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Ch. 8—China and the World: East Asia Connections 500-1300 C.E.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:* To explore the role of China as “_______________” among the third-wave civilizations* To examine China’s deep _____________ on East Asia* To consider the ways in which interaction __________________________ had an impact on China

AP KEY CONCEPTS:3.1- 6 Elements of Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

a) Improved ____________________ technologies and _____________________ practices,

b) Led to an _______________ volume of trade,c) ________________ the _________________ range of existing

and newly active trade networksd) The expansion of empires facilitated trans-Eurasian

_______ and ___________________e) The movement of peoples caused ___________________

and ______________ effects f) Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by networks

of __________ and ___________________3.2- Continuity, Changes, and Interactions among State Forms

a) Empires ____________ and were reconstituted and new _________- emerged

b) Interregional contacts encouraged _______________ and ______________ transfers3.3- Consequences of Increased Economic Productive Capacity

a) Innovations stimulated ____________________ and ___________________ production

b) The fate of ___________ varied greatly

Chapter Outline:I. The Reemergence of a Unified China (p 366)

a. The _______ dynasty collapsed around 220 C.E.i. Leads to 300 years of

_______________________________________ii. ________________ migration from the north

iii. Confucianism __________________iv. Chinese migration _________ to Yangzi

River Valleyb. “Golden Age” of Chinese Achievement

i. ______ dynasty (589-618) __________________ China


1. Vastly extended _____________________________

2. Ruthlessness and failure to conquer Korea ______________ people ________________ state resources (money, men, food, etc)

3. Dynasty __________________ , state didn’t disintegrate

ii. ___________ (618-907) and _________ (960-1279) Dynasties built on Sui foundations

1. Established patterns of Chinese life that lasted into _____th century

2. Golden age of ______ and ____________________

iii. Politics 1. Six major ministries were created

a. Personnelb. ________________c. Rightsd. __________e. Justicef. ______________________

2. Censorate--________________________ over government

3. Examination system ________________ to staff bureaucracy

4. Proliferation of _____________ and ___________________

5. Official positions went to _______________________________

6. __________________________________ continued to be powerful

iv. Economic Revolution under Song1. Great prosperity2. Rapid ___________________ growth

a. ____-_____ million during Tang

b. __________________ by 1200c. Improvement in

_______________________ production

d. Most __________________ region in the world

e. Network of __________________________


i. Canalsii. Rivers

iii. Lakesf. Improvements in

________________ productiong. Invention of ____________h. Best ______________ and

__________________ technologyi. Invention of

___________________v. Production for ____________ consumption

(trade)1. __________________________________

allowed peasants to grow crops2. Government required

_______________ rather than ______________

3. Growing use of ________________________

Mini-summary:Why are the centuries of the Tang and Song dynasties in

China sometimes referred to as a “golden age”?1. China reached cultural peak2. Set standards of excellence in poetry,

landscape painting, and ceramics3. During Song dynasty, explosion of

scholarship (giving rise to Neo-Confucianism)

4. Politically, both dynasties built state structures that endured for thousands of years

5. Experiences economic revolution making it the richest empire on earth

6. Rapid population growth spurred by growth in agriculture

a. Dozens of cities of over 100,000 people

b. Capital of Hangzhou with population of over 1 million

7. Industrial production soared8. Technological innovation flourished

a. Invention of printingb. Invention of gunpowderc. Invention in navigation and

shipbuilding


9. Economy of China became the most highly commercialized producing for the market rather than for local consumption

c. Women in the Song Dynasty1. Women were not included in “Golden” era2. During Tang dynasty, elite women allowed

___________________________i. Due to steppe nomads

3. Song: ___________________ of patriarchal restrictions on women

4. _________________________ highlighted the subjection of women

5. _________________________ in 10th or 11th century C.E.i. Associated with images of

__________________________ii. Kept women ________________ to the house

6. ______________________________ increased displacing women as workersi. Women found other roles

ii. Prosperity of elite created concubines, _____________________ , ____________________ , and prostitutes

7. Position of women improved slightlyi. Property rights ____________________

ii. More women __________________ to raise sons better

Mini-Summary:In what ways did women’s lives change during the Tang

and Song dynasties?1. Participation in social life increased due to

greater freedom than during Han2. Revival of Confucianism and economic

growth during Song tightened patriarchal restrictions

3. Growing wealth and urban environment offered other work opportunities

a. Restaurant operatorb. Seller of vegetables and fishc. Maidsd. Cookse. Dressmakersf. Concubines, entertainers, courtesans,

prostitutes


II. China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making (p 373)a. Most enduring interaction with foreigners was in

the ____________ with the peoples of the ________________

i. Northern nomads lived in ___________ groups based on ____________

ii. Occasional creation of powerful states or _________________________

iii. Pastoral societies needed ___________ and other farm products from China

iv. Foreign leaders wanted _______________________________ and ________________ goods

v. Steppe pressure ______________ factor in Chinese history for 2000 years

vi. ________________ often felt threatened by Chinese

1. __________________________ on steppes2. ________________________________

vii. China ______________ nomads1. Steppes provided _______________

and other goods2. Nomads controlled

_______________________Mini-Summary:

How did the Chinese and their nomadic neighbors to the north view each other?

1. China was source of grain, agricultural products, and luxury goods

2. China was a military threat directing forces deep into the steppes

3. China built Great Wall4. China unwilling to allow pastoral people access to

trading opportunity5. Chinese saw nomads as military threat but

a. Nomads were source of horses which were essential to the military

b. Nomads source of skins, furs, hides, and amber

c. Nomads controlled Silk Road

b. Tribute system in theoryi. Chinese believed themselves to be

____________ of the world “Middle


Kingdom”; ________________ to “_________________” outsiders

ii. ________________ system established to manage relations with non-Chinese people

1. Non-Chinese must ____________________ Chinese superiority

2. Present _________________ to emperor3. In return, non-Chinese receive

_____________________________ and “__________________” (often worth more than tribute)

iii. System worked for centuriesMini-Summary

What assumptions underlay the tribute system?1. China’s Middle Kingdom2. Tribute system designed to facilitate

“civilizing” barbarians3. Must acknowledge Chinese superiority4. In exchange for expression of submission,

Chinese emperor granted foreigners permission to trade in China

5. System was an effort to regulate relations with neighboring states

c. Tribute system in practicei. System _________________ contradictory

realitiesii. Some nomadic empires could deal with

China on ___________ terms1. Xiongnu __________________________

(Established 200 B.C.E.)2. Turkic empires of ___________________

were similariii. Steppe nomads ________________________ to

conquer and rule China1. Preferred ____________________2. Nomads moved in when Chinese

state broke down3. Several steppe states took over

parts of northern ChinaMini-Summary

How did the tribute system in practice differ from the ideal Chinese understanding of its operation?


1. China was confronting powerful nomadic empires that were able to deal with China on equal terms

2. Chinese emperors negotiated arrangements that recognized nomadic states as political equals

a. Promised Chinese princesses as wivesb. Sanctioned exchanges of goods that

favored nomadsc. Agreed to supply nomads with large

quantities of grain, wine, and silkd. Though officially termed “gifts”, they

were in fact tribute in reverse or even protection money

i. Chinese paid off nomads so the nomads would not invade and take control of Chinese state

d. Cultural Influence Across Ecological Frontier i. Nomads who ruled parts of China

____________________ Chinese ways ii. Steppes were ____________________ impacted by

Chinese culturea. Pastoral societies

____________________ cultural patternsb. Most lived where Chinese-style

______________________ was impossible iii. Interaction took the following forms:

1. Trade2. ______________________________3. Negotiations4. ____________________5. Cultural Influence

iv. ______________ culture influenced ________________ China ruled frequently by nomads

a. Founders of Sui and Tang dynasties were of ________________

b. Tang dynasty ________ among northern Chinese __________ for anything connected to “western barbarians”

Mini-SummaryIn what ways did China and the nomads influence each

other?1. When nomads ruled over parts of China,

some adopted Chinese ways


2. On the whole, Chinese culture had only a modest impact on the nomadic people of the northern steppes

3. At the same time, elements of steppe culture had some influence over parts of northern China

III. Coping with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan (p 377)a. Emerging states and civilizations of Korea,

Vietnam, and Japan also had _________________ relationships with China

i. Agricultural, sedentary societiesii. Civilizations shaped due to

__________________ to China but did ________ become Chinese

b. Korea and Chinai. Interaction with China started with

__________________ Chinese conquest of northern Korea during ________ dynasty, with colonization

ii. Korean states emerged in ____th-_____th century C.E.

1. States were __________; also _____________ Chinese political control

2. 7th century: _________ kingdom allied with Tang dynasty China to bring __________________ unity

iii. Korea generally maintained ___________________ independence under Silla (688-900), Koryo (918-1392), and Yi (1392-1910) dynasties

1. ____________ provided _____________________ to Korean rulers

2. Korea tried to replicate Chinese _____________________ and __________________________

3. Korean capital city of _________________________ modeled on Chinese capital Chang’an

iv. Acceptance of Chinese culture1. Chinese luxury goods,

______________________ , and religious influence


2. Confucianism had negative impact on ________________ , especially after 1300

v. Korea maintained Korean culture1. Chinese cultural influence had

___________ effect on Korea’s serf-like ____________ or large ______________ population

2. Only _______________________ moved beyond the Korean elite

3. _____________ of examination system for bureaucrats

4. In 1400s, ________________________ alphabet (hangul) created

c. Vietnam and Chinai. Experience of Vietnam _________________ to

Koreaii. Vietnam’s cultural heartland in

______________________________ part of Chinese state from 111 BCE-939 CE

1. _________________ assimilation of elite attempted

2. Provoked ___________________iii. Vietnamese rulers adopted Chinese

system of government1. Examination system

______________________ established aristocrats

2. Elite remained ____________________ to Chinese culture

iv. Much of distinctive Vietnamese culture remained:

1. _______________________2. Cockfighting3. Betel nuts4. Greater roles for _________________5. Retained nature goddesses6. Retained _____________ Buddha7. Developed variation of Chinese

___________________ , chu nom (southern script)

d. Japan and Chinai. Japan was never ________________ or

____________________ by China so borrowing Chinese culture was ______________________


ii. 7th-9th Centuries C.E.—main period of cultural borrowing, when first ________________________________________ began to emerge

1. Creation of Japanese bureaucratic state with _____________ Taishi (572-622)

2. Large-scale ____________________ to China to learn

3. _______________________________________________________

4. Two capital cities Nara and Heian were founded, modeled after Chinese capital of Chang’an

iii. Elements of Chinese culture took root in Japan

1. Several schools of Chinese ______________________

2. Art, architecture, ________________ , medicine, and _______________ views

3. Chinese ________________ systemiv. Japanese borrowings were

_____________________v. Japanese never created ______________

centralized bureaucratic state1. Political power became

________________________2. Local authorities developed own

military forces called ____________________

vi. Religious distinctiveness 1. Buddhism never replaced

_________________________________2. The way of the __________ (sacred

spirits), later called Shintovii. Distinctive ________________ and

__________________ culture1. Unique writing system mixed

Chinese writing characters and phonetic symbols

2. Early development of ___________ (highly stylized poetry)

3. Highly refined aesthetic _______________________ , especially in Heian period (794-1192)


viii. ___________________________ escaped most of Confucian oppression

Mini-summaryA) In what ways did China have an influence in Korea,

Vietnam, and Japan? a. Korea and Vietnam achieved political

independence while participating fully in tribute system as vassal states

b. Cultural elite of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan borrowed heavily from China, while retaining own cultures

i. Confucianismii. Daoism

iii. Buddhismiv. Administrative techniquesv. Examination system

vi. Artistic and literary stylesc. Both Korea and Vietnam experienced some

colonization by ethnic Chinese settlersB) In what ways was the influence resisted?

a. Cultural heartland of Vietnam was completely incorporated into the Chinese state for over 1000 years, longer than parts of Korea

b. Japan was physically separated from China and thus adoption of Chinese civilization was wholly voluntary

c. High point of cultural borrowing occurred when first Japanese state deliberately sought to transform Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state

d. Korea, Vietnam, and Japan resisted some Chinese cultural influences

e. Both Korea and Vietnam militarily resisted Chinese political domination

IV. China and the Eurasian World Economy (p 384)a. China’s impact on Eurasia

i. Many of China’s __________________________ innovations spread beyond its borders

1. _________ production through solar evaporation

2. Papermaking3. __________________ (though resisted

by the Islamic world)


4. ____________________________ invented circa 1000

5. Chinese textile, metallurgical, and naval technologies also stimulated ____________________ and innovation (e.g. magnetic compass)

ii. Chinese prosperity stimulated _____________________ life all over Eurasia

b. China as Economic Beneficiaryi. China learned ____________ and _____________

cultivation from Indiaii. China transformed around year 1000 by

introduction of new __________________________ from Vietnam

iii. Technological creativity spurred by ________________________ contact

iv. Growing participation in _________________________________ trade

1. Foreign merchant ________________________ in southern Chinese ports by Tang era

2. Sometimes brought ___________________ (mass massacre of foreigners in Canton in the 870s)

3. Transformation of southern China to production for _________________

Mini-summaryA) In what ways did China participate in the world of

Eurasian commerce and exchange?a. China actively participated in commerce with

export products of silk, porcelain, and lacquerware in high demand

b. Chinese ports became cosmopolitan centers of commerce and trade

c. Ports became points of contact between Chinese and Afro-Eurasian cultures

d. Size of Chinese domestic economy provided market outside of Chinese borders

B) With what outcomes?a. Diffusion of Chinese technological

innovations including:i. Techniques for producing salt

ii. Papermakingiii. Printing


iv. Explosivesv. Textiles

vi. Metallurgyvii. Naval technologies

1. Gunpowder spurred development of cannons

b. China learned about cultivation and processing of sugar and cotton from India

c. China gained access, new-ripening, and drought-resistant strains of rice from Vietnam

d. Outside influences inspired Chinese innovation

i. Buddhism spurring development of printing

V. China and Buddhism (p 388)a. __________________________ was India’s most

important ___________ to Chinai. China’s only large-scale cultural

borrowing until _________________ii. China was the _______ for Buddhism’s

spread to Korea and Japanb. Making Buddhism Chinese

i. Buddhism entered China via ________________ (in 1st-2nd cent. C.E.)

1. Had little appeal at first2. Indian culture was

_____________________ from that of China

ii. Buddhism took root 300-800 CE1. Collapse of ________ dynasty in 200

brought ___________ and discrediting of ___________________________

2. Nomadic rulers in China ________________ Buddhism

3. Buddhism was ____________________4. Monasteries provided

_____________________________5. Buddhists appeared to have

___________________________6. Effort to present Buddhism in form

accessible to Chinese7. _____________________ form of

Buddhism became popular


iii. Sui and early Tang dynasties gave state support to Buddhism

1. Sui Emperor ______________ (r. 581-604) had monasteries built at base of China’s five sacred ____________________

2. ____________________ became wealthy3. Buddhism never __________________

from state authoritiesc. Losing State Support—Crisis of Chinese

Buddhismi. Growth of Chinese Buddhism provoked

________________ and ____________________1. Deepening ____________________ of

Buddhist establishment’s wealth2. It was foreign/unknown, thus

_________________3. Monastic ________________ and

withdrawal undermined the Confucian-based _____________ system

ii. New xenophobia started with An Lushan rebellion (755-763) led by foreign general

iii. Chinese state began direct action against foreign _______________ in 841-845

1. 260,000 __________ and __________ forced to return to secular life

2. Thousands of monasteries, temples, and shrines _____________________ or ____________________

3. Buddhists forbidden to use ________________________ or _________ for their images

iv. Buddhism didn’t vanish from China; it remained an important element of popular religion

Mini-summaryWhat were the major sources of opposition to

Buddhism in China?1. Some perceived Buddhist

establishment as a challenge to imperial authority and there was a deep resentment of the


enormous wealth controlled by Buddhism

2. Buddhism was clearly of foreign origin and was clearly offensive

3. For some Confucian thinkers, the celibacy of monks and withdrawal from society undermined Confucian-based family system of Chinese tradition

VI. Reflections: Why do things Change? (p 392)a. Change and transformation are __________________

in human historyi. Explaining ________ and ________ societies

change are historians’ most central issueii. Disagreement about what is most

important catalyst of changeb. Case of China illustrates range of factors that

drive change:i. World historians tend to find

_________________________________ the primary source of change

ii. History of China and East Asia helps illustrate this view

iii. Perhaps it is misleading to distinguish between ________________ and __________________ sources of change

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