where did the elements come from? section 4.4. natural and synthetic elements not all elements are...

Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4

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Where Did the Elements Come From?

Section 4.4

Natural and Synthetic Elements

• Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of the stars

• Synthetic elements have been created by man

Page 3: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Stars

• Big bang THEORY• Explosions

• Temperature only E could exist

• Cooling matter produced

Page 4: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Nuclear Reactions

• Rxn involving a change in the composition of the nucleus of an atom

• Centers of stars, H nuclei fused to form He

• Nuclear fision takes place at extremely high temps

Page 5: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Stars

• As H is used up, the star shrinks and becomes hot

• This causes He to fuse and form elements with higher atomic numbers

• Fe and Ni are the largest formed by this (believed to be in Earth’s core)

Page 6: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

The Sun

• When this happens in a sun sized star, it collapses and expands as a red giant

• When this forms, other parts of nuclei are produced and larger elements than Fe and Ni are produced

Page 7: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Artificial Elements

• Transmutation – the process of changing one nucleus into another by radioactive disintegration or bombardment w/ other particles

Page 8: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Transmutations

• Transmutation rxns were discovered by bombarding elements with alpha particles

• Cyclotron – device that shoots charged particles with E pulses at elements

Page 9: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Synchrotron

• Used to create superheavy elements

• Particles in cyclotron can only reach max speed until it arrives for the next pulse too late.

Page 10: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Synchrotron

• Matches the acceleration of the particles

• Accelerates fewer types of particles but reaches higher E than a cyclotron

Page 11: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Superheavy Elements

• When particles interact head on, they allow massive nuclei to interact and create superheavy elements.

• SHE = element with atomic # higher than 106

Page 12: Where Did the Elements Come From? Section 4.4. Natural and Synthetic Elements Not all elements are found on Earth – some were found in the spectra of

Superheavy Elements

• Some of these elements last only for a few seconds.

• When meitnerium was created, it lasted for only 0.0034 seconds.

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