what is a star & how many different kinds are there?
DESCRIPTION
By: ADRIAN SEAN D. APARILLA Aaron Kyle R. Daug Environmental science Grade 6 - Neil Armstrong. What is a star & how many different kinds are there?. Outline Sean : All A bout stars Classifications History Descriptions Life Cycle Aaron : Types of Stars - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
WHAT IS A STAR & HOW MANY
DIFFERENT KINDS ARE THERE?
By: ADRIAN SEAN D. APARILLA Aaron Kyle R. Daug Environmental science Grade 6 - Neil Armstrong
OutlineSean : • All About stars• Classifications• History• Descriptions• Life Cycle
Aaron : • Types of Stars• Definitions for every Star
ALL ABOUT STARS
CLASSIFICATIONS
Star Type
Color Approximate
Surface Temperature
Average Mass (The Sun = 1)
Average Radius (The
Sun = 1)
Average Luminosity
(The Sun = 1) Main Characteristics Examples
O Blue over 25,000 K 60 15 1,400,000
Singly ionized helium lines (H I) either in emission or
absorption. Strong UV continuum.
10 Lacertra
B Blue 11,000 - 25,000 K 18 7 20,000 Neutral helium lines (H II) in
absorption. Rigel Spica
A Blue 7,500 - 11,000 K 3.2 2.5 80 Hydrogen (H) lines strongest for A0 stars, decreasing for
other A's. Sirius, Vega
F Blue to White
6,000 - 7,500 K 1.7 1.3 6 Ca II absorption. Metallic lines become noticeable.
Canopus, Procyon
G White to Yellow
5,000 - 6,000 K 1.1 1.1 1.2 Absorption lines of neutral
metallic atoms and ions (e.g. once-ionized calcium).
Sun, Capella
K Orange to Red
3,500 - 5,000 K 0.8 0.9 0.4 Metallic lines, some blue
continuum. Arcturus, Aldebaran
M Red under 3,500 K 0.3 0.4 0.04
(very faint) Some molecular bands of
titanium oxide. Betelgeuse,Antares
An easy mnemonic for remembering these is:
• O - oh• B - be• A - a• F - fine• G - girl• K - kiss• M - me
HISTORY
Ancient people: quadrant
1584 : Giordana Bruno
Greek astronomers: Ptolemy and Hipparchus20th century
DESCRIPTIONS OF STARS
• a luminous globe of gas• nebulae & consist of hydrogen and
helium gas• 2000°C to above 30,000°C• brightest stars - 100 times that of the
Sun• smallest mass for a star is about 8%
that of the Sun
DIFFERENT KINDS OF STAR
The different kinds of stars are:
• Yellow dwarf stars• Orange dwarf stars• Red dwarf stars• Brown dwarfs• Blue giant stars• Red giant stars• Red super giant stars• White dwarfs• Black dwarfs• Neutron stars
Yellow Dwarf Stars (the sun, Alpha Centauri A, Kepler-22)
• Lifetime: 4 - 17 billion years• Evolution: early, middle• Temperature: 5,000 - 7,300 °C• Spectral Types: G, F• Luminosity: 0.6 - 5.0• Radius: 0.96 - 1.4• Mass: 0.8 - 1.4• Prevalence: 10%
Brown Dwarfs
• Lifetime: unknown (long)• Evolution: not evolving• Temperature: 0 - 1,800 °C• Spectral Types: L, T, Y (after M)• Luminosity: ~0.00001• Radius: 0.06 - 0.12• Mass: 0.01 - 0.08• Prevalence: unknown (many)
Orange Dwarf Stars(Alpha Centauri B and Epsilon Eridani)
• Lifetime: 17 - 73 billion years• Evolution: early, middle• Temperature: 3,500 - 5,000 °C• Spectral Types: K• Luminosity: 0.08 - 0.6• Radius: 0.7 - 0.96• Mass: 0.45 - 0.8• Prevalence: 11%
Red Dwarf Stars(Proxima Centauri, Barnard's Star and Gliese 581)• Lifetime: 73 - 5500 billion years• Evolution: early, middle• Temperature: 1,800 - 3,500 °C• Spectral Types: M• Luminosity: 0.0001 - 0.08• Radius: 0.12 - 0.7• Mass: 0.08 - 0.45• Prevalence: 73%
Red Supergiant Stars (Betelgeuse and Antares)
• Lifetime: 3 - 100 million years• Evolution: late• Temperature: 3,000 - 5,000 ºC• Spectral Types: K, M• Luminosity: 1,000 - 800,000• Radius: 100 - 1650• Mass: 10 - 40• Prevalence: 0.0001%
Blue Giant Stars(Rigel)
• Lifetime: 3 - 4,000 million years• Evolution: early, middle• Temperature: 7,300 - 200,000 °C• Spectral Types: O, B, A• Luminosity: 5.0 - 9,000,000• Radius: 1.4 - 250• Mass: 1.4 - 265• Prevalence: 0.7%
hubpages.com
Red Giant Stars(Aldebaran and Arcturus)
• Lifetime: 0.1 - 2 billion years• Evolution: late• Temperature: 3,000 - 5,000 °C• Spectral Types: M, K• Luminosity: 100 - 1000• Radius: 20 - 100• Mass: 0.3 - 10• Prevalence: 0.4%
White Dwarfs(Sirius B and Van Maanen's star)
• Lifetime: 1015- 1025 years• Evolution: dead, cooling• Temperature: 4,000 - 150,000
ºC• Spectral Types: D (degenerate)• Luminosity: 0.0001 - 100• Radius: 0.008 - 0.2• Mass: 0.1 - 1.4• Prevalence: 4%hubpages.com
Black Dwarfs
• Lifetime: unknown (long)• Evolution: dead• Temperature: < -270 °C• Spectral Types: none• Luminosity: infinitesimal• Radius: 0.008 - 0.2• Mass: 0.1 - 1.4• Prevalence: ~0%
Neutron Stars
• Lifetime: unknown (long)
• Evolution: dead, cooling
• Temperature: < 2,000,000 ºC
• Spectral Types: D (degenerate)
• Luminosity: ~0.000001
• Radius: 5 - 15 km• Mass: 1.4 - 3.2• Prevalence: 0.7%
References & Sources:
> kidsastronomy.com> Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia> en.wikipedia.org> www.space.com> www.universetoday.com> hubpages.com> http://www.universetoday.com/25156/history-of-stars/#ixzz38l9lLV4U> http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/science/science_index.cfm> http://cosmology.carnegiescience.edu/timeline/1838>www.google.com.ph/search?q=LIFE+CYCLES+of+stars+ASTRONOMY&tbm=isch&ei=tTLWU8fhKIL48QWapIFA#facrc=_&imgdii=Uqcwn9o5Dk63TM%3A%3B5i7DEMwbIdTJ8M%3>www.google.com.ph/search?q=description+of+stars+ASTRONOMY&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=icbWU9LqI4yl8AWcgoHQCA&ved=0CAUQ_AUoAA&biw=1280&bih=699&dpr=1
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