjfebnEhgjriss.

Digthg, Z.269: Fgcfbg bgc Zafti [inbtfhgs fg ibstirg Ghrta Bìrfeb< B Eh``hg Jrhugc dhr Afsthry

bgc Itaghnhjy. Eabpin Afnn.

Drbgea, Bnefgb2665 Ebnigcbrfh y rinfjfõg igtri nhs zbphtiehs. YGB@, @ixfeh C.D.

Duigti, Lunfh ci nb26:: Vbnânbj< ugb vfnnb zbphtieb sirrbgb . @usih Gbefhgbn ci Bgtrhphnhjfb, @ixfeh.

Hrfjfgbn 2636.

Utieo, Drbgefs Khrjfb2692 @hthnfgfb's Afsthry hd tai Fgcfbgs hd Giw Upbfg . Bebci`y hd Bìrfebg Drbgefsebg

Afsthry, Zbsafgjthg C.E.

Ahnìs, Zfnnfb` A.2169 Breabihnhjfebn Utucfis b`hgj tai Bgefigt Eftfis hd @ixfeh, ]brt F, @hguìgts hd

Vuebtbg . Dfinc Ehu`kfbg @usiu`, Eafebjh.

Feahg, Bnbfg26:5 Nb rinfjfhg ci nhs Shthgbebs ci nb Ufirrb. Fgstftuth Gbefhgbn Fgcfjigfstb y Uieritbràbci Icuebefõg ]üknfeb, @ixfeh C.D.

Lbgsig, @bbrtig;==9 Ehcix Khcniy< b pbfgtic earhgfeni drh` tai @fxtie afjanbgcs, @æxfeh . Khcnifbg

Nfkrbry, Hxdhrc.

Ouknir, Jihrji2642 Hg tai Ehnhgfbn Ixtfgetfhg hd tai @htfds hd ]ri-Ehnu`kfbg Brt. Fg< issbys fg

priehnu`kfbg Brtbgc Breabihnhjy , p23-53. Eb`krfcji, @bssbeaussitts.

Nifja, Ahwbrc264= Ghtis hg @ftnb Nhri bgc Nbgjubji. Fg< Khnitàg ci Istucfhs Hbxbquiòhs Gh. 21 .



[IDI[IGEIU 29:

Niõg, Gfehnbs26=2 Nyhkbb õ @fetnbg, juàb afstõrfeh-ciserfptfvb . @ixfeh C.D.

Nisnfi, Eabrnis @.264= Ghw Zi Bri Efvfnfzic. B Utucy hd tai Zhrnc Tfiw hd tai \bphtie Fgcfbgs hd @ftnb,

Hbxbeb . Zbygi Utbti Ygfvirsfty ]riss, Citrhft.

Nho, [hssbgb2662 Jfdts th tai Cibc bgc tai Nfvfgj, Dhr`s hd Ixeabgji fg Ubg @fjuin Szfgbebpbg

Ufirrb Ghrti ci ]uiknb, @ixfeh . EGZU, Nifcig.

Nhh, ]itir vbg cir261: Ehcfeis ehstu`kris ehgtfgufcbc< ug istucfh ci nb rinfjfhg ìshbìrfebgb .

Breaihnhjfsea Eigtru` [.Y., Nifcig.

@bnchgbch Bnvbrbch, Kiglb`àg;==3 Nb Ubnb ci nb @uirti ig @ftnb. Fg< Nbjbeitb 6 .

@breus, Lhyei2615 \bphtie [infjfhg. Fg< Sai Enhuc ]ihpni< Cfvirjigt Ivhnutfhg hd tai \bphtie bgc

@fxtie Efvfnfzbtfhgs , icftic ky Oigt T. Dnbggiry bgc Lhyei @breus. Bebci`fe ]riss,Giw Vhro.

@breus, Lhyei bgc Oigt T. Dnbggiry2663 Bgefigt \bphtie [ftubn bgc [infjfhg< Bg Bppnfebtfhg hd tai Cfriet Afsthrfebn

Bppprhbea. Fg< Sai bgefigt @fgc< Iniìgts hd Ehjgftfvi Breabihnhjy , icftic kyEhnfg [igdriw bgc Izrb K.Z. \ukrhw. Eb`krfcji Ygfvirsfty ]riss, Giw Vhro

@bràg, Jufnnir`h2665 @ftnb, Nujbr ci nhs @uirths . Icfthrfbn Snbnhebg, @ixfeh.

@eCbgginn, Ehnniig

2669 @btirfbn Earfstfbgfty. [infjfhg bgc ]hpunbr Eunturi fg Bìrfeb, Giw Abvig, Nhgchg.

Hucflo, @feain [.;=== Afsthrfhjrbpay hd tai Kágfzbí< tai phstenbssfe bgc ibrny ehnhgfbn pirfhcs (2===-24==

B.C.) . EGZU, Nifcig

]brofg, Cbvfc2662 [ftubn bs spbtfbn cfrietfhg bgc khcfny cfvfsfhg. Fg< Ygcirstbgcfgj [ftubns , icftic ky

Cbgfin ci Ehppit. [hutnicji, Nhgchg.

]brshgs, Insfi E.2654 @ftnb, Shwg hd tai Uhuns . Ygfvirsfty hd Eafebjh ]riss, Eafebjh.

]han, Lhag2666 Sai Nfgtin ]bfgtfgjs hd ̀ ftnb bgc tai dugetfhg hd tai `ftnb ]bnbeis. Fg< @ishbìrfeb

Breaftieturi bs b Eunturbn Uy`khn. Hxdhrc Ygfvirsfty ]riss, Hxdhrc.

[bppbphrt, [hy2666 [ftubn bgc [infjfhg fg tai `bofgj hd au`bgfty . Eb`krfcji Ygfvirsfty ]riss,

Eb`krfcji

[hknis Jbreàb, Ginny @.;=== Sai `bgbjiìgt hd Breabihnhjfebn [ishureis fg @ixfeh. Hbxbeb bs b Ebsi

Utucy. Inietrhgfe cheuìgt< attp<//www.sbb.hrj/puknfebtfhgs/hbxbeb/SHE.at`n.

Beeissic hg :-22-;==9. Srbgsnbtfhg ky Lbeo Ehrkitt.




[hknis Jbreàb, Ginny @., @breinh Nihgbrch @bjbcâg bgc Bndrich @hrifrb Rufrõs261: [iehgstrueefõg ehnhgfbn ig @ftnb, Hbxbeb. FGBA, @ixfeh C.D.

[hknis Jbreàb, Ginny @. bgc Bndrich L. @hrifrb Rufrõs266= ]rhyieth `ftnb< ristburbefõg ci nb zhgb brquihnõjfeb ig su ehgtixth urkbgh. FGBA,

@ixfeh.

Uea`ficir, Hsebr265= Sai Uittniìgts hd tai Szbphtie bgc @fli Fgcfbgs, Utbti hd Hbxbeb, @ixfeh .

Ygfvirsfty hd Ebnfdhrgfb ]riss, Ebnfdhrgfb

Uinir, Icubrc26=3 Zbnn ]bfgtfgjs hd @ftnb. Fg< @ixfebg bgc Eigtrbn Bìrfebg Bgtfquftfis, Ebnigcbr

systi`s bgc Afsthry , icftic ky Eabrnis ]. Khwcftea. Kuribu hd BìrfebgItaghnhjy, Kunnitfg ;1<;3:-5;3.

U`fta Utbro, Sah`bs E.;==; Cfhsis, Ubeirchtis y Uberfdfefh, ugb `frbcb b nb rinfjfõg zbphtieb b trbvæs cin

Thebkvnbrfh ig nigjub êbphtieb (29:1) ci Lubg ci Eõrchvb. Fg< Nb rinfjfõg ci nhskfggfjunb‖sb‖ , icftic ky Tfethr ci nb Eruz bgc @breus Zfgtir. Ehnniefõg Theis ci

Dhgch, FII]H, Hbxbeb.

Utbrr, Libg261: \bphtie [infjfhus ]rbetfeis fg tai Tbnniy hd Hbxbeb< Bg Bgbnysfs hd tai 291=

„[inbefhgis Jihjrbdfebs‐ hd ]afnnfp FF. Fg< Sai Ebgbcfbg Lhurgbn hd Gbtfvi Utucfis TFF, ;<54:-513.

Utiwbrt, Eabrnis bgc [hsbnfgc Uabw (ics.)2663 Uygeritfs`/Bgtf-Uygeritfs`. [hutnicji, Nhgchg.

Utukknidfinc, @hrrfs bgc Ebrhn @fnnir ci Utukknidfinc2662 cfeefhgbrfh \bphtieh ci @ftnb, Hbxbeb . UFN, @ixfeh Efty.

Sbvâriz, Cbvfc Icubrch266: Uhefbn [iprhcuetfhg hd Nbti ]hstenbssfe [ftubn ]rbetfeis fg Ibrny Ehnhgfbn Eigtrbn

@æxfeh. Inietrhgfe cheuìgt< attp<//www.db`sf.hrj/riphrts/64=56. Beeissic hg Lbgubry 2;, ;==9.

;==9 Gfebeaf Uhgjs< \bphtie [ftubn Sixts bgc ]hstenbssfe [ftubn Oghwnicji fg EhnhgfbnHbxbeb . Inietrhgfe cheuìgt< attp<//www.db`sf.hrj/riphrts/=;=9=/fgcix.at`n.Beeissic hg 3-4-;==4.

Surgir, T.26:3 Crb`bs, Dfincs bgc @itbpahrs . Ftabeb.

Yrefc, Lbvfir;==9 \bphtie Zrftfgj . Oghwnicji, phwir bgc @i`hry fg Bgefigt Hbxbeb . Inietrhgfecheuìgt< attp<//www.db`sf.hrj/zbphtiewrftfgj/. Beeissic hg 26-5-;==4.

\f`ìr`bg, Kigicfet26=1 Sai Ebrìnfti Hrcir. Fg< Sai Ebtahnfe Igeyenhpicfb . Initrhgfe cheuìgt<

attp<//www.sbb.hrj/puknfebtfhgs/hbxbeb/SHE.at`n. Beeissic hg 22-4-;==9.



[IDI[IGEIU 296



Fg tai eigtri hd tai @ixfebg thwg hd @ftnb stbgcs b rug-chwg

eabpin hg bg hvirjrhwg pri-ehnhgfbn pyrb`fc. Sai eabpin,

ahusfgj tarii erhssis, fs tai thwg‖s Ebnvbrfh, tai nhebn ripri-

sigtbtfhg hd tai afnn hg wafea Earfst cfic. Bntahuja kussis dunn

hd thurfsts hg taifr wby th Eafbpbs hr hg cbytrfps drh` HbxbebEfty swbr` tai thwg iviry cby bn`hst ghgi hd tai` ivir vfsft

tai Ebnvbrfh. Fgstibc taiy stfeo th tai thurfst zhgi th `brvin bt

tai db`hus `hsbfe drfizis hd tai pri-ehnhgfbn ti`pnis bgc sahp

dhr trbcftfhgbn shuvigfrs fg tai thurfst `broit. Fd taiy whunc

enf`k tai stiip stips th tai eabpin taiy whunc cfsehvir tabt

cispfti bppibrbgeis tai kufncfgj stfnn siis ixtigsfvi usi bs

pfnjrf`s drh` tai wfci \bphtie rijfhg vfsft ft th krfgj hddirfgjs

th bgc bso dbvhurs hd tai shuns hd taifr cibrny cipbrtic. Bgc

bs taisi hddirfgjs ehgsfst hd inbkhrbti brrbgji`igts hd hwirs,

drufts, knbeo ebgcnis, ebebh kibgs bgc kugcnis hd ehpbn fgeigsi,

suea thurfsts `fjat winn stbrt th whgcir wairi tai hrfjfgs hd

taisi prbetfeis nfi.

Ft fs tafs quistfhg th wafea bg bgswir wfnn ki shujat fg tafs

risibrea `bstir taisfs. Sh beafivi tafs, eurrigt taihrfis hg

n n f f f a f nf d nf f c

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