welding journal | july 2016 of welding journal may make copies of articles for personal, archival,...

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDINGAND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING

JULY 2016

WE

LD

ING

JOU

RN

AL

VO

LU

ME

95 NU

MB

ER

7 JULY

2016

Cover JULY 2016.qxp_4/06 Cover 6/8/16 1:17 PM Page C1

32 Selecting Filler Metals for Stainless Steel This guide to consumables will make your choices a lot easier J. Coubrough and K. Ivarsson

38 Sunny Economics: Using Solar Power to Save Money A new solar field puts an industrial manufacturer on the map as the first fully solar-powered operation in the state R. Steffensmeier and A. Van Beek

42 Variables Affecting the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Welds Get to know the welding variables that impact the properties of the finished weld B. Guy

46 International Thermal Spray Association Holds Its Annual Conference Technical presentations attract a diverse thermal spray audience A. Cullison

50 Equipment Furthers Welding Research Discoveries Researchers explain some of their favorite and most effective equipment M. R. Johnsen

56 Thermal Spray The Misunderstood Process Step-by-step rundown of thermal spray technology R. MCDemus

JULY 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 3

CONTENTS

229s Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Ni30Cr Weld Metals with Variable Niobium and Molybdenum An investigation on the effect of Nb and Mo additions to Alloy 690s susceptibility to cracking was performed R. A. Wheeling and J. C. Lippold

239s Pulsed UltrasonicWaveAssisted GMAW of 7A52 Aluminum Alloy Three groups of comparative experiments were conducted to assess the effect of ultrasonic treatment on molten metal W. F. Xie et al.

248s Characterization of Constitutive Behavior of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloy Resistance Spot Welds The weld nuggets and heat-affected zones for three dissimilar aluminum alloy stack-ups were evaluated J. Kang et al.

257s Constitutional Liquation of the Laves Phase in Virgin FB2 Steel Large particles of Laves phase were observed in a new 9% Cr martensitic stainless steel, which under certain conditions might lead to liquation cracking K. Li et al.

264s UltrasonicInduced Rising and Wetting of a SnZn Filler in an Aluminum Joint The wetting of a Sn-Zn solder in a vertical aluminum joint under ultrasonic agitation was investigated Z. Xu et al.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

July 2016 Volume 95 Number 7

FEATURES 32

50

42

56

38

JULY 2016.qxp_Layout 1 6/10/16 12:54 PM Page 3

6 Editorial8 Press Time News

10 International Update12 News of the Industry16 Business Briefs18 Stainless Q&A22 RWMA Q&A26 Product & Print Spotlight60 Conferences62 Coming Events

66 Certification Schedule68 Welding Workbook71 Society News73 Tech Topics78 Section News95 Guide to AWS Services96 Personnel

102 Thermal Spray Profiles107 Classifieds110 Advertiser Index

OFFICERSPresident David L. McQuaidD. L. McQuaid and Associates, Inc.

Vice President John R. BrayAffiliated Machinery, Inc.

Vice President Dale FloodTri Tool, Inc.

Vice President Thomas J. LienertLos Alamos National Laboratory

Treasurer Carey ChenCincinnati, Inc.

Executive Director Ray W. ShookAmerican Welding Society

DIRECTORST. Anderson (At Large), ITW Welding North AmericaU. Aschemeier (Dist. 7), Subsea Global SolutionsD. J. Burgess (Dist. 8), Alstom PowerD. A. Desrochers (Dist. 1), Old Colony RVTHSD. L. Doench (At Large), Hobart Bros. Co.D. K. Eck (At Large), Praxair Distribution, Inc.K. Fogleman (Dist. 16), ConsultantP. H. Gorman (Dist. 20), Sandia National LaboratoriesS. A. Harris (Dist. 4), Altec IndustriesJ. Knapp (Dist. 17), ConsultantM. Krupnicki (Dist. 6), Mahany Welding SupplyD. J. Landon (Past President), Vermeer Mfg. Co.S. Lindsey (Dist. 21), City of San DiegoD. E. Lynnes (Dist. 15), Lynnes Welding TrainingC. Matricardi (Dist. 5), Welding Solutions, Inc.S. M. McDaniel (Dist. 19), Big Bend Community CollegeW. R. Polanin (At Large), Illinois Central CollegeR. L. Richwine (Dist. 14), Ivy Tech State CollegeD. J. Roland (Dist. 12), Airgas USA, LLC,

NorthCentral RegionR. W. Roth (At Large), RoMan ManufacturingM. Sebergandio (Dist. 3), CNH AmericaK. E. Shatell (Dist. 22), Pacific Gas & Electric Co.M. Sherman (Dist. 10), SW&E, LLC

M. Skiles (Dist. 9), ConsultantW. J. Sperko (At Large), Sperko Engineering ServicesJ. Stoll (Dist. 18), The Bohler Welding Group U.S.H. W. Thompson (Dist. 2), UL, Inc.R. P. Wilcox (Dist. 11), ConsultantJ. A. Willard (Dist. 13), Kankakee Community CollegeD. R. Wilson (Past President), Wilson and Associates

WELDING JOURNALPublisher Andrew CullisonEditorialEditorial Director Andrew CullisonEditor Mary Ruth JohnsenFeatures Editor Kristin CampbellAssistant Editor Melissa GomezAssistant Editor Annik BabinskiPeer Review Coord. Sonia AlemanPublisher Emeritus Jeff Weber

Design and ProductionProduction Manager Zaida ChavezSr. Production Coordinator Brenda FloresManager of International Periodicals andElectronic Media Carlos Guzman

AdvertisingSr. Advertising Sales Exec. Sandra JorgensenSr. Advertising Sales Exec. Annette DelagrangeManager of Sales Operations Lea PanecaSr. Advertising Production Manager Frank Wilson

SubscriptionsSubscriptions Representative Evelyn [email protected]

MARKETING ADVISORY COUNCIL(MAC)D. L. Doench, Chair, Hobart Brothers Co.S. Bartholomew, Vice Chair, ESAB Welding

& Cutting Prod.Lorena Cora, Secretary, American Welding SocietyD. Brown, Weiler BrushC. Coffey, Lincoln ElectricD. DeCorte, RoMan ManufacturingS. Fyffe, Astaras, Inc.D. Levin, AirgasR. Madden, Hypertherm

D. Marquard, IBEDA SuperflashJ. F. Saenger Jr., ConsultantS. Smith, WeldAid ProductsD. Wilson, Wilson and AssociatesJ. N. DuPont, Ex Off., Lehigh UniversityL. G. Kvidahl, Ex Off., Northrop Grumman

Ship SystemsD. J. Landon, Ex Off., Vermeer Mfg.S. P. Moran, Ex Off., Weir American HydroE. Norman, Ex Off., Southwest Area Career CenterR. G. Pali, Ex Off., J. P. Nissen Co.N. Scotchmer, Ex Off., Huys IndustriesR. W. Shook, Ex Off., American Welding Society

American Welding Society8669 NW 36 St., # 130, Miami, FL 331666672(305) 4439353 or (800) 4439353

On the cover: When selecting filler materials, consider using a Type L filler because its lower carbon content helpsreduce the risk of intergranular corrosion. (Photo courtesy of ESAB.)

Welding Journal (ISSN 00432296) is published monthly bythe American Welding Society for $120.00 per year in the UnitedStates and possessions, $160 per year in foreign countries: $7.50per single issue for domestic AWS members and $10.00 per singleissue for nonmembers and $14.00 single issue for international.American Welding Society is located at 8669 NW 36th St., # 130,Miami, FL 331666672; telephone (305) 4439353. Periodicalspostage paid in Miami, Fla., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Welding Journal, 8669 NW36th St., # 130, Miami, FL 331666672. Canada Post: PublicationsMail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent toBleuchip International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2,Canada.

Readers of Welding Journal may make copies of articles forpersonal, archival, educational or research purposes, and whichare not for sale or resale. Permission is granted to quote from articles, provided customary acknowledgment of authors and sourcesis made. Starred (*) items excluded from copyright.

Copyright 2016 by American Welding Society in bothprinted and electronic formats. The Society is not responsible forany statement made or opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors of specific articles are for informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.

DEPARTMENTS

WELDING JOURNAL / JULY 20164

JULY 2016.qxp_Layout 1 6/9/16 9:51 AM Page 4

Would you like your work environmentto be more rewarding, or your company tobe more innovative and profitable? Adopt-ing a diversity and inclusion program mayprovide the answer to these questions. Wewould like to take this opportunity to up-date members on diversity benefits and re-cent initiatives at the American Welding So-ciety (AWS) on this subject. One of the greatest AWS strengths ismembership diversity. Accordingly, one ofour biggest challenges is to promote initia-tives that embrace and promote diversitymore effectively. Diversity is a valued assetthat enriches the Society and the weldingindustry; efforts that endorse inclusionmake us more innovative and successful. First, what does diversity involve? Onedefinition of the term is the inclusion of dif-ferent types of people within a group or or-ganization. In addition, different types ofdiversity can be identified. Diversity ofexpertise involves inclusion of specialistsfrom different disciplines on a problem solv-ing team (Ref. 1). A good example is the de-sign and construction of a new car model.No reasonable automobile manufacturerwould undertake these tasks without in-cluding scientists, engineers, and other spe-cialists from a variety of disciplines. In com-parison, social or cultural diversity relates toinvolvement by people from different demo-graphic groups within a larger group. The crucial point in appreciating the ben-efits of diversity is the concept of informa-tional diversity. Members of different demo-graphic groups carry distinct informationand perspectives to the pertinent task. Thisconcept is readily understood for diversityof expertise, such as with the new car modelexample. Interestingly, identical principleshold for cultural diversity. So, just what are the benefits of diversity(Ref. 2)? All humans understand intuitivelythat employees are more satisfied and hap-py when they work for organizations thataccept and value their ideas and views. Inturn, numerous studies have repeatedlyshown that satisfied employees are moreproductive, innovative, and engaged, as wellas less likely to take sick days or quit (Ref.2). Given the shortage of welding profes-sionals and competition for talent withinthe welding industry, it makes sense thatcompanies embracing diversity in the work-place will enjoy greater financial success. The overwhelming consensus from manyyears of research by various types of scien-tists and business experts shows culturally

diverse groups are more innovative than ho-mogeneous groups (Refs. 1, 2). Many sur-veys have consistently demonstrated corre-lations between financial success and mem-bership of women in top management andon corporate boards. Moreover, similar rela-tionships exist for companies that endorseracial diversity. The results of controlled experimentsshow the same beneficial outcomes for cul-tural diversity in terms of cause and effect(Ref. 1). Findings indicate cultural diversitywithin a team makes members uncomfort-able. It can cause uneasiness, strained inter-actions, lack of trust, poorer communica-tion, and less unity at least initially until these barriers are broken by success.This discomfort is the driving force thatprovides the benefits of diversity. Interact-ing with people of diverse backgroundscompels team members to prepare morethoroughly, expect unfamiliar opinions, andanticipate reaching concurrence will requiregreater work. Given the enormous benefits of diversityoutlined above, the AWS Board of Directors(BOD) has recently enacted a formal initia-tive on diversity and inclusion for the Socie-ty. The BOD agreed that the diversity initia-tive will be included in future strategic planrevisions, and it should involve promotingdiversity to all AWS stakeholders. The objec-tive of the effort is to advocate greater di-versity of participation in member activi-ties, sections, committees, and the BOD byunder-represented groups, including partici-pation in leadership positions. So far, the most tangible outcome fromthis program is the official formation of theDiversity and Inclusion Committee. Its lead-ers have been identified, and a draft of themission and duties statement has been writ-ten and approved. The committees firstgathering took place recently at the BODmeeting at AWS headquarters in May. While efforts are just starting and thereis much work to be done, these steps repre-sent an important move by AWS toward em-bracing diversity. Contact the AWS Mem-bership Department if you would like tocontribute in this effort.

References

1. scientificamerican.com/article/how-diversity-makes-us-smarter/ 2. saharconsulting.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/6-advantages-of-workplace-diversity/

EDITORIAL

Embracing Diversity


Thomas J. LienertAWS Vice Presidentand Member of the Diversity and Inclusion Committee

Pierrette H. GormanAWS District 20 Director and Chair ofthe Diversity and Inclusion Committee

The AWS Board ofDirectors (BOD) hasrecently enacted aformal initiative ondiversity and inclusion for the Society...so far, the most tangible outcome fromthis program is theofficial formation ofthe Diversity and Inclusion Committee.

WJ

EDITORIAL JULY 2016_Layout 1 6/9/16 4:24 PM Page 6

memb individual.qxp_FP_TEMP 6/7/16 8:42 AM Page 103

Thermal spray is often a misunder-stood technology. This processmelts the feedstock, atomizes it,and sprays the molten material.Molten particles then hit the part be-ing sprayed, splat, and solidify rapidly. On the flip side, welding melts thefeedstock as well as the base material. In the past, spray welding wasused to describe this process. For clari-fication, the industry has shifted awayfrom using that term. Both thermal spray and welding aresimilar in that they melt the feedstock.The fundamental difference is thermalspray does not melt the base materialwhereas welding does. The sprayedmaterial sticks because of a mechani-cal bond. This article not only details the dif-ference between welding and thermalspray but also reviews a typical appli-cation where thermal spray is useful.

Identifying VariousThermal Spray Processes

Six common thermal spray process-es are as follows: combustion powder,

combustion wire, twin wire electricarc, plasma spray, high-velocity oxygenfuel (HVOF), and cold spray. All of these processes require threemain components an energysource, a material source, and an at-omizing gas. Figure 1 illustrates howthey work together.

Three Main Components

Energy Source Similar to welding, the energy inthermal spray processes can be fromone of three sources electric arc,combustion gases, and plasma arc. An additional source of energy notused in welding is the velocity of thefeedstock material. In HVOF and coldspray processes, powder is acceleratedto high velocities, and the final melt-ing occurs when the particle impactsthe surface being sprayed. The twin wire electric arc processand the plasma process both use largepower supplies, similar to what youwould use for welding. Manufacturerssupply the DC power to melt the feed-stock material.

The combustion powder/wire andHVOF along with cold spray processesuse propane, propylene, hydrogen,natural gas, or vaporized kerosene.Combined with oxygen in the correctratio, a combustion flame is createdthat melts the feedstock material. Incold spray and HVOF, the powder par-ticles are not fully melted until impact.

Material Source All the materials in thermal sprayare either a powder or a wire. Themost common wire sizes are 116, 18, and 316 in. depending on the material,equipment selected, and end applica-tion. An additional source of material isavailable. Cored wire is a hollow wirefilled with powder. If a material can bemade into a powder or a wire, there isa thermal spray process that can beused to spray it. Thermal spray processes can buildup at a rate of 0.0005 to 0.008 in. perpass depending on the material andprocess. The surface speed of the ther-mal spray torch over the part beingsprayed is in the range of 150 to 300ft/min. Thus, the time it takes to coata part with thermal spray is often sig-nificantly faster than welding. Addi-tionally, the surface temperature ofthe part being coated is kept below300F.

Atomization In welding, the feedstock is meltedfrom wire or powder, and the dropletsare transferred to a melted base mate-rial using low-velocity techniques. Inthermal spray, as the material is beingmelted, it is subjected to a relativelyhigh pressure and velocity atomizinggas. Sometimes, this atomizing gas is a


Thermal Spray The Misunderstood ProcessSix thermal spray processes are detailedalong with a common application

BY ROBERT MCDEMUS

Twin wire electric arc thermal spray is shown here on stainless steel.

McDemus Feature July 2016.qxp_Layout 1 6/9/16 7:46 AM Page 56

JULY 2016 / WELDING JOURNAL 57

result of the expanding gases from thetorch. Other times, compressed gasesare added to the process for atomiza-tion. In either case, the droplets arereduced to a smaller size and acceler-ated, thus atomized. Table 1 features a comparison ofthe common thermal spray processes.

Where Thermal Sprayis Useful

Thermal spray is used to changethe surface properties of components,including dimensional control, wearresistance, corrosion resistance, elec-trical properties, thermal barrier, andtraction/antiskid.

One Common Application

Because the part being sprayed isnormally kept below 300F, thermalspray is extremely useful where keep-ing heat to a minimum is required. An example of a common applica-tion for thermal spray is repairing adamaged shaft. Smaller shafts can dis-tort with applying heat sufficientenough to melt the base material. Inthis case, the repaired area does notrequire a metallurgical bond, but it re-quires a bond strong enough to with-stand shear forces from postcoat machining. In addition to dimensional restora-tion, a material can be selected thatimproves the wear resistance. The ba-sic thermal spray process for this typeof repair includes machine undersize,surface cleaning, mask, surface textur-ing, thermal spray, clean, and finishmachine.

Surface Preparation

When a shaft is damaged due to aspun bearing or a worn bearing sealarea, the damaged material must beremoved. This is typically done by ma-chining the damaged area undersizedeep enough to create a uniform di-ameter and clean up any damaged areas. All oil and grease on the part mustbe removed before spraying. Somecommon methods include degreasingwith solvents, alkaline water-basedwashes, and baking in an oven. Extracare should be taken with castings toensure there is no trapped grease oroil in the casting porosity.

Fig. 1 Thermal spray processes melt, atomize, and spray molten droplets.

Table 1 Thermal Spray System Comparisons

Combustion Powder

Melting energy is from fuel gas/oxygen. Material source is powder, metals, alloys, and some ceramics. Atomization is from compressed air, plus expanding combustion gases. Low purchase cost and low operating cost Useful entry-level technology

Combustion Wire

Melting energy is from fuel gas/oxygen. Material source is wire, metals, and alloys. Atomization is from compressed air, plus expanding combustion gases. Low purchase cost and low operating cost Useful entry-level technology

Twin Wire Electric Arc

Melting energy is electric arc, typically a DC welding power supply. Material source is wire. Atomization is from compressed air. Medium purchase cost and low operating cost Highest spray rates for thermal spray

Plasma Spray

Melting energy is from ionized plasma gas. Material source is powder, metals, alloys, carbides, and ceramic. Atomization is from inert gases used in the process. High purchase cost and high operating cost Best for ceramics

High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel

Melting energy is from fuel gas/oxygen and particle velocity. Material source is powder, metals, alloys, and carbides. Atomization is from compressed air, plus expanding combustion gases. Medium purchase cost and high operating cost Best for carbides

Cold Spray

Melting energy is from particle velocity. Material source is soft metal powders. Atomization is from compressed gases. High purchase cost and high operating cost This is a relatively new and developing technology.


Even though we are keeping thetemperature below 300F, grease andoil will weep out during thermal sprayand cause bonding issues.

Surface Profile

The bonding of standard thermalspray processes is a mechanical bond. The molten droplets of the materialbeing sprayed hit the surface beingcoated and splat. The molten materi-al quenches rapidly and attaches to thesurface being sprayed as it solidifies. Ifit is a smooth surface, there is notmuch for it to attach to. If there arejagged peaks and valleys, the moltenmaterial will surround those peaksand grip it. A raised angular profile of 1 to 3mils is optimal for the bond strengthof a thermal-sprayed coating. This isreferred to as a white metal finish. Itcan be achieved using 24- to 36-gritaluminum oxide or steel grit as theblast media. Other alternatives to grit blast areknurling and cutting threads. Howev-er, the bond strength is inferior to thatfrom grit blast. Figure 2A, B shows an example of apump shaft repair. This part had sig-

nificant damage to the surface; it wasmachined undersized down to a uni-form surface, grit blasted with 24-gritaluminum oxide, and sprayed. The ap-plication required an inert and hardsurface. A chrome oxide was selectedand a plasma spray process was usedto spray the ceramic. The final finishwas achieved using aluminum oxidegrinding wheels.

Conclusion

Thermal spray is an important, of-ten misunderstood technology that isused in many industries today. Andeven though it shares many of thesame technologies used in welding, itis not a welding process. As with allspecial methods, it has certain nicheswhere it is the best process to choosefrom.


WJ

Fig. 2 Before and after repair using thermal spray: A The pump sleeve before repair; B the pump sleeve after spray with chrome oxide and grind to finish.

ROBERT MCDEMUS ([email protected]) is the founder of Thermal Spray Depot, Washington, Pa.

For i

nfo,

go

to a

ws.

org/

adin

dex

A

B


elding SocietyAmerican W

ws.orga

TIONEDUCAAT

ALC

APERSOR PLL FO

research to peers and leaders in the indpeprogram by submitting a research pa

WS C3 Committee on Brazing AAWThe

vember 1No

Presented by the AmBRAZING AND S

INTH40ALC

eldcan WLDERIN

TIORNATAPEROR PA

mericSOLNTELL FO

ing Society (AG SYMPOSONALRS

WS)AWSIUM

Thition.nsideradering invites yo

V016 - Las

.ydustrer for coand Sol

2016,

s is your opportunity to pou take part in this prest

NVegas,V

present your igious

tionfor presentabefore Septembdevelopments,unpublished wo

The program

t the Symposium.n a 2016 and authors ber 3,

or an outlook into actualudThe work may incork.

m organizers are accepti

nt res

will be notifie

actul technical arede current research

-600-wing 500- word abstr

ed whether Submenas.

actuearch,

tipplicaual or potential aracts describing original,

ve beenpers har their pamissions must be receiv

tipplicaual or potential a

newonspreviously

n accepted ved on or

newons,

please m

ake sure to supply all name

v If you ha**Note:

gvisit:

or more details aF

tion dand affilia

y co-authorve an

ws.org/bgo.a

and to submi

etails througs on your su

brazeabstr

t abstrac

gh the link above when submitting.

,perubmitted pa

tracts

,ts electronically

aws educ braz symp.qxp_FP_TEMP 6/8/16 7:40 AM Page 97

memb corporate.qxp_FP_TEMP 6/7/16 8:41 AM Page 99


ws.orga

OURYANDINGEXPPAWA

LEARNING

TION OPTAATONLINE EDUCWS LEARNING:

he

erinn the

gs.e

TIONS

wNo

metallurgWS haAW

ANEXPPA

ve access to mw you ha

to y and NDT fields,gas partnered with oth

w wevnoou depend on us foYYo

OUR YDING

more quality courses

expand your online wy leading eher industr

ve taken it to the nexor quality welding eduONLINE EDU

vailable to you on tha

tion offewelding educae-learning providers in

xt level.tion resources,uca

TION OPTAATUC

production compa

w

NDT Classroom ha

No

t

WS Learning

y innovay and NDT industrante of the artas combined a sta

AWve access to mw you ha

Add

tors to

tform youve com

t media Develo

g plamore quality courses

ditional Courses Include

non-metallurgists

me to trust.vailable to you on tha

e:

dy experts,oped by metallurg

design

he

ned for

provide the highest production compa

RMagneti

PeneUU

:Courses

vailable.method aquality training with the best

ty innovay and NDT industran

ItiThdiesting I and IITeic Particle

esting I and IITeantetrIIesting asonic TeltrIesting asonic TeUltr

ydelivertors to

customve pHa

ImprovdecisioMake bSolve p

oull learn pYo

C

and suppliersmers,

ve qualityonsbetter and faster design and mproblems quickly

y concepts practical metallurg

non metallurgists

productive discussions with co

manuf

t wtha

o-worrkers,

facturing

will help you

rkers,

InasUltrVis

RaRa

ntroduction to NDTestingkness Teonic Thic

esting I and IITesual Radiation Safety

ent IIy CurrEddent Iy CurrEdd

IIesting y TeaphrdiogIesting y Teaphradiog

Courses:

Analysis of Mee Failurestingensile TeTe

gAluminum Metallurestingdness TeHar

gy of SteeMetallurdenSteel through Har

deninSteel Case Har

etals

gy

l ningng

o find oTo

.awo.awovisitout more,

Principles of Metallur

gws.org

gyr

aws educ learning.qxp_FP_TEMP 6/8/16 8:44 AM Page 101

WELDIN


ws.orga

WEDONT

TIONEDUCAAT

TIONNNG EDUCAATOUR UST YT TR

you.

pable hands?

DGEmost

NONE.

or a complete listi g/eventsaws.orrgsting please visitF

TO

tional opportunity ne

TO JUST ANYTIONWE

near you today!

ELDING EDUCAAT

why n

edareer are coming to

education and care

SAWSign up for an Opportunities to further your ed

.educa

with youWS with eyour futurpable hands?

WS CONFERENCES

AAWrust TTrw y not put it in the most ca

.

When it comes to your career development,

yin the wel ystrwelding industr-HAND KNOWLED-HRES TFIRSTT-T

turing the most and RESEARCH

conferences and seminars fea, TIONANT EDUCAATRELEVVA

offers worldwide co feaSAW

OR SEMINARS

2016

AAW

TIFIED WELDING INSPECTOR

2016

WS CERA

TX / July 17 23,aco,W 2016 CO / July 17 23,,Denver

2016AZ /July 17 23,Scottsdale, 2016AL / July 17 23,Birmingham,

2016 OH / July 10 16,Cleveland, 2016 NE / July 10 16,Omaha,

2016 KY / July 10 16,Louisville, 2016 CA / July 10 16,Angeles,Los

2016WI / July 24 30,waukee,Mil 2016 MT / July 24 30,Helena,

2016 FL / July 24 30,Miami, 2016 CA / July 24 30,Sacramento,

FL / Sep 20-21,Miami,CONFERENCEANNUAL ALUMINUM TH 19

2016Aug 29-30, CA / rancisco,San FLASERS CONFERENCE

2016Aug 10-12,TX / Houston,TION CONFERENCETIFICAAT SKILLS & CERRT,TIONWELDING EDUCAATRD3

aws educ conf/sem.qxp_FP_TEMP 6/8/16 1:09 PM Page 104

0C10C2001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016017018019020021022023024025026027028029030031032033034035036037038039040041042043044045046047048049050051052053054055056057058059060061062063064065066067068069070071072073074075076077078079080083084085086087088089090091092093094095096097098099100101102103104105106107108109110229s230s231s232s233s234s235s236s237s238s239s240s241s242s243s244s245s246s247s248s249s250s251s252s253s254s255s256s257s258s259s260s261s262s263s264s265s266s267s268s269s270s271s272s0C30C4

/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False

/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice

/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 100 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 300 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly true /PDFXNoTrimBoxError false /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org) /PDFXTrapped /False

/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > > /FormElements true /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MarksOffset 12.024000 /MarksWeight 0.250000 /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /UseName /PageMarksFile /RomanDefault /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] /SyntheticBoldness 1.000000>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice



















































/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.

welding journal | july 2016 of welding journal may make copies of articles for personal, archival,...

Documents