D emand for pork

across the country is increasing. However, the

domestic swine industry is declining. Many farmers experienced losses due to

high input cost, poor management practices and disease occurrence.

Environmental pollution is also a factor that made hog raisers stopped their hog

raising project. There are alternative ways of

raising pigs at low-cost. This may help hog raisers continue with their project. This include

utilization of indigenous materials available at the farm.

This technology guide will help you venture in

environment-friendly swine production at low-cost and high net income.

Why low-cost swine production?

It is simple and easy to

practice With low investment cost Ensures food safety and

environment-friendly With high return of

investment

Introduction

1

Advantages

Low-cost swine production

is not laborious Minimize odor up to 90% Less stress

Easy to manage because of no bathing

Habitat is not destructed

There is free access of good microbes

It is resistant to pathogens

and diseases With quality meat (less fat

and more tasty)

Harvested beddings can be used as organic fertilizer

It is adaptable to climate

change

BREEDS & BREEDING

One of the factors to consider

in pig farming is the breed of

stocks.

Basic Swine Breeds

in the Philippines

Landrace

white-meat type of

pig large hanging ears small head

long neck and body square-shaped ham

of the landrace

highly prolific, superior in feed efficiency and daily

gain BUT, it lacks

hardiness and has

weak feet, pastern and legs.

Large White

white meat type

medium erect ears curved back fast growing and good

feed converter highly prolific/

productive

excellent milkers its carcass is suited

for bacon production

not adapted in rugged conditions

Hampshire

black meat type of

pig with white belted body from the shoulder to the front

legs. smaller in size with

strong, short legs and

erect ears. prolific and shows

good mothering

ability adapted to rugged

conditions.

2

Berkshire

black with six white

points medium size erect ears medium size with long

the carcass quality is excellent

guilt is not prolific,

poor in feed efficiency and average daily gain (ADG)

Duroc

meat type, red pig

(gold to yellow) small forward ears,

2/3 erect and 1/3

hanging good body constitution strong legs

good mothering ability fast grower, good

milker and prolific

adapts well to rugged conditions

Pietrain

very meaty type with

spotted black and

white color well shaped hams, loin

and shoulders

ears are erect slow grower (poor

feed conversion)

highly susceptible to stress

Pietrain is only good in

crosses but not as purebred

Recommendations:

Sow Line Landrace and Large

White

Boar Line

Duroc, Pietrain, and

Large White Fattener Production

Cross between Land-race and Large White (F1) and Duroc is used

3

SELECTING STOCKS

In the selection of stocks, the following should be considered:

Criteria for Selection

Ideal Weight

White pigs should be

12-15kg (45 days

from birth) while the

native pigs must be

10kg (90 days)

Shinny haircoat

4

GAIT

no swaying swaying of rear

parts

CLAWS

evenly unevenly

LEGS PASTERN

correct steep low angle

Select an area that has

enough space for better ventilation, sunlight and fresh air

With good drainage Accessible to forages or

grasses and other plants

as sources of indigenous feeds

Building a Pig House

Factors to Consider in Selecting a Pig Farm

Consider available

resources in the area, especially for backyard pig production

Constructing Floor

2. Fill it with mixture of 100

kilograms of ricehull or sawdust, 10 kilograms of soil, and 2 kilograms of salt.

HOUSING

Pig house should be designed

and constructed properly for good health and well-being of pigs, obtain maximum

performance and savings in labor cost.

3. Spray bedding with

indigenous microorganism (IMO) or Effective Microorganism Activated

Solution (EMAS) to enhance microorganisms.

5

Roofing

Select the kind of roofing

materials that will keep the temperature low. Aluminum roofing reflects most of the

temperature of the sun while Nipa, Anahaw or Cogon have a very good insulating

capacity.

Constructing a Roof Roofing height from the

floor is atleast two

meters, especially if roofing materials are local materials.

For galvanized iron (GI) sheets, it should be three meters from the floor

Keep area

clean, dry

and safe

6

Safety Net:

Spray EMAS to suppress foul odor.

Spraying of EMAS is important to minimize the growth of detrimental

microorganisms especially during decomposition period.

What is EMAS?

EMAS stands for Effective Microorganism Activated Solution

•EMAS can be used for many purposes in the same way as EM-1.

•Microbial activity is higher than EM-1 if

How to make EMAS

1 liter EM-1 1 liter molasses

28 liters water

Mix the materials well and pour the mixture into the air-tight container.

Open the plastic bottle once, in the morning to exude the gas.

Pigpen In constructing pigpen,

consider a space of 1 square

meter per animal. Example, an area of 3 meters x 8 meters can accommodate 20-

25 pigs Partition can be concrete or

slatted. It should be 1-meter

high. Distance between the floor

and the horizontal bottom

bar is 10 cm The vertical bars should have

a distance of 8cm.

Pen partition

1.0 m

8 cm

L

Basic housing

Consider proper management of manure and urine In establishing pig beddings. It can be harvested as compost after slaughtering or marketing the pigs.

7

Feed Trough Long feed trough is the

most common equipment used in feeding.

Feed troughs should be designed and constructed properly so that feed

wastage will be reduced, have a minimum rate of feed flow and will not be

blown by the wind. Feed troughs can hold

sufficient feeds

It must be constructed with feeding grills so that pigs will not rest on it that may

cause contamination.

Equipment and Tools

Waterer/Nipple

Types of Nipples Bite Nipple

It should be installed in the dunging area or at the back of the pen to

keep the sleeping area of the pigs clean and dry.

The required minimum

supply of water is one

to two liters per minute for bigger animals while for weaners, it is

0.50 - 0.60 liter per minute.

Feeding Grill

Automatic drinkers or nipples

are better because it reduce water spillage and wastage.

Doors and Alleys

Doors can be made out of iron bars, bamboo or galvanized iron (GI) pipes

with at least 0.6 meter. Alleys should be wide

enough (1.2-1.5m) for

easy movement during feeding.

8

Bite Nipple

Types of Rearing Complete Confinement

1 m2/head space Deep litter floor

Spray materials w/ EM weekly

Add materials when

needed

Combination of Complete

Animals stay in pens and pasture alternately depending on their growth

stage Confine sow and litter for

2-3 weeks

For breeders and grower paddocks, feeding is done in pens

Place drinkers in strategic location

Open or Free Range

Pigs are pastured for

foraging They are provided with

shed with feeding

materials and drinkers strategically located in the range

Push Nipple

It should be

installed 8-cm

above the feeding trough with required

minimum supply of water of one

liter per minute.

9

FEEDING SYSTEM

Feeding is based on

nutritional requirements of

pigs in

different

growth

stages.

It can be

divided into

three (3)

stages based on weight such

as starter, grower and

finisher stage.

Roughage maintains a

healthy gut and improves

digestion, induces foraging

and making them more

active. It reduces possible

Basic Feeding System Restricted Feeding - the

amount of feed given is controlled or limited just to meet the minimum

requirement of the pig. Ad Libitum Feeding -

this is feeding without restriction and feed is

always available for the pigs

Combination of Ad Libitum and Restricted Feeding - pigs are fed ad libitum

until they reach the weight of 50 kg and feeding is restricted until they reach

the market age.

Feeding Methods Wet Feeding - feed is

mixed with water

Dry Feeding - dry feed is directly given to pigs

Fermented feeding -

natural feed is mix with fermented juices and fermented for at least 12

hours

Natural Feed Formulation Procedure

A. Binugbog

It is a cooked natural feed formulation compose of cracked corn, rice bran,

broken rice or binlid, taro or grasses and tinapa head. This is given during the growing

stage of the pig

Steps in Preparing Binugbog 1. Chop grasses or any

green leaves like kangkong, and/or gabi;

10

B. Fermented Grasses/Fodder Silage

1. Collect young fodders, grasses or weeds. Wash with clean water.

2. Put in a drum, add 1 kg mollases, 60 ml effective micro-organism activated

solution (EMAS) and 1o kg rice bran.

3. Mix thoroughly and cover tightly.

4. Ferment for seven days. Afterwhich, the fermented grasses or fodder silage is

ready for feeding.

2. Boil enough amount of water in a pot;

3. Add available energy

source such as chopped cassava, corn, broken rice and rice bran then boil;

4. Add the protein source such as fish meal (tinapa head) or grated coconut

then continue boiling until cooked;

5. Mix thoroughly. Add

water if needed;

6. When the mixture is cooked, add chopped grasses and green leaves

and mix thoroughly. Remove the pot from fire immediately. Do not

overcook the leaves;

7. Remove the cover

and let it cool;

11

8. Give as ration to pigs three times a day.

Cooked feeds must be consumed within the day.

Give pigs protein rich

plants like Rensonii,

Indigofera and

Trichantera Gigantea

Ingredients

(100 kg ration)

Amount

STARTER GROWER FINISHER

Fish Meal (Tinapa head)

15.5 11 5.5

Corn grits 12 13.5 14

Kamote 8.5 9 9.5

Molasses 4 4.5 5

D1 60 62 66

Vitamins: FAA/FFJ/FPJ

2liters 2.5liters 3liters

Minerals: Salt 1 kg 1kg 1kg

Probiotics: EMAS 500ml 500 500

Water (in the absence of concoctions/vitamins)

2 liters 2.5 liters 3 liters

Ration 700g – 1 kg 50% AM 50% PM

Vegetable snack 1x/day

12nn

1.5 – 1.8 kg 50% AM 50% PM

Vegetable snack 2x/day

(AM & PM)

2.5 – 3 kg 50% AM 50% PM

Vegetable snack - un-

limited

C. Natural Feed Mix Prepare the following

ingredients (Please refer to the table below for the ratio)

Rice bran/darak ( D1) Corn grits

Kamote tops

12

Tinapa head Salt EMAS

Chop plant parts Powderize tinapa head

Mix all ingredients Add EMAS Put in a container and

ferment for seven days

Shifting Feeding System from Conventional to

Natural Feeds

Age of Pigs

Conventional-

Natural Feeds

Ratio

1st week

(61-67 days)

70:30

2nd week

(68-74 days)

50:50

3rd week

(75-81 days)

30:70

4th week

(82-180 days)

0:100

GROUP SOURCE

Energy Source

Corn Grits,

kamote, molasses,

rice bran/ darak

(D1)

Protein source Soybean meal,

taro or gabi leaf,

madre de agua,

Vitamin and

Mineral Source

Fermented Plant/

Fruit Juice, Fish

Amino Acid. Kuhol

Amino Acid, Salt,

ngalug, kang-

kong, kamote

tops, vegetable

trimmings

13

Microbial Fermentation Benefits

Promotes healthy growth of pigs

Can potentially replaces

antibiotic inclusion in feeds Influences bacteria

ecology of the

gastrointestinal tract Reduces the level of

enterobacteriaceae in the

digestive tract

Plant Ingredient s for Natural Feed Mix

Protect the health of the pigs as well as the consumers through alternative ways. This

will likewise lessen the cost of production.

Use herbs in managing the health of the pigs. Use recommended healthy parts

of herbs like: Seeds from fully ripe fruits

Whole fruit harvested before maturity

Young leaves

Flower buds Underground parts

collected before flowering

Pointers in Using Herbs

Treat one disease with one plant at a time

Use earthen material for

cooking or boiling Do not cover pots to

release toxins

Decoctions are effective for 8-12 hours only

As general rule, leaves/

blossoms are boiled for 10 minutes, while bark, roots, seeds or fruits are boiled

for 30 minutes Discontinue use if no

improvement in 1-2 days

HEALTH MANAGEMENT For Treating Diseases For cough, give pig with

decoction of the following plants:

Lagundi Leaves

Alagao Leaves

Eucalyptus Leaves

Oregano Leaves

Tamarind Leaves

Ginger rhizomes

Mango Tops 14

For arthritis, apply crushed, ginger rhizomes, chili pepper

fruits, Herbabuena, Basil and Lantana leaves with oil and poultice.

To wash wounds, use decoction of leaves of guava, tamarind, duhat

and/or Damong Maria

Ginger Rhizomes

Chili Pepper

Herba Buena Leaves

Basil Leaves

Lantana Leaves

For superficial bleeding, apply extracted juice of gatas-gatas leaves,

malunggay leaves or ulasiman stem and leaves

Gatas-gatas Leaves Ulasiman Stem/ Leaves

Duhat Leaves

Damong Maria Leaves

For scabies and itchiness, apply extracted juice of madre de cacao leaves,

makabuhay stem/leaves and malunggay leaves

Madre cacao Leaves

Makabuhay Stem/ Leaves

15

16

For intestinal worms, roast half a glass of dried seeds of ipil-ipil, pulverize and

mix in the feeds

For diarrhea, give pigs two glasses of buko juice mixed with two glasses of water,

one tablespoon of sugar and 1/4 teaspoon of salt

Ipil-ipil

To arrest discharge, give pigs with concoctions of guava leaves, cogon roots,

avocado and star apple leaves. Dice 1/2 kilo leaves or 1/2 kilo cogon

roots, add two glasses of water, bring to a boil. Let it cool and strain. Divide

into four parts. Administer every three hours

For ringworm and other foot problems, apply extracted cowpea seeds

and leaves, Acapulco leaves and/or garlic cloves

Cowpea Seeds/

Leaves

Acapulco Leaves

Buko Juice

Sugar

Salt

To improve appetite, feed pigs with Malunggay leaves, and/

or Camote /Kangkong tops

Guava Leaves

Star apple/

REFERENCE: A Module on Low-Cost Swine Production.

Imelda M. Guillermo/Rosalinda B. Lucero ATI-RTC 02 San Mateo and Cabagan, Isabela

A Module on Sustainable Pig Farming Maurieann M. Turingan, DVM ATI-RTC 02 San Mateo and Cabagan, Isabela

PHOTOS BY:

Imelda M. Guillermo/Jhimcelle Salvador ATI-RTC 02 San Mateo and Cabagan, Isabela

EDITORIAL STAFF

Writer: CLARIS M. ALASKA, DPA Writer/Layout Artist: VLADIMIR B. CALIGUIRAN Technical Editors: IMELDA M. GUILLERMO ROSALINDA B. LUCERO MAURIEANN M. TURINGAN, DVM Editor-in-Chief: MA. NORMA G. MADDALORA Consultants: IMELDA M. GUILLERMO Training Center Superintendent I RENATO A. MAGUIGAD Center Director

Produced by:

Agricultural Training Institute Regional Training Center Region 02

Malasin, San Mateo, Isabela/ ISU Compound, Garita, Cabagan, Isabela

www.e-extension.gov.ph www.ati-da.gov.ph/ati-2 ati_region2@yahoo.com