MorphologyTaken from Finegan, Chapter 2 (pages 46-52) Wors an their parts!The meaningf"l elements in a #or are $alle morphemes%Most morphemes ha&e #hat ling"ists $all le'i$al meaning, as #ith look, kite, an tall% (ther morphemes represent a grammati$al $ategory or semanti$ notion s"$h as past tense (-ed in looked) or pl"ral (-s in kites) or $omparati&e egree (-er in taller)%For example:true is a #or #ith a single morpheme, #hile untrue an truly $ontain t#o morphemes ea$h, an untruthfulness $ontains ) &e ("n- * tr"e * -th * -f"l * -ness)%Free morphemes $an stan alone as #orsBound morphemes only f"n$tion as part of a #orBound morphemes $an +e derivational or infectionalDerivational morphemes $hange the $ategory (e%g% ark-arken) of the #or or $hange the meaning of the #or (paint-repaint)Infectional morphemes $hange the form of a #or +"t not its le'i$al $ategory or $entral meaning% They o it to $onform to i,erent roles in the senten$eMorphemes are ordered in sequenceAfxes- prefxes ("ntr"e) an sufxes (happiness)Infxes- inserte in another morphemeMorphemes can be discontinuousCircumfxes- a morpheme that o$$"rs in t#o parts, one on ea$h sie of a stem.'ample- /amoan has a morpheme fe-0-a1i, meaning 2re$ipro$al3- the &er+ 2to 4"arrel3 is f nau, an the &er+ 2to 4"arrel #ith ea$h other3 is fef naua1ife)na"a1i%Inter!eavin" morphemes- Muslim, Islam, and salaam all contain the Arabic root /5M, #ith its $ore meaning of 2pea$e, s"+mission%3#ormanteau !ords contain mer"ed morphemes 6t7s i8$"lt to separate them% /ometimes they are $alle +lens!%.'ample-smog (smoke an fog)Morphemes are or"ani$ed in a la%ered structureTypes of morphologi$al systems in lang"ages5ang"ages $an +e $lasi)e in three gro"ps-isolatingaggl"tinating,in9e$tional% /ome lang"ages are mi'e in the kins of morphology they "se%6solating lang"ages.'ample- Chineseea$h #or tens to +e a single isolate morpheme% :n isolating lang"age la$ks +oth eri&ational an in9e$tional morphology%:ggl"tinating lang"ages.'ample- T"rkish#ors $an ha&e se&eral pre)'es an s"8'es, +"t they are $hara$teristi$ally istin$t an reaily segmente into their parts;like .nglish announce-ment-s or pre-afrm-ed +"t "nlike sang (sing * 2past3) or men (man * 2pl"ral3)%6n9e$tional lang"agesMany lang"ages ha&e large in&entories of in9e$tional morphemes% Finnish,