wheels and castors catalogue

WHEELS ANDCASTORS

www.brauer.co.uk

CALL US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 374022 OR FAX US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 641628CALL US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 374022 OR FAX US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 641628

INTRODUCTION

Brauer Wheels and Castors was established in 1926 and for over 80 years has been designingand manufacturing the very best in quality wheels and castors in materials from nylon throughto stainless steel. Today Brauer Wheels and Castors are found throughout the world inapplications as industrially diverse as the nuclear industry to agricultural machinery.

Over the years we have developed the knowledge and expertise to help solve any wheel orcastor related enquiries. Our design team is second to none in the design of wheels andcastors to meet any requirement the customer may have. The skills inherent in our designengineering team are supported by the latest computer aided design facilities including 3dimensional feature based parametric solid modelling and finite element analysis. Thesefeatures ensure we maintain our pre-eminent position as the No 1 designer and manufacturerof industrial wheels and castors.

Link this with the experience and support of our internal and external sales engineers and you willsee that when it comes to industrial wheels and castors there is only one company to work with.

Whether you require a standard catalogue item from stock, a simple non-standard version of astandard wheel/castor or a complete wheel and axle/castor assembly specially designed for yourspecific requirement, you can be sure that Brauer Wheels and Castors will meet your needs.

Heavithane is a registered trade mark of Brauer Ltd.

Brauer Ltd reserves the right to change the design or specification of the products shown in this catalogue without prior notification.

APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES 6 - 18

DESIGN SERVICE OUTLINE AND DATA 18 - 31

WHEELS & AXLE ASSEMBLIES 32 - 92

11WEB: www.brauer.co.uk EMAIL: [email protected]: www.brauer.co.uk EMAIL: [email protected]

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Steel Single FlangedRail Wheels Page 33 - 35

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SSF

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-600

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975-30900Kg

Cast Iron Single FlangedRail Wheels Page 36 - 38

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CSF

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-2300Kg

Steel Double FlangedRail Wheels Page 39 - 42

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SDF

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-600

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350-30900Kg

Cast Iron Double FlangedRail Wheels Page 43 - 44

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CDF

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650-2300Kg

Steel Flat TreadRail Wheels Page 45 - 47

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SFT

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-600

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2300-46300Kg

Steel V GroovedWheels Page 54 - 55

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SVT

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800-7100Kg

Polyurethane TyredSingle-flangedRail Wheels Page 56 - 57

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SFH

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-200

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450-1400Kg

Cast Nylon Flat TreadWheels Page 50 - 51

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NFT

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-400

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2350-7850Kg

Nylon DoubleFlanged Wheels Page 52 - 53

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NFT

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-400

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960-4770Kg

Cast Iron Flat TreadRail Wheels Page 48 - 49

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CFT

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200-4000Kg

22 WEB: www.brauer.co.uk EMAIL: [email protected]: www.brauer.co.uk EMAIL: [email protected]

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Polyurethane TyredWheels Page 68 - 73

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-460

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300-5200Kg

Material HandlingTruck Wheels Page 74

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-350

Polyurethane Press-On-BandTyred Wheels Page 81 - 84

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PH

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-500

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000-4800Kg

WHEELS & AXLE ASSEMBLIES (continued) 32 - 92

Cast Iron UntryedWheels Page 64 - 67

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-350

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400-5700Kg

Single Flange I Beam& Channel Wheels -Radius Tread Page 59

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SFR & SSFR

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-175

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160-1500Kg

Rail Page 60 - 63

Single Flange I Beam& Channel Wheels -Flat Tread Page 58

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SSFF

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-200

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370-2000Kg

Guide Rollers Page 75 - 78

Series . . . . . . . Vulkollan 90 & Vulkollan 59

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-125

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-260Kg

ElectricalConductive Page 79 - 80

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vulkollan C

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-300

Load Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . On Application


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Rubber TyredWheels Page 85 - 86

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-200

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-400Kg

Rubber TyredPress-on Band Page 87

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PR

Band Dia Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380-460

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240-1470Kg

Untyred NylonWheels Page 88

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-250

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80-2000Kg

WHEELS & AXLE ASSEMBLIES (continued) 32 - 92

H7 TOLERANCE

GRUB SCREWS

ANTI-HYDROLYSIS TO POLYURETHANE

FLAT TREAD OPTIONS

THROUGH AXLE GREASE (TAG)

CROWN TREAD ON POLY WHEELS

FLAME HARDENING

AVAILABLE ADDITIONS TO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

Axle Brackets Page 89

Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . Up To 20000Kg

Twin Wheel Axle Assemblies Page 90

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A


Single Wheel Axle Assemblies Page 91

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BA


Cantilevered StubAxle Assemblies Page 92

Series .....................................................CA

Wheel Dia .............................Up To 1100Kg

44 CALL US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 374022 OR FAX US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 641628CALL US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 374022 OR FAX US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 641628

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Pneumatic Tyred CastorTwin Wheel Page 96

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TQZ

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 4200Kg

Pneumatic Tyred CastorSingle Wheel Page 95

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WG

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535


INDUSTRIAL CASTORS 93 - 111

GG Series with Various WheelsSwivel load Rating 1500Kg Page 105

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GG

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-250

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450-1500Kg

Pivoting Castors Page 97

Designed to Order

Load Range Up to and exceeding 200 Tonne

TWG Series with Various WheelsSwivel load Rating 3000Kg Page 103

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TWG

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 -3000Kg

WG Series with Various WheelsSwivel load Rating 3000Kg Page 104

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WG

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900-3000Kg

UHQZ Series with VariousWheelsSwivel load Rating 12000Kg Page 99

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UHQZ

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350-500

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6400-12000Kg

HQZ Series with Various WheelsSwivel load Rating 7300Kg Page 100

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HQZ

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-3805

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6200-7300Kg

TQZ Series with Various WheelsSwivel load Rating 5100Kg Page 101

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TQZ

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000-5100Kg

QZ Series with Various WheelsSwivel load Rating 4200Kg Page 102

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QZ

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-380

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3100-4200Kg


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Floor Locks Page 111

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FL

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-150

F Series with Various WheelsFixed or Swivel Page 110

Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FS

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63-150

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120-360Kg

LG Series with PolyurethaneTyred Wheel Page 106

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LG

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125-150

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400-600Kg

H Series with PolyurethaneTyred Wheel Swivel Page 109

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HS

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500-1500Kg

H Series with PolyurethaneTyred Wheel Fixed Page 109

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HF

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-300

Load Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500-1500Kg

2500Kg Jacking Unit Page 107

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JU2500

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-300


1000Kg Jacking Unit Page 108

Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JU1000

Wheel Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-250


INDUSTRIAL CASTORS (continued) 93 - 111


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77CALL US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 374022 OR FAX US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 641628CALL US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 374022 OR FAX US AT: 00 44 (0)1908 641628

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Applications and Examples

Brauer Ltd manufactured according tothe design specification of J Murphyand Sons Limited, Gas pipe tunneltrollies for the gas ring mainimprovement to the west of Londonfrom Harefield to Southall for theNational Grid.

The gas pipe is required to bepush/pulled into position andstatically supported whilst empty(565kg/m), until the tunnel annulus isfilled, the trollies must also supportthe pipe when filled with water tosupport hydro testing (1735kg/m)

The 4 sections of the tunnel havelengths of 974m, 756m, 505m and207m respectively and the totalimprovement section is 27 kilometres

The bored tunnel of concrete sectionwas 2.2m diameter and the gas pipewithin this tunnel was 1.2m diameterleaving very limited space betweenthe two, so the gas pipe supportingtrollies had to be small enough toenter this gap between the pipe andthe tunnels walls but have very highloading capacity to take the gas pipeas it was pulled/pushed into the outertunnel. The rail system for the trollieswas laid on a bed of silicon sand.

Brauer Ltd provided a total solution of88 low height / high load capacitytrollies which ranged from 10,000Kgeach to 22,000Kg each.


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7600 tonne, 32 meterdiameter, pipe laying turntablerunning on 330 steel doubleflange rail wheels fitted withself-lubricating bushes andstainless steel shafts. Tread diameter 450mm.Tread width 112mm wide with crown profile to assisttracking. Tread and inner flange flamehardened to ensure a servicewear life in excess of sevenyears.


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This ship mounted pipe laying turntablewhich is running on three rings of taperedtread steel wheels mounted in a fixedframe. The wheels and frame are finished inmarine specification paint. Total weightwhen loaded is 600 tonnes with each wheeland bracket capable of carrying 50 tonnes.

Ship mounted cable and pipe carousels usedin the offshore wind farm, renewable energyand energy supply industries loaded capacitiesbetween 2,500 tonnes to 15,000 tonnes


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A ship lift and transfer dock system forremoving ships from the sea and thentransferring ships around the dock for repairand maintenance to take place. Three sizes ofwheels are used througout the dock.

Rated LoadSDF 450/95/TBM75FH + AXLE 25500 Kg

SDF 350/85/TBM75FH + AXLE 19500 Kg

SDF 250/80/TBM50FH + AXLE 13000 Kg

FH = Flame Hardened

The SDF 250 and 350 being primarily used onthe ship lift trolley with the SDF 450 mainly onthe transfer system. The wheels have beensimplified and redesigned to ensure longer life,easier installation and lower maintenance.


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Multi-pivoting, dual purpose castor with directionalswivel top plate. Fitted with 4 steel double flange railwheels, 450mm tread diameter and 90mm tread widthand 8 anti-hydrolysis polyurethane tyred wheels,505mm tread diameter and 150mm tread width.All axles are ground stainless steel running in selflubricating nylon bushes.

Load Ratinga) When mounted on rail and running on the double

flange wheels 160 tonne per castor assembly.b) When running on polyurethane tyred wheels 76.8

tonne per castor assembly.

Wheel and axle assemblies used in a rotating drumapplication. Given the extreme conditions and highloadings involved the wheels and axles have beenspecifically designed to the customers requirements thatdemand flat tread wheels with axles that are capable oftaking a load in excess of 75 tonnes.

The wheels shown are SFT600/250/KM150 with an axle150mm reducing to 100mm for the bearing housing.


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These special 28tonne and 42tonne pivot castorswere designed to be used on 115 tonne capacityelectro-mechanically controlled Portal Stands

The portal stands are used inthe support of the wire tensioncable as part of a steel ropemanufacturing process.

The machines to carry out this process weremanufactured in England and then exported to theSteel Wire Rope and Tension Cable Manufacturingcompany in Scandinavia.


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Access Gantry on Severn Bridge

Polyurethane tyred drive wheel. Tread diameter 500mm. Tread width 100mm.Maximum radial load capacity 50KN. Tyre 95-98 Shore A hardness directly bonded to aluminium grade BS1471-6082 - T6 centre tosignificantly reduce the weight for ease of handling. Aluminium anodised to prevent corrosion. Stainless steel hub bored and keywayed withinterface between stainless steel hub and aluminium centre coated to prevent electrolytic action.

Access Gantry on Second Severn Bridge

Polyurethane tyred wheel fitted with spherical roller bearings. Tread diameter500mm. Tread width 100mm. Maximum radial load capacity 50KN. Tyre 95-98Shore A hardness directly bonded to aluminium grade BS1471-6082-T6 centreto significantly reduce the weight for ease of handling. Aluminium anodised toprevent corrosion.


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Fixed castor fitted with 686mm diameter EN24T steel wheel with composite PTFE bush running on ground stainless steel axle. Castor loading capacity 200 tonne.

Pivoting castor with swivel head fitted with twoEN24T single flange rail wheels complete with

wheel brakes. Tread diameter 280mm.

Tread width 87.5mm. Tread flame hardened.

Maximum load rating per castor 45000Kg.

Swing bridge on Caledonian Canal

at Fort Augustus


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Bridge scraper forrectangularsettlement tank

Steel double flangerail wheels SDF450/80

Half Bridge scraper for

rotary settlement tank

Both drive and trailingwheels standardpolyurethane tyredwheels H300/75 boredand keywayed.


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Wheels and axles supplied forthe maintenace of dryertransfer cars for brickmanufacturing plant. Brauersupplied complete wheel andaxle assemblies thatcomprised Steel DoubleFlanged and Steel Flat TreadWheels.

In addition to the applicationshown Brauer have beeninstrumental in thereplacement of wheels andongoing maintenace of severalother key areas of the plant.The solutions provided havehelped to solve certainirritating problems andremoved unnecessarydowntime on the productionline resulting in considerablesavings to the company.

Drum supported onfour twin wheel axle

assemblies eachconsisting of two

polyurethane Press-on-Band tyred wheels

PH460/75 fitted to amodified BA75 axle

assembly

Drum supportedon four pivoting

castors eachfitted with two

polyurethanetyred wheels

H200/60.

Aggregate Screening

Machine


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Wheel options of Cast Iron,Steel or AluminiumVulkollan superiorpolyurethane is used as thestandard tyre material.Tyrescan be produced withcrown/dome treads to suitspecific applications.Bore options available forall standard wheels fittedwith precisionbearings.Operatingtemperature range -20C to+60C.Hardness of tyre of92 3 shore A.


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Our Design Service

We offer a comprehensive design,engineering and manufacturing service toresolve your application problem eitherfrom our extensive range of standardproducts or products specifically designedfor the application

Wheels and castors designed to suit any environment.

Computer aided design facilities include 3 dimensional feature basedparametric solid modelling and finite element analysis.

Life calculations for steel rail wheels.

Non-standard wheels can often be designed from our extensive stock ofcastings, blanks, and part-machined and tyred wheels.

Wheels, axle assemblies and castors can be designed andmanufactured to suit any loading and in most materials includingstainless steel, aluminium, titanium, nickel chromium alloys, etc.

Polyurethane tyres can be bonded onto most metal centres includingaluminium, titanium, stainless steel and various ferrous andnon-ferrous alloys.

Polyester/Polyether Polymeric tyre compounds can be produced inNapthalene Diisocyanate (N.D.I), Toluene Diisocyanate (T.D.I) andDiphenylmethane Diisocyanate (M.D.I).

All types of bearing and bushes can be incorporated into the design.

Steel wheels and fabrications can be plated in blue or gold zincpassivation, cadmium, electroless nickel, chrome, etc. or finished toany paint specification.

Non-destructive testing such as X Ray, ultrasonic or magneticparticle detection is available on request.

What We Offer...

EMAIL [email protected] OR COPY, COMPLETE AND SENDTO US THE APPLICATION DATA FORM OPPOSITE


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Application Data Form(use to get you started, or fill it in and send it back to us)

ApplicationDescription of applicationNo. of wheels per assemblyTotal weight of assembly KgIs the load evenly distributedRadial load per wheel KgAxial load per wheel KgFunction of wheel Driving Steering SupportingRunning Surface Concrete Tarmac Steel Plate

Rail Other (specify)Rail type Useable rail width mmSpeed of wheel rpm KphFrequency of use (hour per day) (cycles per day)Service life required hoursEnvironment Temperature deg C Dusty Humid %

(if over 110 deg C see below)Immersed in water Other (specify)

Rotating DrumDrum mass KgCharge mass KgDrum diameter mmDrum Speed rpm KphWheel angle from vert C/L deg

WheelStyle of wheel Tyred Flat tread Single flange

Double flangeWheel dimensions Tread dia mm Tread width mm Hub width

Axle diaWheel material Carbon or alloy steel Cast Iron Stainless Steel

Other (specify)Finish Steel (air dry oil) Cast Iron (black etch primer)

Other (specify)

BoreDiameter mm Brauer to defineBearing requirements Bearing Bush Plain boreBearing type Ball Taper roller Spherical roller

Sealed Other (specify)Bush type Plain bronze Self lub. Nylon

Other (specify)Greasing requirement Through wheel Through axle Sealed for life

None

AxleAre axle or axle brackets required?Axle type A style BA style CA style

SFR style Castor style Other (specify)Axle material Standard (En16 type) Other (specify)

CastorIs a castor assembly required?Castor type? (specify)Top plate flatnessFinish Fabrication (black etch primer)

High Temperature ApplicationWhere the working temperature is to exceed 110 deg C, the following data should be provided.Type of bearing required Plain bearing (bush) Flanged bush Ball bearingMaximum working temp deg CIs the wheel working (rotating) at this temperature under full load?Does the wheel work at a lower temperature, but remains static under load at max temperature?What period of time does the wheel remain under load at the maximum temperature?

Maintenance Free? Grease Free?

NAME: POSITION IN COMPANY:

COMPANY NAME AND ADDRESS:

TELEPHONE NO. FAX NO. EMAIL

2020 WEB: www.brauer.co.uk EMAIL: [email protected]: www.brauer.co.uk EMAIL: [email protected]

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Design Service Index

Contents

1.0 Specification For Standard Wheels & Castors..............................................................................21

2.0 Untyred Wheels ............................................................................................................................21

3.0 Rubber Tyred Wheels ...................................................................................................................213.1 Load Rating ...........................................................................................................................213.2 Resistance to Chemicals ............................................................................................................21

4.0 Cast Nylon Wheels .......................................................................................................................224.1 resistance to chemicals .............................................................................................................22

5.0 Polyurethane Tyred Wheels ..........................................................................................................225.1 Load Rating ...........................................................................................................................225.2 Resistance to Chemicals ............................................................................................................23

6.0 Rail Wheels ..................................................................................................................................236.1 Approximation of Allowable Load (catalogue items) ............................................................................236.2 Calculation of Allowable Load - Steel and S.G. Iron Rail Wheels ..........................................................24-256.3 Calculation of Allowable Load - Cast Iron Rail Wheels ..........................................................................266.4 Surface Hardening ...................................................................................................................266.5 Flange Strength.......................................................................................................................26

7.0 Bearing and Seal Arrangements - Non Standard..........................................................................267.1 Selection of Bearings ................................................................................................................267.2 Bearing Seals .........................................................................................................................27

8.0 Inertial and Rolling Resistance.....................................................................................................278.1 Rolling Friction .......................................................................................................................278.2 Bearing Friction.......................................................................................................................288.3 Inertial Resistance ...................................................................................................................28

9.0 Traction - Coefficients of Friction .................................................................................................28

10.0 Load Calculations for Wheels Supporting and/or Driving Drums.................................................28

11.0 Keyway Dimensions .....................................................................................................................29

12.0 Reference Tables and Conversion Factors....................................................................................2912.1 Steel Hardness / Tensile Strength..................................................................................................2912.2 Tensile Strength of Heat Treated Steels ...........................................................................................2912.3 Useful Conversion Factors ..........................................................................................................29

13.0 Castors .........................................................................................................................................3013.1 Castor Arrangement ............................................................................................................30-3113.2 Load Rating ...........................................................................................................................3113.3 Manual Propulsion ...................................................................................................................3113.4 Power Towing ........................................................................................................................31

Important Note Whilst due care has been taken in compiling the following information, Brauer cannot guarantee itsdetailed accuracy, and will not accept responsibility for the results of use of any data which issubsequently found to be inaccurate.

Design Data

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1.0 Specification For Standard Wheels & Castors

1. Plain bore tolerances are +0.05 / -0 mm.2. Standard tolerances on width and diameter 0.25 mm except tyred wheels which are 1.00mm.3. Wheels are fitted with grease nipples, other than plain bore keywayed wheels, nylon, nylon centred wheels, or wheels of 75, 100 or 125

diameter. Wheels fitted with ball journal bearings up to 40 mm bore may be without grease nipples if fitted with double shielded bearings.4. Wheels of 75, 100 or 125 diameter fitted with ball journal bearings have pre-lubricated shielded bearings.5. All wheels supplied with ball journals, other than those of 75, 100 or 125 diameter, have bearings with a single shield fitted to the outer side

unless otherwise stated. Wheels fitted with ball journal bearings up to 40 mm bore may be fitted with double shielded bearings. 6. All wheels with ball or roller bearings, other than those fitted with pre-lubricated double shielded ball journals, are supplied un-greased to

avoid contamination during shipment.7. All wheels fitted with ball journals have a central spacer between the bearings to allow them to be clamped to an axle abutment shoulder

without pre-loading the bearings.8. Taper roller bearings are supplied with the outer race (cup) press fitted, and the inner cone and roller assembly, together with metal shields,

supplied loose.9. All cast wheels are finished in one coat self-etching black primer paint.10. Fully machined wheels or axles from billet, or barstock, are protected by a coat of air-drying oil.11. Pressed steel castor brackets are finished in bright zinc electroplating to BS1706.12. Fabricated castor brackets are finished in one coat of self-etching black primer paint.13. Key ways are produced to Wheels in house standard tolerances.

2.0 Untyred WheelsWhen less than the full tread width is used to carry the load, the allowable load can be determined as follows:-

Allowable load = Load carrying width x Maximum Load Rating (per catalogue)Full tread width (per catalogue)

3.0 Rubber Tyred Wheels

3.1 LOAD RATING.The Maximum Load Rating given for each rubber tyred wheel is the maximum load the wheel will carry in constant use under the followingconditions:

a) the wheel is free-wheeling (not driving) d) the surface on which the wheel runs is flat and smooth (i.e steel or smooth concrete)b) the ambient temperature is below 30 degrees C. e) that the wheel is not steering or subjected to axial loadsc) the surface speed does not exceed 6 kph f) no chemical is present which will attack rubber (see 3.2)

For more severe conditions than those described above refer to Brauer for the allowable load, or consider polyurethane tyred wheels.

3.2 RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALSA = little or no effectB = moderate effectC = severe effect

Acetic Acid 20% CAcetone CAmmonium hydroxide CBarium hydroxide BBenzene CBorax ABoric Acid AButane CCalcium bisulphite C Calcium chloride ACalcium hydroxide BCarbon dioxide ACarbon monoxide CCarbon tetrachloride CCastor oil BChlorine CChromic acid CCottonseed oil CCyclohexane CEthyl acetate CEthyl alcohol A

Formaldehyde CFormic acid BFuel oil CGasoline CGlue BHydraulic oils CHydrochloric acid - cold AHydrochloric acid - 10% AHydrochloric acid - hot CHydrochloric acid - 30% + CHydrogen BIsopropyl ether CJP- 3 CJP -4 CKerosene CLinseed oil CMagnesium chloride AMagnesium hydroxide AMethyl alcohol AMethyl ethyl ketone CMercury A

Mineral oils CNaphtha CNaphthalene CNitric acid COil - lubricating CPalmic acid CPerchlorethylene CPhenol CPhosphoric acid 85% ASodium hydroxide CSoybean oil CSulphuric acid 10% ASulphuric acid 50% CTannic acid AToluene CTrichloroethylene CTurpentine CWater AXylene CZinc sulphate A

2121


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4.0 Cast Nylon Wheels4.1 RESISTANCE TO

CHEMICALSA = ExcellentB = GoodC = FairD = Severe effect

Acetic Acid D

Acetone A

Acetyl Bromide D

Alcohols:Butyl D

Ammonium Hydroxide A

Antifreeze D

Asphalt A

Barium Hydroxide A

Beer A

Benzene A

Borax (Sodium Borate) A

Boric Acid B

Butane A

Calcium Chloride A

Calcium Hydroxide A

Calcium Sulfate D

Carbon Dioxide (dry) A

Carbon Monoxide A

Chloric Acid D

Chlorine Water C

Chromic Acid 10% D

Ethanol A

Ethyl Acetate A

Fluorine D

Formaldehyde 100% D

Formic Acid D

Fuel Oils A

Gasoline, leaded, ref. A

Glue, P.V.A. A

Hydraulic Oil (Petro) A

Hydrochloric Acid 20% D

Hydrogen Peroxide 10% C

Jet Fuel (JP3, JP4, JP5)C

Kerosene A

Lacquer Thinners A

Magnesium Chloride A

Magnesium Hydroxide B

Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) B

Motor oil A

Naphtha A

Naphthalene A

Nitric Acid (5-10%) D

Oils:Castor A

Oils:Creosote D

Oils:Soybean A

Ozone D

Perchloroethylene C

Phenol (10%) D

Sodium Hydroxide (50%) A

Sulfuric Acid (10-75%) D

Tannic Acid C

Tetrachloroethylene A

Toluene (Toluol) A

Trichloroethylene C

Water, Fresh A

Water, Salt A

Xylene A

Zinc Sulfate A

5.0 Polyurethane (Vulkollan) Tyred Wheels5.1 LOAD RATING AND FACTORS

The Maximum Load Rating given for each polyurethane tyred wheel is the maximum load the wheel will carry in intermittent use (a maximum of 1 hour running followed by a minimum of 1 hour at rest) under the following conditions:

a) the wheel is free-wheeling (not driving) d) the surface on which the wheel runs is flat and smooth (i.e steel or smoothconcrete)b) the ambient temperature is below 45 degrees C e) that the wheel is not steering or subjected to axial loadsc) the surface speed does not exceed 6 k.p.h. f) no chemical is present which will attack polyurethane (see 5.2)

For more severe conditions the Maximum Load Rating must be multiplied by the Load factor as follows:

Condition Load.FactorContinuous running 0.75Surface Speed 6-10 kph 0.8Surface Speed 10-16 kph 0.7Driving wheels 0.7

For speeds over 16 kph, for operating temperatures over 45 degrees C and below 20 degrees C, for humid conditions, and for curved runningsurfaces (i.e. in supporting rotating drums) refer to HMC-Brauer for the allowable load.

Load factors must cumulate, for example:A wheel with a maximum load rating of 1000kg is to be subjected to continuous running at 8kph in a driving application,

allowable load = 1000kg x 0.75 (continuous running factor) x 0.8 (speed factor) x 0.7 (driving factor) = 420kg.


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5.2 RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALSA = little or no effectB = moderate effectC = severe effect

6.0 Rail Wheels

6.1 APPROXIMATION OF ALLOWABLE LOAD FOR CATALOGUE ITEMSThe maximum Load Rating given for each rail wheel (types CSF, SSF,CDF,CFT and SFT) is the maximum load the wheelcan carry without permanent deformation and to give an acceptable service life when the full tread width is in contactwith the rail.

In practice full contact with the rail across the tread width is rarely achieved due to

a) Flange to rail clearance.b) Wheel overhangc) Rail corner radii

Allowable load capacities of catalogue items used on a given rail can be determined as follows:-

Allowable Load =useable Rail width (per 6.2.4 )

x maximum load rating (per catalogue)full tread width (per catalogue)

Note:i) The useable rail width (per para 6.2.4) takes into account the profile of the rail head, whether convex or flat.ii) The above applies to wheels with very light axial (flange) loads when fitted with bearings. Heavy axial loads will severely limit the radial

load carrying capacity of the bearings see 7.1iii) Maximum Load Ratings of catalogue items are based on PL = 0.52, C1=1.1, C2 = 0.9 for steel wheels, and PL = 0.15, C2 = 0.8 for cast

iron wheels - refer to 6.2 & 6.3 for relevant equations.

Acetic Acid 20% max BAcetone CAmmonia hydroxide ABarium hydroxide ABenzene CBorax ABoric Acid AButane ACalcium bisulphite A Calcium chloride ACalcium hydroxide ACarbon dioxide ACarbon monoxide ACarbon tetrachloride CCastor oil AChlorine CChromic acid CCopper Chloride ACopper Sulphate ACottonseed oil ACyclohexane AEthyl acetate CEthyl alcohol CEthylene glycol BFormaldehyde C

Formic acid CFuel oil BGasoline BGlue AHydraulic oils BHydrochloric acid - 20% max. BHydrochloric acid - 30%+ CHydrogen AIsopropyl ether BJP- 4 BJP -5 CJP - 6 CKerosene BKetone CLinseed oil B Magnesium chloride AMagnesium hydroxide AMercury AMethyl alcohol CMethyl ethyl CMineral oils ANaphtha BNaphthalene BNitric acid COils - lubricating B

Palmitic acid APerchlorethylene CPhenol CPhosphoric acid 70% APhosphoric acid 80%+ CPotassium hydroxide BSAE No. 10 Oil (70C) ASea water ASoap solutions ASodium hydroxide - 20% max. ASodium hydroxide - 45% max. BSodium hypochlorite C Soybean oil BStearic acid CSulphuric acid 10% max. ASulphuric acid 10%+ BSulphuric acid 50% CTannic acid AToluene CTrichloroethylene CTurpentine CWater (45C) AWater (100C) CXylene C

6.2 CALCULATION OF ALLOWABLE LOAD - STEEL OR S.G IRON RAIL WHEELSThe following equations can be used for wheels of up to 1.25m diameter of cast, rolled or forged steel, or S.G cast iron, to determine therelationship between:

i) wheel diameter ii) ultimate strength of wheel materialiii) load capacityiv) service lifev) the useable width of the railvi) speed of rotation of the wheel.

a) for the wheel to withstand the maximum static load to which it is subjected:

PL PS mean = PS mean

b x D x C1 max. x C2 max. b x D x 1.38

and

b) For the wheel to perform its specified duty without abnormal wear:

PL Pd mean

b x D x C1 x C2

Where: D = wheel diameter (mm)b = useable rail width (mm) see 6.2.4PL = limiting pressure (kgf/mm2) see 6.2.1C1 = a coefficient determined by r.p.m. see 6.2.2C1 max. = 1.2C2 = a coefficient determined by machine life and utilisation see 6.2.3C2 max. = 1.15PS mean = the mean static load to be withstood by the wheel (kg)

= 2Ps max. + Ps min.3

Pd mean = the mean dynamic load to be withstood by the wheel (kg)= 2Pd max. + Pd min.

3

6.2.1 Determining the limited pressure PL(as a function of the ultimate strengthof the metal of which the rail wheel ismade)

Notes: I) in the case of wheels heat treated to increase the surface hardness, the

value of PL is limited to that of the steel prior to surface treatment.

ii) The Limiting Pressure PL is a notional pressure determined bysupposing that the contact between wheel and rail takes place over asurface whose length is a diameter of the wheel, and width is theuseable rail width b.

6.2.2 Determining coefficient C1

ULTIMATE STRENGTH OFMETAL USED FOR RAIL

WHEEL N/MM2 (SEE NOTE I)

PLKgf/mm2

0.50

0.56

0.65

0.72

500

600

700

800

5.05.66.38.0

10.011.212.514.016.018.0

WHEEL ROTATIONALSPEED, R.P.M.

C1WHEEL ROTATIONAL

SPEED, R.P.M.C1

WHEEL ROTATIONALSPEED, R.P.M.

C1

1.171.161.151.141.131.121.111.101.091.07

20.022.425.028.031.535.540.045.050.056.0

1.061.041.031.021.000.990.970.960.940.92

63718090

100112125160200

0.910.890.870.840.820.790.770.720.66


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X BS 20 MX BS 30 MBS 35 MBS 35 RX BSC 40ACSE 40

X BS 50 OBS 60 R

X BS 60 ABS 70 ABS 75RBS 75ABS 80 OBS 80 RBS 80 ABS 90 RBS 90 ABS 95 ABS 95 N

BS 113 A

RAILSECTIONIDENTITY

RAIL TYPE

FLAT BOTTOM RAILS British

European

European

kg/m

SECTION WEIGHT

lb/yd HEIGHT A BASE BHEAD

WIDTH CWEB D RADIUS r

USABLEWIDTHb (mm)

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS (mm)

9.88114.78517.38717.36019.89020.09

24.83329.82230.61834.80737.04137.45539.78139.67439.76144.50645.09947.14246.95156.398

2030353540

40.550606070757580808090909595

113

65.0975.4180.9685.7388.1188.9

100.01114.30114.30123.82128.59128.59127.00133.35133.35142.88142.88147.64147.64158.75

55.5669.8576.2082.5580.5788.9

100.01109.54109.54111.12122.24114.30127.00127.00117.47136.53127.00141.29139.70139.70

30.9638.1042.8644.4545.6442.6052.3957.1557.1560.3261.9161.9163.5063.5063.5066.6766.6768.2669.8569.85

6.769.139.138.33

12.309.9

10.3211.1111.1112.3013.1012.7013.8913.4913.1013.8913.8914.2913.8920.00

6.357.927.927.929.137.948.739.539.539.53

11.1111.119.5311.1111.1112.7012.7012.7012.7012.70

22.4927.5432.3033.8933.4732.0240.7544.4444.4447.6147.1047.1050.7948.6948.6949.7449.7451.3352.9252.92

X BSC 13X BSC 16X BSC 20X BSC 28X BSC 35X BSC 50

S10S14S18S20S30

S41-10S49

UIC 54UIC 60

13.30616.02919.86128.62435.37550.179

26.7732.2539.9557.5871.16

100.00

48.054.055.567.076.076.0

92.0108.0127.0152.0160.0165.0

36.0044.5050.0050.0058.0058.50

11.0010.509.539.00

10.0010.00

14.0023.5030.9432.0038.0038.50

1014

18.319.8

30.0341.3849.3

54.4360.34

708093100108138149159172

58708282

108125125140150

32.0038.0043.0044.0060.3067.0067.0070.0072.00

69

1010

12.312.00

1416

16.5

6.008.008.009.008.00

13.0013.00

24.0027.3332.3332.0049.63

52.6754.67

BRIDGE RAILS British

X BSC 56X BSC 89

X BSC 101X BSC 164

58.80689.81

100.383166.83

114.27180.67201.94335.61

101.5114.0155.0150.0

171.0178.0165.0230.0

76.00102.00100.00140.00

9.5310.0010.0010.00

56.9482.0080.00120.00

A45A55A65A75

A100A120A150

22.131.843.156.274.3100

150.3

5565758595

105150

125150175200200220220

45.0055.00

6575100120150

24313845607280

4.005.00

68

1010

37.0045.0053.0059.0080.00

100.00

CRANE RAILS British

ITEMS SHOWN IN BOLD ARE NORMALLY AVAILABLE FOR NEW BUILD

6.2.3 Determining coefficient C2(machine life and utilisation)

Should a longer service life berequired for a given materialwhose load/life propertieshave been determined perparagraph 6.2 refer toparagraph 6.4 SurfaceHardening.

6.2.4 Determining the useable rail width, bThe useable rail width is determined by the following equations:

i) for convex topped rails b (mm) = C 4 r ii) for flat topped rails b (mm) = C 2r(these are generally flat bottom rails) 3 (these are generally bridge, crane and barstock rails)

Dimensions and Useable Widths of a selection of rails are given below. These are for illustration only and details may deviate. Brauerrecommend consulting the rail supplier for detailed cross section of rail selected before finalising the design of the wheel tread.

NOTE: Items with X are not manufactured by steel mills now.Items in bold are at time of printing still currently manufactured.

Mechanisms subjected very rarely to theirmaximum load and, normally, to very lightloads

1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.00 0.90 0.80

Mechanisms occasionally subjected to theirmaximum load, but, normally, to ratherlighter loads

1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.80

Mechanisms frequently subjected to theirmaximum load and, normally, to loads ofmedium magnitude

1.12 1.12 1.12 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.80

Mechanisms frequently or constantlysubjected to their maximum load 1.12 1.12 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

UTILISATIONSERVICE LIFE HOURS

400 800 1600 3200 6300 12000 25000 50000

Where:tu = tensile strength of the wheel material (N/mm2)

tf = Flange thickness (mm)N = Flange safety factor (2.0 minimumrecommended)Km = load factor = 1.0 for gradually applied loads

= 1.5 for suddenly applied loadsKc = casting factor (for cast wheels only) = 1.5e = dimension (mm) from tread to point of

application of load P as shown;


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6.3 CALCULATION OF ALLOWABLE LOAD - CAST IRON RAIL WHEELSWhile grey cast iron wheels are the most economic for light to medium duty, they are not suitable for high rotational speeds or where substantial shockloadings are to be withstood. Their performance is not as predictable as that of steel or S.G. iron wheels due principally to the presence of flake graphitewhich encourages spalling of the surface.

6.3.1 Allowable Load - grey iron as castThe relationship between: Where:- D = wheel diameter (mm)

i) Wheel diameter b = useable rail width (mm) see 6.2.4ii) Load capacity PL = 0.15 (a conservative value to provide an acceptable service life)iii) Useable rail width C2 max = 0.8

but not service life, can be approximated by the equation PL = Pmax Pmax = maximum load to be withstood by the wheel (kg)

b x D x C2 max

6.3.2 Allowable Load - chilled cast iron or surface hardened cast ironChilling or surface hardening of cast iron refines and hardens the surface to give an economic wheel capable of carrying moderate loads, with aservice life similar to that of comparable steel wheels. For cast iron wheels having a hardened surface, the equation for steels wheels applies (para6.2) with a value PL = 0.50

6.4 SURFACE HARDENINGSurface hardening can extend service life beyond that given in para 6.2.3. a guide to the relationship betweensurface hardness and service life being:

Note: The surface hardness of the wheel must be taken into account when selecting the rail.

6.5. FLANGE STRENGTHAn approximation of rail wheel flange strength sufficient for most purposes can be determined as follows:

Allowable flange bending moment M (Nmm) = tu x 1.5 x tf3

6 x N x Km x Kc

Allowable flange load due to bending P (kg) = M

9.81 x e

Note: Moments about bearings and axial loads on bearings due toflange loads must be taken into account when selecting bearingsand axle/bearing arrangements -see 7.1

7.0 Bearing and Seal Arrangements Non Standard Wheels7.1 SELECTION OF BEARINGS

The main considerations in theselection of bearings are:

i) radial load

ii) axial load

iii) speed of rotation

iv) bearing friction

In selecting ball or roller bearings it isimportant that the static and/ordynamic radial load rating requirementfor each bearing should be determinedtaking into account a) the radial load.b) the radial equivalent or anyaxial load (as given in the bearingmanufacturers catalogue), and c) theradial load resulting from the momentof the axial load acting about thebearings.

It should be noted that in most bearingarrangements axial loads are taken byonly one bearing , and that loadscaused by condition c) above usuallyact positively on one bearing (beingadded to the radial load) and negativelyon the other bearing (being deductedfrom the radial load).

1. Plain bronze or self-lubricating bushing

Very High

Very Light Low

Moderate/High

DESCRIPTION GENERALARRANGEMENT

RADIAL LOAD AXIAL LOAD SPEED OFROTATION

BEARINGFRICTION

2. Flanged bronze or self-lubricating bushing

Very High High Low

Moderate/High

3. Ball bearings Light/Moderate Light High Low

4. Opposed taper rollerbearings Moderate Moderate High Low

5. Spherical roller bearings High Light/Moderate High Low

6. Spherical roller orcylindrical roller bearingsand thrust washers orthrust bearings

High Very High High Low

7. Needle roller bearings andthrust washers or thrustbearings

Very High

Very High High Low

240280320360400

1.01.72.02.22.3

SURFACEHARDNESS (Hv)

LIFE FACTOR(240 HV = 1)


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1. Bearings withseals and/ormetal shields

Seals can be on one (outer) side only for lubrication via agrease nipple, or sealed both sides in sealed for lifeapplications. Seals of this type are not generally availablefor roller bearings.

The simplest way of shielding roller or taper rollerbearings, but without providing a complete seal.

Provides excellent sealing. Spring should face outwards forgrease renewal via a nipple and to prevent ingress ofmaterial, and inwards to retain lubricant in sealed for lifeapplications. Normal temperature range -40C to +100C.

Useful in high temperature applications in conjunctionwith suitable lubricants. Provide effective sealing ofsplit housings.

Can provide complete sealing, particularly against externalpressure such as in underwater applications. Suitable onlyfor circumferential surface speeds of less than 30m/minand temperatures of -40C to +110C.

Suitable only for sealed for life applications as regreasingvia a nipple tends to force the labyrinth out of its housing.Extra sealing can be obtained by inserting greased feltwashers within the labyrinth during assembly.

Can be used in conjunction with spring-loaded lip seals toprovide the most effective seal in hostile environments.

DESCRIPTION GENERAL ARRANGEMENT APPLICATION NOTES

2. Metal external shields

3. Spring loaded lip seals

4. Felt seals

5. O ring seals

6. Pressed steel labyrinth

7. Machined labyrinth

7.2 BEARING SEALSBearing seals perform two

main functions:

I) To prevent the ingressof material which willaffect the life ofperformance of thebearing,

and/or

ii) To retain lubricant,particularly in hot orhostile environment.

Some typical sealingarrangements are illustrated:

8.0 Inertial and Rolling ResistanceThe main forces resisting initial movement and acceleration of a wheeled vehicle are :

i) the rolling friction between the wheel and the surface on which it rests and, in the case of tyedwheels, the rolling resistance of the flat area of tread caused by static loading.

ii) the friction within the wheel or axle bearings.iii) the inertial resistance of vehicle and load.

The main forces resisting the maintenance of movement after acceleration from rest are i) and ii) above (excluding the effect of a tyre flat)

8.1 ROLLING FRICTION

8.1.1 Polyurethane tyred wheelsGuide figures for rolling resistance per wheel as a percentage of load per wheel.

i) from rest , when the period of rest is 8 hours maximum = 5% of load.ii) from rest, when the period of rest is greater than 8 hours = 8% of load.iii) to maintain a constant speed = 3% of load.

Note: these figures are approximations as they are influenced by such factors as ambient temperatures, the track surface, the load/rest cycle timing, wheeldiameter etc.

8.1.2 Rail wheels When a body rolls on a surface, the force resisting the motion is termed rolling friction.The force required to overcome rolling friction of a rail wheel in constant motion is determined by the equation: F = x P

Where: F = Force required to overcome rolling friction(kgf) per wheel. = Lambda, the coefficient of rolling friction.P = Load per wheel (kg).

8.1.2.1 Determining the coefficient of rolling friction

304050607080

Contact Pressure(Hertz) BetweenWheel and Rail

(Kgf/mm2)

Coefficient ofRolling Friction

0.0050.0070.0080.0100.0120.013

a = 4 x P x R x E1 x b

Where: P = Load on wheel (kg)R = Radius of wheel (mm)b = Useable rail width (mm)E1 = Effective Youngs Modulus of elasticity

= 7470 Kg/mm2 for an iron wheel on a steel rail= 11200 Kg/mm2 for a steel wheel on a steel rail

The contact pressure (Hertz) between wheel and rail beingdetermined by the equation

Pa = 2 x P x a x b

Where: Pa = Contact pressure (Hertz) in Kgf/mm2

P = Load on wheel (kg)b = Useable rail width (mm) see 6.2.4a = half the width of the plane contact zone

between wheel and rail


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8.2 BEARING FRICTIONFor the purpose of determining the force required to start or maintain a wheel in motion the frictional resistance of ball or roller bearings, with theircoefficient in the region of 0.002, can be disregarded.

The force required to overcome bearing friction for plain bearings is determined by the equation: F = x P x d

DWhere: F = force required to overcome bearing friction(kg)

= The coefficient of frictionP = load on wheel (kg)d = diameter of axle (mm)D = diameter of wheel (mm)

The table gives guide figures for the coefficient of friction for rolling bearingsand for various plain bearing materials running on a smooth steel axle.

The lubricated coefficient should be used for wheels in motion, and theunlubricated coefficient for wheels starting from a period of rest under staticload (which assumes the worst condition)

8.3 INERTIAL RESISTANCE

To calculate the force required to accelerate the mass of the vehicle and its load from rest with a uniform rate of acceleration on a level track:

i) when the time taken to achieve the final velocity is known F = M x Vft x g

or, ii) when the distance taken to achieve the final velocity is known F = M x Vf2

2 x s x g

Where: F = force required to overcome inertia (kg)M = total mass of vehicle and load (kg)Vf = final velocity (m/sec)t = time taken to achieve final velocity from rest (secs)s = distance taken to achieve final velocity from rest (m)g = force of gravity = 9.81 m/sec2

9.0 Traction Coefficient of FrictionThe traction of a driving wheel = x P

Where: = the coefficient of friction for a givenwheel material and track surface.

p = the load of the wheel.

Guides values for coefficients of friction , for wheel andtyre materials in contact with various surfaces are given:

10.0 Load Calculations For Wheels Supporting and/or Driving Rotating Drums.

In installations where support wheels drive the drum we recommend that the driving wheels be positioned on the upwardly rotating side of thedrum (as shown below) which is the more heavily laden side.

To determine the required Maximum Load Rating for wheels at each support position for the purpose of wheel selection:

Maximum Load Rating Drive Wheel =(0.5P1) + P2

Cos x L x LS x LC

Maximum Load Rating Idler Wheel 1 =0.5 (P1 + P2)

Cos LS x LC

Maximum Load Rating Idler Wheel 2 =(0.5P1) + P2

Cos x LS x LC

Where: P1 = weight of the drum at the support position under consideration (kg)P2 = weight of the contents at the support position under consideration (kg)L = 0.7 = Load factor for driving wheels (polyurethane tyred wheels only)LS = Load factor according to drum surface speed see 5.1 (polyurethane tyred wheels only)Lc = 0.75 = Load factor for continuous running - see 5.1 (polyurethane tyred wheels only)

Cast ironBronze

Thin wall PTFE/Lead wrapped bushes

Bearing MaterialCoefficient of Friction

Lubricated Unlubricated0.210.16

0.02 - 0.20

0.400.35

0.02 - 0.20

Dry SteelWet Steel

Dry Smooth ConcreteWet Smooth ConcreteDry Rough ConcreteWet Rough Concrete

Ice

SurfaceWheel or Tyre Material

Rubber Polyurethane0.80.50.80.51.00.90.1

0.70.40.70.60.80.60.1

Steel Cast Iron Nylon0.60.4

0.02

0.40.3

0.02

0.40.15


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Design Data

11.0 Keyway Dimensions Parallel Key

Generally - (to commercial

tolerances keyways to BS46:

part 1: 1958 and BS4235: part 1:

1972 available to order)

12.0 Reference Tables and Conversion Factors12.1 HARDNESS CONVERSIONS AND

EQUIVALENT TENSILESTRENGTH

12.2 TENSILE STRENGTHS OF HEAT 12.3 USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORSTREATED STEELS

PQRSTUVW

HEAT TREATMENTCONDITION

TENSILE STRENGTH RANGE

N/mm2 Tons/in2

550 700625 775700 850775 925850 1000925 10751000 11501075 1225

35 4540 5045 5550 6055 6560 7065 7570 80

500490480470460450440430420410400390380370360350340330320310300290280270260250240230220210200190180170160150140130

VICKERSHARDNESS NUMBER

HV

BRINELLHARDNESS NUMBER

BHN

ROCKWELLC

HRC

EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH

tons/in2N/mm2

446.5437.0427.5418.0408.5399.0389.5380.0370.5361.0351.5342.0332.5323.0313.5304.0294.5285.0275.5266.0256.5247.0237.5228.0218.5209.0199.5190.0180.5171.0161.5152.0142.5133.0123.5

49.749.048.247.546.745.945.144.343.542.641.740.839.838.837.836.835.734.533.532.230.929.628.226.725.123.521.820.0

1599156815361504147214411409137713451314128212501219118811551124109210591029997965934902870838807774743712680648617584553522490458427

103101999795939189878583817977757371696765626058565452504846444240383634323028

Length: inch (in)foot (ft)

Area: square inch (in2)Volume: cubic inch (in3)

cubic foot (ft3)Mass: kilogramme (kg)

pound (lb)pound (lb)

Torque: pound force inch (lbf.in)pound force inch (lbf.in)

Pressure/ pound per square inch (lb/in2)Stress: ton per square inch (ton/in2)

TO CONVERT TO MULTIPLY BY

metre (m)metre (m)square millimetre (mm2)cubic metre (m3)cubic metre (m3)newton (N)newton (N)kilogramme (kg)kilogramme force metre (kgf.m)newton millimetre (Nmm)newton per square millimetre (N/mm2)newton per square millimetre (N/mm2)

0.02540.3048

645.1616.39 x 10-6

0.028329.8074.4480.45360.0115

113.00.006895

15.445

0.50.751.001.251.502.002.503.003.504.00

0.1250.1880.2500.3120.3750.5000.6250.7500.8751.00

0.1250.1880.2500.2500.2500.3120.4380.5000.6250.750

0.0600.0880.1150.1120.1080.1310.1850.2090.2640.318

INCHBORE -0.000+0.002 WIDTH

KEY SECTION

HEIGHT

KEYWAYDEPTH d

-0.00 +0.006

122025303540506075

100150

4688

10121418202836

4677889

11121620

1.82.83.33.33.33.33.84.44.96.48.4

BORE -0.00+0.05

METRIC

WIDTH

KEY SECTION

HEIGHT

Keyway depthd

-0.0 +0.2


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Design Data

13.0 Castors13.1 EXAMPLES OF POSSIBLE CASTOR ARRANGEMENTS

2 Swivel Castors and 2 Fixed CastorsProviding good load capacity and manoeuvrability, this arrangement ensures accurate steering,even on long straight runs, making it the most practical arrangement for industrial use.Any trolley with this castor arrangement should be pushed with the fixed castors leading.

Maximum loading = Gross loadfor each castor 3

4 Swivel CastorsAs this arrangement gives good load capacity with exceptional manoeuvrability, it is suitable for windingruns and where sideways action is required. It is not recommended for straight runs or ramps, as it maybe hard to guide, especially over bumpy terrain and when heavily loaded. However, equipping two castorswith directional locks makes this arrangement very versatile and suitable for long straight runs.

Maximum loading = Gross loadfor each castor 3

1 Swivel Castor and 2 Fixed CastorsThis arrangement provides an economical solution for lightly loaded trolleys requiring goodmanoeuvrability. The trolley must be reasonably small in size and any load must be evenlydistributed to ensure stability.

Maximum loading = Gross loadfor each castor 2.5

2 Swivel Castors and 2 Fixed Castors centrally pivotingIdeal for confined spaces, this arrangement provides good load capacity with excellent manoeuvrability.The fixed castors can be replaced by an A series axle assembly (see page 91) and wheels which pivot thetrolley centrally. In this case, 25mm of packing is necessary above the two fixed castors (wheels) to givealternating load support. However if the trolley is tipped or the load is not evenly distributed, the swivelcastors are subjected to shock loads.

The entire load rests on the two central, fixed castors/wheels.

Maximum loading = Gross loadfor each wheel/castor 2

4 Swivel Castors and 2 Fixed Castors centrally pivotingThis arrangement provides an extremely high load capacity, with great manoeuvrability andstability. This is ideal for very long trolleys designed to carry heavy loads the fixed castorscan be replaced by wheels mounted onto a central A series axle (see page 90). The units basemust be robust and the swivel castors are mounted to allow the trolley to pivot on the centralwheels. Therefore, 25mm of packaging is required above the two fixed castors (wheels) to givealternating load support, depending on which pair of wheels is in contact with the floor. Theentire load rests on 2 central, fixed castors/wheels.

Please note that the swivel castors are subjected to shock loads if the trolley is tipped or theload is not evenly distributed.

Maximum loading = Gross loadfor each wheel/castor 2

3 Swivel CastorsThis provides good load capacity with excellent manoeuvrability. However, equipment with thisarrangement will be difficult to guide on straight runs particularly over uneven ground.

This arrangement is ideal for barrel dollies and small portable machines.

Maximum loading = Gross loadfor each wheel 2.5

RC

C1

R1

C2R2C

R

C

R R 1

CR

CR1 R

2 Fixed Castors and 2 Fixed Castorscentrally pivoting.Suitable for moderate loads and long, straightruns with occasional changes in direction.The two central fixed castors can be replacedby wheels mounted onto a central A seriesaxle (see page 90). The two end castors aremounted as to pivot the trolley centrally.25mm of packing is necessary above the two central castors (wheels) to give alternating load support. However if the trolley is tipped or the loadis not evenly distributed, the end castors are subject to shock loads. The entire load rests on the 2 central, fixed castors/wheels.

Maximum loading for = Gross load each wheel/castor 2

13.1.2 Correct alignment of castorsi) Fixed and directional lock swivel castors - the mounting holes in the top plates are clearance holes and it is essential to align the castors

correctly before the bolts are finally tightened.ii) Swivel castors - it is essential they are mounted with the swivel axis vertical

13.1.3 Important Note The formulae above for the maximum loading for each castor is for an equally distributed load.

13.2 LOAD RATING

13.2.1 Limitations to stated maximum load rating for each model number:-a) Untyred wheels - refer to design data para 2.0b) rubber tyred wheels - refer to design data para 3.0c) Polyurethane tyred wheels - refer to design data para 5.0

13.2.2 Floor conditionsThe stated maximum load rating for each model assumes that the floor is reasonably level and free from cracks, obstructions, guide rails ,gullies etc.

If any of the above are present in the operating environment then a castor with a load rating several times grater than calculated must be used.In addition the wheel diameter must be large enough to easily pass over any cracks, ridges and other obstructions.

13.3 MANUAL PROPULSIONThe generally accepted effort an average human is capable of exerting is:-a) 18 Kgf for moving from a standing startb) 12 Kgf for a short distance once in motionc) 6 Kgf for longer distances on travel

For inertial and rolling resistance, refer to design data para 8.0 and for traction design data para 9.0

13.4 POWER TOWINGObstructions such as kerbs and gullies and even relatively small steps, can exert enormous impact loads which can damage a castor. Steps such aslift sills, drains covers and joints in concrete slabs, present a particular problem if they are not approached squarely and at low speeds. Approachingsuch obstacles obliquely makes the castor turn at right angles to the obstruction instead of turning in such a way that it can climb over it, thisdamages the castor.

Towing trailers in train increases the problem as only one castor may have to withstand the force generated by the mass of the whole trainincluding the tractor.

When towing trailers in train the diagram below illustrates the position of the pin couplings relative to the rear fixed castors to ensure theweight of the trailer and its contents are evenly distributed between the front swivel castors and rear fixed castors as well as ensuring goodtracking.

W W/ 2 W /2

3 / 4L 1 / 4L

Direction ofmovement

Front swivel castors Rear fixed castors

L


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ATA

Design Data

C

R

Wheel and Axle Assemblies


WH

EE

LS

AN

D A

XL

E A

SS

EM

BL

IES

WH

EE

LS

AN

D A

XL

E A

SS

EM

BL

IES

Wheel Type (Series)

Wheel Diameter (mm)

Tread Width (mm)

Bearing Type see opposite

Bore: M = Metric, I = Inch

Bore Diameter

SSF 400 / 70 / TB M 60 BEARING TYPESBJ = Ball Journal TB = Taper Roller CRB = Cylindrical Roller SPHBR = Spherical Roller PB = Plain bore K = Keyway SL = Self lubricating bush

Part Numbering Brauer wheels have descriptive part numbers as shown by the following example:

Non-catalogue items use the same descriptive part numbering system prefixed by the word specified, abbreviated as spec.

Steel Single FlangedRail Wheels


ST

EE

L S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

ST

EE

L S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE

MATERIAL: Steel to BS970: Part I: 1983: 080M40

OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE:Plain bored or keywayed wheels 30C to 350CBall or taper roller bearinged wheels 40C to 120C

The maximum load rating given for each wheel is based on the full treadwidth being in contact with the rail. Working loads must be calculated basedon the useable rail width and operating conditions see Design Data paras.6.1. and 6.2.

Standard wheel features a 3 tread angle to assist centering of pairs of wheelson common axles when used with convex crown rails. When single flangedwheels are to be used singly or on flat topped rails, flat treads, (which havethe tread parallel to the wheel axis and flanges at a 5angle) should bespecified by adding suffix FT to the part number. (Tread diameter may bereduced)

Alternative bore/bearing diameters and alternative bearing types (i.e. bronzebushes, self-lubricating bushes, roller bearings, spherical roller bearings,etc.) are available to order see pages 26-27.

Plain bore wheels are not drilled and tapped for greasing unless requestedat time of order.

For technical information covering load factors, inertial and rollingresistance, coefficients of friction between wheel and track, and keywaydimensions, see Design Data Index on page 20.

FULL PART NUMBER FOR ORDERING

WHEEL TYPE:

SSF75/25See table for full part number

Axle

Plain BorePlain Bore Keywayed

Ball BearingTaper

Roller Bearing

20

25

SSF75/25/KM 20

SSF75/25/KM 25

SSF75/25/BJM 20

SSF75/25/BJM 25

SSF75/25/TBM 20

SSF75/25/TBM 25

Maximum load rating:

975KgSee pages 23-26 for load factors

Approximate weight: 1.4Kg

Wheels fitted with ball journals are pre-lubricated, double shielded

LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 900Kg

TBM25 is actually 52mm recess, but considered acceptable

Too small for grease nipples

(1)

METRIC AXLE WHEEL TYPE:


20

25

SSF100/25/KM 20

SSF100/25/KM 25

SSF100/25/BJM 20

SSF100/25/BJM 25

SSF100/25/TBM 20

SSF100/25/TBM 25





LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 900Kg (2) 1140Kg

Too small for grease nipples

(2)

(1)



ST

EE

L S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

ST

EE

L S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE

METRIC AXLE

WHEEL TYPE:


35

40

50

SSF250/55/KM 35

SSF250/55/KM 40

SSF250/55/KM 50

SSF250/55/BJM 35

SSF250/55/BJM 40

SSF250/55/BJM 50

SSF250/55/TBM 35

SSF250/55/TBM 40

SSF250/55/TBM 50Maximum load rating:


Approximate weight: 29Kg

LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 2800Kg (2) 3384Kg (4) 6625Kg

METRIC AXLE

(2)

(1) (4)

WHEEL TYPE:


40

50

SSF300/60/KM 40

SSF300/60/KM 50

SSF300/60/BJM 40

SSF300/60/BJM 50

SSF300/60/TBM 40

SSF300/60/TBM 50


9300kgSee pages 23-26 for load factors


LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 4400Kg (2) 7340Kg (3) 8155Kg

(2)

(1) (3)

FULL PART NUMBER FOR ORDERINGAxle

Plain Bore

Plain Bore Keywayed

Ball BearingTaper

Roller Bearing






LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 2040Kg (2) 2800Kg (3) 3384Kg (4) 5200Kg

30

35

40

SSF200/55/KM 30

SSF200/55/KM 35

SSF200/55/KM 40

SSF200/55/BJM 30

SSF200/55/BJM 35

SSF200/55/BJM 40

SSF200/55/TBM 30

SSF200/55/TBM 35

SSF200/55/TBM 40

(1) (4)

(2)

(3)



25

30

35

SSF150/40/KM 25

SSF150/40/KM 30

SSF150/40/KM 35

SSF150/40/BJM 25

SSF150/40/BJM 30

SSF150/40/TBM 25

SSF150/40/TBM 30





LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 1140Kg (2) 2040Kg

(1)

(2)



ST

EE

L S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

ST

EE

L S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE

METRIC AXLE

METRIC AXLE


Plain Bore

Plain Bore Keywayed

Ball BearingTaper

Roller Bearing

WHEEL TYPE:





WHEEL TYPE:





75

100

SSF450/95/KM 75

SSF450/95/KM 100

SSF450/95/TBM 75

SSF450/95/TBM 100

100

150

SSF600/100/KM 100

SSF600/100/KM 150

SSF600/100/TBM 100

SSF600/100/TBM 150

WHEEL TYPE:


50

60

75

SSF400/70/KM 50

SSF400/70/KM 60

SSF400/70/KM 75

SSF400/70/BJM 60

SSF400/70/BJM 75

SSF400/70/TBM 50

SSF400/70/TBM 60





(3)

(4)

(2)

(1)

(1)



50

60

75

SSF350/60/KM 50

SSF350/60/KM 60

SSF350/60/KM 75

SSF350/60/BJM 50

SSF350/60/BJM 60

SSF350/60/BJM 75

SSF350/60/TBM 50

SSF350/60/TBM 60





(2)

(3)

(4) (1)

LOAD LIMITED BY BEARINGS TO: (1) 19400Kg

Cast Iron Single Flanged Rail Wheels


CA

ST

IR

ON

SIN

GL

E F

LA

NG

ED

RA

ILC

AS

T I

RO

N S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE


Plain Bore

Plain Bore Keywayed

Ball BearingTaper

Roller Bearing

20

25

CSF63/25/PBM 20

CSF63/25/PBM 25

CSF63/25/KM 20

CSF63/25/KM 25

CSF63/25/BJM 20

Cast iron rail wheels are the most economic for light to medium duty, but theyhave a limited service life when compared to steel wheels, and are unsuitablefor high rotational speeds or where substantial shock loads are to bewithstood.

MATERIAL: Cast iron to BS1452: 1977: Grade 200



Standard wheel features a 3 tread angle to assist centering of pairs of wheelson common axles when used with convex crown rails. When single flangedwheels are to be used singly or on flat topped rails, flat treads, (which havethe tread parallel to the wheel axis and flanges at a 5 angle) should bespecified by adding suffix FT to the part number. (Tread diameter may berequired)


For technical information covering load factors, inertial and rollingresistance, coefficients of friction between wheel and track, andkeyway dimensions, see Design Data Index on page 20.


CSF75/25See table for full part number

20

25

30

CSF75/25/PBM 20

CSF75/25/PBM 25

CSF75/25/PBM 30

CSF75/25/KM 20

CSF75/25/KM 25

CSF75/25/KM 30

CSF75/25/BJM 20

CSF75/25/BJM 25





WHEEL TYPE:








CA

ST

IR

ON

SIN

GL

E F

LA

NG

ED

RA

ILC

AS

T I

RO

N S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE

METRIC AXLE


WHEEL TYPE:


WHEEL TYPE:


Axle


Ball BearingTaper

Roller Bearing

25

30

35

CSF150/40/PBM 25

CSF150/40/PBM 30

CSF150/40/PBM 35

CSF150/40/KM 25

CSF150/40/KM 30

CSF150/40/KM 35

CSF150/40/BJM 25

CSF150/40/BJM 30

CSF150/40/BJM 35

25

30

35

CSF200/40/PBM 25

CSF200/40/PBM 30

CSF200/40/PBM 35

CSF200/40/KM 25

CSF200/40/KM 30

CSF200/40/KM 35

CSF200/40/BJM 25

CSF200/40/BJM 30

CSF200/40/BJM 35









20

25

30

35

CSF133/35/PBM 20

CSF133/35/PBM 25

CSF133/35/PBM 30

CSF133/35/PBM 35

CSF133/35/KM 20

CSF133/35/KM 25

CSF133/35/KM 30

CSF133/35/KM 35

CSF133/35/BJM 20

CSF133/35/BJM 25

CSF133/35/BJM 30Maximum load rating:





20

25

30

CSF100/25/PBM 20

CSF100/25/PBM 25

CSF100/25/PBM 30

CSF100/25/KM 20

CSF100/25/KM 25

CSF100/25/KM 30

CSF100/25/BJM 20

CSF100/25/BJM 25








CA

ST

IR

ON

SIN

GL

E F

LA

NG

ED

RA

ILC

AS

T I

RO

N S

ING

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE

METRIC AXLE

30

35

40

50

CSF250/50/PBM 30

CSF250/50/PBM 35

CSF250/50/PBM 40

CSF250/50/PBM 50

CSF250/50/KM 30

CSF250/50/KM 35

CSF250/50/KM 40

CSF250/50/KM 50

CSF250/50/BJM 30

CSF250/50/BJM 35

35

40

50

CSF300/60/PBM 35

CSF300/60/PBM 40

CSF300/60/PBM 50

CSF300/60/KM 35

CSF300/60/KM 40

CSF300/60/KM 50

CSF300/60/BJM 35

CSF300/60/BJM 40

WHEEL TYPE:





WHEEL TYPE:






Plain Bore

Plain Bore Keywayed

Ball BearingTaper

Roller BearingMETRIC AXLE WHEEL TYPE:


30

35

40

50

CSF225/55/PBM 30

CSF225/55/PBM 35

CSF225/55/PBM 40

CSF225/55/PBM 50

CSF225/55/KM 30

CSF225/55/KM 35

CSF225/55/KM 40

CSF225/55/KM 50

CSF225/55/BJM 30

CSF225/55/BJM 35




Disclaimer re valve diagrams to follow here

Steel Double Flanged Rail Wheels


ST

EE

L D

OU

BL

E F

LA

NG

ED

RA

ILS

TE

EL

DO

UB

LE

FL

AN

GE

D R

AIL

METRIC AXLE

Flanged wheels can be used for guidance paired with an unflanged rail wheelto allow a wide tolerance in the pitch of the rails.

MATERIAL: Steel to BS970; Part I: 1983: 080M40




Plain bore wheels are not drilled and taped for greasing unless requested attime of order.

For technical information covering load factors, inertial and rollingresistance, coefficients of friction between wheel and track, and keywaydimensions, see Design Data Index on page 20.


WHEEL TYPE:

SDF75/35See table for full part number

Axle


wheels and castors catalogue

Documents

bandtyred wheels page

quality wheels

introductionbrauer wheels

design of wheels andcastors

wheels axle assemblies

load range1960

load range2350

load range975