wikipedia's featured article - 2014-10-11 - battle of cape esperance

8/10/2019 Wikipedia's Featured Article - 2014-10-11 - Battle of Cape Esperance

1/11

Battle of Cape Esperance

TheBattle of Cape Esperance, also known as theSec-

ond Battle of Savo Islandand, in Japanese sources, as

the Sea Battle of Savo Island(), took

place on 1112 October 1942 in thePacific campaignof

World War IIbetween theImperial Japanese Navyand

United States Navy. Thenaval battlewas the second of

four major surface engagements during theGuadalcanal

campaign and took place at the entrance to the strait

betweenSavo IslandandGuadalcanal in theSolomon

Islands. Cape Esperance(915S 15942E / 9.250S

159.700E) is the northernmost point on Guadalcanal,and the battle took its name from this point.

On the night of 11 October, Japanese naval forces

in the Solomon Islands area under the command of

Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa sent a major supply

and reinforcement convoy to their forces on Guadal-

canal. The convoy consisted of twoseaplane tenders

and sixdestroyersand was commanded byRear Admi-

ral Takatsugu Jojima. At the same time, but in a sep-

arate operation, three heavycruisersand two destroyers

under the command of Rear AdmiralAritomo Got

were tobombardtheAllied airfieldon Guadalcanal

(calledHenderson Fieldby the Allies) with the object ofdestroying Allied aircraft and the airfield's facilities.

Shortly before midnight on 11 October, a U.S force of

four cruisers and five destroyers under the command of

Rear AdmiralNorman Scott intercepted Got's force

as it approached Savo Island near Guadalcanal. Taking

the Japanese by surprise, Scott's warships sank one of

Got's cruisers and one of his destroyers, heavily dam-

aged another cruiser, mortally wounded Got, and forced

the rest of Got's warships to abandon the bombardment

mission and retreat. During the exchange of gunfire, one

of Scott's destroyerswas sunk andonecruiser andanother

destroyer were heavily damaged. In the meantime, theJapanese supply convoy successfully completed unload-

ing at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without

being discovered by Scott's force. Later on the morning

of 12 October, four Japanese destroyers from the supply

convoy turned back to assist Got's retreating, damaged

warships. Air attacks by U.S. aircraft from Henderson

Field sank two of these destroyers later that day.

As with the preceding naval engagements aroundGuadal-

canal, the strategic outcome was inconsequential because

neither the Japanese nor United States navies secured op-

erational control of the waters around Guadalcanal as a

result of this action. However, the Battle of Cape Esper-ance provided a significant morale boost to the US Navy

after the disaster ofSavo Island.

1 Background

On 7 August 1942,Alliedforces (primarily U.S.) landed

on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the

Solomon Islands. The objective was to deny the is-

lands to the Japanese as bases for threatening thesupply

routesbetween the U.S. andAustralia, andsecure starting

points for a campaign to isolate the major Japanese base

atRabaulwhile also supporting the AlliedNew Guinea

campaign. TheGuadalcanal campaignwould last sixmonths.*[3]

Taking the Japanese by surprise, by nightfall on 8 August,

the Allied forces, mainly consisting of U.S.Marines, had

secured Tulagiand nearby small islands, as well as an air-

field under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal

(later completed and namedHenderson Field). Allied

aircraft operating out of Henderson became known as the

"Cactus Air Force" (CAF) after the Allied codename for

Guadalcanal.*[4]

In response, the JapaneseImperial General Headquar-

tersassigned theImperial Japanese Army's 17th Army

acorps-sized formation headquartered at Rabaul underLieutenant-GeneralHarukichi Hyakutake with the task

of retaking Guadalcanal. On 19 August, various units of

the 17th Army began to arrive on the island.*[5]

Because of thethreat byAllied aircraft, theJapanese were

unable to use large, slow transport ships to deliver their

troops and supplies to the island, and warships were used

instead. These ships mainly lightcruisersordestroyers

were usually able to make the round trip down "The

Slot" to Guadalcanal and back in a single night, thereby

minimizing their exposure to air attacks. Delivering

troops in this manner, however, prevented most of the

heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, ve-hicles, and much food and ammunition, from being de-

livered. In addition, they expended destroyers that were

desperately needed forcommerce defense. These high-

speed runs occurred throughout the campaign and were

later called the "Tokyo Express" by the Allies andRat

Transportationby the Japanese.*[6]

Due to the heavier concentration of Japanese surface

combat vessels and their well positioned logistical base at

Simpson Harbor, Rabaul, andtheir victory at the Battleof

Savo Island in early August, the Japanese had established

operational control over the waters around Guadalcanal

at night. However, any Japanese ship remaining withinrange of American aircraft at Henderson field, during the

daylight hours about 200 mi (170 nmi; 320 km) was

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Expresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harukichi_Hyakutakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquartershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquartershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Air_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honiara_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tulagi_and_Gavutu-Tanambogohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaignhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaignhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaignhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materielhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulagihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Scott_(admiral)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritomo_Got%C5%8Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsugu_Jojimahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tenderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiralhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_Esperance&params=9_15_S_159_42_E_region:SB-GU_type:landmark&title=Cape+Esperancehttps://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_Esperance&params=9_15_S_159_42_E_region:SB-GU_type:landmark&title=Cape+Esperancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Esperancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaignhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaignhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_battlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War


2/11

2 1 BACKGROUND

The Solomon Islands area in the south Pacific. The Japanese

base at Rabaul is at the upper left. Guadalcanal (lower right)

lies at the southeastern end of "The Slot", the route utilized by

Japanese Tokyo Expressmissions.

in danger of damaging air attack. This persisted for the

months of August and September 1942. The presenceof Admiral Scott's task force at Cape Esperance repre-

sented the US Navy's first major attempt to wrest night

time operational control of waters around Guadalcanal

away from the Japanese.*[7]

The first attempt by the Japanese Army to recapture

Henderson Field was on 21 August, in theBattle of the

Tenaru, and the next, theBattle of Edson's Ridge, from

1214 September; both failed.*[8]

The Japanese set their next major attempt to recapture

Henderson Field for 20 October and moved most of the

2ndand38th Infantry Divisions, totalling 17,500 troops,

from theDutch East Indiesto Rabaul in preparation fordelivering them to Guadalcanal. From 14 September-9

October, numerous Tokyo Express runs delivered troops

from the Japanese 2nd Infantry Division as well as Gen-

eral Hyakutake to Guadalcanal. In addition to cruisers

and destroyers, some of these runs included the seaplane

carrier Nisshin, which delivered heavy equipment to the

island including vehicles and heavy artillery other war-

ships could not carry because of space limitations. The

Japanese Navy promised to support the Army's planned

offensive by delivering the necessary troops, equipment,

and supplies to the island, and by stepping up air attacks

on Henderson Field and sending warships to bombard theairfield.*[9]

In the meantime,Major General Millard F. Harmon

commander ofUnited States Armyforces in the South

Pacific convinced Vice AdmiralRobert L. Ghormley

overall commander of Allied forces in theSouthPacific

that the Marines on Guadalcanal needed to be reinforced

immediately if the Allies were to successfully defend the

island from the next expected Japanese offensive. Thus,

on 8 October, the 2,837 men of the164th Infantry Reg-

imentfrom the U.S. Army'sAmerical Divisionboarded

ships atNew Caledoniafor the trip to Guadalcanal with

a projected arrival date of 13 October.*[10]

To protect the transports carrying the 164th to Guadal-

canal, Ghormley ordered Task Force 64 (TF 64), con-

U.S.Rear Admiral Norman Scott

sisting of four cruisers (San Francisco, Boise, Salt Lake

City, andHelena) and five destroyers (Farenholt,Duncan,

Buchanan,McCalla, andLaffey) under U.S. Rear Admi-

ralNorman Scott, to intercept and combat any Japanese

ships approaching Guadalcanal and threatening the con-

voy. Scott conducted one night battle practice with his

ships on 8 October, then took station south of Guadal-

canal nearRennell Islandon 9 October, to await word

of any Japanese naval movement toward the southern

Solomons.*[11]

Continuing with preparations for the October offensive,

Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa'sEighth Fleet

staff, headquartered at Rabaul, scheduled a large and im-

portant Tokyo Express supply run for the night of 11 Oc-

tober. Nisshinwould be joined by the seaplane carrier

Chitoseto deliver 728 soldiers, four largehowitzers, two

field guns, one anti-aircraft gun, anda large assortment of

ammunition and other equipment from the Japanese naval

bases in theShortland Islandsand at Buin,Bougainville,

to Guadalcanal. Six destroyers, five of them carrying

troops, would accompany NisshinandChitose. The sup-

ply convoy called theReinforcement Groupby the

Japanese was under the command of Rear Admiral

Takatsugu Jojima. At the same time but in a separate

operation, the three heavy cruisers of Cruiser Division

6 (CruDiv6) Aoba, Kinugasa, and Furutaka, under the

command of Rear Admiral Aritomo Got were to bom-

bard Henderson Field with special explosive shells with

the object of destroying the CAF and the airfield's facil-

ities. Two screening destroyers Fubukiand Hatsuyuki

accompanied CruDiv6. Since U.S. Navy warships had

yet to attempt to interdict any Tokyo Express missions toGuadalcanal, the Japanese were not expecting any oppo-

sition from U.S. naval surface forces that night.*[12]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hatsuyukihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Fubukihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritomo_Got%C5%8Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Furutakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kinugasahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Aobahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsugu_Jojimahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_75_mm_Mountain_Gunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_15_cm_Howitzerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chitosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJN_8th_Fleethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennell_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Scott_(admiral)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Laffey_(DD-459)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McCalla_(DD-488)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Buchanan_(DD-484)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Duncan_(DD-485)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Farenholt_(DD-491)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Helena_(CL-50)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Salt_Lake_City_(CA-25)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Salt_Lake_City_(CA-25)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Francisco_(CA-38)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Scott_(admiral)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americal_Divisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas_(command)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Ghormleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Harmonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Nisshinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edson%2527s_Ridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tenaruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tenaruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slot


3/11

2.2 Action 3

2 Battle

2.1 Prelude

Japanese Rear AdmiralAritomo Got

At 08:00 on 11 October, Jojima's reinforcement group

departed the Shortland Islands anchorage to begin their

250 mi (220 nmi; 400 km) run down the Slot to

Guadalcanal. The six destroyers that accompaniedNis-

shinandChitosewereAsagumo,Natsugumo,Yamagumo,

Shirayuki, Murakumo, and Akizuki. Got departed the

Shortland Islands for Guadalcanal at 14:00 the same

day.*[13]

To protect the reinforcement group's approach to Guadal-

canal from the CAF, the Japanese 11th Air Fleet, based

at Rabaul,Kavieng, and Buin, planned two air strikes on

Henderson Field for 11 October. Afighter sweepof

17Mitsubishi A6M3 Zero fightersswept over Hender-

son Field just after mid-day but failed to engage any U.S.

aircraft. Forty-five minutes later, the second wave 45

Mitsubishi G4M2 "Betty" bombers and 30 Zeros ar-

rived over Henderson Field. In an ensuing air battle with

the CAF, one G4M and two U.S. fighters were downed.

Although the Japanese attacks failed to inflict significant

damage, they did prevent CAF bombers from finding and

attacking the reinforcement group. As the reinforcement

group transited the Slot, relays of 11th Air Fleet Zeros

from Buin provided escort. Emphasizing the importance

of this convoy for Japanese plans, the last flight of the

day was orderedto remain on station over theconvoyuntil

darkness, thenditchtheir aircraft and await pickup by thereinforcement group's destroyers. All six Zeros ditched;

only one pilot was recovered.*[14]

Allied reconnaissance aircraft sighted Jojima's supply

convoy 210 mi (180 nmi; 340 km) from Guadalcanal be-

tween Kolombangara and Choiseul in the Slot at 14:45 on

the same day, and reported it as twocruisersand six

destroyers. Got's force following the convoy was not

sighted. In response to the sighting of Jojima's force, at

16:07 Scott turned toward Guadalcanal for an intercep-tion.*[15]

Scott crafted a simple battle plan for the expectedengage-

ment. His ships would steam in column with his destroy-

ers at the front and rear of his cruiser column, searching

across a 300 degree arc with SG surface radar in an effort

to gain positional advantage on the approaching enemy

force. The destroyers were to illuminate any targets with

searchlights and discharge torpedoes while the cruisers

were to open fire at any available targets without await-

ing orders. The cruiser's float aircraft, launched in ad-

vance, were to find and illuminate the Japanese warships

with flares. AlthoughHelenaand Boisecarried the new,greatly improved SGradar, Scott choseSan Franciscoas

hisflagship.*[16]

At 22:00, as Scott's ships nearedCape Hunterat the

northwest end of Guadalcanal, three of Scott's cruisers

launchedfloatplanes. One crashed on takeoff, but the

other two patrolled over Savo Island, Guadalcanal, and

Ironbottom Sound. As the floatplanes were launched,

Jojima's force was just passing around the mountainous

northwestern shoulder of Guadalcanal, and neither force

sighted each other. At 22:20, Jojima radioed Got and

told him that no U.S. ships were in the vicinity. Al-

though Jojima's force later heard Scott's floatplanes over-head while unloading along the north shore of Guadal-

canal, they failed to report this to Got.*[17]

At 22:33, just after passing Cape Esperance, Scott's ships

assumed battle formation. The column was led by Faren-

holt,Duncan, andLaffey, and followed bySan Francisco,

Boise, Salt Lake City, and Helena. Buchananand Mc-

Callabrought up the rear. The distance between each

ship ranged from 500 to 700 yd (460 to 640 m). Visibil-

ity was poor because the moon had already set, leaving

noambient lightand no visible seahorizon.*[18]

Got's force passed through several rainsquallsas they

approached Guadalcanal at 30 kn (35 mph; 56 km/h).

Got's flagship Aoba led the Japanese cruisers in col-

umn, followed by Furutakaand Kinugasa. Fubukiwas

starboardof Aoba and Hatsuyuki to port. At 23:30,

Got's ships emerged from the last rain squall and began

appearing on the radar scopes of Helenaand Salt Lake

City. The Japanese, however, whose warships were not

equipped with radar, remained unaware of Scott's pres-

ence.*[19]

2.2 Action

At 23:00, the San Francisco aircraft spotted Jojima's

force off Guadalcanal and reported it to Scott. Scott, be-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-key_lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironbottom_Soundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hunterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiseul_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolombangarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_landinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircrafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircrafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zerohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavienghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Akizukihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Murakumohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shirayukihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamagumo_(1938)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Natsugumohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Asagumo_(1938)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritomo_Got%C5%8D


4/11

4 2 BATTLE

Map showing the movements of Got'sand Jojima's forces during

the battle. The light grey line skirting Savo Island depicts Got's

planned approach and exit route for the bombardment mission.

Hatsuyukiis misidentified asMurakumo.

lieving that more Japanese ships were likely still on the

way, continued his course towards the west side of Savo

Island. At 23:33, Scott ordered his column to turn to-

wards the southwest to a heading of 230. All of Scott'sships understood the order as a column movement except

Scott's own ship, San Francisco. As the three lead U.S.

destroyers executed the column movement, San Fran-

ciscoturned simultaneously. Boise following immedi-

ately behind followedSan Francisco, thereby throwing

the three van destroyers out of formation.*[20]

At 23:32, Helena's radar showed the Japanese warships

to be about 27,700yd (25,300 m) away. At23:35, Boise 's

and Duncan 's radars also detected Got's ships. Between

23:42 and 23:44, Helenaand Boisereported their con-

tacts to Scott on San Franciscowho mistakenly believed

that the two cruisers were actually tracking the three U.S.destroyers that were thrown out of formation during the

column turn. Scott radioed Farenholtto ask if the de-

stroyer was attempting to resume its station at the front

of the column. Farenholtreplied,Affirmative, coming

up on your starboard side,further confirming Scott's be-

lief that the radar contacts were his own destroyers.*[21]

At 23:45, Farenholtand Laffey still unaware of Got's

approaching warships increased speed to resume their

stations at the front of the U.S. column. Duncan's crew,

however, thinking that Farenholtand Laffeywere com-

mencing an attack on the Japanese warships, increased

speed to launch a solitarytorpedoattack on Got's forcewithout telling Scott what they were doing. San Francisco

's radar registered the Japanese ships, but Scott was not

informed of the sighting. By 23:45, Got's ships were

only 5,000 yd (4,600 m) away from Scott's formation

and visible to Helena's and Salt Lake City 's lookouts.

The U.S. formation at this point was in position tocross

the Tof the Japanese formation, giving Scott's ships a

significant tactical advantage. At 23:46, still assuming

that Scott was aware of the rapidly approaching Japanesewarships, Helenaradioed for permission to open fire, us-

ing the general procedure request,InterrogatoryRoger(meaning, basically,Are we clear to act?"). Scott an-

swered with,Roger, only meaning that the message

was received, not that he was confirming the request to

act. Upon receipt of Scott'sRoger,Helena thinking

they now had permission opened fire, quickly followed

byBoise, Salt Lake City, and to Scott's further surprise,

San Francisco.*[22]

U.S. Navy track chart of the battle accurately depicts the move-

ments of the U.S. ships (lower tracks) but not the Japanese ship

tracks (upper, darker line).

Got's force was taken almost completely by surprise. At

23:43, Aoba 's lookouts sighted Scott's force, butGotas-

sumed that they were Jojima's ships. Two minutes later,

Aoba's lookouts identified the ships as American, but

Got remained skeptical and directed his ships to flash

identification signals. As Aoba' s crew executed Got's

order, the first American salvo smashed intoAoba's su-perstructure.Aoba was quickly hit byup to 40 shells from

Helena, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Farenholt, and Laf-

fey. The shell hits heavily damagedAoba's communica-

tions systems and demolished two of her main gun turrets

as well as her main gun director. Several large-caliber

projectiles passed throughAoba's flag bridge without ex-

ploding, but the force of their passage killed many men

and mortally wounded Got.*[23]

Scott still unsure who his ships were firing at, and afraid

that they might be firing on his own destroyers ordered

a ceasefire at 23:47, although not every ship complied.

Scott ordered Farenholtto flash her recognition signalsand upon observing that Farenholtwas close to his for-

mation, he ordered the fire resumed at 23:51.*[24]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo


5/11

2.3 Retreat 5

Aoba, continuing to receive damaging hits, turned to star-

board to head away from Scott's formation and began

makinga smoke screen which ledmost of theScott's ships

to believe that she was sinking. Scott's ships shifted their

fire to Furutaka, which was following behind Aoba. At

23:49, Furutakawas hit in hertorpedo tubes, igniting a

large fire that attracted even more shellfire from Scott'sships. At23:58, a torpedo from Buchanan hit Furutaka in

her forward engine room, causing severe damage. During

this time, San Franciscoand Boisesighted Fubukiabout

1,400 yd (1,300 m) away and raked her with shellfire,

joined soon by most of the rest of Scott's ships. Heav-

ily damaged, Fubukibegan to sink. Kinugasaand Hat-

suyukiturned to port instead of to starboard and escaped

the immediate attention of Scott's ships.*[25]

During the exchange of gunfire, Farenholtreceived sev-

eral damaging hits from both the Japanese and American

ships, killing several men. She escaped from the cross-

fire by crossing ahead of San Franciscoand passing tothe disengaged side of Scott's column. Duncan still en-

gaged in her solitary torpedo attack on the Japanese for-

mation was also hit by gunfire from both sides, set afire,

and looped away in her own effort to escape the cross-

fire.*[26]

The U.S. cruiserBoiseatEspiritu Santo,New Hebridesin August

1942

As Got's ships endeavored to escape, Scott's ships tight-

ened their formation and then turned to pursue the re-

treatingJapanese warships. At 00:06, two torpedoesfrom

Kinugasabarely missed Boise. Boiseand Salt Lake City

turned on their searchlights to help target the Japanese

ships, givingKinugasa's gunners clear targets. At 00:10,

two shells from Kinugasaexploded in Boise's main am-

munition magazine between turrets one and two. The re-

sulting explosion killed almost 100 men and threatened

to blow the ship apart. Seawater rushed in through rents

in her hull opened by the explosion and helped quench

the fire before it could explode the ship's powder maga-

zines. Boiseimmediately sheered out of the column and

retreated from the action. Kinugasaand Salt Lake City

exchanged fire with each other, each hitting the otherseveral times, causing minor damage to Kinugasa and

damaging one of Salt Lake City's boilers, reducing her

speed.*[27]

At 00:16, Scott ordered his ships to turn to a heading of

330 in an attempt to pursue the fleeing Japanese ships.

Scott's ships, however, quickly lost sight of Got's ships,

and all firing ceased by 00:20. The American formation

was beginning to scatter, so Scott ordered a turn to 205to disengage.*[28]

2.3 Retreat

During the battle between Scott's and Got's ships,

Jojima's reinforcement group completed unloading at

Guadalcanal and began its return journey unseen by

Scott's warships, using a route that passed south of the

Russell Islandsand NewGeorgia. Despiteextensive dam-

age, Aobawas able to join Kinugasain retirement to the

north through the Slot. Furutaka's damage caused her to

lose power around 00:50, and she sank at 02:28, 22 mi(19 nmi; 35 km) northwest of Savo Island. Hatsuyuki

picked up Furutaka 's survivors and joined the retreat

northward.*[29]

Boiseextinguished her fires by 02:40 and at 03:05 re-

joined Scott's formation. Duncan on fire was aban-

doned by her crew at 02:00. Unaware ofDuncan's fate,

Scott detachedMcCallato search for her and retired with

the rest of his ships towards Nouma, arriving in the af-

ternoon of 13 October. McCalla located the burning,

abandoned Duncanabout 03:00, and several members

of McCalla's crew made an attempt to keep her from

sinking. By 12:00, however, they had to abandon the ef-fort as interior bulkheads within Duncancollapsed caus-

ing the ship to finally sink 6 mi (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) north of

Savo Island. American servicemen in boats from Guadal-

canal as well as McCallapicked up Duncan's scattered

survivors from the sea around Savo. In total, 195 Dun-

cansailors survived; 48 did not. As they rescuedDuncan

's crew, the Americans came across the more than 100

Fubukisurvivors, floating in the same general area. The

Japanese initially refused all rescue attempts but a day

later allowed themselves to be picked up and taken pris-

oner.*[30]

Japanese destroyerMurakumo

Jojima learning of the bombardment force's crisis de-

tacheddestroyers Shirayukiand Murakumo to assist Furu-

taka or her survivors and Asagumo and Natsugumo to ren-

dezvous with Kinugasa, which had paused in her retreatnorthward to cover the withdrawal of Jojima's ships. At

07:00, five CAFDouglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntlesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrideshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_93_torpedo


6/11

6 4 NOTES

attackedKinugasabut inflicted no damage. At 08:20, 11

more SBDs found andattacked Shirayukiand Murakumo.

Although they scored no direct hits, a near miss caused

Murakumoto begin leaking oil, marking a trail for other

CAF aircraft to follow. A short time later, seven more

CAF SBDs plus sixGrumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo

bombers, accompanied by 14 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcats,found the two Japanese destroyers 170 mi (150 nmi; 270

km) from Guadalcanal. In the ensuing attack,Murakumo

was hit by a torpedo in her engineering spaces, leaving

her without power. In the meantime, AobaandHatsuyuki

reached the sanctuary of the Japanese base in the Short-

land Islands at 10:00.*[31]

Rushing to assist Murakumo, Asagumoand Natsugumo

were attacked by another group of 11 CAF SBDs and

TBFs escorted by 12 fighters at 15:45. An SBD placed

its bomb almost directly amidships on Natsugumowhile

two more near misses contributed to her severe damage.

After Asagumotook off her survivors, Natsugumosankat 16:27. The CAF aircraft also scored several more hits

on the stationary Murakumo, setting her afire. After her

crew abandoned ship, Shirayukiscuttled her with a tor-

pedo, picked up her survivors, and joined the rest of the

Japanese warships for the remainder of their return trip

to the Shortland Islands.*[32]

3 Aftermath and significance

Captain Kikunori Kijima Got's chief of staff and com-mander of the bombardment force during the return trip

to the Shortland Islands after Got's death in battle

claimed that his force had sunk two American cruisers

and one destroyer. Furutaka 's captain who survived the

sinking of his ship blamed the loss of his cruiser on bad

air reconnaissance and poor leadership from the 8th fleet

staff under Admiral Mikawa. Although Got's bombard-

ment mission failed, Jojima's reinforcement convoy was

successful in delivering the crucial men and equipment to

Guadalcanal.Aobajourneyed toKure,Japan, for repairs

that were completed on February15, 1943. Kinugasa was

sunk one month later during theNaval Battle of Guadal-canal.*[33]

Scott claimed that his force sank three Japanese cruisers

and four destroyers. News of the victory was widely pub-

licized in the American media. Boise which was dam-

aged enough to require a trip to thePhiladelphia Naval

Shipyardfor repairs was dubbed the one-ship fleetby the press for her exploits in the battle, although this

was mainly because the names of the other involved ships

were withheld for security reasons. Boisewas under re-

pair until 20 March 1943.*[34]

Although a tactical victory for the U.S., Cape Esperance

had little immediate, strategic effect on the situation onGuadalcanal. Just two days later on the night of 13 Oc-

tober, the Japanese battleshipsKongand Harunabom-

A U.S. sailor points to the scoreboard on USSBoise after the

ship's return to the U.S. for battle damage repairs in Novem-

ber 1942. The scoreboard claims thatBoise assisted in sinking

three cruisers and three destroyers, greatly exaggerating actual

Japanese losses in the battle.

barded and almost destroyed Henderson Field. One day

after that, a large Japanese convoy successfully delivered

4,500 troops and equipment to the island. These troops

and equipment helped complete Japanese preparations

for the large land offensive, scheduled to begin on 23 Oc-

tober. The convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadal-

canal on 13 October as planned and were key participants

for the Allied side in the decisive landbattle for Hender-

son Fieldthat took place from 2326 October.*[35]

The Cape Esperance victory helped prevent an accurateU.S. assessment of Japanese skills and tactics in naval

night fighting. The U.S. was still unaware of the range

and power of Japanese torpedoes, the effectiveness of

Japanese night optics, and the skilled fighting ability of

most Japanese destroyer and cruiser commanders. Incor-

rectly applying the perceived lessons learned from this

battle, U.S. commanders in future naval night battles in

the Solomons consistently tried to prove that American

naval gunfire was more effective than Japanese torpedo

attacks. This belief was severely tested just two months

later during theBattle of Tassafaronga. A junior officer

on Helena laterwrote,CapeEsperance wasa three-sidedbattle in which chance was the major winner.*[36]

4 Notes

[1] Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 310. Breakdown of U.S. deaths

are: Boise- 107,Duncan- 48,Salt Lake City- 5, and Faren-

holt- 3.

[2] Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 309. Frank breaks down the

Japanese deaths as follows: Furutaka- 258, Aoba- 79,

Fubuki- 78 (with 111 captured),Murakumo- 22, andNat-

sugumo- 17. Hackett says 80 were killed on Aobain ad-dition to Got and 33 were killed and 110 missing on Fu-

rutaka.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tassafarongahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Henderson_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Henderson_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Harunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshimahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger


7/11

7

[3] Hogue,Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, pp. 235236.

[4] Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 1415 and Shaw,

First Offensive, p. 18. Henderson Field was named af-

ter MajorLofton R. Henderson, a Marine aviator killed

during theBattle of Midway.

[5] Griffith,Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 9699, Dull,ImperialJapanese Navy, p. 225.

[6] Frank,Guadalcanal, pp. 202, 210211.

[7] Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 113114.

[8] Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 141143, 156158, 228246,

& 681.

[9] Rottman, Japanese Army, p. 61; Griffith, Battle for

Guadalcanal, p. 152; Frank,Guadalcanal, pp. 224, 251

254, 266268, & 289290; Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy,

p. 225226; and Smith,Bloody Ridge, pp. 132 & 158.

[10] Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 293; Cook, Cape Esperance, pp.

1920; Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 147148;

and Dull,Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 225.

[11] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 16and 1920; Frank,Guadal-

canal, pp. 295297; Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal,

pp. 148149; and Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 225.

Since not allof theTask Force 64 warshipswere available,

Scott's forcewas designated as TaskGroup 64.2. TheU.S.

destroyers were from Squadron 12, commanded by Cap-

tain Robert G. Tobin in Farenholt.

[12] Frank,Guadalcanal, pp. 295296; Hackett,HIJMS Aoba:

Tabular Record of Movement; Cook,Cape Esperance, pp.

31 and 57; Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 149

151; D'Albas,Death of a Navy, p. 183; and Dull,Imperial

Japanese Navy, p. 226. CombinedFleet.comstates Jojima

commanded the reinforcement convoy. Other accounts,

however, state the commanding officer of Nisshincom-

manded the convoy and Jojima was not present. Jojima

may have issued orders to the convoy from elsewhere in

the Solomon Islands or from Rabaul.

[13] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 3132 and 57; Frank,Guadal-

canal, p. 296; Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp.

150151; and Hackett,IJN Seaplane TenderChitose.

[14] Frank, Guadalcanal, pp.295296; Cook, Cape Esperance,

pp. 3233; Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 149

150. Frank says five of the Zero pilots were not recovered,

but Cook says all but one was rescued.

[15] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 19 and 31; Frank, Guadal-

canal, p. 296; Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 150;

Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 226; and Hackett, IJN

Seaplane TenderChitose.

[16] Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 293294; Cook, Cape Esper-

ance, pp. 2223, 2527, and 37; and Morison, Struggle

for Guadalcanal, p. 149.

[17] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 2529, 33, and 60; Frank,

Guadalcanal, pp. 298299; Dull, Imperial JapaneseNavy, p. 226; and Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp.

152153.

[18] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 20, 26, and 36; Frank,

Guadalcanal, p.298; Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal,

pp. 152153.

[19] Frank,Guadalcanal, p. 299; Cook, Cape Esperance, pp.

5860; Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 152153.

[20] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 3842, Frank,Guadalcanal,

p. 299, Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 153156.

[21] Frank,Guadalcanal, p. 299301, Cook,Cape Esperance,

pp. 4243, 4547, 5153, Morison, Struggle for Guadal-

canal, pp. 154156.

[22] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 4250, 5356, 71, Frank,

Guadalcanal, pp. 300301, D'Albas, Death of a Navy,

p. 184, Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy, pp. 227228, and

Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 156157.

[23] Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 301302, Cook, Cape Esper-

ance, pp. 6870, 8384, Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy,

pp. 226227, D'Albas, Death of a Navy, p. 186, and





ance, pp. 7379, 8386, Dull,Imperial Japanese Navy, p.

228, Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 160162.

[26] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 8084, 106108, Frank,

Guadalcanal, pp. 303304, Morison, Struggle for

Guadalcanal, pp. 161162.

[27] Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 304305, Cook, Cape Es-perance, pp. 7475, 8895, 100105, Dull, Imperial

Japanese Navy, pp. 228229, and Morison, Struggle for

Guadalcanal, pp. 162165.



[29] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 58, 9798, 111, 120, Frank,

Guadalcanal, pp. 306307, D'Albas,Death of a Navy, p.

187, Dull,Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 229, and Morison,

Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 168169.


ance, pp. 9596, 108110, 114130, 135138, Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 166169.

[31] Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 111, 120122, Frank,

Guadalcanal, pp. 308309, Morison, Struggle for

Guadalcanal, p. 169.

[32] Frank,Guadalcanal, p. 309, Cook, Cape Esperance, pp.

130131, Dull, Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 230, and

Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 169.

[33] Frank,Guadalcanal, p. 309312, Hackett, HIJMS Aoba,


[34] Frank,Guadalcanal, p. 311, Cook, Cape Esperance, pp.140144, Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 170

171.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofton_R._Henderson


8/11

8 7 FURTHER READING


ance, p. 150151, Dull,Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 230,

and Morison,Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 171.

[36] Cook, Cape Esperance, p. 59, 147151, Frank,Guadal-

canal, pp. 310312, Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal,

pp. 170171.

5 References

Cook, Charles O. (1992). The Battle of Cape Es-

perance: Encounter at Guadalcanal(Reissue ed.).

Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-126-2.

D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy:

Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair

Pub.ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.

Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial

Japanese Navy, 19411945. Naval Institute Press.

ISBN 0-87021-097-1.

Frank, Richard B. (1990). Guadalcanal: The

Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New

York:Penguin Group.ISBN 0-14-016561-4.

Griffith, Samuel B.(1963). The Battle for Guadal-

canal. Champaign, Illinois, USA: University of Illi-

nois Press.ISBN 0-252-06891-2.

Morison, Samuel Eliot(1958).

Chapter 8

. TheStruggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 February

1943, vol. 5 of History of United States Naval Op-

erations in World War II. Boston:Little, Brown and

Company.ISBN 0-316-58305-7.

Rottman, Gordon L.; Dr. Duncan Anderson (con-

sultant editor) (2005). Japanese Army in World War

II: TheSouth Pacific and New Guinea, 194243. Ox-

ford and New York: Osprey.ISBN 1-84176-870-7.

6 External links

Hackett, Bob; Sander Kingsepp. HIJMS Aoba:

Tabular Record of Movement. Imperial Japanese

Navy Page (CombinedFleet.com). Retrieved 2006-

06-14.

Hackett, Bob; Sander Kingsepp (19982006).IJN

Seaplane Tender Chitose: Tabular Record of Move-

ment. Imperial Japanese Navy Page (Combined-

Fleet.com). Retrieved 2006-06-14.

Hackett, Bob; Sander Kingsepp.HIJMSFurutaka:

Tabular Record of Movement. Imperial JapaneseNavy Page (CombinedFleet.com).Archived from the

original on 10 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-14.

Hackett, Bob; Sander Kingsepp.HIJMSKinugasa:

Tabular Record of Movement. Imperial Japanese

Navy Page (CombinedFleet.com). Retrieved 2006-

06-14.

Horan, Mark."Battle of Cape Esperance". Order of

Battle.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2006.Retrieved 2006-05-17.

Hough, FrankO.; Ludwig, Verle E.; Shaw, Henry I.,

Jr.Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. History of U.S.

Marine Corps Operations in World War II.Archived

from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-

05-16.

Lanzendrfer, Tim. Stumbling Into Victory: The

Battle of Cape Esperance. The Pacific War: The

U.S. Navy. Retrieved 2006-05-16.

Nevitt, Allyn D. (1998). IJN Fubuki: Tabular

Record of Movement. Imperial Japanese Navy

Page (CombinedFleet.com). Retrieved 2006-06-14.

Nevitt, Allyn D. (1998). IJN Hatsuyuki: Tabular



Nevitt, Allyn D. (1998).IJN Murakumo: Tabular



Nevitt, Allyn D. (1998). IJN Natsugumo: Tabu-

lar Record of Movement. Imperial Japanese Navy

Page (CombinedFleet.com).Archivedfrom the orig-inal on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-14.

Office of Naval Intelligence (1943). "The Battle of

Cape Esperance 11 October 1942". Combat Narra-

tive. Publications Branch, Office of Naval Intelli-

gence, United States Navy.Archivedfrom the orig-

inal on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-17.

somewhat inaccurate on details, since it was written

during the war

Tobin, T. G. (October 23, 1942). Report of Ac-

tion off Savo Island, Solomons, Night of 1112 Oc-

tober 1942.. Destroyer History Home Page (De-stroyerHistory.org). Archived fromthe originalon

2006-06-16. Retrieved 2006-06-14. Copy of the

commander of U.S. Destroyer Squadron 12's after

action report.

Tully, Anthony P. (2003). IJN Nisshin: Tabular



7 Further reading

Boehm, Roy (March 8, 1999).Blood In The Wa-

ter. Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
http://www.newsweek.com/id/87521http://www.newsweek.com/id/87521http://www.combinedfleet.com/Nisshin.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/Nisshin.htmhttp://www.destroyerhistory.org/desron12/capeesperance.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060616081321/http://www.destroyerhistory.org/desron12/capeesperance.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060616081321/http://www.destroyerhistory.org/desron12/capeesperance.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060616081321/http://www.destroyerhistory.org/desron12/capeesperance.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060513024510/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-CN-Esperance/index.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-CN-Esperance/index.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-CN-Esperance/index.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060517210223/http://www.combinedfleet.com/natsug_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/natsug_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/natsug_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/muraku_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/muraku_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/hatsuy_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/hatsuy_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/fubuki_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/fubuki_t.htmhttp://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/battles/cape_esperance.htmhttp://www.microworks.net/PACIFIC/battles/cape_esperance.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060627075209/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/index.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/index.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060517134920/http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Cape-Esperance.htmhttp://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Cape-Esperance.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/kinugasa_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/kinugasa_t.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060510233427/http://combinedfleet.com/furuta_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/furuta_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/furuta_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/chitosesp_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/chitosesp_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/chitosesp_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/aoba_t.htmhttp://www.combinedfleet.com/aoba_t.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-870-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-58305-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06891-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_B._Griffithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-016561-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Frankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-097-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8159-5302-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-126-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number


9/11

9

Hone, Thomas C. (1981). The Similarity of Past

and Present Standoff Threats. Proceedings of the

U.S. Naval Institute (Vol. 107, No. 9, September

1981) (Annapolis, Maryland). pp. 113116. ISSN

0041-798X

Hornfischer, James D. (2011). Neptune's Inferno:The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal. Random House.

ISBN 0-553-80670-X.

Kilpatrick, C. W. (1987).Naval Night Battles of the

Solomons. Exposition Press.ISBN 0-682-40333-4.

Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997). Japanese Cruis-

ers of the Pacific War. Naval Institute Press. ISBN

0-87021-311-3.

Langelo, Vincent A. (2000). With All Our Might:

The WWII History of the USS Boise (Cl-47) . Eakin

Pr.ISBN 1-57168-370-4.

Lundstrom, John B. (2005). First Team And

the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat

from August to November 1942(New ed.). Naval

Institute Press.ISBN 1-59114-472-8.

Miller, Thomas G. (1969). Cactus Air Force. Ad-

miral Nimitz Foundation.ISBN 0-934841-17-9.

Parkin, Robert Sinclair (1995). Blood on the Sea:

American Destroyers Lost in World War II. Da Capo

Press.ISBN 0-306-81069-7.

Poor, Henry Varnum; Henry A. Mustin & Colin G.Jameson (1994). The Battles of Cape Esperance,

11 October 1942 and Santa Cruz Islands, 26 Oc-

tober 1942 (Combat Narratives. Solomon Islands

Campaign, 45). Naval Historical Center.ISBN 0-

945274-21-1.

Morris, Frank Daniel (1943).Pick out the biggest":

Mike Moran and the men of the Boise. Houghton

Mifflin Co.

Coordinates:99S 15938E / 9.150S 159.633E
https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_Esperance&params=9_9_S_159_38_E_region:SB-GU_type:event_dim:100000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945274-21-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945274-21-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81069-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934841-17-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-472-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57168-370-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-311-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-682-40333-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-80670-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-798Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number


10/11

10 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text

Battle of Cape Esperance Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Cape%20Esperance?oldid=632461717 Contributors:

Michael Hardy, Stan Shebs, Docu, Tpbradbury, Raul654, Dimadick, Oberiko, Wwoods, Michael Devore, Grant65, Gdr, The Land,Josephgrossberg, Karl-Henner, Loopy, Darwinek, John N., Ahseaton, BillC, Ardfern, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Grahams7, Himasaram, Durin,

Brighterorange, YurikBot, Kirill Lokshin, Irishguy, Nikkimaria, Curpsbot-unicodify, GMan552, Nick-D, SmackBot, Cla68, Hmains, Christhe speller, Rakela, Trekphiler, Harryboyles, Mgiganteus1, Neddyseagoon, Jrt989, Maxs75, Civil Engineer III, MrBoo, Richard Keatinge,Cydebot, Casliber, Thijs!bot, Meredyth, The Anomebot2, D.Kurdistani, MetsBot, Mrathel, CommonsDelinker, DrKiernan, Clerks, Kyli-eTastic, STBotD, Hugo999, Deor, HJ32, Udufruduhu, Mike Diehl, Solicitr, Noveltyghost, Lightmouse, Pionade, Ussing, Dabomb87,Kelhocan, Arkyos, Trfasulo, PixelBot, NuclearWarfare, 7&6=thirteen, Thewellman, Loosmark, XalD, NCDane, Addbot, Magus732,Kcranson, Groundsquirrel13, Tassedethe, WolfDW, Luckas-bot, Burningjoker, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Citation bot, Xqbot, SassoBot,Henryjones000, Esquire880, Trappist the monk, DASHBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Faolin42, H3llBot, Kill me when i die, $1LENCED00600D, EdoBot, FeatherPluma, MozzazzoM, Narayan89, BattyBot, Tech77, Dexbot, Zziccardi, TFA Protector Bot, Monkbot, Bam-mie73, Peony13 and Anonymous: 28

8.2 Images

File:AobaEsperance.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/AobaEsperance.jpg License: Public domainContributors:? Original artist:?

File:CapeEsperanceBoise2.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/CapeEsperanceBoise2.jpg License:Pub-lic domainContributors:? Original artist:?

File:CapeEsperanceChart.jpgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/CapeEsperanceChart.jpgLicense:Publicdomain Contributors:? Original artist:?

File:CapeEsperanceChart1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/CapeEsperanceChart1.jpg License:

Public domainContributors:? Original artist:?

File:Commons-logo.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:? Contributors:? Originalartist:?

File:Cscr-featured.svg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist:?

File:Goto_Aritomo.jpgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Goto_Aritomo.jpgLicense:Public domainCon-tributors:? Original artist:?

File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_

%281870%29.svgLicense:

Public domainContributors:

kahusi- (Talk)'s file Original artist: kahusi - (Talk)

File:Murakumo.jpgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Murakumo.jpgLicense:Public domainContributors:

? Original artist:?

File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg License:

CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors: andFile:DSP Z 8702 C.pdf Original artist:David Newton, uploader wasDenelson83

File:RabaulStrategicArea.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/RabaulStrategicArea.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors:[1][2] Melson, Charles D. (1993). UP THE SLOT: Marines in the Central Solomons. WORLD WAR II COMMEM-ORATIVE SERIES36. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Retrieved on Sept 26. Original artist:CharlesD. Melson; Cartographic and visual information: George C. MacGillivray and W. Stephen Hill

File:Rear-Admiral-Norman-Scott-i02454.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Rear-Admiral-Norman-Scott-i02454.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:? Original artist:?

File:USSBoise4.jpgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/USSBoise4.jpgLicense:Public domainContributors:

Official U.S. Navy photograph80-G-K-558. Original artist:USN File:US_flag_48_stars.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svgLicense:Public domain

Contributors:? Original artist:?

File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:User:Bastique,User:Ramacet al.

File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:This is a cropped version ofImage:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist:Vectorized bySimon01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)Updated byTime300017 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded bySimon.

File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors:? Original artist:?

File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:

Original artist:Nicholas Moreau

File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License:Public do-mainContributors:Vector version ofImage:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist:Vectorized byFvasconcellos(talk contribs), basedon original logo tossed together byBrion Vibber
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Brion_VIBBERhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Fvasconcelloshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fvasconcelloshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fvasconcelloshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Simonhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Time3000http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Simonhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo-en.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ramachttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Bastiquehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svghttp://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/k00001/k00558c.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/USSBoise4.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Rear-Admiral-Norman-Scott-i02454.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Rear-Admiral-Norman-Scott-i02454.jpghttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-CSol/index.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-CSol/index.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-CSol/maps/USMC-C-CSol-1.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/RabaulStrategicArea.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Denelson83http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:David_Newtonhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DSP_Z_8702_C.pdfhttp://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S29/S29SE179.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Murakumo.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kahusihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kahusihttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%25281870%2529.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_%25281870%2529.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Goto_Aritomo.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/CapeEsperanceChart1.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/CapeEsperanceChart.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/CapeEsperanceBoise2.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/AobaEsperance.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%2520of%2520Cape%2520Esperance?oldid=632461717


11/11

8.3 Content license 11

8.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

wikipedia's featured article - 2014-10-11 - battle of cape esperance

Documents