welcome to biology 1010c by dr. joseph silver. who are all of you? tell me & fill out the from
TRANSCRIPT
Welcome to Biology 1010Cby
Dr. Joseph Silver
who are all of you?
tell me&
fill out the from
general studiesnursing
high school studentsjob change
others
for whatever reason youneed or want to pass
the class
together we can make sure that you
all get what you need
who am I?
Dr. Joseph Silver
family - research - teaching – businesstravel – fun
I have one multifaceted job to do!
safe environmentunderstanding environment
class time conducive to learningteacher responsive to student needs
what you need to do
-read the chapters before you come to class-ask questions in class to expand your
knowledge-if you do not understand ask about it in
class- read the lab instructions before you come
to the lab
listen in class - if you spend your time trying to write down all that is said or shown
you will miss more than you will get
-if you have a problem let me or someone else know
solve the problem before it gets too late
Ask for help
-fill out student information sheet
-answer questions about homework assignments
-answer questions about tests and labs
every time we meet I get to speak about and answer questions about a topic which I chose to
study because I was interested in the subject matter
I want every class to be a fun class as well as a class in which you get to learn and understand the
material
my job is to present the material in a way that you can understand the material and overcome any
misunderstandings after having read the textbook
my hope is that class time will be a good review for all of you but it never happens
you are no longer in high school!!!!we expect more from you
we expect complete sentenceswe expect complete thoughts
please reread what you will hand in as homework
copying words from a book is not an indication of learning
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE FROM LAST YEARChapter 10 & 11 (due December 4 ): Using any and all scientific concepts and terms from
any chapter in the textbook and other sources - describe the processes, importance, and
uniqueness, of cell division and meiosis. Include controls, feedback, problems, importance of the
process, and how these processes provide support for Darwin’s theory of chemical,
physiological and structural changes over time leading to speciation. Cite the internet and other resources you use to complete this
assignment.
Chapter 1
what does it mean to be alive?how is life organized?
why evolution is considered the unifying biological theme.
how do scientists advance knowledge?Darwin’s work as an example of science inquiry
the cell theory
what does it mean to be alive?
you have 1 or more cellsyou have ordered complexity
you respond to your environmentyou grow and reproduce
you take in energy to do work you are able to maintain an internal constant
environment
you interact with other organisms and the environment in ways which influence
survival and as a consequence the future gene pool
how are living things organized?
See figure1.3 page 2 and 3
King Paul Came Often For Great Spaghetti
Scientific Method
know the stepsknow the function of each step
know what scientists do with the information
and know that this is not the only way science advances
a young man was fishing with some friendshe saw
a dark brown fish swim from a very shady part of the stream
tothe sunny middle of the stream
andas it moved into the sunny area it became much
lighter
why do you think this happened?
how did it happen?
a few years later the not so little boydid some experimentshe took a bunch of fish
put them in a large tankpart of the tank was in the shade
and part was in bright lightthen
he took the eyes out of ½ of the fishand
what do you think he did?
what do you think were the results?
the fish without eyescontinued to change
from light to darkand dark to light
when they moved from sunny to shady
and shady to sunny just like the ones with eyes!!!???
so what is the conclusion? what does he do as a scientist?
he made observationsformed a hypothesis
designed an experimentgathered the data
came to a conclusiondiscussed the resultspublished the results
thenhe reformed his hypothesis based on his
observations
he decided that the stimulusfor skin color change wasa change in temperature
as the fish went from shady to sunny areas
so
the experiment was redonewith more blind fish
moving from cool areas to warmer areasand
warm areas to cool areasand
each area had the same amount of light
nothing happenedskin color did not change
so he used the same blind fish
and redid the first experimentand all of the blind fish
changed their color as they wentfrom shady to sunny and sunny to
shady
sohe concluded that it was
not temperaturethat the fish were responding to
and that it wasthe difference in light intensity
but how are blind fishseeing light?
how could this be?how could blind fish tell dark from light
areas?
In fish the third eye
does nor come all the way to the surface
butlies just beneath the skull
so
some india ink + jello (gelatin)injected into the porous skulland covered the whole headso no light could penetrate
the skull
he redoes the same experimentsand
when the skull is covered with thick black india ink
what do you think happens?
the fish no longer change skin color
when they go from light to darkor dark to light
andwhen you scrape away
the India ink from the areaabove the third eye
they act like normal fish
and change color when the movefrom light to dark and dark to light
even without their lateral eyes
observations led to a hypothesis -experiment – data – conclusion – failure
led to – new hypothesis – new experiment – more failure
led to new hypothesis – new data – finally success
observationshypothesis (prediction)
experimentdata
resultsconclusion
publish
new hypothesisnew experiments
scientific knowledge does not only grow by experiments and the scientific method
many new ideas come from observations and reasoning
Darwin’s theory of natural selectionwas the result of many observations
(reading, talking, seeing, thinking, drawing, writing)
leading to a new theory
let’s learn the meanings of some words
accurate vs preciseobjective vs subjectivedeductive vs inductive
dependent vs independent variablesapplied vs basic research
scientific theory vs scientific law
the correct answer to a problem is 8.4
you answer 13.4424, 13.2689 13.1436, 12.929, 13.4166
you are very precise (exact) but wrong
your friend answers 8.35, 8.41, 8.39, 8.42your friend is very accurate
(show bulls eye example on board)
when a scientists interjects their personal feelings or desires into their conclusions of
an experimentthey are being subjective
when a scientists uses or presents the results of inquiry exactly as they are the
scientist is being objective
Carol is a college studentCarol eats pizza
all college students eat pizza
Is this always true – NOthis is INDUCTIVE REASONING
BUT
Inductive Reasoningcan lead to general principles
an enzyme is found in an embryothe same enzyme in found in different
embryosthe enzyme is not found in non embryos
thenyou can conclude that this enzyme has a
role inembryonic development
all men are mortalTom is a manTom is mortal
is this always true = YESthis is deductive reasoning
you are 14 years old you do not want to go to school today
so you drink some warm water and you tell your
mom that you have a fever and are too sick to go to school
your mom takes your temperature and says you do have a fever and gives you 2 Tylenol pills
then
she comes back in 30 minutes and you are still warm so she gives you 2 more Tylenol
YOUdrink some warm water your mom sees that you still have a fever and goes to get more
TylenolYOU
do not want to destroy your liver so you quickly drink some cool water and tell your mom that you are fine and you are getting
dressed and going to school
independent variable = the thing in an experiment that you can change (Tylenol)
dependent variable = the thing you cannot change but you measure (fever)
basic research = doing whatever to discover new ideas or truths about science
applied research = using the new ideas to come up
with new stuff like a washing machine, cell phone, something which
humans can use
scientific law = something which we know from multiple observations and have not come up with anything to disprove the law. You can
describe the law but you cannot explain why it happens. You know what is going to happen. You can quantify it. But, you really cannot come up
with an experiment to show why it happens.
scientific theory = something we know from multiple experiments or testing and for which
we have a mechanism which explains the theory. New evidence can change the theory. It
is an accepted hypothesis.
Charles Robert DarwinBorn 1809 - Died 1882
rich family - Wedgewood China - minister school
medical school – drifter – good artist - 5 year trip – a way for a 22 year old to get
away from his parents – H.M.S. Beagle – job to collect, draw and
record observations about the plants and animals he observed at the many places
visited
Darwin’s books provided an explanation for the
role of sexual reproductive success as the mechanism
for a natural process resulting in a
populations change over time
humans have been doing artificial selection for thousands of years.
humans have made cats, dogs, cows, corn, chickens, oranges, and many other plants
and animals by controlling which animals had offsprings
and which plants had sex to provide the desired characteristics
what Darwin did was use the observations he made in the field and what he knew
farmers and animal and plant breeders were doing and what he had read to come up with
the idea of natural selection.
human breeders can change a species in a few generations by choosing which
organisms sexually interact with each other
natural selection provides a mechanism
by which plants and animals will change over time to produce organisms
which are so different from their ancient ancestors
that they can be considered a new species
Darwin could not understand why as he travelled around the world he saw very different plants and animals in identical
environments
birds on a rocky wind blown island off the coast of Australia, Africa, or South America
need the same tools to survive. But, what he saw were animals which did not look like
animals on similar islands but animals which looked like animals on close by islands or
close by mainland.
Darwin concluded that what he was seeing was 1)the result of an animal from one environment moving into a new environment and 2)changing slowly over time through sexual reproduction to
become 3) more adapted to the new environment and 4) more sexually successful in the new different environment
the changes in color, anatomy, size, physiology, and more over time produced a very different
organismor
an organism can change in its present environment to become more successful (pass on its genes=
have more sex)
sexual success is the result of an organism being able to successfully
compete for food
for shelterfor a mate
to avoid predationto avoid disease
how could all of this happen accidentally?
remember he did not know about
genes, chromosomes, DNA, or meiosisBUT
he did know about artificial selection
SOwhat is so special about
sexual reproductionthat leads to
changes in every generation?
Darwin had read Thomas Malthus’s book in which he described the fact
that the human and other organism populations
grow geometrically while food supplies grow arithmetically
Malthus concluded that a lack in the food supply will result in
wars over human food as well as
competition for food among other animals
Darwin also knew of George Cuviers workwhere he compared fossils found
in different layers andconcluded that the same animal appeared
to be found in different layersbut slightly changed
andthe deeper the rock the more different
the organism seemed to be fromthe modern animal
Darwin had also read Charles Lyell’s workPrinciples of Geology
-Lyell had travelled to many places-he found sea shells in the rock layers
15,000 feet up at the top of Mt. Vesuvius-he helped dig many of the canals
found in England and saw in the rock layersthe same changes reported by Cuviers in France
-Lyell concluded that the earth had to be very old
and that very slow changes had taken place and that they were still taking place
-he referred to this slow process as uniformitarianism
there are still people today who believe thatthe earth is about 5000 years old
buteven many years before Darwin
people understood that the earthhad to be very old
probablymillions of years old not thousands of years
when Darwin returned after 5 years at seahe wrote down all of his ideas,
produced a manuscript full of examples and drawings showing how “change over
time” could take place in the natural world.
he called this process “natural selection.”
-he showed the manuscript to a few friends then put it in a drawer for many years
-he realized that in the mid 1800s (as today)
many people would be upset at the thought that humans were just another animal
and part of a natural process of uniformitarianism
which is still taking place today among plants, animals, and humans
In 1858 Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russell Wallace
a naturalist studying in Indonesia who sent Darwin a letter describing the same ideas
about changes brought about by natural processes-Darwin had Wallace come to England and both ideas were presented to the Royal
Academy of Science-Darwin quickly published his manuscript
which caused quite a fuss when the newspapers reported that “scientist claims monkeys gave birth
to first humans”
of course this is not what Darwin reportednor is it
how modern science describes human evolution
but it sold lots of newspapers
andtoday it raises lots of money for some
peoplewho prey on ignorant people’s narrow minds
today the process of natural selection causing slow changes over time
resulting in enough changes in the gene pool of a population
to bring about a new species is an accepted fact
by almost every person
modern science uses the following bodies of evidence to support the predictions about
natural selectionfossil record (anatomy)fossil position (layers)
fossil location (geography)age of the earth (billions)
radioactive dating (billions)mechanisms of heredity (meiosis)
comparative anatomy (homologues)molecular evidence (DNA )
the thousands of pages written by Darwin can be summarized in a simple statement
the rearrangement of genesthat takes place every time an egg and
sperm are madecan result in an advantage for survival and reproduction which over time will spread
through a populationand can change a population so that it no longer looks like it’s ancestors
geometric (exponential) vs arithmetic
homologous vs analogous
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
All living things are made up of 1 or more cells = the cell theory
Robert Hooke 1665 - cells like monk cellsAnton van Leeuwenhoek – 300X – sees many
animaliculesMathhias Schleiden 1839 – all plants have cellsTheodor Schwann 1839 – all animals have cells
3 domains
bacteria & archaea = prokaryotes (primitive)
protest & fungi & animals & plants = eukaryotes
homeodomain proteinsabout 2000 enzymes found in DNA code which are important in early development
and are found in every organism from the most primitive to the most advanced life
forms
why?
too good to change?have not yet found a better way
shows descent from common cell ancestor?
last but not leastyou
are an open systembecause
a constant supply of energy inputis necessary to maintain equilibrium
or homeostasis
without continual input living things cannot survive