Unitarian Universalist HistoryThe Unitarians: 0 c.e. – 1638 c.e.

Rise of Christianity 1st thru 3rd Century Constant fighting Small Christian sects

with differing views Persecution

Rise of ChristianityRoman Empire in 325c.e.

Constantine the Great – 272-337c.e.

Rules from 306 to 337c.e. Born and lives a Pagan Issues “Edict of Milan” – 311

and 313c.e. Issues Nicene Creed – 325c.e. Dies a Christian

Nicene Creed – 325c.e.

First Council of Nicaea Purpose – to standardize Christianity Arius vs. Athanasius 318 out of 1,800 bishops come Nicene Creed issued after nearly a month of

debate! Exile, banishment, and excommunication

Arius - 256–336c.e. Alexandria, Egypt Believed Christian theology was

being too freely mixed with Greek pagan philosophy

Son =/= Father (God) John 14:28: "the Father is greater than

I". And also Colossians 1:15: "the firstborn of all creation."

True first-born son Excommunicated (Palestine) Poisoned

The Middle Ages – 5th-15th Centuries

Collapse of Western Roman Empire – 476c.e.

The Crusades – 1095c.e.

Black Death – 1347 and 1350c.e.

Joan of Arc – 1412-1431c.e.

Europe – 1300c.e.

A Tradition of Heresy Heretic comes from the Greek word

“hairesis” Translation: “to personally select or choose”

Roman Catholic ChurchBurning of the Templars, 1314

John Badby burned in a barrel, 1410Ramihrdus of Cambrai (1076 or 1077) (lynched)

Peter of Bruys († 1130) (lynched)Gerard Segarelli († 1300)

Maifreda da Pirovano († 1300)Andrea Saramiti († 1300)

Fra Dolcino († 1307) (never tried by Catholic Church), ItalySister Margherita († 1307), ItalyBrother Longino († 1307), Italy

Marguerite Porete († 1310)Botulf Botulfsson († 1311), the only known heretic executed in Sweden

Jacques de Molay (1243–1314), burned after conviction by a tribunal under the control of King Philip IV of France, France

Geoffroi de Charney († 1314), burned with Jacques de Molay above, France.Guilhèm Belibasta († 1321), last Cathar

Francesco da Pistoia († 1337)Lorenzo Gherardi († 1337)Bartolomeo Greco († 1337)

Bartolomeo da Bucciano († 1337)Antonio Bevilacqua († 1337)

William Sawtre († 1401)John Badby († 1410)

Jan Hus (1371–1415), impenitent/unrepentant hereticJerome of Prague (1365–1416), relapsed heretic

Joan of Arc at the stake, 1431St. Joan of Arc (1412–1431), relapsed heretic, Rouen, France

Thomas Bagley († 1431)Pavel Kravař († 1433)

Girolamo Savonarola († 1498)Joshua Weißöck (1488–1498)

Jean Vallière († 1523)Hendrik Voes († 1523), 1st martyr in the Seventeen ProvincesJan van Essen († 1523), 1st martyr in the Seventeen Provinces

Jan de Bakker († 1525), 1st martyr in the Northern NetherlandsWendelmoet Claesdochter († 1527), 1st Dutch woman burned as heretic

Michael Sattler († 1527)Patrick Hamilton († 1528), St Andrews, Scotland

Balthasar Hubmaier (1485–1528), relapsed hereticGeorge Blaurock (1491–1529)

Hans Langegger († 1529)Giovanni Milanese († 1530)Richard Bayfield († 1531)James Bainham († 1532)

John Frith (1503–1533), EnglandWilliam Tyndale (1490–1536)

Jakob Hutter († 1536)Aefgen Listincx (d. 1538)

Anneke Esaiasdochter (d. 1539)Francisco de San Roman († 1540)Robert Barnes († 1540), England

Thomas Gerrard († 1540), EnglandGiandomenico dell' Aquila († 1542)

Maria van Beckum (d. 1544)Ursula van Beckum (d. 1544)

George Wishart (1513–1546), St Andrews, ScotlandRogers' execution at Smithfield, 1555

John Rogers († 1555), London, EnglandCanterbury Martyrs († 1555), England

Laurence Saunders, (1519–1555), EnglandRowland Taylor († 1555), England

John Hooper († 1555), EnglandRobert Ferrar († 1555), Carmarthen, Wales

Patrick Pakingham († 1555), Uxbridge, EnglandHugh Latimer (1485–1555), relapsed heretic, England

Nicholas Ridley (1500–1555), EnglandBartolomeo Hector († 1555)

Paolo Rappi († 1555)Vernon Giovanni († 1555)Labori Antonio († 1555)

John Bradford († 1555), London, EnglandThomas Cranmer (1489–1556), relapsed heretic, England

Stratford Martyrs († 1556), 11 men and 2 women, London, EnglandJoan Waste (d. 1556), Derby, England

Pomponio Angerio († 1556)Nicola Sartonio († 1557)

Thomas von Imbroich († 1558) (beheaded)Fra Goffredo Varaglia († 1558)Gisberto di Milanuccio († 1558)

Francesco Cartone († 1558)Antonio di Colella († 1559)Antonio Gesualdi († 1559)Giacomo Bonello († 1560)

Mermetto Savoiardo († 1560)Dionigi di Cola († 1560)

Gian Pascali di Cuneo († 1560)Bernardino Conte († 1560)Giorgio Olivetto († 1567)Luca di Faenza († 1568)

Thomas Szük (1522–1568)Bartolomeo Bartoccio († 1569)

Dirk Willems († 1569), NetherlandsFra Arnaldo di Santo Zeno († 1570)

Alessandro di Giacomo († 1574)Benedetto Thomaria († 1574)

Diego Lopez († 1583)Gabriello Henriquez († 1583)

Borro of Arezzo († 1583)Ludovico Moro († 1583)Pietro Benato († 1585)

Francesco Gambonelli († 1594)Marcantonio Valena († 1594)

Giovanni Antonio da Verona († 1599)Fra Celestino († 1599)

Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), Rome, ItalyMaurizio Rinaldi († 1600)

Bartolomeo Coppino († 1601)Edward Wightman († 1612), last person burned for heresy in England.

Malin Matsdotter (1613–1676), for witchcraft, SwedenKimpa Vita (1684–1706), Angola

Maria Barbara Carillo (1625–1721), Madrid, SpainThe book "Acts and Monuments" by John Foxe, commonly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs lists

many more than this.The Church in England

Anne Askew (1521–1546)Joan Bocher († 1550)

George van Parris († 1551)Matthew Hamont († 1579)

John Lewes († 1583)Peter Cole († 1587)

Francis Kett († 1589)Bartholomew Legate (1575–1612)

Edward Wightman (1566–1612), relapsed heretic In Eastern Orthodox

The “baptism by fire” of Old Believer leader Avvakum in 1682Basil the Physician († 1118), by Emperor Alexius I Comnenus; heresy

Avvakum Petrovich (1620–1682), by Tsar Feodor III of Russia; combating the Starovery movementQuirinus Kuhlmann († 1689), by Tsar Ivan V of Russia; considered politically dangerous

Calvinist Church Michael Servetus (1511–1553)

See alsoSolomon Molcho (1500–1532), apostate.

Étienne Dolet (1509–1546), apostate.Lucilio Vanini († 1618), apostate.

Gabriel Malagrida († 1761), strangled.[1]List of people executed for witchcraftForty Martyrs of England and Wales

Katarzyna Weiglowa – 1460-1539 Married to a Polish statesman Converted from Roman

Catholicism Refused to recant – imprisoned

for 10 years Burned at the stake as a heretic Unitarian and Jewish martyr

Bona Sforza presided over the burning –

ushered in a new era of tolerance

Miguel Serveto – 1510 - 1553 A true “renaissance man” Many books and readings on

anatomy, physics, biology, theology, poetry, etc.

University of Paris Jehan Chauvin – no debate

On the Errors of the Trinity – 1531, and The Restitution of Christianity – 1553

Michael Servetus Condemned by Catholics and Protestants Changes name: Michel de Villeneuve Correspondence with John Calvin Inquisition – talks them out of it Inquisition – Escape! 1553 – Geneva for a debate? Burned at the stake as a heretic

“To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill a man”

King John Sigismund – 1540-1571 Father died when he was a baby Ruled from 1559-1571 Edict of Torda – 1568 Francis David argued for the

Unitarians, and won His beliefs were that “faith is the

gift of God” and cannot be forced by power or fear

 Religious freedom for everyone

Francis David – 1510-1579 Successfully argued Unitarian stance in

Torda Helped to found Unitarian Church of

Transylvania When King John Sigismund died in 1571,

succeeded by a Catholic king Francis David tried as an ‘innovator’ in

1572 Failure to invoke Jesus Christ during prayer Non-virgin birth Defended by Sozzini

Died in prison in 1579

Fausto Paolo Sozzini – 1539-1604 Family of Antitrinitarians Views held:

Christ not pre-extant no original sin rejects proprietary view of atonement predestination in question

1598c.e. Sozzini begins publishing in his own name Mob destroys his home Beats him severely

The Polish Brethren Minor Reformed Church of Poland (Raców) –

1565-1658 Non-trinitarian Protestant church Based on teachings of Arius and Sozzini

The Racovian Academy – 1602-1638 At least 1,000 students Approx. 1 in 5 Polish intellectuals Arian

After expulsion from Poland, self-identified as Unitarians

The Polish Brethren – post-exile The Brethren were exiled in three directions,

finding asylum in: Duchy of Prussia - founded new congregations there The Netherlands Transylvania - Unitarian Church of Transylvania and

Unitarian College in Cluj.

Other HereticsJan Hus – 1369-1415

John Wycliffe – 1320-1384

Heretic comes from the Greek word

“hairesis”

Translation: “to personally select or

choose”